TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the International Labour Organization (ILO) report revealed an alarming statistics of work-related fatalities globally, highlighting the urgent need for enhanced safety measures and comprehensive health protocols in workplaces.

KEY FINDINGS:

• Global Work-Related Deaths:
  • Approximately 30 lakh workers lose their lives annually due to work-related accidents and diseases.
  • The Asia-Pacific region alone accounts for more than 63% of these fatalities.
• Leading Causes of Deaths:
  • Long working hours, exposure to occupational hazards like particulate matter, gases, and fumes, followed by occupational injuries, are the major contributors to these fatalities.
• Occupational Risk Factors:
  • Exposure to long working hours (55 hours or more per week) stands as the most significant risk factor, resulting in approximately 7.45 lakh deaths.
  • Work-related diseases contribute to a significant number of fatalities, with circulatory diseases, malignant neoplasms, and respiratory diseases being the primary causes.
• ILO Conventions and Ratification:
  • Only 79 out of 187 member countries have ratified the ILO Occupational Safety and Health Convention (No. 155), and 62 countries have ratified the Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 (No. 187).
  • India has yet to ratify both conventions.
• Work-Related Diseases and Occupational Hazards:
  • Most deaths (26 lakh) are due to work-related diseases, while 3.3 lakh deaths result from work accidents.
  • Occupational exposure to certain elements like chromium, asbestos, and other hazards has contributed to a rise in diseases like lung cancer, mesothelioma, and skin cancer.

Recommendations:

• The report emphasizes “Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work” for ensuring safety and health at workplaces.
• It encompasses the freedom of association, elimination of forced labor and child labor, eradication of employment discrimination, and the provision of a safe working environment.

Implications:

• The data underscores the need for robust safety frameworks and collective efforts to prevent work-related fatalities and illnesses.
• Ratification of ILO conventions and adherence to safety protocols are crucial to ensuring a safer working environment globally.
• The rise in occupational diseases due to exposure to various hazards necessitates more stringent safety measures and increased awareness regarding health risks in specific industries.

Overall Assessment:

• The report serves as a stark reminder of the imperative to prioritize occupational safety and health standards universally.
• It stresses the significance of international collaboration and adherence to fundamental rights at work to mitigate the alarming rates of work-related deaths and diseases.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/as-deaths-due-to-work-related-factors-increase-ilo-report-calls-for-countries-to-strengthen-safety-net/article67580297.ece

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Javier Milei, the recent winner of Argentina’s presidential election, has drawn attention for his unconventional policies, one of them being the plan to replace the country’s currency of peso with the dollar.

Argentina’s Recent Election and Dollarisation Proposals:

• Context of Argentina’s Election:
  • Javier Milei, the recent winner in Argentina’s presidential election, has gained attention due to his unorthodox policies, including proposing the replacement of the peso with the dollar.
• Economic Challenges in Argentina:
  • Argentina grapples with high inflation exceeding 100%, significant poverty levels, and a weakened purchasing power affecting its citizens.
• Milei’s Policy Stand:
  • Milei’s campaign promises included dollarisation, elimination of the Central Bank, and considerable government spending cuts.
• Adjustment in Approach:
  • Post-election, Milei appears to backtrack on immediate dollarisation and currency control relaxation due to Argentina’s limited dollar reserves.

The Pros and Cons of Dollarisation:

• Benefits of Dollarisation:
  • Dollarisation can potentially curb hyperinflation by disconnecting rising prices from increased money supply controlled by political interests.
  • It may encourage economic growth by necessitating export focus and foreign capital inflows into a stable currency environment.
• Drawbacks of Dollarisation:
  • Economies lose policy leverage with limited control over money supply.
  • Currency depreciation for export advantages becomes unavailable.
  • Critics highlight the challenges of losing monetary policy control and the potential constraints on boosting exports.

Ecuador’s Experience with Dollarisation:

• Successful Outcomes of Dollarisation:
  • Ecuador, after adopting the dollar, showcased substantial economic growth, poverty reduction, and improved inequality metrics.
  • Notable achievements included reduced inflation rates, GDP growth, and lowered foreign debt ratios.
• Role of Other Factors in Success:
  • Ecuador’s natural resource reserves, particularly oil and gas, played a significant role in economic progress during the commodity boom.
  • Government policies under Rafael Correa expanded state intervention, increased social spending, and altered fiscal policies, impacting economic growth.

Complexity of Economic Prosperity:

• Role of Active Fiscal Policy:
  • Ecuador’s economic prosperity wasn’t solely due to dollarisation but involved active fiscal policy, especially during rising oil prices, resulting in substantial social spending.
• Challenges and Lessons from Greece:
  • Greece’s Euro adoption led to growth but constrained policy options during the Eurozone crisis, leading to austerity measures imposed by external institutions like the IMF and ECB.
• Evaluation of Dollarisation:
  • Dollarisation isn’t a cure-all but can succeed with strategic domestic policy.
  • However, overreliance on external currency without independent policy may lead to limitations similar to Greece’s experience.

Argentina’s Prospective Scenario:

• Milei’s Approach and Concerns:
  • Milei’s intent to abolish the Central Bank and slash government spending raises concerns about limited policy space and potential austerity measures.
• Awaiting Economic Outcomes:
  • Argentina faces a potential shift in economic policy under Milei’s leadership, with the public watching the impact of such macroeconomic decisions on their lives.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/can-dollarisation-save-an-economy-explained/article67580968.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: India is procuring MQ-9B Predator armed drones from the United States to enhance its surveillance capabilities, particularly along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China.

EXPLANATION:

• India aims to boost its surveillance capacity, particularly along the LAC with China, by procuring MQ-9B Predator drones which are known for their long-endurance and versatile capabilities.
• The procurement deal involves 31 MQ-9B Predator armed drones from General Atomics (GA) under a government-to-government framework with the U.S.

Negotiations and Deal Finalization:

• The deal is expected to be finalized by March 2024, pending clearance from the US Congress.
• Negotiations between American and Indian officials are ongoing to settle details like cost and specifications.
• The procurement agreement will be established between the Indian government and American authorities. The Pentagon will convey India’s requirements to General Atomics.
• Estimated Cost:
  • While the final cost is yet to be determined, the estimated procurement is valued at around $3 billion.
• Negotiation Process:
  • The negotiation process will ascertain the pricing and other intricate details, involving respective teams from India and the U.S.

Additional Aspects of the Deal:

• Previous Collaboration:
  • A prior agreement between the U.S. and India involved General Electric partnering with Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. to manufacture jet engines for Indian military aircraft in India.
• Drone Allocation:
  • The drones (Sea Guardian and Sky Guardian) will be distributed among the three services (Navy, Air Force, and Army) for various purposes like maritime surveillance, anti-submarine warfare, and targeting.

Drone Capabilities and Prior Engagement:

• MQ-9B Sea Guardian Drones:
  • These drones are high-altitude, long-endurance vehicles capable of remaining airborne for over 35 hours.
  • They can carry weaponry like Hellfire missiles and bombs, enhancing India’s surveillance and offensive capabilities.
• Prior Engagement:
  • In 2020, the Indian Navy leased two MQ-9B Sea Guardian drones from General Atomics for one year, subsequently extending the lease for surveillance in the Indian Ocean.

Conclusion:

• India’s pursuit of MQ-9B Predator drones underscores its focus on bolstering defense capabilities, particularly in surveillance and potential offensive operations along the LAC with China.
• The impending deal signifies a significant stride in India’s defense modernization efforts and strategic partnership with the United States in the realm of military technology and cooperation.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-us-look-at-finalising-mq-9b-predator-drone-deal-by-early-next-year/article67579519.ece

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, India and the European Union signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on semiconductors that will help in building a “robust supply chain” and support innovation.

EXPLANATION:

• The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed between India and the European Union (EU) regarding semiconductors marks a significant step toward enhancing collaboration in technology and building a robust supply chain.

Strategic Importance:

• Semiconductors are critical components driving the digital world, essential in various sectors such as electronics, telecommunications, automotive, and more.
• Post-COVID-19, there has been a global shift towards diversifying supply chains away from heavy reliance on China, making semiconductor production and supply more strategically important.

Indo-EU Collaboration:

• The MoU between India and the EU aims to strengthen collaboration and information sharing in the semiconductor sector, capitalizing on each other’s strengths and experiences.
• It is an essential move in aligning India’s semiconductor strategy with those of the EU and the U.S., especially in the Indo-Pacific region.

KEY HIGHLIGHTS OF THE MOU:

• Information Exchange:
  • The agreement emphasizes sharing experiences, best practices, and information on respective semiconductor ecosystems.
  • Identifying areas of collaboration in research, development, and innovation among universities, research organizations, and businesses is a significant focus.
• Skill Development and Collaboration:
  • The MoU aims to foster skill development, talent, and workforce training specifically for the semiconductor industry.
  • It encourages collaboration through workshops, partnerships, and promoting direct investments.
• Level Playing Field:
  • One critical aspect highlighted in the agreement is ensuring a level playing field in the semiconductor sector.
  • This includes sharing information on granted public subsidies to prevent unfair advantages and promote fair competition.
• Future Meetings and Plans:
  • The Trade and Technology Council is set to convene in India in early 2024, further solidifying the collaboration and exploring opportunities for deeper cooperation.

IMPLICATIONS AND POTENTIAL OUTCOMES:

• Strengthening Supply Chains:
  • By sharing information and collaborating on semiconductor technology, both India and the EU aim to build more resilient supply chains, reducing dependence on a single dominant supplier.
• Technological Advancements:
  • Collaboration in research, development, and innovation could lead to advancements in semiconductor technology, potentially accelerating progress in areas like AI, IoT, and other emerging tech.
• Economic and Industrial Growth:
  • Enhanced cooperation might result in increased investments, job creation, and economic growth in both regions, particularly in the semiconductor and related industries.
• Geopolitical Implications:
  • This alignment between India and the EU, along with the U.S., could influence geopolitical dynamics, potentially shaping global trade patterns and alliances in the tech sector.
• In conclusion, the MoU on semiconductors between India and the EU signifies a step toward fostering collaboration, knowledge-sharing, and mutual growth in the semiconductor industry.
• It not only aims to strengthen technological capabilities but also addresses strategic and economic aspects to build more resilient and competitive supply chains in the global semiconductor market.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-eu-sign-semiconductor-pact-to-help-build-a-robust-supply-chain/article67571216.ece

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT:  Indian officials are certain that the benefits of participating in the trade negotiations in IPEF are insignificant, as there are no clarity regarding the tangible benefits vis a vis the Trade Pillar.

 EXPLANATION:

• IPEF was launched jointly by the US and other partner countries of the Indo-Pacific region on May 23, 2022, in Tokyo and is structured around four key negotiating subjects or pillars.
  1. Relating to trade,
  2. supply chains,
  3. clean economy and
  4. fair economy (issues like tax and anti-corruption).
• IPEF does not deal with market access.
• The trade pillar is one of the most crucial parts of IPEF that seeks commitment on sensitive areas as agriculture, digital trade and labour and could require changes in domestic regulation.
• However, in a setback to the Washington-driven IPEF that seeks to counter China’s dominance in the region, an agreement on the trade pillar was not reached in the last round in San Francisco.
• On pillar 2,3,4(supply chains, clean economy, fair economy), there was a positive intent from all member countries because supply chain resilience and green energy transition is a common endeavor.

Benefits are not clear:

• There are questions on the trade pillar. Benefits are not clear and that is probably why the trade pillar has not been closed. Because members are finding it difficult to take commitments without any clear tangible benefit.
• The official said, seven rounds were scheduled to take place to complete talks on all four pillars.
• Trade pillar is a significant and aspiration pillar and has as many as 10 chapters.
• There has been progress, but members could not announce the closure of the trade pillar.

ABOUT IPEF AGREEMENT:

• This framework will advance resilience, sustainability, inclusiveness, economic growth, fairness, and competitiveness for our economies.
• Through this initiative, the IPEF partners aim to contribute to cooperation, stability, prosperity, development, and peace within the region.
• This framework will offer tangible benefits that fuel economic activity and investment, promote sustainable and inclusive economic growth, and benefit workers and consumers across the region.
• The 14 IPEF partners represent 40 percent of global GDP and 28 percent of global goods and services trade.
  • Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, the US and Vietnam are members of the IPEF .
• The IPEF agreement refers to avoiding restrictions on food and agriculture imports or exports.

India: India has been extensively using such restrictions to arrest food prices.

• • India has banned wheat exports, imposed restrictions on rice and sugar exports in the run up to the general elections next year.
  • For instance, phase down of coal power. It was something that developed countries wanted but it is a sensitivity for India, and it was finally dropped.
  • Co-founder global trade research initiative (GTRI), said that India’s decision to stay out of the Trade pillar, which focuses on digital trade, labor, and other sectors, aligns with its broader strategy of retaining regulatory autonomy.
  • The standards under discussion, primarily aligned with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) economies, pose a challenge for India in terms of domestic rule alignment.

Source: Benefits of joining IPEF’s trade pillar unclear: Official | Business News – The Indian Express

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The  policy of the government of U.K., of creating a mechanism for the transfer of asylum seekers to Rwanda, has been ruled as unlawful by the U.K. Supreme Court.

WHAT IS THE RWANDA DEAL?

• The Migration and Economic Development Partnership (MEDP) was announced in April 2022 by former Prime Minister Boris Johnson.
• The objective of the deal is to create a mechanism for the transfer of asylum seekers not considered by the K into Rwanda.
• The inadmissibility clause of the UK’s asylum system plays a key role in categorizing people who enter the U.K. through “irregular journeys” such as the English Channel.
• According to the Memorandum of Understanding between the two nations, the K. will screen asylum seeker applications and arrange for safe transport to  Rwanda.
• On arrival of the refugees, Rwanda is obliged to provide accommodation for every individual and protect them from ill-treatment and refoulement.
• Rwanda will be the sole authority to recognize or not recognize the refugee status of an individual.
• If an individual is not recognized, they will be moved to their country of origin.

WHY DID THE U.K. CHOOSE RWANDA?

• Rwanda offers three solutions for those sent out by the K.
  • It facilitates returning them to their country of origin.
  • Helps in moving them to a third country; or
  • Helps them settle in Rwanda with decent housing, access to universal health insurance and the right to work.
• The K. will bear the accommodation and transit costs. Rwanda was not the first country to be approached.
• Former Prime Minister of U.K. attempted to persuade Tanzania for asylum claims but failed.
• Britain’s colonial history aligns with the current scenario where it used to move particular sections of migrant labour to certain territories.
• The K. has, in the past, moved refugees to colonized countries under the guise of development and economic growth.
• The MEDP arrangement resonates with this colonial scheme of dispersing refugees.

WHY WAS IT RULED UNLAWFUL?

• The ruling was based on two major issues.
  • One, the Court of Appeal’s entitlement to intervene in the High Court’s ruling.
  • Two, if the Court of Appeal had looked into the real risk for asylum seekers when moved to  Rwanda.
• On the first, the Supreme Court found the High Court decision to be “erred,” due to its failure to consider the evidence of the risk of refoulement.
• Second, the Supreme Court found evidence that asylum seekers face a real risk of ill-treatment from refoulement.
  • Rwanda’s track record on human rights and its non-compliance with assurances were taken as instances for considering the real risk of refoulement.
  • While Rwanda has become a key partner of the K., the court highlighted the periods of violence in Rwanda since 1994 and how its human rights record was viewed as critical for the ruling.

WHY ARE DOMESTIC RESPONSES MIXED?

• The reason behind different perceptions is the uncertainty over the legality of the arrangement and treatment of the refugees in Rwanda.
• According to civil society organizations, double voluntarism from the K and to create a Rwanda safe transit or guaranteeing rights is impossible.
• The UNHCR clearly states that once a refugee enters a territory via land or sea it becomes the responsibility of the respective country to ensure the safety of the refugee.
• In this case, the K cannot be relieved from this duty even after the transfer of the refugee to  Rwanda.
• While the K. government argues over simultaneous investment in refugees and Rwanda’s economy for development, the doubts over refoulement and the implications to other EU countries do not seem to end.
• This might trigger other EU nations to consider such deportation schemes leading to a decline in humanitarian standards and creating risks for refugees in third-party countries.

Source: What has the U.K. Supreme Court ruled with respect to the Rwanda deal? | Explained – The Hindu

RELEVANCE TO UPSC SYLLABUS:GS3: ENVIRONMENT: CONSERVATION, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AND ISSUES

THE CONTEXT:  Stubble burning by farmers in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh (UP) creates seasonal pollution in northern India. This situation is very serious in northwest India and critical in the National Capital Territory Region.

WHAT IS STUBBLE BURNING?

Stubble (parali) burning is a method of removing paddy crop residues from the field to sow wheat from the last week of September to November.

• It is a process of setting on fire the straw stubble, left after the harvesting of grains, like paddy, wheat, etc.
• It is usually required in areas that use the combined harvesting method which leaves crop residue behind.
• The process of burning farm residue is one of the major causes of air pollution in parts of north India, deteriorating the air quality.
• The rice stubble burning is highest in the state of Punjab followed by Haryana, whereas Uttar Pradesh ranks higher in wheat stubble burning.

HISTORY:

Dry fodder: Till a few decades ago, crop residue, including stubble, was used as dry fodder for livestock or as fuel for the kitchen or incorporated in-situ in soil. It wasn’t burnt, at least not on a large scale.

During the 1990’s: Things started changing in the 1990s. Two factors contributed:

• Free or highly subsidised power supply for groundwater extraction.
• Power supply to the farm sector in Punjab has been free since 1997, while in Haryana, it is subsidised.
• With access to assured irrigation, paddy acreages in Punjab grew from 50 per cent of the net sown area in the mid-1990s to 75 per cent in recent years.
• In Haryana, this jumped from 30 per cent to 40 per cent.

• In the absence of cheap labour, machines like the Combined Harvester appeared:
  • Paddy harvesting and threshing are labour-intensive and this pushed up the demand for labour.
  • This machine only picked the plant’s top part (panicle) and left the remaining stalk of about 2-3 feet (stubble) standing in the field.
  • Clearing this stalk required a separate round of harvesting, collection and disposal and the easy solution was to set it on fire.
  • Manual harvesting: In Manual harvesting, stalks are harvested close to the ground. They were later collected at one place and grain was recovered through manual beating.
  • The remaining stalk was piled in a corner of the field where it decomposed slowly.
  • This occupied a small area and farmers did not mind sparing that for storage of paddy straw.

