TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: The recent massive earthquake in Taiwan highlights the vulnerability of regions along the Pacific “Ring of Fire” to seismic activity.

EXPLANATION:

• This geological phenomenon, characterized by a string of volcanoes and earthquake-prone sites, plays a significant role in shaping the Earth’s landscape and poses risks to human populations in affected areas.

Defining the Ring of Fire:

• The Ring of Fire is essentially a string of hundreds of volcanoes and earthquake-sites which runs along the Pacific Ocean.
• It is a semicircle or horse shoe in shape and stretches nearly 40,250 kilometres.
• The Ring of Fire traces the meeting points of numerous tectonic plates, including the Eurasian, North American, Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Caribbean, Nazca, Antarctic, Indian, Australian, Philippine, and other smaller plates, which all encircle the large Pacific Plate, according to a report by National Geographic.
• It runs through 15 more countries including the USA, Indonesia, Mexico, Japan, Canada, Guatemala, Russia, Chile, Peru, and the Philippines.

Geological Significance:

• The Ring of Fire serves as a hotspot for tectonic plate interactions, making it one of the most seismically active regions on Earth.
• The convergence, divergence, and subduction of tectonic plates generate immense geological pressure, leading to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
• This constant movement and interaction of plates create a dynamic and volatile environment along the Ring of Fire.

Causes of Earthquakes in the Ring of Fire:

• The high frequency of earthquakes along the Ring of Fire is primarily attributed to the movement of tectonic plates.
• As these plates slide past, collide with, or move beneath one another, they create friction and stress along their boundaries.
• When the accumulated stress exceeds the strength of the rocks, it results in sudden movements known as earthquakes.
• The rugged edges of tectonic plates often become locked together, releasing energy in the form of seismic waves when they eventually slip or rupture.

Impact on Taiwan:

• Taiwan, situated along the western edge of the Pacific Ring of Fire, experiences frequent seismic activity due to its location between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate.
• The collision and subduction of these plates contribute to the formation of earthquakes, posing significant risks to the island’s population and infrastructure.
• The recent earthquake in Taiwan underscores the ongoing threat posed by geological hazards in the region.

Role of Volcanoes in the Ring of Fire:

• The presence of numerous volcanoes along the Ring of Fire is closely linked to the process of subduction, where one tectonic plate is forced beneath another.
• Subduction zones, prevalent in the Ring of Fire, create conditions conducive to volcanic activity by melting crustal rocks and generating magma.
• The magma, rising to the surface, forms volcanic eruptions, contributing to the formation of new landforms and geological features.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/earthquake-taiwan-ring-of-fire-9249383/

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: In response to the growing threat of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs), the Uttarakhand government has initiated efforts to assess the risk posed by potentially hazardous glacial lakes in the region.

EXPLANATION:

• This proactive measure aims to minimize the possibility of GLOF incidents and enhance preparedness for relief and evacuation efforts.
• Rising global temperatures, attributed to climate change, have exacerbated the risk of GLOFs.
• Studies indicate that glacial lakes are expanding and becoming more unstable, posing a significant threat to communities in the Himalayan region.
• Uttarakhand, with its vulnerable geography, has witnessed several GLOF events in recent years, including the catastrophic incidents in the Kedarnath valley in 2013 and Chamoli district in 2021.

National and Regional Concerns:

• The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has identified numerous glacial lakes in the Himalayan states, including Uttarakhand, as potential sources of GLOFs.
• Uttarakhand, in particular, harbors thirteen such lakes, raising concerns about the safety of downstream areas and critical infrastructure.

Assessment and Risk Categorization:

• To address these concerns, the Uttarakhand government has constituted expert teams tasked with evaluating the risk levels of five high-risk glacial lakes in the region.
• These lakes, categorized as ‘A’ level risks, include Vasudhara Tal in Chamoli district and four lakes in Pithoragarh district.
• The assessment aims to classify the lakes based on their potential for GLOF incidents, providing valuable insights for risk mitigation strategies.
• The threat of GLOFs in Uttarakhand is further compounded by projections of increasing surface temperatures in the region.
• Studies indicate a potential rise in the state’s average maximum temperature, exacerbating the risk of glacial melt and GLOF events.
• This underscores the urgent need for proactive measures to address climate-induced hazards and safeguard vulnerable communities.

Global Context and Research Findings:

• GLOFs are not unique to Uttarakhand but pose a significant global challenge, particularly in regions with vulnerable populations and infrastructure.
• Research studies highlight the scale of the risk, with millions of people in India and Pakistan facing potential GLOF threats.
• The severity of the situation underscores the importance of comprehensive risk assessment and mitigation efforts at both national and regional levels.

What is a Glacial Lake and How is it formed?

• It is believed that about 10000 years ago, when the glaciers began retreating, they left behind large deposits of ice in the hollows between drumlins.
• Drumlin is an oval or elongated hill formed by the streamlined movement of glacial ice sheets across rock debris, or till.
• Glacial lakes are formed when a glacier erodes the land (through abrasion and glacial plucking) and creates depression and grooves which are then filled by the meltwater from retreating glaciers.
• However, natural dams, formed out of ice and terminal moraines, can also form glacial lakes.
• Moraine refers to the accumulation of rocks and sediments which have been transported or deposited by ice/glacier.
• Lateral moraines are formed along the sides of a glacier.
• Terminal moraine marks the maximum limit of an icesheet or glacier through formation of a linear ridge of glacial material. When such terminal moraines dam the meltwater from glacial retreat, they result into formation of a moraine-dammed glacial lake.
• The terminal moraine exhibits a characteristic ‘kettle and hummock’ topography. Lakes and marshes are likely to occupy the depressions(kettles). Large angular boulders are found in terminal moraines.
• The south Lhonak glacial lake is a classic example of moraine-dammed glacial lake.

What is Glacial Lake Outburst Flood?

• Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) is a type of flood that occurs when water dammed by a glacier, or a moraine is released.
• When glaciers melt, the water in these glacial lakes accumulate behind loose, naturally formed ‘glacial/moraine dams’ made of ice, sand, pebbles and ice residue.
• A catastrophic failure of the dam can release the water over periods of minutes to days causing extreme downstream flooding.
• Peak flows as high as 15,000 cubic meters per second have been recorded in such events.

• The Himalayan states of India sitting at the foothills of the Hindukush-Himalayan ranges are highly susceptible to disasters like Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs).
• There exist over 54,000 glaciers in the Third pole which are retreating at alarming rates due to temperature surges in the wake of Climate Change.
• The average temperature in the region has increased by 0.28°C per decade between 1951 and 2020 which has hastened the glacial lake formation as well as the glacial retreat.
• Scientific assessments and studies indicate the higher vulnerability of the Eastern Himalayas to GFOFs as compared to the Western Himalayan region, with the former facing twice the risks than the latter.
• This is attributed to the relatively warmer Eastern Himalayas. Further, it is contended that the threats would triple by 2050 with more hotspots emerging farther west.

OURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/risk-from-glacial-lake-floods-9249967/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The financial relationship between the Union and State governments in India has long been a subject of intense debate. Recently, the Government of Kerala has raised concerns about the limitations imposed by the Centre on the borrowing powers of the State governments.

EXPLANATION:

• This issue underscores the broader discussion about the allocation of financial resources and responsibilities between the Union and the States.
• In India, the authority to levy taxes is primarily vested with the Union government, while a significant portion of government spending occurs at the State level.
• This arrangement results in a situation where States bear the responsibility for crucial sectors such as health and education, which directly impact the lives of citizens.

Categorization of Expenditures by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI):

• The RBI categorizes budgetary expenditures of both Union and State governments into ‘developmental’ and ‘non-developmental’ expenditures.
• Developmental expenditures encompass investments in social services and economic sectors, while non-developmental expenditures include interest payments, pensions, and subsidies.

Sources of State Government Funds:

• State governments derive their funds from three primary sources:
  • Own Revenues: These include tax and non-tax revenues generated within the State.
  • Transfers from the Union Government: These transfers consist of shares of taxes and grants allocated by the Union government to the States.
  • Market Borrowings: State governments also raise funds through borrowing from financial markets.

Challenges Faced by Kerala and Other States:

• Kerala’s recent appeal to the Supreme Court highlights the challenge faced by States in balancing their expenditures with limited borrowing capacity.
• The Centre’s imposition of a borrowing limit of 3% of the State’s income or Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) has raised concerns about federalism and the autonomy of State governments.

• Kerala’s historical commitment to social sector spending has been commendable, with a significant portion of its budget allocated to education, health, and other social services.
• However, the stagnation in social sector spending in Kerala since the mid-2000s raises questions about the sustainability of its development model.

Implications of Borrowing Constraints:

• The declining transfers from the Union government coupled with Kerala’s own revenue limitations have necessitated increased reliance on market borrowings.
• However, crossing the borrowing limit set by the Centre poses challenges for meeting essential expenditure requirements, especially in times of economic crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Need for Increased Government Spending:

• Advocates argue for increased government spending, particularly in areas such as higher education and research, to foster economic growth and innovation.
• However, achieving this objective requires greater flexibility in borrowing norms and a collaborative approach between the Centre and the States.

State Borrowings: The Constitutional Provisions

• Chapter II of Part XII of the Constitution of India deals with borrowing by the Central Government and State Governments.
• It comprises two provisions:
  • Article 292 covers borrowing by the Central Government, and Article 293, covers borrowing by State Governments.
  • Article 293 (3) requires State Governments that are indebted to the Central Government to seek the consent of the Central Government before raising further borrowings.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/should-state-governments-borrow-more-explained/article68025726.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Sanjeev Sanyal, a member of the Prime Minister’s economic advisory council (PM-EAC), has proposed a comprehensive framework for regulating Artificial Intelligence (AI) in India.

EXPLANATION:

• The framework aims to address the challenges posed by the non-linear and unpredictable nature of AI, advocating for specialized regulatory mechanisms to ensure accountability, transparency, and ethical development of AI technologies.