IMPACT:

• There have been incidences of stubble burning wherever a combined harvester has been used.
• Such incidents are being reported from paddy fields in central and eastern Indian states as well.

Pollution: Stubble burning emits toxic pollutants in the atmosphere containing harmful gases like:

• Carbon Monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC).
• These pollutants disperse in the surroundings and eventually affect air quality and people’s health by forming a thick blanket of smog.

Soil fertility: Soil becomes less fertile and its nutrients are destroyed when the husk is burned on the ground.

Heat penetration: Stubble burning generates heat that penetrates into the soil, causing an increase in erosion, loss of useful microbes and moisture.

Silica content in paddy straw: Paddy straw has high silica content and is not preferred as animal feed. If ploughed back into the field, it interferes with subsequent crop operations. Only some farmers use farm machines like happy seeder and straw management machines to incorporate the stubble back into the soil instead of setting it on fire.

INITIATIVES:

• Applying a decomposer to encourage in-situ management of stubble.
• Using the direct seeding of rice (DSR) technique.

Baling machines (balers) for paddy straw:  These machines are already in use in Punjab and Haryana, which has made it feasible to put paddy and other crop straws in the value chain.

• The total cost of procuring the entire stubble burnt in the field in Punjab comes to Rs 2,000 crore and, in Haryana, about Rs 1,000 crore.

Production of biofuel: A small market for paddy straw sold in compact bales has already emerged in both the states (Haryana and Punjab) for production of biofuel such as Bio CNG and ethanol and as direct fuel in brick kilns, furnaces, and thermal plants. Some enterprising farmers have sold parali(stubble) at Rs 180 per quintal this season.

MEASURES TO REDUCE POLLUTION DUE TO STUBBLE BURNING:

The Commission on Air Quality Management in NCR and Adjoining Areas (CAQM) has developed a framework and action plan:

In-situ Crop Residue Management: CRM machines procurement, setting up of Custom Hiring Centers, high yield and short duration paddy varieties, staggering of harvesting schedule, extensive use of bio-decomposer by IARI.

Ex-situ Crop Residue Management: Biomass Power Projects, Co-firing in Thermal Power Plants, Feed stock for 2G Ethanol plants, Feed stock in Compressed Biogas plant, fuel in industrial boilers, WTE plants, packaging materials etc.

• Prohibition of stubble /crop residue burning.
• Effective monitoring /enforcement.
• Schemes to reduce the generation of paddy straw.
• IEC activities for the plan of action.
• Standard protocol for recording and monitoring of fire counts.

THE WAY FORWARD:

Finding an alternative to paddy: An alternative crop like maize will also produce large amounts of stubble like paddy, and only a small part of that will have demand as dry fodder.

Reducing the duration of the rice crop: It is believed that early harvest would leave a longer period for the next crop. It would address the farm-fire problem. It will mitigate the environmental problem to a small extent.

Rethinking the policy: Rethinking the policy of providing free power. This is also needed to avert the over-exploitation of groundwater.

Direct Cash/benefit transfer (DBT): A simple shift to a metered supply of power will not be acceptable without compensating farmers’ income for the cost of power. One possibility is to give a direct cash/benefit transfer (DBT) instead of a power subsidy. By indexing the DBT amount to inflation in power tariffs, this amount can grow annually and remain relevant for farmers. This will make diversification away from paddy feasible.

Creating a market: Create a market for paddy straw/stubble. Unless stubble is made valuable for farmers, they will continue to burn it. We need to create an effective market for stubble that at least compensates them for the extra effort and cost involved in its harvest, collection and disposal.

Subsidised supply of machinery: Further modifications and subsidised supply of machinery for in-situ use of paddy stubble will also be very helpful in preventing farm fires in some areas.

Happy seeder: Mounted on a tractor, this machine is used to cut and lift straw, sow wheat and rice in soil and deposit straw over the sown area, instead of burning the stubble.

Law against the burning: A law against the burning of any crop straw should be strictly enforced.

THE CONCLUSION: With market avenues for crop residue, legal backing against polluting practices and administrative support, the proposed system can work to prevent stubble burning while saving the health of millions of lives and contributing to the economy.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS:

1. Q) What are the major reasons for declining rice and wheat yield in the cropping system? How crop diversification is helpful to stabilize the yield of the crop in the system? (2017)
2. Q) How do subsidies affect the cropping pattern, crop diversity and economy of farmers? What is the significance of crop insurance, minimum support price and food processing for small and marginal farmers? (2017)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

1. Q) Comment upon the various measures taken by the Union and the state governments to address the problem of stubble burning. What more needs to be done according to you to find a permanent solution to this problem? Explain

SOURCE: How to solve the problem of stubble burning | The Indian Express

TOPIC 1: RHODODENDRON

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT  

THE CONTEXT: The rhododendron flower in Uttarakhand, is portrayed as an integral part of the region’s culture, rituals, mythology, and even culinary practices.

RHODODENDRON AS A CULTURAL SYMBOL:

• Cultural and Ritual Importance:
  • The rhododendron is deeply embedded in Uttarakhand’s culture, being an essential part of local rituals and mythology.
  • Its presence in rituals and temples signifies purity and endurance, demonstrating the reverence people hold for this flower.
• Pilgrimage Significance:
  • The flower is central to the Nanda Devi Raj Jat Yatra, a significant pilgrimage in Uttarakhand that occurs every 12 years.
  • This underscores the strong bond between the local people and their natural environment.

UTILIZATION BEYOND AESTHETICS:

• Culinary and Medicinal Use:
  • Beyond its visual appeal, the rhododendron finds usage in regional cuisine, with its blossoms being used to create sweets, drinks, jams, and juice.
  • Its distinct flavour and purported cooling properties make it popular among locals and visitors alike.
• Environmental Concerns:
  • Climate change-induced alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns are impacting the rhododendron’s growth and flowering cycles.
  • Consequently, conservation efforts are gaining importance, with initiatives in place to safeguard these Himalayan flowers, including the establishment of conservation zones and promoting eco-friendly travel practices.

ECONOMIC AND TOURISTIC VALUE:

• Cultural Tourism:
  • The rich cultural connection with the rhododendron offers a unique opportunity for cultural tourism.
  • Visitors are drawn not only to the natural beauty but also to the rituals and traditions associated with the flower.
• Local Economy:
  • The utilization of rhododendron in cuisine and traditional practices also contributes to the local economy, providing opportunities for culinary ventures and indigenous products.

IMPLICATIONS:

• Cultural Heritage Preservation:
  • The importance of preserving not just the flower itself but also the associated cultural heritage and traditions has been emphasized.
  • The emphasis on conservation and sustainable practices reflects a holistic approach to safeguarding this floral emblem and the surrounding ecosystem while acknowledging its cultural significance.
• Sustainable Development:
  • Balancing conservation with tourism and economic activities is crucial to ensure sustainable development, where efforts to protect the rhododendron align with the promotion of eco-friendly practices.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/the-power-of-the-rhododendron/article67529485.ece

TOPIC 2: ONATTUKARA SESAME

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Efforts are being made to expand the cultivation of Geographical Indication (GI)-tagged Onattukara sesame in the Kerala region.

INITIATIVE TO EXPAND SESAME CULTIVATION:

• Increase in Cultivation Area:
  • The Onattukara Vikasana Agency (OVA) plans to significantly increase the area under sesame cultivation.
  • It aimed to expand it to 2,000 hectares from the current 600 hectares in the region encompassing three districts of Kerala: Alappuzha, Kollam, and Pathanamthitta.
• Incentive Scheme:
  • To encourage farmers, a financial assistance program has been announced, offering ₹40 for a cent of land for cultivating sesame within the Thekkekara Krishi Bhavan limits.
  • This incentive is expected to attract individuals, farming collectives, Kudumbashree groups, self-help groups, and joint liability groups towards sesame cultivation.
• Collaborative Efforts:
  • The initiative is a joint venture involving local Krishi Bhavan, Onattukara Vikasana Agency (OVA), Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station (ORARS), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kayamkulam, and Mavelikara Thekkekara Panchayat.
  • Collaboration between these entities indicates a concerted effort to promote sesame cultivation.
• Support Mechanisms:
  • Farmers and groups engaging in sesame cultivation are offered additional support.
  • It also includes access to workforce from Thekkekara Karshika Karma Sena and tractor rental at a nominal charge of ₹750 per hour.

SIGNIFICANCE OF ONATTUKARA SESAME:

• Geographical Indication (GI) Tag:
  • The Onattukara sesame holds a GI tag, signifying its unique characteristics and origin from a specific geographical location, adding value to its identity and quality.
• Medicinal and Nutritional Value:
  • Studies by the Kerala Agricultural University reveal the medicinal value of Onattukara sesame.
  • It contains high levels of Vitamin E, antioxidants, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitoleic acid, promoting good health.
• Varieties Cultivated:
  • Apart from the traditional Ayali variety, farmers in the region are cultivating varieties like Kayamkulam-1, Thilak, Thilathara, and Thilarani, developed by the Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station (ORARS).

POTENTIAL BENEFITS:

• Economic Development:
  • Expanding sesame cultivation holds the potential to boost local economies, generate employment opportunities, and contribute to the agricultural sector’s growth in the region.
• Health and Nutritional Benefits:
  • Highlighting the nutritional and medicinal values of Onattukara sesame could create consumer awareness, potentially increasing demand for this particular variety.
• Collaborative Approach:
  • The joint efforts involving various agricultural institutions, local governance bodies, and farmers’ groups indicate a coordinated strategy towards agricultural development and sustainability.
• GI Tag and Quality Assurance:
  • The GI tag signifies quality, authenticity, and unique characteristics associated with the geographical region, contributing to the promotion and branding of Onattukara sesame.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/measures-on-to-expand-cultivation-of-gi-tagged-onattukara-sesame/article67551308.ece/amp/

TOPIC 3: INDIA-UK FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (FTA)

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: External Affairs Minister of India discussed the India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Britain’s Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary recently.

EXPLANATION:

• The agreement is under negotiation and has not been signed yet.
• When signed, the India-UK FTA will serve as a template for an agreement with the European Union (EU).

INDIA-UK FREE TRADE AGREEMENT:

• Strategic Importance as a Template for EU Agreement:
  • The FTA between India and the UK is seen as a model for a similar pact with the European Union, India’s second-largest trade partner.
  • It signifies a shift in India’s trade strategy towards Western nations and African countries rather than solely focusing on the East, as previously done under the UPA government.
• China Factor and Supply Chain Disruptions:
  • The disruption in supply chains during the pandemic has prompted Western companies to reconsider their over-dependence on China, leading to a ‘China-plus one’ strategy.
  • This shift has motivated countries like Australia and the UK to seek stronger economic ties with India.
• Brexit-Induced Insecurities for the UK:
  • Brexit has created uncertainties for the UK, making an FTA with India crucial to compensate for the loss of access to the European Single Market.
  • However, concerns exist regarding offering work permits to Indian service sector workers due to political reasons.
• Potential Gains and Challenges for India:
  • For India, the FTA presents an opportunity to revive declining sectors like apparel and gems/jewellery by reducing tariffs in the UK.
  • However, concerns have been raised about the impact on Least Developed Countries (LDCs) like Bangladesh if India gains zero-duty access for its textiles.
• Beneficial Aspects for the UK:
  • The UK aims to gain deeper access to the Indian market, especially for goods like cars, Scotch whisky, and wines, which currently face significant tariffs.
  • Elimination or reduction of tariffs on these goods could enhance British exports to India.
• Tariff Disparity and Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs):
  • There exists a substantial tariff disparity between goods imported from India into the UK and vice versa.
  • The FTA negotiations might focus on reducing these tariff barriers.
  • Additionally, addressing non-tariff barriers such as regulations and standards could be crucial for Indian exporters, particularly in agriculture and manufacturing.
• Carbon Tax and Border Adjustment Mechanism:
  • The UK’s plan to impose a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) similar to the EU’s strategy might affect India’s exports, especially in sectors like cement, chemicals, steel, and others.
  • This imposition aims to reduce dependence on high carbon-emitting imports and could potentially impact Indian exports to the UK.

IMPACTS AND CHALLENGES:

• Strategic Shift: India’s reorientation towards Western nations and away from over-dependence on China is evident. However, concerns persist regarding the impact on LDCs, especially in terms of textiles.
• Potential Imbalance: While India aims to boost declining sectors, the disparity in tariffs and non-tariff barriers presents a challenge. Addressing these barriers will be critical for ensuring mutual benefits.
• Carbon Tax Implications: The UK’s plan for a carbon tax and CBAM could pose challenges for India’s exports, especially in energy-intensive sectors.
• Negotiation Dynamics: The negotiations hold importance for both countries, but balancing mutual benefits while addressing concerns of sectors vulnerable to tariff changes and non-tariff barriers is crucial.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/proposed-india-uk-fta-its-politics-and-why-the-uk-may-benefit-more-9031599/

TOPIC 4: 30th ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) ECONOMIC LEADERS’ MEETING

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The 30th Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Leaders’ Meeting concluded in San Francisco recently with the adoption of the Golden Gate Declaration. The declaration underscores the commitment to creating a resilient and sustainable future for all member economies.

EXPLANATION:

• For the first time since 2011, USA hosted annual APEC
• Theme of the meeting was creating a “Resilient and Sustainable Future for All”.

GOLDEN GATE DECLARATION:

• The declaration aims to harness the technological and economic progress to continue to unleash the enormous potential and tremendous dynamism across regions, spur economic growth.
• The declaration was adopted after the two-day meeting, during which the leaders focused on the subjects of sustainability, climate, just energy transition, interconnectedness and building inclusive and resilient economies.
• The importance of the rules-based multilateral trading system, with the World Trade Organization at its core, which continues to catalyze APEC region’s extraordinary growth has been reaffirmed.
• APEC economies vow to accelerate the transition towards low and zero emissions vehicles; sustainable aviation fuels; and low and zero emission maritime shipping and port decarbonization, reads the document.

APEC:

• It was formed in 1989 with 12 members.
• Now, it has 21 members.
• Grouping of economies around Pacific Ocean aiming to promote trade, investment, and economic development in region.
• Accounts for nearly 62% of global GDP, half of global trade and covers 38% of global population.
• Operates on basis of non-binding commitments with decisions reached by consensus. India is an observer since 2011.

SOURCE: https://www.wionews.com/world/apec-summit-live-updates-biden-meets-mexican-president-lopez-obrador-659895

TOPIC 5: GOVERNOR’S ROLE IN LEGISLATION

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Tamil Nadu Governor R. N. Ravi has withheld assent for certain Bills passed by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. In this article, we will analyse the governor’s role in legislation.

EXPLANATION:

• The role of a Governor in the legislative process within a state is a crucial aspect of India’s federal structure.
• The Governor, as the constitutional head of a state, plays a significant role in the enactment of laws.

GOVERNOR’S ROLE IN LEGISLATION:

• Options When Receiving a Bill for Assent:
  • Article 200 of the Indian Constitution provides a structured approach for the Governor’s actions concerning bills, emphasizing the Governor’s role as a link between the State Legislature and the Union.
  • It also outlines four alternatives available to a Governor upon receiving a bill from a State Legislature:
    • Give Assent: The Governor approves the bill, making it law.
    • Withhold Assent: The Governor refuses to approve the bill, effectively rejecting it.
    • Return for Reconsideration: If it’s not a Money Bill, the Governor can send the bill back to the State Legislature for reconsideration.
    • Reserve for President’s Consideration: Certain bills need to be reserved for the President’s consideration, such as those that reduce High Court powers or conflict with Union laws.
  • Exercise of Discretionary Powers:
    • According to judicial precedents like the Shamsher Singh case, the Governor typically acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers while withholding assent or returning a bill.
    • Discretionary powers might be exercised in rare cases where the Governor believes a bill contravenes the Constitution and should be reserved for the President’s consideration.
  • Recommendations and Unimplemented Suggestions:
    • Reports like the Sarkaria Commission and the Punchhi Commission have suggested limiting the Governor’s discretionary powers, emphasizing adherence to ministerial advice.
    • Recommendations also proposed time limits for decision-making on bills but have not been implemented.
  • Resolution of Impasses:
    • The politicization of the Governor’s role has been a persistent issue.
    • Suggestions include consulting Chief Ministers before a Governor’s appointment, and the possibility of impeachment by the State Legislature to remove an uncooperative Governor.
    • Amendments are proposed to ensure responsible cooperation between the Centre and States in matters related to Governors’ appointments and functioning.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO THE GOVERNOR

• Article 153 says that there shall be a Governor for each State. One person can be appointed as Governor for two or more States.
• A Governor is appointed by the President and is a nominee of the Central Government.
• It is stated that the Governor has a dual role.
• He is the constitutional head of the state, bound by the advice of his Council of Ministers (CoM).
• He functions as a vital link between the Union Government and the State Government.
• Articles 157 and 158 specify eligibility requirements for the post of governor. A governor must:
• Be a citizen of India.
• Be at least 35 years of age.
• Not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature.
• Not hold any office of profit.
• Governor has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, etc. (Article 161).
• There is a CoM with the CM at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except some conditions for discretion. (Article 163).
• The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other Ministers (Article 164).
• Governor assents, withholds assent, or reserves the bill for the consideration of the President passed by the Legislative Assembly (Article 200).
• Governors may promulgate the Ordinances under certain circumstances (Article 213).
• Governor’s role:
• The Governor holds a constitutional position and is expected to perform specific functions, including granting assent to bills passed by the state legislature and ensuring the proper functioning of state administration.
• The Governor’s actions are perceived as a hindrance to these responsibilities.
• FOR FURTHER RINFORMATION PLEASE REFER TO THE DNA ARTICLE OF 1^ST OCTOBER 2023.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-role-of-the-governor-in-legislature-explained/article67552112.ece/amp/

RELEVANCE TO UPSC SYLLABUS: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE: IRRATIONAL FREEBIES, FREEBIES AND ITS IMPLICATION ON ECONOMY; ELECTORAL REFORMS

THE CONTEXT

The ongoing assembly elections in five states are seen as a prelude to the general election expected in the first half of 2024. Competitive populism seems to have replaced communalism in these campaigns. Whether its ruling party or opposition, India’s political landscape stuck with the dilemma of populist policies, which may end up shifting the country from reforms to retrogression.