Key Elements of the Proposed Framework

• Complex Adaptive System (CAS) Thinking:
  • The framework draws inspiration from CAS principles, emphasizing the need for adaptive regulations capable of responding to the dynamic nature of AI systems.
  • It encompasses five key principles:
    • Establishing guardrails and partitions to limit undesirable AI behavior.
    • Mandating manual overrides and authorization chokepoints for human intervention in critical scenarios.
    • Open licensing of core algorithms and continuous monitoring for transparency and accountability.
    • Implementation of incident reporting protocols to document system aberrations and ensure accountability.
    • Predefined liability protocols to hold entities accountable for AI-related malfunctions or unintended outcomes.
  • Global Regulatory Landscape:
    • The proposal acknowledges the diverse regulatory approaches adopted by different countries, ranging from hands-off or self-regulatory models to heavily state-regulated frameworks.
    • It underscores the need for India to develop a specialized AI regulator with a broad mandate to navigate the complexities of AI governance effectively.
  • Alignment with International Standards:
    • The framework aligns with global efforts to establish AI trust and safety frameworks, as evidenced by India’s participation in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Summit.
    • It emphasizes the importance of incorporating globally accepted principles of trustworthy AI to enhance India’s competitiveness and facilitate collaboration with other nations.

Implications and Challenges

• Balancing Innovation and Regulation:
  • The proposed framework aims to strike a delicate balance between fostering AI innovation and ensuring responsible and ethical AI development.
  • It acknowledges the need for regulatory oversight to mitigate potential risks associated with AI technologies while fostering a conducive environment for innovation.
• Complex Regulatory Landscape:
  • The formulation of AI regulation in India entails navigating a complex regulatory landscape, encompassing diverse stakeholders and regulatory considerations.
  • The framework emphasizes the importance of aligning regulatory efforts with global standards to facilitate collaboration and knowledge-sharing while enhancing India’s leadership in responsible AI development.

Future Directions and Policy Implications

• Drafting AI Regulation:
  • The framework provides valuable insights for the formulation of AI regulation in India, emphasizing the need for comprehensive regulatory mechanisms to address the multifaceted challenges posed by AI technologies.
  • It underscores the importance of proactive regulatory interventions to ensure accountability, transparency, and ethical AI development.
• Digital India Act (DIA) and Inter-Ministerial Collaboration:
  • AI regulation is expected to be a crucial component of the upcoming Digital India Act (DIA), which will undergo public consultation post-general elections.
  • The framework advocates for inter-ministerial collaboration and the establishment of a dedicated regulatory body to supervise and regulate AI effectively.
• India AI Mission and Capacity Building:
  • India’s approval of the India AI Mission underscores its commitment to building AI capacities and fostering innovation in the country.
  • The framework emphasizes the need for robust regulatory mechanisms to complement capacity-building initiatives and ensure responsible AI deployment across diverse sectors.

Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM):

• It is an independent body constituted to give advice on economic and related issues to the Government of India, specifically to the Prime Minister.
• It was set up for the first time in September 2017 with a term of two years.
• EAC-PM is headed by a Chairperson and consists of eminent economists as members.
• It is supported in its functions by a team of officials and administrators.
• There is no fixed definition of the exact number of members and staff of the EAC-PM.
• It is common for the Council to be reconstituted time and again with different organizational structures headed by various economists who are of recognized international eminence.
• For administrative, logistic, planning, and budgeting purposes, the NITI Aayog serves as the nodal agency for the EAC-PM.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/industry/pmeac-member-sanjeev-sanyal-proposes-a-cas-based-framework-to-regulate-ai/amp-11712055604080.html

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court recently rendered a significant decision regarding the Environment Ministry’s notification exempting the extraction of ordinary earth for linear projects from obtaining Environmental Clearance (EC).

EXPLANATION:

• This decision followed a legal challenge to the exemption, underscoring the importance of regulatory oversight in environmental management.

Background of the Exemption: Legal Framework

• The Environment Ministry issued a series of notifications under The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, outlining activities requiring prior EC.
• The 2020 exemption, introduced in March 2020, added “Extraction or sourcing or borrowing of ordinary earth for linear projects such as roads, pipelines, etc.” to the list of exempted activities.
• The exemption purported to aid public interests, particularly benefiting various stakeholders such as potters, farmers, and local communities.

Legal Challenges: Grounds for Review

• The exemption faced legal challenges, primarily on the grounds of arbitrariness and violation of Article 14 of the Constitution of India.
• The petitioners argued that the exemption circumvented legal procedures and failed to incorporate necessary safeguards, as mandated by previous judicial precedents.
• Additionally, the exemption was criticized for being hastily issued during the Covid-19 lockdown, without due consideration of public objections.

Judicial Review Process: Scrutiny by the National Green Tribunal (NGT) and Supreme Court

• The National Green Tribunal (NGT) directed the Environment Ministry to review the exemption within three months, emphasizing the need for balanced regulations and environmental safeguards.
• However, the Ministry’s delay in compliance led to the matter being escalated to the Supreme Court.
• In its decision on March 21, the Supreme Court invalidated the exemption, citing its arbitrary nature and lack of procedural fairness.

Legal Rationale for Supreme Court’s Decision

• The Supreme Court identified several key deficiencies in the exemption, leading to its annulment:
  • Arbitrariness and Lack of Clarity:
    • The exemption was criticized for its blanket nature, lacking specific definitions of “linear projects” and failing to delineate extraction quantities and areas.
    • This ambiguity rendered the exemption arbitrary and contrary to Article 14 of the Constitution.
  • Failure to Incorporate Safeguards:
    • The Supreme Court emphasized the absence of safeguards in the exemption, undermining the regulatory objectives of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
    • The exemption lacked provisions for environmental impact assessment and public consultation, essential elements for responsible environmental management.
  • Procedural Irregularities:
    • The Supreme Court highlighted procedural irregularities in the issuance of the exemption, particularly during the Covid-19 lockdown.
    • The Ministry’s failure to justify the exemption’s public interest rationale and its hasty implementation raised concerns about due process and administrative fairness.