 MORE ON THE NEWS

• Polling has concluded in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Mizoram while campaigning is peaking in Rajasthan and Telangana, which will vote on November 25 and 30, 2023.
• Competitive populism has been the defining theme of campaigning so far, and attempts at communal polarisation have been relatively understated.
• The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Congress, the main contestants in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh, have sought to outdo each other in promising a widening array of welfare schemes.
• In Telangana, the Congress, which is mounting a serious challenge to incumbent Bharat Rashtra Samithi, has promised to expand the State’s saturated welfare regime even further.
• Incumbents in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, the Congress and the BJP, respectively, have relied on new welfare architectures to fight for another term.
• Tribal voters have received special attention from the BJP and the Congress. Prime Minister launched a ₹24,000-crore PM Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan for last-mile welfare scheme delivery and protection for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups. Congress and BJP have both claimed a better track record in delivering on election promises they make.

WHAT IS COMPETITIVE POPULISM?

• Competitive populism is the idea of framing the policies and campaigns by the political parties that focuses more on the individual problem rather than the country as a whole.
• The thrust is majorly on promising schemes for the poor, senior citizens, women and children, patients, farmers, the homeless and differently-abled people, pensioners and home makers.
• This results in the implementation of short term plans and lack proper outcomes, resulting in the wastage of financial resources.

 ISSUES WITH COMPETITIVE POPULISM

Financial issues: Competitive populism raise questions about welfare schemes without specifying details about resource mobilisation. Example: Loan waiver schemes for farmers cause big relief from farmers’ perspective but cause huge problems in Indian economy by widening the fiscal deficit. Many of our states are deep in debt. The national average of liabilities of states is as high as 31% of their total GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product).This creates a financial situation that is untenable in the long run.

Temporary solutions: Competitive populism among political parties offers in the run up to elections are just temporary solutions. It does not address structural changes needed to sustainable development.

Loss of trust of people: Competitive populism causes the loss of trust and confidence of people on Government thus affecting the mechanism of good governance in India at all levels of administration.

Centralisation of power: This competitive populism leads to centralisation of power, not just institutionally but also within the Party. It implies that the voter is increasingly likely to attribute the delivery of economic benefits to one leader rather than the party as a whole.

 THE WAY FORWARD

Empowering Election Commission of India: ECI should be provided more powers to regulate and monitor the announcement of freebies by political parties during elections. This would include giving the ECI more powers to de-register parties, impose penalties on violation of model code of conduct.

Voter awareness: There is a need for educating voters about the economic and social consequences of freebies and false promises. This can be done by creating awareness campaigns to empower voters to make rational and ethical choices.

Right approach for welfare schemes: Welfare schemes can result in more equitable development outcomes, but a more thoughtful and researched approach would be healthier for public finances.

Capacity creation: There is a need for skill development rather than providing unemployment allowances that will further breed an aversion to work. There is need of building social infrastructure such as rural schools and public healthcare over vote catching vows that are seldom fulfilled.

 THE CONCLUSION

With the campaign going for competitive populism, the impact of these promises on the economy would be vast. In this condition, there is a need to focus on inclusive development that would create a more conducive environment for economic growth and social progress rather than freebies.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

Q. In what way could the replacement of price subsidy with direct benefit Transfer (DBT) change the scenario of subsidies in India? Discuss. (2015)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. Regular electioneering forces parties to indulge in competitive populism to differentiate themselves and attract voters. Can simultaneous elections help in overcoming this challenge? Argue.
2. Critically examine the socio-economic implications of competitive populism which is a recent phenomenon devised by political parties to attract voters.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/raining-promises-the-hindu-editorial-on-competitive-populism-in-the-assembly-elections-in-five-states/article67551104.ece

RELEVANCE TO UPSC SYLLABUS: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE: LOCAL RESERVATION IN JOBS, ARTICLE 14,16,19.

THE CONTEXT: The Punjab & Haryana High Court has struck down the Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 stating that it is violative of the Part-III of the constitution.

LOCAL RESERVATIONS ATTEMPT IN STATES:

• Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 requires firms with 10 or more employees to reserve 75% of all jobsoffering a salary of less than Rs. 30,000 a month for eligible candidates of State domicile.
• Job reservation Bills or laws for domiciles have also been announced in other States including Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand.
• The job quota Bill passed in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 2019, also reservingthree-fourths of private jobs for locals.

WHY  THE COURT HAS DECLARED THE LAW AS “UNCONSTITUTIONAL”?

• The term fraternity connoting a sense of common brotherhood is to embrace all Indians. In this respect, a blind eye could not be turned to other citizens of the country irrespective of the State they belong to.
• The court stated that the legislation is violative of right to equality under Article 14. The Court referred to Navtej Singh Johar and others vs. Union of India, where it states ‘miniscule minority have a right to participate as a citizen and an equal right of enjoyment of living regardless of what majority may believe’.
• The Court said that freedom given under Article 19 of the Constitution could not be taken away. The Court particularly referred to the freedoms guaranteed by Article 19(1)(d) and 19(1)(g).

1. The Act is imposing unreasonable restrictions regarding the right to move freely throughout the territory of India or to reside and settle in any part or the territory of India.
2. As per Article 19(6), the right of the State is to impose restrictions regarding professional or technical qualifications and not domicile requirements. It can, thus, be said that the Act as such cannot be said to be reasonable in any manner and it was directing the employers to violate the constitution provisions, the Court concluded.

• Article 35 of the Constitution bars state from legislating on requirement of domicile in employment under Article 16(3). The same further provides that there has to be equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
• The power under Article 16(3) gives power only to the Parliament for making any law prescribing in regard to the class or classes of employment or appointment to an office under the Government or any local or other authority.
• The bench said that the concept of constitutional morality has been openly violated by introducing a secondary status to a set of citizens not belonging to the State of Haryana and curtailing their fundamental rights to earn their livelihood.

ISSUES WITH LOCAL RESERVATION:

Violation of fundamental rights of Constitution: The Act was a violative of fundamental rights as Article 14, Article 16 and Article 19.

Treated as secondary citizen: 75% reservation for the locals was discriminatory as it discriminates against the individuals on account of the fact that they do not belong to a certain State. It has a negative discrimination against other citizens of the country as treating them as secondary citizens.

Fuels Sons-of-the-Soil Theory: The ‘Son of the soil’ theory puts forward the idea of reservation based on regionalism. Reservation law based on domicile law will fuel such theories across States and in the long run destabilise the foundations of Indian democracy i.e., ‘Unity in diversity’.

Affects industrialisation: Raising the son of the soil issue and preventing free movement of manpower resources in the State from other regions can have an adverse effect on the existing industries in the State.  It could trigger an exodus of large domestic and multinational investors across sectors such as auto, IT that rely on highly skilled manpower.

THE WAY FORWARD

Implementation of reservation: The reservation policy could be implemented in a way that does not hamper the free movement of manpower resources in the Country. The reservation policy could be revisited periodically to assess its impact on the economy and industries in the state.

Protect fundamental rights: It is important to ensure that any policy decision taken is in compliance with the Constitution of India and does not violate the fundamental rights of citizens.

Skill impartation: To ensure job creation state governments should provide youths with skill training and proper education as key focus areas, enabling the masses to compete in the free market.

Engagement with industries: Government should involve industry’s engagement in the State because reservation affects productivity and industry competitiveness. The State governments can come up with certain incentives to companies which are investing a certain amount of money for training the local youths.

THE CONLCUSION: Enactment of local reservation in state is a violation of fundamental right of the citizens. Thus, High Court concluded that Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 is ” unconstitutional and violative of Part III of the Constitution of India. In this respect, state governments should enable the reservation system in such a way that it serves its original purpose of making India a more just society.
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Whether the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine. (2018)
2. “The reservation of seats for women in the institution of local self-government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian political process”. Comment. (2019)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. What are the challenges associated with the reservations for locals in the private sector? Suggest measures to generate enough job opportunities in the Indian economy.
2. Local reservation in private sector fuels the concept of sons of soils theory”. Critically examine the statement and give your views.

SOURCE: https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/punjab-and-haryana-high-court/punjab-haryana-high-court-struck-down-75-reservation-for-haryana-domicile-in-private-sector-unconstitutional-242457#:~:text=The%20Court%20said%20that%20freedom,Constitution%20could%20not%20be%20curtailed

1. Let society evolve; resist return of regressive laws READ MORE
2. Improve teacher quality to raise school standards READ MORE
3. Extend political discourse on poverty to redistributive justice READ MORE

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. India sees 6.2% rise in goods exports in October READ MORE
2. PM launches Rs 24,000-cr scheme for vulnerable tribal groups’ welfare READ MORE
3. NASA, ISRO gearing up to launch joint space mission to map globe every 12 days READ MORE
4. Gold pushed trade deficit to new high of $31.46 billion in October READ MORE
5. Greenhouse gases hit record high in 2022: UN READ MORE
6. FATF team in India to hold on-site review meetings READ MORE
7. Tribal body declares ‘self-rule’ in a few districts of Manipur READ MORE
8. India to host 2nd Voice of Global South Summit on November 17 READ MORE
9. WHO roadmap to end TB in children focuses for 1st time on pregnant, post-partum women affected by disease READ MORE
10. CBD’s Geneva meetings: Benefit sharing on traditional knowledge & digital sequence information on agenda READ MORE  
11. Why adultery was struck off IPC, and why a House panel wants to make it a crime again READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Let society evolve; resist return of regressive laws READ MORE
2. Challenges to curbing community-based prostitution READ MORE  
3. Does It Work To Pay People Not To Cut the Forest? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. The growing wave of decentralisation: Comparative evidence from developing countries READ MORE
2. The price of persistent federal frictions READ MORE
3. Life over death: On death penalty abolition and parliamentary panel report READ MORE
4. Regulating OTT: Draft Broadcasting Regulation Bill may be an attempt to control digital infrastructure READ MORE
5. A grave error in the law READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Improve teacher quality to raise school standards READ MORE
2. Extend political discourse on poverty to redistributive justice READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. India Once Was a Strong Ally of Palestine. What Changed? READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Food flux: On food costs and the October tidings READ MORE
2. IPEF supply chain pact is unfair READ MORE
3. Is there more room for competitive populism? READ MORE
4. Electrification of last-mile mobility and logistics READ MORE
5. RBI, Narendra Modi and the Subtle Art of Ignoring Concerns READ MORE
6. How a gendered digital divide, low quality of jobs keeps Indian women out of the workforce READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Climate pledges lacking: 87% of remaining global carbon budget to limit warming may be depleted by 2030, finds UN READ MORE
2. Global emissions: UN report exposes inadequacy of efforts READ MORE
3. Climate concerns or trade barriers? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. AI can play the sleuth to expose scientific fraud READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. MHA extends UAPA ban against eight Meitei extremist organisations READ MORE
2. Realism, not machismo, to counter terror READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Another warning in the Himalayas READ MORE
2. Tunnel tragedy is another eco-warning we need to heed READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. In the age of Kalyug, it is time to leverage the power of the collective READ MORE
2. Does Philosophical Reflection Still Hold Value? READ MORE
3. Tolerance is the key to achieving peace READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. AI is one of the most significant technical advancements in recent times, but it is posing a great danger to humanity by unleashing misinformation and deepfakes. Justify with recent examples.
2. The cause of poverty in the country is not only economic but the issue of caste plays a substantial role. Argue and justify.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• We are on a highway to climate hell with our foot still on the accelerator.
• Improving teacher quality and pedagogical innovation to enhance the overall rigour of education in the country, must be an immediate and urgent priority.
• Higher than expected tax revenues provide a cushion for the government. However, concerns remain about the medium-term fiscal deficit
• For an economy whose resilience relies on its domestic demand buffer against global shocks, reluctant or budget-cramped consumers are the biggest headwind for policymakers to strive to address.
• Any interest rate hike over and above the 2.5 percentage points already administered in this rate hike cycle would have hurt growth significantly.
• The agreement on Supply Chain Resilience will enhance the resilience of the US, while deepening the vulnerability of India and other developing countries.
• AI is one of the biggest technical advancements in recent times but it can pose a great danger to humanity by unleashing misinformation and deepfakes.
• Ensuring AI safety would require the convergence of multiple branches of activity, including skills, talent, and physical infrastructure.
• Transitioning to low-carbon cities can significantly reduce CO2 levels.
• The future will either be green or not at all.
• Energy justice and social equity issues can have severe implications for the economic well-being of people, livelihoods, and economic development.
• A beginning can be made by providing gig workers with EVs. The Govt must support them and acknowledge their contribution to the economy.
• As the demand for reservation reaches a crescendo, the original justification for this departure from formal equality has become more difficult.
• The cause of poverty in the country is not only economic. A substantial number of the poor belong to the Scheduled and Backward Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
• If background inequalities force certain people to live below the poverty line, this should be seen as a serious infringement of the right to equality granted by our Constitution.
• The idea of caste is the greatest dividing factor… all caste either on the principle of birth or of merit is bondage.
• India this time around has taken a much stronger pro-Israel stand than is typical during Israeli-Palestinian conflicts.
• The state and central governments also need to acknowledge the contributions and the critical nature of these gig workers.
• COP28 presents an opportunity to India and other nations to hold the West accountable and liable for the environmental crisis.

ESSAY TOPIC

• The future will either be green or not at all.

50-WORD TALK

• Irrational and unscientific fixed-dose combination drugs ruling the Indian pharma market is a menace that has gone on unchecked for too long. A study shows 70% of antibiotic FDC drugs in the market are banned or unapproved. This is a public health hazard; convoluted and inefficient regulations are bad medicine.
• The ordeal of 40 men trapped inside a collapsed tunnel in Uttarakhand is a reminder of the tightrope walk infrastructure development is in Garhwal Himalayas. Aggressive construction without mountain-appropriate plans is a slippery slope. We hope they are rescued soon, but disregarding the region’s vulnerability will only endanger more lives.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

1. EMERGENCE OF NEW ISLAND IN JAPAN

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: A new island has recently emerged within the vicinity of Japan’s Ogasawara island chain, after the eruption of an underwater volcano in late October 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• The island, as of now, is approximately 100 meters in diameter.
• It was formed through phreatomagmatic eruptions, where magma reacts with seawater, leading to explosive releases of ash and steam.

ERUPTION:

• The eruption started on October 21, 2023, around 1 km off the coastline of Iwoto Island (formerly known as Iwo Jima).
• The eruptions continued for around 10 days, resulting in the accumulation of volcanic material on the shallow seabed, eventually reaching above the sea’s surface.
• Iwoto Island has historical significance as it witnessed intense battles during World War II.

VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IN THE REGION:

• The Ogasawara island chain, also known as the Bonin Islands, is described as a volcanic arc comprising over 30 islands and islets, with some remaining volcanically active.
• There exists a previous instance of island formation in 2013 resulting from the eruption of another underwater volcano in the same region.
• Verification by Experts:
  • Associate Professor from Tokyo University’s earthquake research institute verified the presence of phreatomagmatic eruptions near Iwoto.
  • Smoke and ash from the eruptions reached heights exceeding 50 meters, observed every few minutes during the eruptions.
  • The new island is seen as an indication of renewed magmatic activity in the area.

ISLAND’S FUTURE AND COMPOSITION:

• There is uncertainty about the longevity of the newly formed island due to its composition of delicate volcanic rocks.
• Experts suggest that the island’s existence may be brief if it is susceptible to erosion by oceanic waves and currents.
• The island’s longevity could be extended if it gets covered by more durable substances like lava, depending on the potential resumption of volcanic activity.

SOURCE: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/japan-gets-a-brand-new-island-after-underwater-volcano-eruption/articleshow/105125303.cms

2. FAILURE OF ALERT SYSTEMS IN EARTHQUAKE

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: The earthquakes in Nepal (6.4 magnitude) and its aftershock in Delhi (5.6 magnitude) triggered the need for emergency alerts in the affected areas.

EXPLANATION:

• The incident highlights the failure of both government and private early alert systems during recent earthquakes in Delhi and surrounding areas.
• The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)’s Cell Broadcast Alert System (CBAS) and Google’s alert system for Android users did not reach many people who experienced the tremors.

ALERTS SYSTEMS:

NDMA’s Cell Broadcast Alert System (CBAS):

• The CBAS was designed to send out mass alerts during natural disasters.
• It was tested in recent weeks but did not function during the earthquakes.
• There is a lack of explanation from the NDMA regarding why the system did not alert residents in areas where tremors were felt.

Google’s Earthquake Early Warning System:

• Google’s Earthquake Early Warning system was designed for Android users in India.
• It also did not send alerts in the national capital despite tremors being felt.
• Google spokesperson mentioned that alerts were sent in areas around the India-Nepal border where the shaking was strongest.

Intensity Threshold for Alerts:

• Google’s alert system reportedly warns users only if the shaking in their area is expected to cross a value of 3.5 on the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale.
• It has been suggested that the tremors in Delhi may have been in the lower end of these MMI values, leading to the system not sending alerts to everyone who felt shaking.

RESPONSE FROM NDMA AND TECHNICAL ISSUES:

• The NDMA did not respond to queries about why the CBAS did not function as expected.
• The seismo.gov.in website operated by the Ministry of Earth Sciences’s National Centre for Seismology reportedly crashed moments after the tremors.
• It was potentially due to the sudden surge in traffic seeking information.

User Experience and Reliability:

• The raises concerns about the reliability and effectiveness of emergency alert systems during critical situations such as earthquakes.
• Both government and private systems are criticized for their failure to reach people who experienced the tremors.
• The need for improvement in the effectiveness of emergency communication during natural disasters has been emphasized.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/2023-11-11/th_chennai/articleG66C0IVMH-4842668.ece

3. INVISIBITY OF SATURN’S RING

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY  

THE CONTEXT: Saturn’s rings will just be invisible from Earth in 2025 and will reappear soon thereafter.

REASONS OF THE INVISIBILITY OF THE STAURN’S RING:

SATURN’S TILT AND RINGS ALIGNMENT:

• Both Earth and Saturn have tilted axes of rotation. Saturn’s axis has a tilt of 26.7 degrees.
• The enormous ring system of Saturn is also tilted to the plane of Saturn’s orbit.
• As Saturn revolves around the Sun, it appears to nod up and down when observed from Earth.
• Every 13 to 15 years, the edge of Saturn’s rings aligns directly with Earth due to this nodding motion.

OPTICAL ILLUSION AND TEMPORARY DISAPPEARANCE:

• Saturn’s rings are very thin, often just tens of meters thick.
• When the edge of the rings aligns directly with Earth, they reflect very little light, making them difficult to see.
• This alignment creates an optical illusion, making the rings essentially invisible from Earth.
• In March 2025, Saturn’s rings will not be visible because they will be perfectly aligned with Earth’s line of sight.
• The rings will gradually become visible again as Saturn continues its orbit around the Sun.

POTENTIAL FUTURE DISAPPEARANCE OF SATURN’S RINGS:

• 2018 NASA report stated that Saturn might lose its rings completely in the next 300 million years or sooner.
• The mechanism proposed is “ring rain,” where the rings are being pulled into Saturn by its gravity.
• Ice particles in the rings, under the influence of Saturn’s magnetic field, fall into the planet.
• This process is estimated to drain an amount of water products equivalent to filling an Olympic-sized swimming pool from Saturn’s rings in half an hour.
• The rings are considered temporary, with an estimated age of less than 100 million years, while Saturn itself is around four billion years old.

REFLECTION ON OTHER PLANETS:

• If Saturn’s rings are temporary, it raises the possibility that we might have missed out on seeing giant ring systems of other gas giants like Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune, which currently have only thin ringlets.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/saturn-rings-disappear-2025-9021942/

4. THE BEN GURION CANAL PROJECT

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Israel’s interest in exploring the economic opportunity presented by the Ben Gurion Canal Project is speculated to be one of the reasons behind its military actions, specifically its efforts to eliminate Hamas from the Gaza Strip. The ides of the Ben Gurion Canal Project is presented as an alternative to the Suez Canal.

THE BEN GURION CANAL PROJECT:

• A canal is being proposed through the Israeli-controlled Negev Desert, named the Ben Gurion Canal Project.
• The canal would connect the Gulf of Aqaba (eastern arm of the Red Sea) to the Eastern Mediterranean coast, offering an alternative to the Suez Canal.
• The idea was first envisioned in the 1960s and resurfaces amid Israel’s push to eliminate Hamas from Gaza.

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SUEZ CANAL:

• The Suez Canal, opened in 1869, revolutionized global maritime trade by connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas, reducing travel distances between Europe and Asia.
• Despite its significance, the Suez Canal faces challenges, including congestion and geopolitical issues surrounding Egypt’s control.

Issues with Suez Canal:

• The Suez Canal is described as the world’s biggest shipping bottleneck, facing congestion despite widening and deepening efforts.
• In March 2021, Ever Given cargo ship blocked the canal, causing significant disruptions and economic losses.

GEOPOLITICAL HISTORY OF THE SUEZ CANAL:

• The historical context of the Suez Crisis is in 1956 when Egypt nationalized the canal, leading to conflict with the UK, France, and Israel.
• The canal played a role in the 1967 and 1973 Arab-Israeli wars and was shut from 1967-75.

Economic Significance of Suez Canal for Egypt:

• The Suez Canal is crucial to Egypt’s economy, generating toll revenue that reached a record $9.4 billion in the 2022-23 fiscal year, accounting for nearly 2% of Egypt’s GDP.

Proposed Ben Gurion Canal Challenges:

• The Ben Gurion Canal Project faces significant challenges, including logistical, political, and funding obstacles.
• The estimated cost of the project is potentially as high as $100 billion, making it more expensive than addressing issues with the Suez Canal.
• The proposed route is over 100 km longer than the Suez Canal, and the terrain limitations could affect its attractiveness to shipping.

Security Concerns:

• It is highlighted that a canal running through land under constant military threat, either from Hamas rockets or Israeli attacks, poses a significant concern.
• This factor raises doubts about the feasibility and security of the Ben Gurion Canal.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/ben-gurion-canal-suez-israel-9021520/

5. BROADCASTING SERVICES (REGULATION) BILL, 2023

TAG: GS 2: POLITY  

THE CONTEXT: The Information and Broadcasting Ministry has released a draft Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill for public consultation.

EXPLANATION:

• The bill is intended to replace the existing Cable TV Network Regulations Act, indicating a shift towards a more comprehensive regulatory framework.

Scope of the Proposed Bill:

• The new bill is designed to have a broader scope, extending its governance to various media platforms, including DTH (Direct-to-Home), OTT (Over-the-Top) services, digital media, and IPTV (Internet Protocol Television).

Public Consultation:

• The draft has been released for public consultation, allowing stakeholders and the general public to provide feedback and insights on the proposed legislation.

Ease of Doing Business and Modernization:

• Information and Broadcasting Minister states that the bill is aligned with the government’s “ease of doing business” initiative.
• Described as a pivotal legislation, it aims to modernize the regulatory framework for the broadcasting sector by replacing outdated acts, rules, and guidelines.

Adaptation to Changing Media Landscape:

• The draft bill is said to adapt to the dynamic nature of the media landscape, encompassing emerging technologies such as OTT, Digital Media, DTH, IPTV, etc.
• It is framed to promote technological advancement and service evolution in the broadcasting sector.

Key Innovations:

• The draft bill introduces key innovations, such as the establishment of ‘Content Evaluation Committees’ for robust self-regulation.
• It transforms the existing ‘Inter-Departmental Committee’ into a broader ‘Broadcast Advisory Council’ to foster inclusive decision-making.

Comprehensive Accessibility Guidelines:

• The proposed Broadcasting Bill includes “comprehensive accessibility guidelines” to cater to differently-abled members of the user community, emphasizing inclusivity.

Call for Stakeholder Input:

• I & B Minister invites stakeholders to provide their insights and feedback on the draft bill.
• This approach emphasizes a collaborative and consultative process in shaping the final legislation.

Towards a More Efficient and Inclusive Broadcasting Ecosystem:

• The draft bill is a significant step towards creating a more efficient, inclusive, and forward-thinking broadcasting ecosystem.
• The release of the draft Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill by the Information and Broadcasting Ministry, emphasises the importance of public consultation and stakeholder input in shaping the final legislation.

KEY HIGHLIGHTS OF THE BILL:

The Bill comprises of Six Chapters, 48 Sections and three Schedules.

1. Consolidation and Modernization:

• It addresses a long standing need of consolidating and updating the regulatory provisions for various broadcasting services under a single legislative framework.
• This move streamlines the regulatory process, making it more efficient and contemporary.
• It extends its regulatory purview to encompass broadcasting over-the-top (OTT) content and digital news and current affairs currently regulated through IT Act, 2000 and regulations made there under.

2. Contemporary Definitions and Future-Ready Provisions:

• To keep pace with the evolving technologies and services, the bill introduces comprehensive definitions for contemporary broadcasting terms and incorporates provisions for emerging broadcasting technologies.

3. Strengthens the Self-Regulation Regime:

• It enhances self-regulation with the introduction of ‘Content evaluation committees.
• It evolves the existing Inter-Departmental Committee into a more participative and broader ‘Broadcast Advisory Council’.

4. Differentiated Programme Code and Advertisement Code:

• It allows for a differentiated approach to Programme and Advertisement Codes across various services and require self-classification by broadcasters and robust access control measures for restricted content.

5. Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities:

• The bill addresses the specific needs of persons with disabilities by providing for enabling provisions for issue of comprehensive accessibility guidelines.

6. Statutory Penalties and Fines:

• The draft Bill introduces statutory penalties such as: advisory, warning, censure, or monetary penalties, for operators and broadcasters.
• Provision for imprisonment and/or fines remains, but only for very serious offenses, ensuring a balanced approach to regulation.

7. Equitable Penalties:

• Monetary penalties and fines are linked to the financial capacity of the entity, taking into account their investment and turnover to ensure fairness and equity.

8. Infrastructure Sharing, Platform Services and Right of Way:

• The bill also includes provisions for infrastructure sharing among broadcasting network operators and carriage of platform services.
• Further, it streamlines the Right of Way section to address relocation and alterations more efficiently and establishes a structured dispute resolution mechanism.

lSOURCE: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/ib-ministry-releases-draft-broadcasting-services-bill-for-public-consultation/article67520835.ece

1. EL-NINO

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY  

THE CONTEXT: According to the latest El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) update from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the ongoing El Nino event in the equatorial Pacific Ocean may continue into April 2024 and peak between November and January.

WHAT CAN BE ITS POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON GLOBAL WEATHER PATTERNS?

• Global Temperature Impact:
  • The El Nino event may contribute to a further rise in global average temperatures.
  • The world has already experienced warmer than normal temperatures in 2023, and it is on track to become the warmest year since pre-industrial times.
  • The El Nino’s impact on global temperatures typically plays out in the year following its development, in this case, in 2024.

• Extreme Weather Events:
  • El Nino is associated with disrupting major weather systems and causing extreme weather events such as heatwaves, wildfires, and droughts.
  • The potential continuation of El Nino may lead to more extreme weather events globally.

• Impact on India:
  • For India, the El Nino may result in a warmer-than-normal winter season in most regions and a stormier-than-normal pre-monsoon season for northwest India.
  • El Nino can disrupt the Indian summer monsoon, and its effects on India’s weather are closely monitored.

• Record-Breaking Temperatures:
  • The global average annual temperature may temporarily breach the 1.5°C mark set in the 2015 Paris Agreement.
  • Record-breaking temperatures have already been observed in July, August, September, and October of the current year.

• Regional Rainfall Patterns:
• • El Nino’s peak may bring above-normal rainfall to specific regions, including the Greater Horn of Africa, Parana/La Plata basin in South America, Southeast North America, and parts of central and eastern Asia.
  • Some regions, such as northern South America, Australia, Indonesia, Borneo, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines, may experience below-normal rainfall.

SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE:

• The El Nino developed quickly during July-August 2023 and reached moderate levels by September.
• Based on historical patterns and long-range predictions, it is anticipated to gradually diminish during the forthcoming boreal spring.
• Climate scientists emphasize the role of increasing concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases from human activities in contributing to rising temperatures.

• Monsoon Outlook:
  • There is an uncertainty about the next year’s monsoon, depending on whether the El Nino transitions to a La Nina and its strength.
  • A La Nina event in the Pacific could lead to normal to excess monsoon rainfall.

El Nino:

• El Nino was first recognized by Peruvian fishermen off the coast of Peru as the appearance of unusually warm water.
  • The Spanish immigrants called it El Nino, meaning “the little boy” in Spanish.
• The El Nino is the warmer-than-normal phase of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, during which there are generally warmer temperatures and less rainfall than normal in many regions of the world, including India.
• During an El Nino event, the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) in the equatorial Pacific Ocean off the northern coast of South America became at least 0.5 degrees Celsius warmer than the long-term average.
  • In the case of a strong El Nino event as occurred in 2015-2016, anomalies can reach as high as 3°C, which is a record.
• The El Nino event is not a regular cycle, they are not predictable and occur irregularly at two- to seven-year intervals.
  • Climatologists determined that El Nino occurs simultaneously with the Southern Oscillation.
  • The Southern Oscillation is a change in air pressure over the tropical Pacific Ocean.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/el-nino-may-remain-till-april-2024-may-push-temperatures-even-higher-wmo-92730

2. 2+2 MINISTERIAL DIALOGUE

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: U.S. Secretary of Defence Lloyd J. Austin is visiting India for the 2+2 Ministerial dialogue.

EXPLANATION:

• The visit is for the 2+2 Ministerial dialogue, involving the U.S. Secretary of Defence, U.S. Secretary of State, India’s Defence Minister, and Minister of External Affairs.
• The discussions are expected to cover various issues, with a particular focus on the recent attacks in Israel by Hamas and tensions in West Asia.
• Secretary Austin had previously visited India in June 2023 and held talks with Defence Minister.
• The current visit follows up on earlier discussions and demonstrates ongoing engagement between the two countries.

AGENDA OF THE DIALOGUE:

• The dialogue is expected to cover strategic, defence, and technology issues, reflecting the depth of the India-U.S. partnership.
• Two major defence deals are in progress:
  • the acquisition of 31 MQ-9B drones and
  • the manufacture of General Electric F-414 jet engines in India for the indigenous Light Combat Aircraft-MK2.
• The deals are anticipated to be concluded early next year.
• The dialogue will include discussions on contemporary regional issues and shared priorities for cooperation in multilateral platforms, including the Quad framework.

REVIEW OF COOPERATION:

• The 2+2 dialogue provides an opportunity for a high-level review of progress in defence and security cooperation, technology collaborations, and people-to-people ties.
• It aligns with the futuristic roadmap for the India-U.S. partnership discussed by Prime Minister of India and President of U.S. in their previous meetings.
• India has invited President Joe Biden as the chief guest for the Republic Day parade on January 26, and a decision on the invitation is awaited.

What is the 2+2 Dialogue?

• 2+2 Ministerial is the highest-level institutional mechanism between the two countries.
• It is a format of dialogue where the defence/foreign ministers or secretaries meet with their counterparts from another country.
• India has 2+2 dialogues with four key strategic partners: the US, Australia, Japan, and Russia.
• Besides Russia, the other three countries are also India’s partners in the Quad.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/us-secretary-of-defence-lloyd-austin-arrives-in-india-for-22-ministerial-dialogue/article67516828.ece/amp/

3. APPOINTMENT TO THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: With the recent appointments to the Supreme Court of India, the SC  attained its sanctioned capacity of 34 judges.

EXPLANATION:

• Delhi High Court Chief Justice Satish Chandra Sharma, Rajasthan High Court Chief Justice Augustine George Masih, and Gauhati High Court Chief Justice Sandeep Mehta have been appointed as Supreme Court judges.
• The appointments were made promptly, with the three judges sworn in within three days of the Supreme Court Collegium’s recommendation.
• With the addition of the three new judges, the Supreme Court has reached its sanctioned capacity of 34 judges.
• This development coincides with Chief Justice Chandrachud completing a year as the Chief Justice of India.

PENDENCY OF CASES:

• The National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) dashboard indicates that the pendency of cases in the Supreme Court is approaching 80,000.
• The Collegium, in its November 6 recommendation, expressed concerns about the perennial pendency.
• The collegium also emphasized the need to address the backlog by ensuring full working judge strength.
• The Collegium noted that the increasing pendency of cases has significantly increased the workload of judges.
• The resolution emphasized the necessity of maintaining full working judge strength to tackle the backlog effectively.
• Retirement and Future Judicial Strength:
  • The Supreme Court will function with 34 judges until Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul, the number two judge, retires on December 25, 2023.
  • Justice Kaul’s has been vocal about the government’s “delaying tactics and pick-and-choose policy” while making judicial appointments.

• Collegium’s Considerations for Appointments:
  • The appointments of the new judges reflect the Collegium’s consideration of both merit and seniority.
  • Each appointee’s parent High Court and their seniority ranking in the all-India High Court judges list were factors in the decision.

• Speedy Appointment and Judicial Proceedings:
• • The speedy appointment of the three judges followed closely after Justice Kaul’s reminder to the Attorney General about the Collegium’s recommendation.
  • Justice Kaul’s bench is repeatedly hearing a case related to government delays in the judicial appointment process.

COLLEGIUM SYSTEM:

• The Collegium system is a system for the appointment and transfer of judges in the Supreme Court and High Court.
• It is not rooted in the Constitution. Instead, it has evolved through judgments of the Supreme Court.
• Under the system, the Chief Justice of India (CJI), along with four senior-most Supreme Court judges, recommends the appointment and transfer of judges.
• A High Court Collegium, meanwhile, is led by the incumbent Chief Justice and the two seniormost judges of that court.
• The government can also raise objections and seek clarifications regarding the Collegium’s choices, but if the Collegium reiterates the same names, the government is bound to appoint them to the post.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS:

• Article 124: Supreme Court judges should be appointed by the President after consultation with such judges of the High Courts and the Supreme Court as the President may deem necessary. The CJI is to be consulted in all appointments except his or her own.
• Article 217: High Court judges should be appointed by the President after consultation with the CJI and the Governor of the state. The Chief Justice of the High Court concerned too should be consulted.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/3-judges-appointed-to-sc-top-court-to-now-function-with-full-strength-of-34/article67516412.ece/amp/

4. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (CBI)

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Union government asserted before the Supreme Court that the CBI is an independent agency, not a limb of the Centre.

BACKGROUND:

• The Union government presented its argument in response to a suit filed by the State of West Bengal against the Centre.
• West Bengal alleged that the CBI was investigating and registering FIRs in the state without obtaining prior consent from the state government.

INDEPENDENCE OF CBI:

• The Union government, represented by Solicitor General, emphasized that the CBI is an independent agency.
• It clarified that the CBI is not under the control of the Centre.
• It operates as a statutory body under the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act.

ARTICLE 131 SUIT:

• The Union government argued that the original suit filed by West Bengal under Article 131 of the Constitution, which deals with disputes between the Union and states, was not maintainable.
• It asserted that the Centre has no influence over the CBI’s decisions in investigative matters and that the suit should be dismissed.

CBI’s Autonomy:

• The Solicitor General stated that the CBI acts on its own terms, and the Centre does not control its decisions in the registration, investigation, and prosecution of cases.
• It was mentioned that even the Central Vigilance Commission, which has superintendence over the CBI, does not exert influence over the agency’s investigations.

Jurisdiction of CBI:

• A Senior advocate representing West Bengal, argued that the case was not about the Centre’s influence over the CBI but focused on the jurisdiction of the CBI to investigate cases in a state that has withdrawn consent.
• He called out the Centre’s contention that only a central agency could investigate offenses outlined in a Union law a “preposterous proposition.”

Withdrawal of Consent:

• West Bengal contended that the CBI’s power to investigate offenses in other states under Section 5 of the DSPE Act requires express consent from the state under Section 6.
• The state highlighted its withdrawal of consent through a specific notification issued in 2018.
• West Bengal argued that the state is not challenging the FIRs but questioning how the CBI could ignore the state’s specific notification withdrawing consent.

Post-Poll Violence Cases:

• The CBI has filed multiple FIRs related to post-poll violence in West Bengal.
• The Union government mentioned in an affidavit that these cases also involve offenses of corruption against Central government employees.
• The legal arguments have been presented by both the Union government and the State of West Bengal regarding the autonomy and jurisdiction of the CBI in the context of the ongoing legal dispute.

CBI:

• Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is the premier investigating police agency in India.
• It provides assistance to the Central Vigilance Commission and Lokpal.
• It functions under the superintendence of the Dept. of Personnel, Ministry of Personnel, Pension & Public Grievances, Government of India – which falls under the prime minister’s office.
• However, for investigations of offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act, its superintendence vests with the Central Vigilance Commission.
• It is also the nodal police agency in India which coordinates investigation on behalf of Interpol Member countries.
• Its conviction rate is as high as 65 to 70% and it is comparable to the best investigation agencies in the world.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-is-not-a-limb-of-centre-union-government-tells-supreme-court/article67518110.ece/amp/

5. FIVE-HUNDRED APERTURE SPHERICAL TELESCOPE (FAST)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, astronomers from China and Australia have discovered five new pulsars using the Five-hundred Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST).