Implications and Precedents: Judicial Scrutiny of Environmental Exemptions

• The Supreme Court’s decision adds to a series of judicial interventions scrutinizing exemptions under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
• Past cases have highlighted the importance of prior approval mechanisms, environmental impact assessments, and public consultations in ensuring responsible environmental governance.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/why-supreme-court-barred-unregulated-soil-extraction-for-linear-projects-9245830/

TAG: GS 3: DISASTER MANAGEMENT

THE CONTEXT: On March 31, 2024, Jalpaiguri district in West Bengal, India, witnessed a devastating tornado that claimed the lives of five individuals and left over a hundred injured.

EXPLANATION:

• This tragic incident sheds light on the growing occurrence of tornadoes across India and underscores the need to comprehend the underlying factors contributing to their formation.

Tornadoes in India: A Rising Phenomenon

• Tornado, a small-diameter column of violently rotating air developed within a convective cloud and in contact with the ground.
• Tornadoes occur most often in association with thunderstorms during the spring and summer in the mid-latitudes of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
• These whirling atmospheric vortices can generate the strongest winds known on Earth: wind speeds in the range of 500 km (300 miles) per hour have been measured in extreme events.
• When winds of this magnitude strike a populated area, they can cause fantastic destruction and great loss of life, mainly through injuries from flying debris and collapsing structures.
• Most tornadoes, however, are comparatively weak events that occur in sparsely populated areas and cause minor damage.
• While tornadoes historically have been rare in India, recent years have witnessed an uptick in their occurrence, posing significant challenges to communities and authorities alike.
• Unlike the United States, where tornadoes are more prevalent and closely monitored, India lacks official monitoring systems for these extreme weather events.
• A confluence of climate and environmental factors plays a pivotal role in the genesis of tornadoes.
• The warming of the Bay of Bengal and land surfaces, coupled with anomalous wind patterns, creates conducive conditions for the development of these violent storms.
• Collisions between warm, moist air masses and dry, cool air, particularly in the presence of low-pressure systems like troughs, trigger thunderstorms and tornadoes.

Scientific Insights: Understanding Tornado Dynamics

• According to a renowned climate scientist, the interaction of warm, humid air with cool, dry air sets the stage for tornado formation.
• Specific atmospheric conditions, such as cyclonic circulations and troughs, contribute to the initiation and intensification of tornadoes.
• The geographical characteristics of India, including its heterogeneous landscape, typically limit the strength and duration of tornadoes compared to regions like the United States.

Changing Wind Patterns and Environmental Trends

• Evidence suggests that wind patterns over various regions of India, particularly in the eastern states, are undergoing significant alterations.
• The warming of ocean and land surfaces, combined with anomalous wind patterns, creates a conducive environment for tornado formation.
• These changing environmental dynamics provide the necessary conditions for tornado “seeds” to sprout and thrive, leading to increased tornado activity in recent years.

Implications for Disaster Management and Preparedness

• The emergence of tornadoes as a recurrent phenomenon in India underscores the importance of robust disaster management and preparedness measures.
• While meteorological agencies like the India Meteorological Department (IMD) provide updates on weather systems, the absence of dedicated tornado monitoring systems necessitates greater vigilance and proactive measures from local authorities and communities.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/natural-disasters/jalpaiguri-disaster-tornadoes-a-symptom-of-warming-anomalous-wind-patterns-95351

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The unveiling of the world’s most powerful MRI scanner marks a significant milestone in medical imaging technology.

EXPLANATION:

• It is developed by researchers at France’s Atomic Energy Commission (CEA).
• This cutting-edge scanner promises to revolutionize our understanding of the human brain and potentially transform the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.

Unprecedented Precision: Breaking New Ground

• The MRI scanner, affectionately named Iseult, boasts a magnetic field strength of 11.7 teslas, surpassing the capabilities of conventional MRI machines by tenfold.
• This remarkable power enables Iseult to capture images with unprecedented clarity and detail, offering insights into the intricate structures and functions of the brain that were previously inaccessible.
• The high precision of Iseult’s imaging capabilities allows researchers to visualize intricate details within the brain, such as tiny blood vessels nourishing the cerebral cortex and previously imperceptible features of the cerebellum.
• By illuminating these hidden aspects of brain anatomy, scientists aim to deepen their understanding of neural circuits, cognitive processes, and the mechanisms underlying various neurological conditions.

Applications in Neurological Research: Advancing Diagnosis and Treatment

• One of the primary objectives of Iseult is to advance our knowledge of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, depression, and schizophrenia.
• By mapping brain activity and tracing the distribution of pharmaceutical agents within the brain, researchers hope to uncover the underlying mechanisms of these conditions and develop more effective diagnostic tools and treatment strategies.

Exploring the Brain-Drug Interface: Insights into Pharmacology

• Iseult’s powerful magnetic field offers a unique opportunity to study the interaction between drugs and the brain with unparalleled precision.
• Researchers aim to elucidate how medications such as lithium, used to treat bipolar disorder, target specific regions of the brain.
• This understanding could lead to personalized treatment approaches tailored to individual patients, optimizing therapeutic outcomes and minimizing adverse effects.

Implications for Clinical Practice: Bridging Research and Healthcare

• While Iseult may not be directly accessible to patients in the near future, its groundbreaking discoveries hold immense potential for clinical applications.
• Insights gained from research conducted with Iseult may inform the development of diagnostic protocols, therapeutic interventions, and predictive models for neurological diseases, ultimately improving patient care and outcomes in healthcare settings.

Future Prospects: Pioneering Discoveries on the Horizon

• As research using Iseult progresses, the scientific community anticipates a wealth of pioneering discoveries that will reshape our understanding of the brain and its disorders.
• By harnessing the full potential of this state-of-the-art MRI scanner, researchers aim to unlock the secrets of the human mind, paving the way for innovative treatments and interventions that address the complexities of neurological health.

France’s Atomic Energy Commission (CEA):

• The French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), officially known as the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, is a prominent French public government-funded research organization established in 1945.
• It focuses on various areas including energy, defense, security, information technologies, and health technologies.
• The CEA plays a crucial role in research, development, and innovation, with a significant emphasis on nuclear energy, renewable energies, and technological research for industry.
• Additionally, the CEA is deeply involved in large-scale European programs and infrastructures, maintaining a strong presence in training and collaboration with international partners.
• France’s CEA is a key player in the European Research Area, contributing to the development of improved nuclear power generation systems and fostering innovation in multiple scientific disciplines.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):

• Magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, is a noninvasive medical imaging test that produces detailed images of almost every internal structure in the human body, including the organs, bones, muscles and blood vessels.
• MRI scanners create images of the body using a large magnet and radio waves.
• No ionizing radiation is produced during an MRI exam, unlike X-rays.
• Images produced by an MRI scan can show organs, bones, muscles and blood vessels.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/worlds-most-powerful-mri-scans-first-images-of-human-brain/article68022857.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Over the 90-years journey of the RBI, it has weathered various challenges, showcasing remarkable resilience and adaptability.

EXPLANATION:

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was established on April 1, 1935 in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
• The Central Office of the Reserve Bank was initially established in Calcutta but was permanently moved to Mumbai in 1937. The Central Office is where the Governor sits and where policies are formulated.
• Though originally privately owned, since nationalization in 1949, the Reserve Bank is fully owned by the Government of India.
• RBI holds a prominent position in India’s economic landscape, entrusted with pivotal responsibilities such as maintaining monetary stability, managing currency, regulating banks, and influencing interest rates.
• The RBI’s inception marked a crucial milestone in India’s economic development.
• With the enactment of legislation in March 1934, the RBI commenced its operations on January 1, 1935.
• The appointment of Sir Osborne Arkell Smith as the first Governor, followed by Indian officials like Sir C D Deshmukh, signified a blend of international expertise and indigenous leadership.

Composition of the RBI

• The overall direction of the RBI lies with the 21-member central board of directors, composed of:
  • One Governor;
  • Four Deputy Governors;
  • Two Finance Ministry Representatives (usually the Economic Affairs Secretary and the Financial Services Secretary);
  • Ten government-nominated Directors; and
  • Four Directors who represent local boards for Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and Delhi.
  • Each of these local boards consists of five members who represent regional interests and the interests of co-operative and indigenous banks.

Navigating Crises: The Reforms of 1991

• The year 1991 proved to be a watershed moment for the RBI and the Indian economy.
• Faced with an acute economic crisis precipitated by soaring oil prices, the RBI took bold measures to stabilize the economy.
• Initiatives such as devaluation of the rupee, banking reforms, and liberalization of interest rates demonstrated the RBI’s proactive stance in addressing economic challenges head-on.

Leadership Dynamics: Insights from the Past

• Throughout its history, the RBI has experienced occasional friction with the government while steadfastly safeguarding its autonomy.
• Instances such as the disagreement between Governor Manmohan Singh and Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee underscored the complexities of the RBI-government relationship.
• Despite challenges, the RBI’s commitment to its regulatory role remained unwavering.

Crisis Management and Policy Response

• The global financial crisis of 2008 posed significant challenges for the RBI.
• However, prudent policies implemented under Governor Y V Reddy’s stewardship shielded India from the worst effects of the crisis.
• Subsequent governors continued to navigate economic uncertainties adeptly, employing a mix of accommodative policies and structural reforms to sustain growth momentum.

Demonetization and Its Aftermath

• The decision to demonetize high-denomination currency notes in 2016 presented a formidable test for the RBI.
• Despite logistical challenges and economic disruptions, the RBI endeavored to manage the fallout effectively.
• The episode highlighted the central bank’s crucial role in maintaining financial stability and public trust.

Modern Challenges and Responses

• The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic ushered in a new set of challenges for the RBI.
• Governor Shaktikanta Das and his team adopted a proactive approach, lowering interest rates and promoting digitization to mitigate the pandemic’s economic impact.
• While these measures spurred growth, they also necessitated vigilant oversight to manage inflationary pressures.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/rbi90-snapshots-from-history-9245835/

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: West Bengal is experiencing a significant transformation in its agricultural landscape, with farmers increasingly shifting away from wheat cultivation towards more profitable alternatives such as banana, lentils, and maize.