FIVE-HUNDRED APERTURE SPHERICAL TELESCOPE (FAST)

• It is a radio telescope in China’s Guizhou Province.
• It is the world’s largest and most sensitive radio telescope, with a receiving area equivalent to 30 football fields.
• It measures 500 meters in diameter.

Scientific Goals:

• Detect neutral hydrogen at the edge of the universe; reconstruct the images of the early universe;
• Discover pulsars, establish a pulsar timing array, and participate in pulsar navigation and gravitational wave detection in the future;
• Join the International Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry Network to obtain hyperfine structures of celestial bodies;
• Perform high resolution radio spectral survey and detect weak space signals;
• Participate in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence;
• FAST uses a data system developed at ICRAR (International Center for Radio Astronomy) in Perth, Australia, and at ESO (European Southern Observatory) to manage the huge amounts of data it generates.

Pulsars:

• Pulsars are rapidly rotating neutron stars that blast out pulses of radiation at regular intervals ranging from seconds to milliseconds.
• Pulsars have strong magnetic fields that funnel particles along their magnetic poles, accelerating them to relativistic speeds, which produce two powerful beams of light, one from each pole.
• Because the poles of the magnetic field aren’t aligned with the axis of spin of the pulsar, the beams of particles and the light they produce are swept around as the pulsar rotates.
• The periodicity of pulsars is caused by these beams of light crossing the line of sight on Earth, with the pulsar appearing to ‘switch off’ at points when the light is facing away from us.
• The time between these pulses is the ‘period’ of the pulsar.

Neutron Star:

• When a massive star explodes as a supernova at the end of its life, its core can collapse into a tiny and superdense object with not much more than our sun’s mass.
• These small, incredibly dense cores of exploded stars are neutron stars.

SOURCE: https://phys.org/news/2023-11-pulsars-fast.html#:~:text=Using%20the%20Five%2Dhundred%20Aperture,on%20the%20preprint%20server%20arXiv.

THE CONTEXT:  China is frequently intimidating Taiwan over the past year through deployment of its air force and navy in the surrounding areas.

CHINESE ACTIONS ON TAIWAN:

• Taiwan is an island, roughly 100 miles from the coast of south-east China.
• It has been governed independently of mainland China, officially the People’s Republic of China (PRC), since 1949.
• China rejected Taiwan’s participation as a member in UN agencies and other international organizations that limit membership to states.
• In 2021, China appeared to ramp up pressure by sending military aircraft into Taiwan’s Air Defence Zone, a self-declared area where foreign aircraft are identified, monitored, and controlled in the interests of national security.
• China launched a series of military exercises, including the firing of ballistic missiles, focused on six danger zones around Taiwan, three of which overlapped the island’s territorial waters.
• China also deployed naval ships and military aircraft in the region of strategic waters in the South China Sea and off the Taiwan’s northeastern coast which has also escalated the issue of national security.

SIGNIFICANCE OF STRAIT OF MALACCA:

• The Strait of Malacca connects the South China Sea with the Burma Sea.
• It is the shortest shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, linking major economies such as Middle East, China, Japan, South Korea, etc.
• The Strait of Malacca is on the transport route of approximately 25% of the oil transported between the Middle East and Asia.
• Approximately 60% of the world’s maritime transport passes through the Strait of Malacca.
• New Delhi’s main strategy regarding the Strait of Malacca relates to the strait becoming a gateway to its East View Policy.
• India attaches importance to the Strait of Malacca at the point of developing bilateral and regional relations through various cooperation mechanisms such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Regional Forum.

LIMITED OPTIONS FOR INDIA:

• Distant blockades away from a belligerent nation’s geography can be challenged under international law.
• The trade that passes through the Strait of Malacca is not just China’s economic and energy lifeline. An overwhelming volume of the trade of Japan, South Korea and India passes through the same Strait.
• The channel of the Strait of Malacca is long, nearly 500 miles, and involves the sovereignty of other states such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore who would all be affected adversely by a naval blockade. The affected countries are unlikely to support a naval blockade.
• Commercial shipping is extremely complex to identify in terms of the sovereignty of the vessel, flag, registration, insurance and ownership of cargo. And these are often multinational in nature and can also be changed as convenient through transshipment at any port in Southeast Asia.
• The additional reality is that even if the Strait of Malacca were blocked, large carriers transporting goods to China can use alternative routes, such as the Sunda or Lombok Straits.
• China also has a huge onshore and floating Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR) which can help it tide over disruptions, especially with growing overland energy supplies from Russia and Central Asia.

WHAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST:

• During the First World War, the British blockade of Germany which lasted from 1914-19 saw Germany retaliating against British shipping on the high seas with its submarines (U-boats) with deadly effect.
• Subsequent developments, including the Battle of Jutland in 1916 and the sinking of U.S. merchant vessels by German U-boats eventually drew the U.S. into the First World War.
• During the Second World War, the U.S. had embargoed Japan’s energy supplies which ran through the maritime commons, which probably played a key role in Japan’s decision to launch the attack on Pearl Harbour in December 1941.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• India should pay constant and careful attention to this issue.
  • Any speculative action in the Strait of Malacca or the Andaman Sea would involve either a naval blockade against commercial shipping or China’s key trade and energy sea lines of communication or military action against Chinese naval vessels.
  • The fact is that commercial shipping as well as naval vessels of any country have a right to freedom of navigation on the high seas.
  • A naval blockade against commercial shipping is not feasible.
• The new U.S.-India partnership in the economic, high-tech and military areas is expected to strengthen in the years ahead. The U.S. increasingly regards India as regional ballast for stability in the region.
• A robust India with a strong economy, nuclear deterrence capability and a credible military can contribute to multi-polarity in the Indo-Pacific.

THE CONCLUSION:

India’s primary role may be limited to a proactive defence of its territorial interests and the security of its sea lines of communication and those of its strategic partners in the eastern and western India Ocean.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q) Virus of Conflict is affecting the functioning of the SCO; In the light of the above statement point out the role of India in mitigating the problems. (2023)

Q) Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold for India? (2021)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q) Explain the strategic importance of the Indo-Pacific region to India and also highlight the significance of Strait of Malacca in international trade.

SOURCE: Taiwan, a Malacca blockade and India’s options – The Hindu

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. G7 appeals for humanitarian pauses in Gaza, seeks hostages’ release READ MORE
2. The problem with India’s new guidelines on genetically modified insects | Explained READ MORE
3. RBI to cut rates in 2024-25 if food inflation remains under control: S&P Global Ratings READ MORE
4. World will overshoot 2030 coal limit to tame warming by twice over READ MORE
5. Kerala Government forms Organic Farming Mission to boost climate-smart agriculture READ MORE
6. One year of Project Cheetah: Hits, misses and paradigm shift ahead READ MORE
7. Possible answer to farm fires: New rice variety can replace Pusa-44 READ MORE
8. India’s Energy Conservation Building Code, 2017: Why the IEA called it a ‘notable exception’ among developing countries READ MORE
9. Horn of Africa facing deadly floods due to El Nino-linked ‘above average’ rains READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Language: Emotional connect and more READ MORE
2. Bihar survey exposes disparities among OBCs READ MORE  
3. The role of caste and gender in determining science education in India READ MORE
4. Climate change made the multi-year drought 25 times more likely in Syria and Iraq, 16 times in Iran: Analysis READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Move towards e-FIR, but with caution READ MORE
2. Reviewing freedom READ MORE
3. Reserving poverty READ MORE
4. As our democracy matures, my role is becoming more vital READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Look beyond quota politics READ MORE
2. Mensural hygiene: Adolescents continue to use cloth, pads are rare READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Taiwan, a Malacca blockade and India’s options READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. How tech can make India a farming powerhouse READ MORE
2. Two-wheeler EV startups: The new growth engines READ MORE
3. Local products can boost exports READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Importance of ‘loss and damage’ funds READ MORE  
2. Douse the fires without enraging farmers READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. The perils of patent amendments READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Hurdles delaying formation of integrated theatre commands READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. How ignored landslide warnings led to Subansiri running dry READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Why purush and prakriti are gender-neutral READ MORE
2. Living with tempests READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. The CAG promotes good governance practices and helps governments streamline their operations, reduce inefficiencies and adhere to financial discipline. Critically examine.
2. The CAG plays a crucial role in this democratic framework by ensuring transparency, accountability, and financial integrity in the government’s functioning. Comment.
3. The CAG helps maintain the separation of powers between legislature and executive by ensuring that the government’s financial activities align with legislative intentions. Comment.
4. As India’s democracy matures, the role of CAG has become more vital in promoting good governance and safeguarding the people’s interests. Critically comment.
5. Leveraging technology and digital solutions make audit’s citizen engagement more effective and scalable. Examine.
6. Social audit is an effective tool for facilitating citizen oversight. How would you justify this statement?
7. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments marked a quantum leap in India’s democratic set-up in creating tiers of self-governance below the level of states. Critically examine.
8. Due to the envision of grassroots participation, Local bodies not only implement the schemes of governments but ensure transparency and visibility in these schemes. Justify with the help of relevant examples.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• The solution to crop stubble burning lies in turning waste into wealth by upcycling it.
• In peace, sons bury their fathers. In war, fathers bury their sons.
• The CAG promotes good governance practices and helps governments streamline their operations, reduce inefficiencies and adhere to financial discipline.
• As India’s democracy matures, the CAG’s role becomes even more vital in promoting good governance and safeguarding the people’s interests.
• The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) plays a crucial role in this democratic framework by ensuring transparency, accountability, and financial integrity in government’s functioning.
• CAG helps maintain the separation of powers between legislature and executive by ensuring that the government’s financial activities align with legislative intentions.
• India stands as the world’s largest democracy, with a vibrant political landscape, a diverse society, and ongoing efforts to overcome various socio-economic challenges.
• By placing the Indian citizen at the centre for implementation of government programmes and as ultimate beneficiaries, there is an onerous expectation of the CAG to assess the preparedness and planning, as well as to monitor and recommend corrective actions for realisation of these economic, social and environmental aspirations.
• To effectively discharge this responsibility, it is important for audit to actively work in tandem with citizens, appreciating their concerns and feedback.
• In India’s federal, multiparty democracy with both Union and state governments responsible for implementation of numerous schemes, projects and programmes, enhancing engagement with stakeholders is imperative for audit.
• Leveraging technology and digital solutions make audit’s citizen engagement more effective and scalable.
• Social audit is an interesting tool for facilitating citizen oversight.
• The 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments marked a quantum leap in India’s democratic set up, as they created tiers of self-governance below the level of states.
• Empowering PRIs and urban local bodies and municipalities, envisions people’s participation in the process of planning, decision-making, implementation and delivery of a set of functions to be devolved to local governments by state legislatures.
• Carrying forward this recognition of local self-governance as the true manifestation of democracy and the CAG’s responsibility for ensuring accountability, an international centre for local governance has been envisaged.
• Female labour force participation rates have, in the past, tended to rise during times of financial stress as women stepped out to augment their household incomes.
• While the CAG catalyses good governance, transparency and accountability, the responsibility to nurture and protect democratic principles falls not only on our institutions but on every citizen.
• The proposed changes in patent law will endanger access to affordable medicines and benefit global big pharma.
• Both Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir must strive to understand each other’s viewpoints, fostering mutual trust and loyalty within the community.
• By adopting the principles of sustainability, non-violence, and respect for all life forms, we can work towards a more harmonious relationship with nature.

ESSAY TOPIC

• Many worlds: Multipolarity in the new world order

50-WORD TALK

• In a transforming India, where education and technology act as levelling forces, caste-based affirmative action, refined through caste numbers, can drive more extensive dialogues on aspiration, ambition, freedom, opportunity, and the necessity for a system where citizens are not unfairly privileged or confined by their identities. If a robust methodology were to be used, this effort would be vital in identifying and addressing fault lines to promote gender justice.
• Extending free food for another 5 years is an acknowledgement that the poor continue to need ample support for years ahead. The move also rings the final death knell of farm laws. If government grain procurement is going to be so high, then that rules out entry of private sector.
• Indian envoy in Ottawa describing Canadian police probe into Nijjar killing as tainted and wiretapping of diplomats as illegal shows Delhi is doubling down. But Canada is being duplicitous in citing Vienna Convention on parity even as it illegally tapped diplomats. G7 and Five Eyes can’t play by different rules.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Indian Prime Minister and Bhutan’s King held discussions on the entire gamut of bilateral cooperation and regional and global issues of mutual interest. This comes amid growing concerns over China’s efforts to forge a bond with Bhutan. The two countries also announced several measures to expand trade and connectivity.

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• The decision by India and Bhutan to focus on infrastructure and connectivity during talks is an important marker towards more bilaterally-driven regional initiatives.

The joint statement mentions about:

• Both sides agreed for completion of surveys for the 58 km cross-border rail link between Gelephu and Kokrajhar that connects Bhutan to Assam.
• Both sides agreed to explore a second rail link for about 18 km between Samtse in Bhutan and Banarhat in the West Bengal tea gardens area. India also decided to allow Bhutanese trade items to be carried further on from Haldibari in West Bengal to Chilahati in Bangladesh.
• India and Bhutan agreed to designate the Darranga-Samdrup Jongkhar border crossing between Assam and Bhutan’s less developed southeastern district as an immigration check post.
• The two sides agreed to strengthen trade infrastructure with the upgradation of an existing land customs station at Dadgiri (Assam) to a modernised “Integrated Check Post” (ICP) at Gelephu (Bhutan). It indicates India’s support to the Bhutanese SEZ project.

IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT:

• Connectivity with the Northeast: Rail connectivity could, in the future, assist air connectivity for Indians in the Northeast as well. As Bhutan plans to build an international airport at Gelephu as part of the larger Sarpang district Special Economic Zone. This would also power New Delhi’s attempt at bridging the economic gap with the northeast.
• Boost economy: Bhutan’s economy has been particularly hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. The new project proposed to build a Special Economic Zone at Bhutan’s southern border with Assam and an airport at Gelephu are expected to drive growth and investment to the kingdom.
• Regional development: These developments tend to work for the regional development of the region including West Bengal and the northeast, Bhutan’s south and east dzongkhags (districts).

ISSUE IN INDIA-BHUTAN RELATIONS:

• China angle: The recent normalization of Bhutan and China relations with the visit of Bhutan’s foreign minister to China has raised concern for India. These are also raising security concerns for India as their discussion covered the trijunction near the crucial Siliguri Corridor that connects India’s Northeast with the rest of the country.
• Sovereignty: There are chances of Bhutan Joining the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) which can cause friction given Bhutan’s strategic location. India is concerned about the BRI and its impact on the region, particularly in terms of sovereignty and debt implications.
• Big brotherly attitude: Though, India sees Bhutan as equal partner in relationship. Younger Bhutanese feel that Indians are using security issues as an excuse to keep Bhutan under India’s control and are conscious of relationship. Also, Bhutan has been seeking greater access to the Indian market for its products to reduce the trade deficit.
• Rising Debt: Bhutan is concerned about low forex reserves and a major public debt, with an estimated 125% Government Debt to GDP ratio in 2022 which is largely made up of debt to India.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Timely completion: For successful implementation of the projects, there is a need for efficient and time-bound execution of such ambitious plans. It will help in the maximum utilisation of the project and strengthening relationships between both the countries. Easing travel between the two countries can raise Bhutanese opportunities for trade and travel and bring in much needed tourism revenues.
• Economic Assistance: India is Bhutan’s leading development partner. Since the launch of the First Five Year Plan of Bhutan in 1961, India has been extending financial support to Bhutan’s FYPs. There is a need of continuous economic support to Bhutan to alleviate the Chinese influence as well.
• Cultural Cooperation: India and Bhutan can promote cultural exchange programs to foster greater understanding and appreciation of each other’s culture, art, music, and literature. A visa-free movement of people from both countries can strengthen sub-regional cooperation. Mutual trust and cooperation need to be continued by reaching out to younger generations.

THE CONCLUSION:  

India and Bhutan enjoy long-standing and exceptional bilateral ties characterised by “utmost trust, goodwill, and mutual understanding at all levels. India and Bhutan cooperation and collaboration can lead to the development of the region and can alleviate the concerns related to China.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q) The time has come for India and Japan to build a strong contemporary relationship, one involving global and strategic partnerships that will have a great significance for Asia and the world as a whole.’ Comment.

Q) In respect of India — Sri Lanka relations, discuss how domestic factors influence foreign policy.

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q) Examine the significance of the India – Bhutan relations in the light of growing proximity between China and Bhutan.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/closer-together-the-hindu-editorial-on-the-india-bhutan-talks-and-the-plans-ahead/article67508829.ece#:~:text=A%20joint%20statement%20speaks%20of,along%20the%20India%2DBhutan%20border.