EXPLANATION:

• This shift is driven by various factors, including economic considerations, environmental challenges, and government policies.

Reasons for the Shift

• Wheat Blast Disease:
  • The outbreak of wheat blast disease in 2016, detected in Bangladesh, led to a ban on wheat cultivation in border areas and districts like Murshidabad and Nadia in West Bengal.
  • This compelled farmers to seek alternative crops due to the risks associated with wheat cultivation.
• Economic Viability:
  • Wheat cultivation is becoming less economically feasible for farmers, with stagnant market prices and vulnerability to extreme weather events like hailstorms and unseasonal rains.
  • In contrast, crops like banana, lentils, and maize offer higher profitability, particularly during festive seasons.
• Environmental Considerations:
  • The decline in water tables and concerns about environmental degradation associated with wheat farming have prompted farmers to explore more sustainable and resilient crop options.

Adoption of Alternative Crops

• Banana Cultivation:
  • Farmers have shifted a significant portion of their land from wheat to banana cultivation due to its profitability and market demand.
• Maize Production:
  • Maize has emerged as a popular alternative to wheat, with its cultivation area and production witnessing a substantial increase over the past decade.
  • Its profitability, coupled with demand from poultry and food processing industries, makes it an attractive cash crop for farmers.

Government Policies and Support

• The state government’s ban on wheat cultivation and promotion of alternative crops has encouraged farmers to experiment with new varieties of maize and pulses.
• While the shift in cropping patterns may not significantly impact national wheat security, it is expected to benefit farmers in West Bengal by diversifying their income sources and improving returns from alternative crops.

Maize:

• Maize is one of the most versatile emerging crops shaving wider adaptability under varied agro-climatic conditions.
• Globally, maize is known as the queen of cereals because it has the highest genetic yield potential among the cereals.
• It is cultivated on nearly 190 m ha in about 165 countries having wider diversity of soil, climate, biodiversity and management practices that contributes to 39 % of the global grain production.
• The United States of America (USA) is the largest producer of maize contributes nearly 30.99% of the total production in the world in 2020 and maize is the driver of the US economy.
• In India, Maize is grown throughout the year. It is predominantly a Kharif crop with 85 percent of the area under cultivation during the season.
• Maize is the third most important cereal crop in India after rice and wheat.

Banana:

• Banana, basically a tropical crop, grows well in a temperature range of 15ºC – 35ºC with relative humidity of 75-85%.
• Deep, rich loamy soil with pH between 6.5 – 7.5 is most preferred for banana cultivation.
• Saline solid, calcareous soils are not suitable for banana cultivation.
• There are some 12-15 varieties of bananas in India.
• Largely in the peninsular southern coastal region, namely in parts of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Bengal, and in the Northeastern areas of the country such as Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
• The central and northern regions – Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Punjab also grow the plant but neither in such variety nor in numbers.
• India produces about 29 million tonne of banana every year, and next is China with 11 million.

Wheat :

• Wheat is a Rabi Crop grown between September and December and harvested between February and May.
• The total area under the crop is about 29.8 million hectares in the country.
• In 2020, wheat production for India was 107,860 thousand tonnes. Wheat production of India increased from 23,832 thousand tonnes in 1971 to 107,860 thousand tonnes in 2020 growing at an average annual rate of 3.42%.
• Indian wheat is largely a soft/medium-hard, medium protein, white bread wheat, somewhat similar to U.S. hard white wheat.
• Durum wheat, often known as pasta wheat or macaroni wheat is also one of the best quality wheat variety in India.
• The wheat crop has wide adaptability. It can be grown not only in the tropical and sub-tropical zones but also in the temperate zone and the cold tracts of the far north, beyond even the 60 degrees north latitude.
• Wheat can tolerate severe cold and snow and resume growth with the setting in of warm weather in spring.

Measures to Promote Crop Diversification:

• The Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare (DA&FW) has implemented the Crop Diversification Programme (CDP), a sub-scheme of Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY).
  • It was implemented in the Original Green Revolution States viz; Haryana, Punjab & Western Uttar Pradesh since 2013-14 to divert the area of water intensive paddy crop to alternative crops like pulses, oilseeds, coarse cereals, nutri cereals, cotton etc.
• In addition, Government of India has also supplemented the efforts of state governments to encourage diversified production of crops such as pulses, coarse cereals, nutri cereals, cotton & oilseeds under National Food Security Mission (NFSM) and horticultural crops under Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH).
• The Government has implemented a Scheme on ‘Promotion of Agricultural Mechanization for In-Situ Management of Crop Residue in the States of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi’during 2021-22.
• Financial assistance has also been provided to the State Governments, Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Institutions, Central Government Institutions, Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) etc. for Information, Education and Communication (IEC) activities for creating awareness on crop residue management.
• The ICAR has developed PusaDecomposer, a microbial consortium of fungalspecies (both in liquid and capsule forms)for rapid decomposition of paddy straw. Use of this consortium accelerates processofpaddy straw decomposition in the field itself.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/west-bengal-farmers-shift-from-wheat-to-lucrative-banana-lentils-and-maize-cultivation-95302

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: A group of universities has penned a joint statement urging the International Criminal Court (ICC) to intervene in cases of severe environmental harm, equating such actions to crimes against humanity and genocide.

EXPLANATION:

• It emphasizes the intrinsic link between environmental degradation and human suffering, advocating for the incorporation of the right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment (R2hE) into the ICC’s legal framework.

Legal and Moral Implications

• The universities argue that human activities leading to severe environmental damage often violate human rights and should be treated as crimes on par with genocide and crimes against humanity.
• This assertion highlights the moral and legal imperative to hold individuals and entities accountable for actions that result in environmental devastation.

Proposed Policy Changes

• Responding to ICC Prosecutor announcement of developing a new policy paper on environmental crimes, academics, lawyers, and campaigners advocate for a systematic approach to prosecuting individuals and entities responsible for environmental crimes.
• They stress the importance of holding politicians, corporate sectors, criminal gangs, and others accountable for their roles in environmental degradation.

Legal Analysis and Corporate Responsibility

• The Commonwealth Climate and Law Initiative underscores the legal obligations of directors under UK law to consider and mitigate nature-related risks.
• Directors failing to address such risks may face claims of breaching their duty, reflecting a growing recognition of corporate responsibility in environmental protection.

Financial Aspects of Environmental Crimes

• Reports by organizations like the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and the Financial Accountability and Corporate Transparency (FACT) Coalition highlight the financial dimensions of environmental crimes.
• Criminals exploit loopholes in anti-money laundering systems, laundering profits from environmental crimes and undermining global efforts to combat climate change.

Global and Domestic Perspectives

• The United States, as a destination for money earned through environmental crimes, faces criticism for gaps in its anti-money laundering system.
• Meanwhile, in India, a significant number of environmental-related crimes are recorded annually, underscoring the urgency of addressing such issues on both a global and domestic scale.

International Criminal Court (ICC):

• It is the only permanent international criminal tribunal.
• It was created by the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (its founding and governing document), and began functioning on 1 July 2002 when the Statute came into force.
• It investigates and, where warranted, tries individuals charged with the gravest crimes of concern to the international community: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression.
• Its Headquarters is in Hague, Netherlands.
• 123 nations are States Parties to the Rome Statute and recognize the ICC’s authority; the notable exceptions being the US, China, Russia, and India.
• The Court is funded by contributions from the States Parties and by voluntary contributions from Governments, international organizations, individuals, corporations, and other entities.
• The Court has eighteen judges, each from a different member country, elected to nonrenewable nine-year terms.
• The Presidency consists of three judges (the President and two Vice-Presidents) elected from among the judges. It represents the Court to the outside world and helps with the organization of the work of the judges.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/severe-environmental-harm-equal-to-genocide-crime-against-humanity-experts-write-to-international-criminal-court-95312

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The term “Havana syndrome” refers to a collection of symptoms experienced by United States intelligence and embassy officials across various countries.

EXPLANATION:                          

Havana syndrome:

• Havana syndrome refers to a set of mental health symptoms that are said to be experienced by United States intelligence and embassy officials in various countries.
• Generally, the word ‘syndrome’ simply means a set of symptoms.
• It does not mean a unique medical condition, but rather a set of symptoms that are usually experienced together whose origins may be difficult to confirm.
• Havana syndrome typically involves symptoms such as hearing certain sounds without any outside noise, nausea, vertigo and headaches, memory loss, and balance issues.
• The origins of the syndrome are traced back to Cuba in late 2016, shortly after the reopening of the US embassy in Havana.
• A joint media investigation has suggested a possible connection between Havana syndrome and a Russian military intelligence unit known as 29155.
• The investigation proposes that members of this unit may have targeted US officials using “directed energy” weapons, with evidence indicating their presence at locations where suspected attacks occurred.

Global Reports of Havana Syndrome

• Since the initial cases in Cuba, similar incidents have been reported by American officials stationed in various countries.
• In China, reports emerged from the Guangzhou consulate in 2018, while incidents within the US, including Washington DC, were reported in 2019 and 2020.
• Other countries where such incidents have been reported include Russia, Poland, Georgia, Taiwan, Colombia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Austria.

Suspected Causes

• Initially, the syndrome was thought to be a result of sonic attacks, attributed to Cuba.
• However, subsequent studies suggested the involvement of high-powered microwaves that could damage or interfere with the nervous system, generating auditory sensations.
• The use of microwaves, a tactic experimented with during the Cold War, has been associated with both the US and Russia.
• Reports indicate that beams of high-powered microwaves may have been directed using specialized equipment, colloquially referred to as a “microwave weapon.”

Havana Syndrome in India

• As of July 2023, the 2021 incident was the only reported occurrence of the syndrome in India.
• Sources in the Indian security establishment said in 2021 that they were not aware of any weapon with such capacities being in the possession of an Indian agency.
• Even if there was one, it was unlikely the government would admit to having acquired such counter-espionage technology given the sensitive nature of intelligence work.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/havana-syndrome-russian-intelligence-unit-9245485/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court of India has issued a notice to the Election Commission (EC) in response to a writ petition filed. The petition seeks a directive to mandatorily cross-verify the count in Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) with votes recorded in Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) slips.