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. Atal Innovation Mission Opens Application for School Innovation Challenge ATL Marathon 2023-24 READ MORE
2. Delhi’s air quality worsens to ‘severe plus’ category; Centre defers stricter curbs, says AQI in region showing declining trend READ MORE
3. Seven years after it was first announced, India to open new consulate in Seattle READ MORE
4. Operation Cactus: When India prevented a coup in Maldives READ MORE
5. Farm fires and weather behind choke; respite likely in 4 days READ MORE
6. UN sounds warning on climate change health threat READ MORE
7. Work starts on shaping first national security strategy, long wait ends READ MORE
8. Asteroid Dinkinesh is actually two space rocks, finds NASA’s Lucy mission READ MORE
9. New Report Calls for GST Slab Rationalisation Amid High State Revenue Deficits, Subsidy Expenditures READ MORE
10. No legal identity for a billion people globally, says UN body READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. The world is getting older. Can India cope? READ MORE
2. Rescuing children from the clutches of mobile phones READ MORE
3. El Nino may be drying out the southern hemisphere — here’s how that affects the whole planet READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Action and authority: On Governors and implementation of decisions by elected regimes READ MORE
2. On government fact-checking units: A government panel to check facts is liable to be misused against critics READ MORE
3. On electoral bonds, Supreme Court must uphold Right to Information READ MORE
4. State regulation of film reviews is a risky business READ MORE
5. Governors need to rise above politics READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Widening welfare READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. India-US dialogue: No irritant should be allowed to affect ties READ MORE
2. US-China Dichotomy: Quietude of the Western Left READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. India’s labour scene is changing READ MORE
2. Create an ecosystem where all can participate in economic growth READ MORE
3. Traditional vs digital bank: Survival of the fittest READ MORE
4. The Evolving Energy Scenario READ MORE
5. Youth Employment in India: Dimensions and Challenges READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Late to action, lots to do READ MORE
2. Climate Change: Is White Hydrogen the New Saviour? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. AI and the issue of human-centricity in copyright law READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Malware malice: On the Apple cyberattack alert READ MORE
2. India’s Need for a National Security Strategy Cannot Be Ignored READ MORE
3. Is it Time to Call India a Digital Dystopia? READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Farm fires rage on: Stakeholders not doing enough to curb menace READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Ukraine, Gaza are our Kurukshetra now READ MORE
2. Humanity, not identity, defines morality READ MORE
3. All it takes: 1% god’s grace READ MORE
4. Entrepreneurship mirrors essence of dharma READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. Only virtues and standards of universal morality are applicable to clashing groups of inimical belief systems in times of distrust. And all-encompassing humanity is the sole criterion for drafting such standards of universal morality. Comment.
2. It is humanity, not identity, that defines morality. Comment.
3. Though Article 200 does not lay down a specific timeframe to give assent to the bill, but a constitutional authority should not circumvent a provision of the Constitution by taking advantage of an omission. Comment on the statement in the light of recent developments.
4. Dharma encompasses not only moral and ethical duties but also one’s responsibility towards society and the greater good. Comment.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• Those who say religion has nothing to do with politics do not know what religion is.
• By investing in cutting-edge technology and streamlining their operations, traditional banks can upgrade conventional banking to bring it at par with the digital banking.
• While the digital age offers learning and entertainment opportunities, it’s vital to safeguard our children from over indulging in it.
• Entrepreneurs who prioritise ethics, honesty, and integrity in their business dealings create a foundation of trust with customers, partners, and employees.
• A major issue is how social security can be effectively financed. There are three models to finance SS: contributory scheme, non-contributory scheme and a combination of both.
• Governments must urgently push greater awareness about the Good Samaritan Law.
• It is important to know which model of financing is more appropriate. International evidence suggests that SS coverage can be extended to all by increasing contributory coverage and non-contributory schemes by increasing tax revenue.
• Dharma encompasses not only moral and ethical duties but also one’s responsibility towards society and the greater good.
• Despite surging demand and larger carbon emissions, India can reduce its dependence on energy imports.
• A dignified life for the elderly population needs an urgent cultural, political and policy reimagination.
• The stance of the Western Left vis-à-vis Western imperialism is causing a shift of the entire political centre of gravity to the Right.

ESSAY TOPIC

• The wise win before the fight, while the ignorant fight to win.

50-WORD TALK

• CJI Chandrachud’s ‘tareekh pe tareekh’ anguish over adjournment requests in the Supreme Court is valid. But as masters of their own court, judges should put an end to the growing trend and impose costs if such appeals are made on flimsy grounds. Lawyers must contribute to vitality of the judiciary.
• Xi Jinping wants Chinese women to focus on marriage and having babies. This desperate move to address a shrinking population is nothing but regressive. When India is making efforts to bring more women into the workforce, China’s slide back toward the middle ages is a knockout punch to gender equality.
• Governments of Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Kerala having to move Supreme Court to get governors to clear bills is another sign of politicisation of Raj Bhawans. Governors in many non-BJP-ruled states are making a mockery of democracy by obstructing elected governments’ functioning. SC must step in to check gubernatorial hyperdrive.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

1. SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION AGAINST KERALA’S GOVERNOR

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Kerala Government has filed a special leave petition before the Supreme Court of India against Kerala’s Governor.

EXPLANATION:

• The government is seeking a declaration from the Supreme Court that the Governor has failed to exercise his constitutional powers and duties.

WHAT ARE THE CONCERNS?

• Pending Bills Dispute:
  • The central issue at hand is the delay in the Governor’s disposal of bills passed by the State Legislature.
  • The Kerala Government argues that the Governor has acted in a manifestly arbitrary manner by keeping these bills pending for an extended period.

• Constitutional Powers and Duties:
  • The Kerala Government claims that the Governor’s inaction subverted the Constitution and threatened democratic principles.
  • It alleges that the Governor failed to exercise his constitutional powers and duties, as outlined in Article 200 of the Indian Constitution, which specifies the Governor’s role in granting assent to bills.
  • The Kerala Government accuses the Governor of gross disregard and violation of constitutional provisions and argues that such actions are not in line with the Governor’s duties.

• Number of Pending Bills:
  • Out of the eight bills passed by the Legislature, three had been pending with the Governor for more than two years, and three others for more than one year.
  • This extended delay in dealing with legislative matters is a significant point of contention.

• Previous Disposal of a Bill:
  • The Kerala Private Forest (Vesting and Assignment) Bill, 2023, was presented to the Governor on April 6, 2023, and was disposed of by him on September 18.
  • It suggests that the Governor’s non-disposal of earlier bills may have been a conscious act.

• Parties to the Petition:
• • The secretary to the Governor and the Union of India have also been made parties to the petition, indicating that the legal action is directed not only at the Governor but also at others involved in the matter.

Special Leave Petitions in Indian Judicial System:

• This is special power bestowed upon the Supreme Court of India which is the Apex Court of the country to grant leave to appeal against any judgment in case any substantial constitutional question of law is involved or gross injustice has been done.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO THE GOVERNOR

• Article 153 says that there shall be a Governor for each State. One person can be appointed as Governor for two or more States.
• A Governor is appointed by the President and is a nominee of the Central Government.
  • It is stated that the Governor has a dual role.
  • He is the constitutional head of the state, bound by the advice of his Council of Ministers (CoM).
• He functions as a vital link between the Union Government and the State Government.
• Articles 157 and 158 specify eligibility requirements for the post of governor. A governor must:
  • Be a citizen of India.
  • Be at least 35 years of age.
  • Not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature.
  • Not hold any office of profit.
• Governor has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, etc. (Article 161).
• There is a CoM with the CM at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except some conditions for discretion. (Article 163).
• The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other Ministers (Article 164).
• Governor assents, withholds assent, or reserves the bill for the consideration of the President passed by the Legislative Assembly (Article 200).
• Governors may promulgate the Ordinances under certain circumstances (Article 213).
• Governor’s role:
  • The Governor holds a constitutional position and is expected to perform specific functions, including granting assent to bills passed by the state legislature and ensuring the proper functioning of state administration.
  • The Governor’s actions are perceived as a hindrance to these responsibilities.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-government-moves-supreme-court-against-governor-arif-mohammed-khan-over-pending-bills/article67488446.ece/amp/

2. EU’S PROPOSED CARBON TAX ON IMPORTS THROUGH CBAM

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The European Union’s proposed Carbon Tax on imports is an ‘ill-conceived’ move that would become the “death knell” for its manufacturing sector.

EXPLANATION:

• The European Union is planning to implement a carbon tax on imports through the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).
• This mechanism is designed to address carbon leakage, ensuring that imported goods meet similar environmental standards as those produced within the EU.

CONCERNS RAISED:

• India’s Commerce and Industry Minister criticized the EU’s CBAM, calling it “ill-conceived” and warning that it could be detrimental to Europe’s manufacturing sector.
• He argued that carbon pricing cannot be the same in India and Europe due to different economic and environmental circumstances.

IMPACT ON EUROPEAN MANUFACTURING:

• It is asserted that the CBAM could have a negative impact on European manufacturing, particularly in sectors like autos, where steel and aluminium are essential components.
• EU should consider different carbon pricing values for less developed and developing countries to create a more equitable system.
• The CBAM might lead European producers to move their production to India, as it becomes costlier to manufacture in Europe.

INDIA’S RESPONSE:

• It is believed that India may counter the CBAM by imposing its own carbon tax.
• This would help level the playing field and ensure that carbon pricing aligns with India’s specific needs.
• The Indian government is in ongoing discussions with its European counterparts regarding the CBAM.
• The government is negotiating with the EU to address concerns about the fairness of carbon pricing and its impact on Indian exports.

SUPPORTING GREEN ENERGY TRANSITION:

• If India collects its own carbon tax and uses it for its green energy transition, this would indirectly help exporters reduce their carbon footprint.
• It potentially will negate the need for additional CBAM taxes at the European border.

CARBON BORDER ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM (CBAM):

• It is a policy instrument that aims to level the playing field between EU and non-EU producers of carbon-intensive goods.
• It does this by imposing a carbon charge on imports of certain goods from countries that do not have a carbon price comparable to the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS).
• The charge is calculated based on the embedded carbon content of the imported goods, and is intended to equalize the cost of carbon emissions between EU and non-EU producers.

WHY CBAM?

• CBAM is an EU regulation and part of the ‘Fit for 55’ package.
• The goal of this package is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the EU by at least 55% by 2030.
• Currently, the EU operates a system where producers within the EU have to purchase emission allowances for the CO2 emissions of their products (EU Emissions Trading System, EU ETS).
• The CBAM price adjustment ensures that these producers no longer face a competitive disadvantage when importing from third countries with lower climate standards.
• It is currently in a transitional phase, with full implementation expected in 2026. The following goods are currently covered by the CBAM:
  • Iron and steel
  • Cement
  • Aluminium
  • Fertilisers
  • Electricity
  • Hydrogen

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/cbam-will-kill-eu-manufacturing-india-will-have-its-own-carbon-taxes-goyal/article67490421.ece/amp/

3. LAND BRIDGE ACROSS THE KRA ISTHMUS

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The revival of a centuries-old idea in Thailand, the creation of a “land bridge” or economic corridor across the Kra Isthmus, could potentially reduce the need for ships to take the longer route through the Strait of Malacca.

EXPLANATION:

THE KRA ISTHMUS AND ITS GEOGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE:

• • Thailand’s Kra Isthmus is a narrow strip of land between the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand.
  • It forces ships traveling between the Indian Ocean Region and East Asia to sail south through the Strait of Malacca, which adds approximately 1,200 kilometers to their journey.

• HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE:
  • The idea of reducing the distance between these two bodies of water by cutting through the Kra Isthmus dates back to Thai monarch Narai the Great in 1677.
  • Various attempts and studies have been made throughout history to connect the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea, primarily for economic and strategic reasons.

• CURRENT PROPOSAL:
  • Thailand’s Prime Minister is proposing a “land bridge” instead of a canal, which would involve road and rail networks connecting deep-sea ports on both coasts of the isthmus.
  • This project aims to provide an alternative route that is
    • shorter,
    • saves transportation costs,
    • reduces the risk of piracy, and
    • alleviates pressure on the congested Strait of Malacca.

• ECONOMIC BENEFITS:
  • The proposed land bridge could reduce transport time significantly, potentially creating economic benefits for Thailand, which has seen slow economic growth and increasing household debt.
  • It could create jobs and boost economic growth in the southern provinces, enhancing Thailand’s position in Southeast Asia.

• GEOPOLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
• • China’s interest in the project is driven by potential trade cost savings, improved control over waterways, and enhanced naval and surveillance capabilities.
  • However, deepening ties with China may affect Thailand’s relations with other nations.

CHALLENGES AND FINANCING:

• The project faces financial challenges, with an estimated cost of around $27.44 billion.
• The Thai government is looking to China for investments, although this could have implications for Thailand’s relationships with other countries, including the United States, Japan, and India.
• The viability and environmental impact of such a project have also been subjects of debate.

CONCLUSION:

• Thailand’s renewed interest in creating a land bridge across the Kra Isthmus, could have significant economic and geopolitical implications.
• While the project could offer benefits in terms of reduced shipping distances and economic growth.
• It also faces challenges related to financing, environmental impact, and its potential impact on international relations.
• The revival of this idea reflects the ongoing debate about the future of global trade routes and the strategic interests of various countries.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/land-bridge-thailand-kra-isthmus-9009594/lite/

4. LEGAL IDENTITY OF MIGRANTS

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: According to the United Nations’ International Organization for Migration (IOM), approximately one billion people worldwide lack legal identity.

EXPLANATION:

• It is a significant global issue related to legal identity and the challenges faced by approximately one billion people who lack legal identification.
• They do not possess official documentation that identifies them as legal residents or citizens of a particular country creating a legal identity gap.

CONSEQUENCES OF THE LEGAL IDENTITY GAP:

• • The lack of legal identity has serious implications for individuals.
  • It limits their ability to access various essential services, such as education, healthcare, and social welfare.
  • It also restricts their mobility and can lead to longer, more dangerous, and irregular migration routes.

• Challenges in Readmission:
• • Readmission processes for migrants often face obstacles.
  • These challenges can be addressed by strengthening a state’s legal identity capacity, providing consular support, and improving collaboration among government agencies.

INITIATIVES TO TACKLE THESE ISSUES:

• UN Conference:
  • The IOM organized a Legal Identity and Rights-Based Return Management Conference at the UN City in Copenhagen, Denmark, to address the issue.
  • The conference aimed to facilitate dialogue between countries of origin and destination for people without legal identities.

• International Cooperation:
  • The conference emphasized the importance of cooperation between countries of origin and countries of destination to exchange best practices, digitize legal identity systems, and promote a rights-based approach to return management.
  • Strengthening coordination mechanisms and collaboration among relevant government agencies was also highlighted.

• Whole of Government Approach:
  • Jens Godtfredsen, Ambassador for Migration, Return, and Readmission at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark stressed the need for a “whole of government approach” to tackle the global identity gap.
  • This approach involves government agencies working together to find concrete solutions to migration challenges.

• IOM’s Global Programme:
  • The initiative was organized within the framework of the IOM’s Global Programme Enhancing Readmission and Legal Identity Capacities (RELICA), launched in 2022.
  • This program aims to enhance legal identity systems and facilitate return management.

• Regional and International Cooperation:
• • Representatives from various countries, including Somalia, Lebanon, Iraq etc highlighted the importance of regional and international cooperation in addressing the legal identity gap.
  • This cooperation can help countries digitize their identity systems and enhance rights-based return management.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/no-legal-identity-for-a-billion-people-globally-says-un-body-92607

5. STAGE-III OF THE GRADED RESPONSE ACTION PLAN (GRAP)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Sub-Committee for operationalization of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) has taken the call to invoke all actions as envisaged under Stage-III of GRAP – ‘Severe’ Air Quality (AQI ranging between 401-450), with immediate effect in the entire NCR.

EXPLANATION:

• Stage-III of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) in the National Capital Region (NCR) has been implemented, particularly Delhi, due to a severe deterioration in air quality with an AQI exceeding 401.
• The action plan includes eight key measures to address the issue.

KEY MEASURES:

• Mechanized Road Sweeping:
  • Intensifying the frequency of mechanized or vacuum-based sweeping of roads to reduce dust and particulate matter on road surfaces.

• Water Sprinkling:
  • Ensuring daily water sprinkling with dust suppressants on roads and high-traffic areas before peak traffic hours to control dust pollution.

• Enhanced Public Transport:
  • Increasing the availability of public transport services and possibly introducing differential rates to encourage off-peak travel, thereby reducing the number of private vehicles on the road.

• Construction and Demolition Activities:
  • Enforcing strict bans on most construction and demolition activities in the entire NCR, with specific exemptions for essential projects like railways, metro, airports, defense-related activities, hospitals, public infrastructure, sanitation projects, and ancillary activities.

• Stone Crushers Shutdown:
  • Temporarily closing down the operations of stone crushers to reduce air pollution caused by dust and particulate matter.

• Mining Activities Shutdown:
  • Halting all mining and associated activities in the NCR to control dust and pollutant emissions.

• Restrictions on BS III and BS IV Vehicles:
  • Imposing strict restrictions on the operation of Bharat Stage (BS) III petrol and BS IV diesel Light Motor Vehicles (LMVs) in specific districts within the NCR, aiming to curb vehicular emissions.

• Online Education:
• • State governments in the NCR are given the option to discontinue physical classes in schools for children up to Class V and conduct classes online to reduce outdoor activities and exposure to poor air quality.

REASONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF STAGE-III OF GRAP:

• These measures are implemented to mitigate the severe air quality issues in the NCR, particularly in Delhi.
• The trigger for invoking Stage-III of GRAP is when the Air Quality Index (AQI) crosses 401, indicating a severe pollution level.
• The combination of unfavorable meteorological conditions, an increase in farm fires, and wind patterns pushing pollutants towards Delhi has contributed to the spike in air pollution.
• The call for citizen cooperation and suggestions for using cleaner commuting options, working from home when possible, and avoiding coal and wood for heating purposes are part of a broader effort to engage the public in the fight against air pollution.
• The aim is to address the immediate crisis by reducing the sources of air pollution, restricting ^certain activities, and promoting cleaner alternatives, with a focus on mitigating the adverse health effects of poor air quality in the NCR.

GRADED RESPONSE ACTION PLAN (GRAP):

• In pursuant to the Supreme Court’s order in the matter of M. C. Mehta vs. Union of India (2016) regarding air quality in the National Capital Region of Delhi, a Graded Response Action Plan has been prepared for implementation under different Air Quality Index (AQI) categories namely, Moderate & Poor, Very Poor, and Severe.
• A new category of “Severe+ or Emergency” has been added.
• The Plan was notified by the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change in 2017.
• It institutionalised measures to be taken when air quality deteriorates.
• The plan is incremental in nature – therefore, when the air quality moves from ‘Poor’ to ‘Very Poor’, the measures listed under both sections have to be followed.
• It prevents PM10 and PM2.5 levels from going beyond the ‘moderate’ national AQI category.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1974270

THE CONTEXT: Recently, there seems to be a shift in India’s foreign policy in the context of the Israel-Palestine conflict. This shift seems to be based on domestic identity politics and electoral gains. Also, the preventive detention of a former MP before a solidarity meeting for Gaza residents and the arrest of protestors in different states have raised concerns.

INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY ON ISRAEL-PALESTINE

• India’s historical stance on the Israel-Palestine conflict has always leaned towards Palestine, driven by the need to maintain good relations with Arab countries. It was also guided by the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations.
• India was the first non-Arab country to recognise the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) as the legitimate representative of Palestine in the 1970s, giving the group full diplomatic status in the 1980s.
• It was only after the PLO began a dialogue with Israel, and as US pressure began to build, that India finally established diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992.
• Even then, India remained committed to the Palestinian cause and continued nurturing its relations with the Muslim-majority nations in the Middle East.
• However, in the past few years, India and Israel have come closer due to ideological similarities. Also, trade and innovation have also drawn the two countries together.

ISSUES

• The departure of India’s stand: There seems to be a departure of India from its historical stand in the case of the Israel-Palestine conflict with a shifting focus to Israel despite its historical commitment to the two-state solution. India’s relations with Israel have strengthened considerably in recent years, encompassing various sectors like trade, technology, defence, and counter-terrorism cooperation.
• Ideological alignment: There has been growing ideological alignment between India and Israel in the recent times. Also, India abstained to back a UN resolution for a “humanitarian truce” in Gaza is also against the public sentiments showing solidarity to victims.
• Issue of freedom of speech: Recent detentions and arrests of protestors is indicating towards the curtailing of freedom of speech of the citizens who dissent from the government stance. These detentions threaten to undermine all the previous efforts that India’s foreign policy has maintained on the conflict.

THE WAY FORWARD

• Domestic policies should not be affected: India’s diplomatic decisions need to be guided by national interest, necessitating a balance between maintaining strong relations with Israel, supporting Palestine, and developing ties with the Arab world. There should not be divisive policy by formation of identity politics in the nation as it tends to affect domestic policies.
• Need to Condemn terror: Whatever may be the situation, terror should not be allowed in any case and humanitarian crisis needs to be addressed. This ongoing conflict in Gaza is a matter of serious concern, and there is a need for urgent de-escalation with the delivery of assistance to address the issue.
• Status quo on ‘Two-state solution’: India needs to maintain its status quo on the two-state solution by balancing relations with both the countries. India will need to mobilise all its diplomatic skills and goodwill to negotiate with the stakeholders for its long-term strategic interests.
• Diplomacy and dialogue: There is a need to encourage dialogues and exchanges between Israeli and Palestinian civil society groups, academics, and youth to promote mutual understanding and trust. India must continue to act as a mediator influence to encourage both Israel and Palestine to return to the negotiating table.

THE CONCLUSION:

The support to Israel and the UN resolution vote by India signifies how the India-Israel relationship has shifted. However, the Israel-Palestine crisis is influencing domestic identity politics, which tends to create division in national politics. There is a need to have a delicate balance between its historical support for Palestine and its growing relationship with Israel.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled ” Discuss. (2018)

Q.2 Too little cash, too much politics, leave UNESCO fighting for life.’ Discuss the statement in the light of the US’ withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body as being ‘anti-Israel bias’.(2019)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 India’s diplomatic stance on the Israel-Palestine conflict has evolved over the years. Discuss.

Refer to the main focus article for more on the news:

• https://blog.lukmaanias.com/2023/10/27/the-voice-of-a-gaza-under-occupation/
• https://blog.lukmaanias.com/2023/11/01/lost-voice-on-indias-abstention-on-the-gaza-vote-at-the-un/
• https://blog.lukmaanias.com/2023/10/14/that-ends-the-saudi-israel-normalisation-process/
• https://blog.lukmaanias.com/2023/10/11/toofan-al-aqsa-jolts-west-asian-geostrategic-architecture/

Source:https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/on-israel-palestine-indias-domestic-identity-politics-must-not-drive-approach-9011131/#:~:text=out%20of%20detention-,The%20complex%20legacy%20of%20strife%20and%20violence%20in%20Palestine%20should,%2C%20moral%2C%20political%20and%20material

1. ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGY COOPERATION AGREEMENT (ETCA)

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: India and Sri Lanka held the 12th round of negotiations on the Economic and Technology Cooperation Agreement (ETCA) in Colombo, Sri Lanka from 30th October 2023 to 1st November 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• The two countries had 11 rounds of bilateral talks from 2016 to 2018. Thereafter the negotiations were paused.
• During this round, both the sides took stock of the progress made till the 11th round.
• They engaged in discussions on various chapters including Trade in Goods, Technical Barriers to Trade, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Trade in Services, Custom Procedure & Trade Facilitation, Rules of Origin etc.
• Both sides identified the areas of convergence and areas where they need to find creative solutions.
• Issues such as the quota on apparel and pepper and the procurement of pharmaceuticals were also discussed and both sides decided to continue the discussion and explore new options for resolution of the matter.
• On the proposed ETCA, both sides agreed on the need to build on progress made in past, while revisiting their positions wherever possible to reflect new developments.
• The conclusion of the negotiations is expected to open new opportunities for trade and economic cooperation for both countries.
• The India-Sri Lanka ETCA will be a pivotal move to further enhance bilateral trade between the two countries.
• Both sides acknowledged the huge potential in India and Sri Lanka trade partnership and the possibilities for enhanced economic relations in areas of mutual interest.

ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGY COOPERATION AGREEMENT (ETCA):

• In 1998, the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement was established.
• Subsequently, efforts were made to negotiate a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) to liberalize trade in services and investment, starting in the mid-2000s.
• The CEPA negotiations faced significant opposition within Sri Lanka, particularly from the business community, and they dragged on for nearly a decade.
• In light of the challenges with CEPA, India is now advocating for a new trade pact known as the Economic and Technological Cooperation Agreement (ETCA).
• ETCA is being negotiated as an extension of the existing Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between India and Sri Lanka.
• The key focus of the ETCA is to establish an agreement on trade in services and technological exchange, an objective that was not fully realized under CEPA.
• ETCA aims to enhance cooperation in technical areas, scientific expertise, and research among institutions.
• It seeks to raise the standards of goods and services to enable them to compete in the global market, as well as to improve opportunities for manpower training and human resource development.
• Investments under ETCA would be directed towards sectors such as oil farms in Trincomalee, renewable energy, infrastructure, and other new areas of business.
• India views ETCA as a means to participate in Sri Lanka’s post-war economic development by making Indian investments in specific sectors.
• The Sri Lankan government intends to leverage ETCA to become part of the Indian supply chain and benefit from India’s “Make in India” initiative, which aims to boost India’s manufacturing sector.
• ETCA will enable Indian manufacturers to establish factories in Sri Lanka and export their products to countries with which Sri Lanka has existing or planned Free Trade Agreements.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1973859

2. AMENDMENTS IN THE GUIDELINES FOR THE APPOINTMENT OF STATE DGP

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) has recently amended its guidelines for the appointment of State Director General of Police (DGP).

EXPLANATION:

• The key changes include:
  • Setting a minimum service requirement of at least six months left before retirement for consideration,
  • Reducing the minimum service years requirement from 30 to 25 years, and
  • Limiting the number of shortlisted officers to three, except in “exceptional circumstances.

 AMENDMENTS AND THEIR ADVANTAGES:

PREVENTING FAVORITISM:

• The primary aim of these guideline amendments is to prevent States from appointing “favorite officers” who are on the verge of retirement in an attempt to extend their tenure.
• This is done to ensure that appointments are based on merit and not political considerations.

BYPASSING UPSC PROCESS:

• Several States have been appointing acting DGPs or officers with “full additional charge” rather than regular DGPs.
• This allows them to bypass the UPSC’s selection process.
• This has led to controversies and legal challenges in some cases, such as in Punjab.

IMPACT ON POLICE REFORMS:

• The issue of appointing DGPs is related to broader police reforms in the country.
• The Supreme Court’s 2006 verdict in the police reforms case led to the formulation of guidelines for DGP appointments by the UPSC.
• The recent guideline amendments seek to address loopholes and ensure that these reforms are effectively implemented.

CENTRAL DEPUTATION:

• Another significant change is that IPS officers on central deputation will not be considered for a State DGP’s post if the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) informs the State government that it cannot release the officers.
• This is a step to clarify and enforce the process.

EXPERIENCE AND QUALIFICATIONS:

• The revised guidelines also specify the required experience areas for an IPS officer to lead a State police department, which includes various aspects of policing and central deputation in key agencies.

STATES’ CONCERNS:

• Some States have expressed concerns about the lack of adequate officers available for central deputation.
• States have resisted the Union government’s attempts to depute officers to the Center without State consent.

COMMITTEE COMPOSITION:

• The appointment of State DGPs involves a committee headed by the UPSC Chairman and includes other high-ranking officials.
• This ensures a structured and unbiased approach to the selection process.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/state-dgp-appointees-must-have-at-least-six-months-to-retire-those-on-deputation-need-central-consent-amended-upsc-guidelines/article67485609.ece/amp/

3. NexCAR19

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Mumbai-based Immunoadoptive Cell Therapy Private Limited (ImmunoACT) announced the approval of India’s first chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy Called NexCAR19 by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO).

EXPLANATION:

• ImmunoACT is an IIT Bombay-incubated company founded in 2018 and works on converting research into pharmaceutical products.
• CAR-T cell therapy cost around $400,000 or over Rs 3.3 crore and patients could avail of it in the United States.
• With this development, the therapy will be accessible at 20 Indian government and private hospitals treating cancer across major cities at around Rs 30-35 lakh per patient,

NexCAR19:

• It is an indigenously developed CD19-targeted CAR-T cell therapy.
  • CD-19 is biomarker for B lymphocytes and can be utilised as a target for leukaemia immunotherapies.
• It will be used for treating relapsed-refractory B-cell lymphoma and leukaemia.

HOW DOES IT WORK?

• For CAR-T-cell therapy, a type of cancer immunotherapy treatment, blood is first drawn from the patient.
• Then, immune cells called T-cells are genetically modified in a laboratory and are injected back into the patient to enable the cells to locate and destroy cancer cells more effectively.
• Investigations were led by Dr Hasmukh Jain and Dr Gaurav Narula and their teams at Tata Memorial Hospital in Mumbai.
• It is a major breakthrough as the therapy is not available in India outside of clinical trials.
• The multi-centre Phase I and II clinical trials were conducted with 60 patients with r / r B-cell lymphomas and leukemia.
• The clinical data indicated a 70 per cent overall response rate.

• Availability:
  • The therapy is in the process of being introduced in various hospitals in India, including Tata Hospital, Nanavati, Fortis, and Jaslok, among others.
  • The availability of CAR-T therapy is expected in a matter of weeks to a few months, depending on government approvals.

• Cost:
  • Initially, the cost of CAR-T therapy in India is estimated to be in the range of Rs 30-40 lakh.
  • However, the aim is to reduce the cost to Rs 10-20 lakh as technology matures and manufacturing processes improve.
  • The cost of the therapy remains a concern for accessibility.

• Insurance Coverage:
• • Typically, when a therapy is approved by regulatory agencies like CDSCO or DCGI, it should be covered by national insurance schemes and private insurance companies.
  • However, the extent of coverage and accessibility to insurance may vary, and discussions with insurers and the government are planned to clarify this further.

SIDE EFFECTS:

• CAR T-cell therapy is generally accompanied by some side effects.
• One of them, according to the American Cancer Society, is cytokine release syndrome (CRS).
• It is when CAR T-cells multiply, they can release large amounts of chemicals called cytokines into the blood, which can ramp up the immune system.
• In comparison to other CAR T-cell therapies, the safety profile of CRS and the absence of neurotoxicity indicates a significant improvement.
• NexCAR19 has shown an excellent balance of efficacy and low toxicity, which is a significant advantage in clinical management (post-infusion) of the patients in our resource-constrained settings.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/indias-own-car-t-cell-therapy-what-is-it-when-will-it-be-available-and-at-what-cost-9009776/

4. UNESCO CREATIVE CITIES NETWORK (UCCN)

TAG: GS 2: ART AND CULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh and Kozhikode in Kerala are among the 55 new cities which have joined the UNESCO Creative Cities Network.

EXPLANATION:

• On World Cities Day, UNESCO announced the addition of 55 new cities to the Creative Cities Network. These cities join the existing network of creative cities across the globe.
• Gwalior is recognized in the ‘Music’ category, while Kozhikode has been designated in the ‘Literature’ category. This recognition highlights their contributions to the fields of music and literature.
• UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) acknowledged these cities for their commitment to harnessing culture and creativity as part of their development strategies.
• These cities also demonstrate innovative practices in human-centered urban planning.

SIGNIFICANCE OF ADDITION OF GWALIOR AND KOZHIKODE:

• Seven Creative Fields:
  • The UCCN comprises cities from seven creative fields, which include Crafts and Folk Art, Design, Film, Gastronomy, Literature, Media Arts, and Music.
  • The addition of Gwalior and Kozhikode expands the network’s diversity.

• Urban Resilience and Development:
  • UNESCO Director-General emphasized that cities in the Creative Cities Network are at the forefront of enhancing access to culture.
  • UCCN Cities will leverage the power of creativity for urban resilience and development.

• Upcoming Policy Paper:
  • UNESCO is set to release a policy paper titled “The added value of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network at local, national, and international level,”.
  • It will showcase the role cities play in achieving the 2030 Agenda.
  • The paper will demonstrate how UNESCO supports UCCN members through dialogue, peer-to-peer learning, and collaboration.

• Annual Conference:
• • The newly designated Creative Cities are invited to participate in the 2024 UCCN Annual Conference to be held in Braga, Portugal.
  • The theme for the conference is “Bringing Youth to the table for the next decade.”

UNESCO CREATIVE CITIES NETWORK (UCCN):

• It was created in 2004 to promote cooperation with and among cities that have identified creativity as a strategic factor for sustainable urban development.
• The cities which currently make up this network work together towards a common objective:
  • placing creativity and cultural industries at the heart of their development plans at the local level and cooperating actively at the international level.
• By joining the Network, cities commit to sharing their best practices and developing partnerships involving the public and private sectors as well as civil society in order to:
  • strengthen the creation, production, distribution and dissemination of cultural activities, goods and services;
  • develop hubs of creativity and innovation and broaden opportunities for creators and professionals in the cultural sector;
  • improve access to and participation in cultural life, in particular for marginalized or vulnerable groups and individuals;
  • fully integrate culture and creativity into sustainable development plans.

INDIAN CITIES ON UCCN:

• Srinagar – Crafts and Folk Arts (2021)
• Mumbai – Film (2019).
• Hyderabad – Gastronomy (2019).
• Chennai- Creative city of Music (2017).
• Jaipur- Crafts and Folk Arts (2015).
• Varanasi- Creative city of Music (2015).

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gwalior-kozhikode-unesco-creative-cities-network-9009592/

5. COMMITTEE OF PRIVILEGES

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: A meeting of the Rajya Sabha’s privileges committee scheduled to take place in November to review the pending cases of breach of privilege against lawmakers.

EXPLANATION:

• The primary focus of this meeting is to review the pending cases of breach of privilege against lawmakers, particularly those involving the suspension of certain Members of Parliament (MPs) such as Raghav Chadha, Sanjay Singh, and Derek O’Brien.
• Background on Suspensions:
  • Raghav Chadha, a 34-year-old AAP MP, was suspended during the monsoon session of Parliament over an alleged breach of privilege.
  • This suspension was related to his inclusion of five Rajya Sabha MPs’ names in a select committee without their consent.
  • Sanjay Singh was suspended for repeatedly violating the directives of the chair.
  • Derek O’Brien faces at least three pending privilege notices.

• Supreme Court’s Recent Concerns:
  • The timing of this meeting is significant as it comes shortly after the Supreme Court expressed concerns about the indefinite suspension of an MP, especially one from the Opposition.
  • The court emphasized the importance of having diverse voices and representation in Parliament, indicating that excluding members of the Opposition is a serious concern for the constitutional court.

• Pending Cases:
• • The meeting is expected to address cases involving suspended AAP lawmakers as well as Trinamool Congress (TMC) parliamentarian Derek O’Brien.
  • These cases have been under consideration by the privileges committee.

COMMITTEE OF PRIVILEGES:

• This committee consists of 15 members in Lok Sabha (10 in case of Rajya Sabha) nominated by the Speaker (Chairman in case of Rajya Sabha).
• In the Rajya Sabha, the deputy chairperson heads the committee of privileges.

Powers and Functions:

• The committee examines every question involving a breach of privilege of the House or of the members or of any Committee thereof referred to it by the House or by the Speaker/Chairman.
• It also determines with reference to the facts of each case whether a breach of privilege is involved and makes suitable recommendations in its report.
• It also states the procedure to be followed by the House in giving effect to its recommendations.
• When a question of privilege is referred to the Committee by the House, the report of the Committee is presented to the House by the Chairman or, in his absence, by any member of the Committee.
• Where a question of privilege is referred to the Committee by the Speaker, the report of the Committee is presented to the Speaker who may pass final orders thereon or direct that it be laid on the Table of the House.
• The Speaker/Chairman may refer to the Committee any petition regarding the disqualification of a member on the ground of defection for making a preliminary inquiry and submitting a report to him.
• The procedure to be followed by the Committee in these cases is so far as may be the same as in applicable to questions of breach of privilege.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-panel-to-hold-meeting-take-up-pending-cases-of-privilege-breach-101698864510127.html

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. India and Sri Lanka re-launch negotiations of the Economic and Technology Cooperation Agreement (ETCA) READ MORE
2. UPSC tightens guidelines for appointment of State DGPs READ MORE
3. Haemoglobin isn’t used only in blood, scientists find in major discovery READ MORE
4. Manufacturing PMI falls to an eight-month low READ MORE
5. Gwalior, Kozhikode now on Unesco list of creative cities READ MORE
6. Bangladesh PM Hasina’s daughter Saima Wazed voted as new WHO regional director READ MORE
7. India-born author Nandini Das wins 2023 British Academy Book Prize READ MORE
8. Rajya Sabha panel to hold meeting, take up pending cases of privilege breach READ MORE
9. India’s cotton yield may be lowest in 15 years, to drop by 20% READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Divorce: Changing attitudes and social mores READ MORE
2. WWF: 32 million acres of grasslands across US & Canadian Great Plains ploughed up since 2012 READ MORE
3. View from the Himalayas | The ‘Third Pole’ is drying up READ MORE
4. With El Nino around, the heat is on READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. The blueprint to develop India by 2047 must factor in critical governance reforms READ MORE
2. Impacting a woman’s freedom to reproductive choices READ MORE
3. Law doesn’t bar states from counting castes READ MORE
4. Small projects, big impact READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Challenges in equipping job seekers with skills READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Hope floats for a thaw in China-US relations READ MORE
2. US can help India become battery manufacturing powerhouse. And decouple from China READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. India is proud to be the biggest development partner of Bangladesh: PM READ MORE
2. Why GST collections surged sharply in October READ MORE
3. Supreme Court’s decision on tax treaties clarifies India’s Most Favoured Nation approach READ MORE
4. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation: India and global supply chains READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. India’s race to a green hydrogen future READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. AI and the issue of human-centricity in copyright law READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Malware malice: On the Apple cyberattack alert READ MORE
2. India’s Need for a National Security Strategy Cannot Be Ignored READ MORE
3. Is it Time to Call India a Digital Dystopia? READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Farm fires rage on: Stakeholders not doing enough to curb menace READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. The birth and death of Ego READ MORE
2. Essence of the Upanishads READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. One of the strengths of an effective administrator is the ability to retain equanimity and restraint in any situation and those in power do not act as the instruments of nemesis due to their inflamed egos. With the help of some real-life examples, justify this statement.
2. To address the challenges posed by rapid and mass urbanisation, policymakers must shift their focus to organic rural development that involves farmers and local communities. Do you think, in this regard, a bottom-up infrastructure development approach over a top-down approach would be an effective strategy?
3. Policymakers in India need to assume a more cautious approach against diluting the human-centricity in copyright law. Discuss why there is a need to have a cautious approach in extending existing IP protections to work generated by Artificial Intelligence?
4. Caste censuses are essential for addressing socioeconomic inequalities and informing policymaking. How far do you agree with this view? Justify your view.
5. India is deploying smart fencing, but there should be a balance between manned security and technologies. Comment on the statement in light of recent developments.
6. Recent data breach shows that digital India, in reality, is too far from the claim and India needs to renew its efforts to de-mystify technology with the aim of surveillance reforms. Comment.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind.
• One of the strengths of an effective administrator is the ability to retain equanimity and restraint in any situation and those in power do not act as the instruments of nemesis due to their inflamed egos.
• Policymakers and courts in India also need to assume a more cautious approach against diluting the human-centricity in copyright law.
• The popularity and importance of the right to a piece of information has been used to hold local governments accountable for lapses in the delivery of services and secure access to basic rights and entitlements.
• Aiming for a high 9% growth rate between 2030 and 2047 is laudable but factoring in alternative scenarios and changing course when warranted, is advisable.
• There needs to be cautious approach in extending existing IP protections to work generated by Artificial Intelligence.
• There is no place within our constitutional structure to see a foetus as anything but dependent on the mother. To see it as a separate, distinct personality would be tantamount to conferring a set of rights on it that the Constitution grants to no other class of person.
• As economic realities change, negotiated relations among countries must also adapt. There is a need for periodic review of tax treaties, especially with respect to their economic benefits.
• The Hamas attack on Israel and this colossal human crisis that is unfolding before our eyes has key lessons for India and the world.
• Engaging with research organisations and academic institutions that focus on education, skills, and labour markets is critical to building capability.
• India needs infrastructure, but the issue is that policymakers often prioritise large and impressive projects that often benefit only those directly connected to the larger economy.
• To address the challenges posed by rapid and mass urbanisation, policymakers must shift their focus to organic rural development that involves farmers and local communities.
• India is deploying smart fencing but the recent developments show that there needs to be a balance between manned security and technologies.
• It is time to renew efforts to de-mystify technology with the aim of surveillance reforms, before this Digital Dystopia becomes a permanent future.
• Digital India isn’t what it is being claimed, the reality is different on the ground. It is time to renew efforts to de-mystify technology with the aim of surveillance reforms, before this Digital Dystopia becomes a permanent future.

50-WORD TALK

• India’s major IT companies have laid off 21,000 people between June and September, largely citing operational efficiency. This data is important. While there is the social cost of such a move, this is how markets function. It’s important for IT giants to think long and hire responsibly, not on impulse.
• India is testing smart fencing in Kashmir using sensors by Magal, which developed systems in Gaza and US. But the Israel episode shows that there needs to be a balance between manned security and technologies that enable unmanned defence at borders. Reliance on such technologies can only go so far.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

1. CLOUD SEEDING

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, IITM Pune demonstrated that cloud seeding can produce rainfall.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE STUDY:

• IITM Pune conducted a cloud seeding experiment in Solapur city, which typically receives low rainfall due to its location on the leeward side of the Western Ghats.
• The experiment resulted in an 18% relative enhancement in rainfall, equivalent to approximately 8.67mm more rainfall over a two-hour period.
• The experiment, called Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX phase-4), used hygroscopic seeding in convective clouds and involved two aircraft for cloud parameter study and seeding.
• A total of 276 convective clouds were selected, with 150 seeded and 122 left unseeded.
• Seeded clouds produced more rainfall than unseeded ones, indicating the effectiveness of cloud seeding under suitable conditions.
• Calcium chloride flares were used for cloud seeding, targeting the base of warm convective clouds during their growing stage.
• Cloud seeding alone cannot mitigate droughts but can increase rainfall by 18%, partially addressing water requirements.
• The approximate cost of producing water through cloud seeding was 18 paisa per liter, which could decrease by over 50% if indigenous seeding aircraft were used.
• The study aims to provide protocols and technical guidance for cloud seeding in India, including the identification of target locations, suitable clouds for seeding, and effective strategies to enhance rainfall.
• Not all cumulus clouds produce rainfall when seeded, and the actual increase in rainfall was 18% over a 100 sq.km area.

WHAT IS CLOUD SEEDING?

• Cloud seeding is a weather modification technique that aims to change the amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds.
• It does so by dispersing substances into the air that serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei, which alter the microphysical processes within the cloud.
• Its effectiveness is debated; some studies have suggested that it is “difficult to show clearly that cloud seeding has a very large effect.”
• The usual objective is to increase precipitation (rain or snow), either for its own sake or to prevent precipitation from occurring in days afterward.

TYPES OF CLOUD SEEDING:

• Static seeding:
  • This involves introducing condensation nuclei into clouds that are already producing precipitation.
  • The condensation nuclei help water droplets to grow larger, which increases the likelihood of precipitation falling.

• Dynamic seeding:
• • This involves introducing ice nuclei into supercooled clouds.
  • Supercooled clouds are clouds that contain water droplets that are below freezing temperature but have not yet frozen.
  • The ice nuclei provide a surface for the water droplets to freeze on, which initiates the precipitation process.

METHODS OF EXECUTION:

• Cloud seeding can be done from the ground or from the air.
• Ground-based cloud seeding typically involves using generators to release silver iodide particles into the air.
• Air-based cloud seeding typically involves using aircraft to drop flares or generators into clouds.
• Cloud seeding is used in a variety of countries around the world, including the United States, China, Russia, and Australia.
• It is used for a variety of purposes, including:
  • Increasing precipitation in areas that are experiencing drought
  • Reducing the risk of hail damage
  • Suppressing fog
  • Increasing snowpack in mountain areas

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/iitm-pune-demonstrates-cloud-seeding-can-produce-rainfall/article67466334.ece

2. COP28 PRESIDENCY

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A new report from the 28th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP28) Presidency, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), and the Global Renewables Alliance was launched on the sidelines of a pre-COP event in Abu Dhabi.

EXPLANATION:

• It emphasized the need to triple renewable energy capacity for power generation and double energy efficiency by 2030 to limit global temperature increases to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• Emissions Reduction Goals:
  • The report stresses that in the next seven years, 22 gigatonnes of greenhouse gases must be cut to keep the 1.5°C target within reach.
  • It emphasized the necessity of phasing down fossil fuels responsibly.

• Renewable Energy Expansion:
  • The report calls for a significant increase in renewable energy capacity.
  • By 2030, installed renewable power generation capacity should grow more than threefold from 3,382 GW in 2022 to 11,174 GW.

• Solar and Wind Growth:
  • The report highlights the need for substantial increases in solar photovoltaic capacity to over 5,400 GW from 1,055 GW in 2022.
  • Increase in wind installations to exceed 3,500 GW (3,040 GW onshore and 500 GW offshore) from 899 GW in 2022.

• Hydropower Expansion:
  • Global installed hydropower capacity (excluding pumped hydro) must grow by nearly 17% from the 2022 level, reaching 1,465 GW by 2030.

• Variable Renewable Energy:
  • To meet the 2030 target, the share of variable renewable energy (solar PV and wind power) needs to increase from 10% of total electricity generated in 2021 to 46% by 2030.

• Energy Efficiency:
  • The report also underscores the need to double the global annual rate of energy intensity improvement by 2030 compared to current levels.
  • It focused on technical energy efficiency improvements and smart electrification strategies.

• Carbon Emission Reduction:
  • While Nationally Determined Contributions and low greenhouse gas emission development strategies may be implemented, they are projected to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by only 6% in 2030 compared to 2022 levels.

• Grid Modernization and Investment:
  • Grid modernization and expansion, as well as investment in renewable power generation, are crucial.
  • Annual average investment in renewable power generation must increase from $486 billion in 2022 to $1,300 billion by 2030.

• Global Financial Support:
  • The report suggests reforming the global financial architecture to support the energy transition in the Global South.
  • It also suggests to increase funding from multilateral development banks and a redirection of public capital from fossil fuels to renewable energy.

• Infrastructure and Cooperation:
• • The report calls for cross-sector infrastructure planning, increased cross-border cooperation, and the development of regional power grids to meet energy efficiency and emissions reduction goals.

THE INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AGENCY (IRENA):

• It is an intergovernmental organization that supports countries in their transition to renewable energy.
• It is the global hub for renewable energy cooperation and information exchange, and it provides state-of-the-art data and analyses on technology, innovation, policy, finance, and investment.
• IRENA was founded in 2009 and is headquartered in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
• It has 168 member countries and the European Union.
• India is the 77th Founding Member of IRENA.
• IRENA’s mission is to promote the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar, and wind energy.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/renewable-energy/cop28-presidency-triple-renewable-energy-capacity-double-energy-efficiency-by-2030-to-limit-global-warming-92548

3. WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per the latest World Energy Outlook report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), Global emissions are on track to raise temperatures by around 2.4 degrees Celsius under existing policy settings.

EXPLANATION:

• The report highlights the urgency of accelerating the transition to clean energy and the need for balanced investments in various sectors.
• It also metions the impact of this transition on fossil fuels and the complex geopolitical and supply chain implications.
• Additionally, it addresses specific energy challenges faced by India.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• Global Emission and Temperature Projections:
  • The report indicates that current policies and those under development could lead to a temperature increase of approximately 2.4°C.
  • This is concerning as it exceeds the 1.5°C target set by the Paris Agreement.
  • The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) also noted a likely increase of 3.2°C by 2100 under existing policies.

• Peak in Fossil Fuel Demand:
  • The most striking revelation is the prediction of a peak in fossil fuel demand by the end of the decade.
  • This includes coal, oil, and natural gas, with factors such as the rise of electric vehicles contributing to the shift.

• Investment Requirements:
  • The report emphasizes the need for increased energy investments, with estimates ranging from $3.2 trillion to $4.7 trillion by 2030.
  • Most of these investments are currently favoring clean energy and infrastructure, with significant funds diverted from fossil fuels.

• Balanced Mix of Investments:
  • The report recommends a balanced mix of investments that goes beyond solar, wind, and electric vehicles.
  • It highlights the importance of investing in infrastructure, grid expansion, low-emission fuels, and carbon capture technologies.

• Clean Energy Investment Challenges:
  • Scaling up clean energy investments in emerging markets and developing economies outside of China is a challenge, with financial constraints and high project costs being obstacles.
  • The report suggests stronger domestic policies and global assistance to reduce investment risks.

• Energy and Mineral Security Concerns:
  • As the energy sector transforms, there may be concerns regarding supply concentration and mineral shortages for clean energy technologies.
  • The IEA suggests increasing investment in mining and extractive processes but acknowledges the associated risks.

• Geopolitical Implications:
• • The report highlights the importance of political and commercial ties in managing energy supply and demand.
  • It notes that the shift towards cleaner energy sources reduces reliance on fossil fuel-producing states and can destabilize economies that fail to diversify away from fossil fuels.

INDIA’S ENERGY OUTLOOK:

• India’s energy landscape has undergone significant changes, with progress in power generation and clean cooking access.
• However, rising energy demand, especially for cooling due to increasing air conditioner ownership, presents challenges.
• India’s energy consumption is expected to lead to higher emissions, and there are concerns about the nation’s solar module manufacturing capacity.

INDIA’S ENERGY OUTLOOK

IEA’S PROPOSED ENERGY AMBITIONS:

• As the world heads to COP28, the IEA proposes five key energy ambitions:
  • tripling renewable capacity,
  • doubling energy efficiency progress,
  • reducing methane emissions from fossil fuels by 75%,
  • increasing clean energy investment in emerging economies, and
  • ensuring an orderly decline in fossil fuel use.

THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA)

• It is an intergovernmental organization that works to ensure reliable, affordable, and clean energy.
• It was founded in 1974 to ensure the security of oil supplies.
• It was created in response to the 1973-1974 oil crisis when an oil embargo by major producers pushed prices to historic levels and exposed the vulnerability of industrialised countries to dependency on oil imports.
• It consists of 31 member countries and eleven association countries.
• In March 2017, India joined the IEA as an Association country and deepened its ties with the Agency.
• A candidate country to the IEA must be a member country of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

The IEA’s work is focused on the following key areas:

• Energy security:
  • The IEA works to help countries mitigate risks to their energy supplies and ensure that they have access to reliable and affordable energy.

• Energy efficiency:
  • The IEA works to help countries reduce their energy consumption and improve energy efficiency.

• Clean energy transition:
  • The IEA works to help countries transition to a clean energy future by supporting the deployment of renewable energy technologies and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector.

• International cooperation:
• • The IEA works to promote international cooperation on energy issues and to build consensus on energy policies.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/climate-change/iea-world-energy-outlook-2023-fossil-fuel-demand-to-peak-by-2030-urgent-investment-shift-needed-92538

4. AKHAURA-AGARTALA INTERNATIONAL RAIL LINK

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The successful completion of the first trial run of a goods train between Bangladesh and Tripura marks a significant development in the Indo-Bangla international railway project between Akhaura in Bangladesh and Agartala in India.

EXPLANATION:

• Historical Significance:
  • Akhaura used to be the railway link for Agartala during the colonial era.
  • The revival of this rail link has historical significance and will enhance connectivity between the two regions.

• International Cooperation:
  • This project represents the collaboration and cooperation between India and Bangladesh.
  • It will help in improving transportation and trade links.
  • It’s a tangible example of regional cooperation.

• Economic Benefits:
  • The railway link will have economic implications, facilitating the movement of goods and passengers.
  • Reducing travel time between Agartala and Kolkata via Dhaka from 31 hours to 10 hours can significantly boost trade and connectivity.

• Challenges Overcome:
  • The project faced delays due to land acquisition issues and the COVID-19 pandemic, but its successful trial run is a positive sign that these challenges are being addressed.

• Border Connectivity:
  • The railway link is crucial for Tripura, which shares a long international border with Bangladesh.
  • This connection provides an alternative route for travel and trade, reducing dependence on Assam and West Bengal for road connectivity.

• Potential for Passenger Trains:
  • While goods trains are expected to start soon, the introduction of passenger trains will require formalities to be observed by both Indian and Bangladeshi railway authorities.

• Regional Integration:
  • Improved rail connectivity contributes to regional integration and fosters people-to-people contact.
  • It has the potential to enhance tourism and cultural exchanges.

• Cost and Investment:
• • The project’s estimated cost is significant, but it represents a long-term investment in infrastructure that can have far-reaching economic and social benefits.
• Overall, the successful trial run of the goods train is a positive step toward improving cross-border rail connectivity and fostering regional cooperation between India and Bangladesh.
• It holds promise for trade, travel, and economic development in the region.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/akhaura-agartala-international-rail-link-trial-run-goods-train-bangladesh-tripura-9006052/

5. INFORMATION COMMISSIONS

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court expressed its dissatisfaction with the failure of states and the Union government to fill the vacancies in Information Commissions across the country.

EXPLANATION:

• The bench comprising Chief Justice DY Chandrachud, Justice JB Pardiwala, and Justice Manoj Misra was hearing a petition concerning the large number of vacancies in the information commissions set up under the Right to Information (RTI) Act.

The petitioners highlighted the commission-wise status of vacancies which is as follows:

• Central Information Commission (CIC) is currently functioning without a Chief and has 7 vacancies with only 4 commissioners working. All the 4 commissioners are set to retire their by November 6, 2023 following which the CIC will become defunct.
• Maharashtra SIC is without a Chief and functioning with only 4 commissioners even though more than 1,15,000 appeals/complaints are pending.
• Jharkhand SIC has been completely defunct since May 2020 and no appeals/complaints are being registered or disposed for the last three years.
• Tripura SIC has been defunct for more than 2 years since July 2021.
• Telangana SIC has been defunct since February 2023 even though more than 10,000 appeals/complaints are pending.
• There are many examples like this that has been presented by the petitioners.

JUDGEMENT BY THE SUPREME COURT:

• The Supreme Court emphasized that the failure to fill these positions defeats the purpose of the RTI Act.
• This Act is a crucial tool for citizens to access government information, and vacancies in the Information Commissions can lead to delays and hinder the right to information.
• The Supreme Court directed the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) to prepare a chart detailing the number of vacancies and pending appeals/complaints in all the commissions.
• It also ordered the central and state governments to take immediate action to fill these vacancies.
• It also highlighted issues such as commissions operating without a Chief, significant backlogs of appeals and complaints, and some commissions being entirely defunct for extended periods.
• The matter is scheduled to be heard by the Supreme Court after three weeks, indicating that the Court is taking the issue seriously and expects prompt action.
• The Supreme Court’s directive addressed the critical role of Information Commissions in upholding the right to information and the need for timely appointments to ensure their effective functioning.

PREVIOUS SUPREME COURT JUDGMENT:

• A 2019 judgment by the Supreme Court in Anjali Bhardwaj and Ors v. Union of India:
  • It called for the timely filling of vacancies in the Central Information Commission (CIC) and State Information Commissions (SICs).
  • Despite this judgment, the vacancies had not been filled, resulting in a backlog of cases and delays.

CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSION (CIC):

• It was established by the Central Government in 2005, under the provisions of the Right to Information Act (2005). It is not a constitutional body.
• The Commission consists of a Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten Information Commissioners.
• They are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee consisting of the Prime Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.
• The Chief Information Commissioner and an Information Commissioner shall hold office for such term as prescribed by the Central Government or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
• They are not eligible for reappointment (as per the amendments made in RTI Act, 2005 in 2019).

POWER AND FUNCTIONS OF CIC:

• It is the duty of the Commission to receive and inquire into a complaint from any person regarding information requested under RTI, 2005.
• The Commission can order an inquiry into any matter if there are reasonable grounds (suo-moto power).
• While inquiring, the Commission has the powers of a civil court in respect of summoning, requiring documents etc.

STATE INFORMATION COMMISSION:

• It is constituted by the State Government.
• It has one State Chief Information Commissioner (SCIC) and not more than 10 State Information Commissioners (SIC).
• SIC has to be appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the Appointments Committee headed by the Chief Minister.

SOURCE: https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/rti-act-will-become-dead-letter-supreme-court-directs-states-union-to-fill-vacancies-in-information-commissions-241201