EXPLANATION:

• The petitioner argues for a comprehensive count of VVPAT slips in elections, contrasting with the current practice of verifying only five randomly selected EVMs through VVPAT paper slips.
• They challenge the EC’s guideline mandating sequential VVPAT verification, asserting that this causes undue delays.
• The petition proposes simultaneous VVPAT verification by deploying additional personnel for counting in each constituency, suggesting that this approach could streamline the verification process to be completed within five to six hours.
• The petitioner highlights the significant investment made by the government in purchasing VVPATs but notes the discrepancy in the number of VVPAT slips verified compared to the total number of VVPATs procured.
• The petitioner emphasizes the concerns raised by experts regarding VVPATs and EVMs, pointing out past instances of substantial discrepancies between EVM and VVPAT vote counts.
• To address these concerns, the petition suggests allowing voters to physically deposit VVPAT slips into a ballot box to ensure that each vote is accurately recorded.
• Alternatively, they propose making the glass of the VVPAT machine transparent and extending the duration of the light to allow voters to witness the paper recording their votes being cut and dropped into the drop box.

Legal Implications

• By issuing a notice to the EC, the Supreme Court has initiated legal proceedings to consider the petitioner’s arguments and proposed solutions.
• The outcome of this case could have significant implications for the electoral process in India, potentially impacting the transparency and integrity of elections.

Electronic Voting Machine:

• EVM is a device used to record votes electronically.
• They were first used in the Paravur Assembly Constituency of Kerala in the year 1982.
• Since 1998, the Election Commission has increasingly used EMVs instead of ballot boxes.
• In 2003, all state elections and by-elections were held using EVMs.
• Encouraged by this, in 2004, the Commission took a historic decision to use only EVMs for the Lok Sabha elections.
• EVMs eliminate the occurrence of ‘Invalid Votes’ seen frequently with paper ballots, ensuring a more accurate reflection of voter choice and reducing complaints and legal disputes.
• EVMs streamline the voting process, making it faster and more efficient. They eliminate the need for manual counting, reducing the time required to declare election results.

Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT):

• A VVPAT was first used in Noksen (Assembly Constituency) of Nagaland in September 2013.
• On a large scale, VVPAT along with EVMs, used for the first time in India in the 2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, in 10 assembly seats out of 40.
• By using a ballotless voting system it provides feedback to voters.
• It is an independent verification system for voting machines as it allows voters to verify whether their vote was cast correctly or not.
• It also detects malfunction or possible election fraud and acts as a means of an audit tool for the stored electronic results by enabling electronic voting machines to record each vote cast by generating the EVM slip.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/elections/sc-notice-to-ec-on-plea-to-cross-verify-evm-and-vvpat-counts/article68016889.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In a groundbreaking discovery, a team led by scientists from the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad, India, alongside international collaborators, has uncovered compelling evidence pointing to the presence of ozone on Jupiter’s moon, Callisto.

EXPLANATION:

• This discovery, detailed in the March 2024 issue of the journal Icarus, not only sheds light on the intricate chemical processes occurring on icy celestial bodies within our Solar System but also holds profound implications for the potential habitability of these moons.

Chemical Evolution of SO2 Astrochemical Ice

• The research delved into the chemical evolution of “SO2 astrochemical ice,” predominantly composed of sulphur dioxide (SO2) under the influence of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.
• By scrutinizing the UV absorption spectra of irradiated ice samples, the team identified a distinct signature indicating the formation of ozone.

Importance of Ozone

• Ozone, a molecule comprising three oxygen atoms bonded together, plays a pivotal role in shielding Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
• The ozone layer, situated in the stratosphere, acts as a protective barrier against UV-B and UV-C radiation, which can cause DNA damage and various health hazards.
• The presence of ozone on celestial bodies like Callisto hints at stable atmospheric conditions, raising tantalizing prospects for potential habitability.

Callisto: A Unique Celestial Body

• Callisto, one of Jupiter’s largest moons and the third-largest in the Solar System, boasts a composition primarily consisting of water ice, rocky materials, sulphur dioxide, and organic compounds.
• Despite its impressive size comparable to Mercury, Callisto harbors less than half the mass.
• Its surface, heavily cratered and potentially the oldest in the Solar System, underscores its history of asteroid and comet impacts.
• The team endeavored to simulate the conditions conducive to ozone formation on Callisto’s surface.
• Using vacuum ultraviolet photons to mimic solar radiation, they conducted experiments at the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Centre (NSRRC) in Taiwan.
• By depositing sulphur dioxide ice samples onto a lithium fluoride substrate under low-pressure conditions akin to outer space, they replicated the environment prevalent on Callisto.

Observations and Findings

• Through meticulous experimentation, the team observed the formation of ozone in sulphur dioxide ice samples following irradiation with vacuum-ultraviolet photons.
• This revelation, confirmed by comparing experimental data with observations from the Hubble Space Telescope, suggests the presence of oxygen—a crucial precursor to the formation of complex organic molecules essential for life as we understand it.
• The detection of ozone on Callisto offers compelling evidence for the existence of stable atmospheric conditions, prompting speculation about the moon’s potential habitability.
• This finding not only raises intriguing questions about the possibility of life beyond Earth but also underscores the importance of further exploration of icy moons in our Solar System.

Insights and Future Research

• In addition to ozone, the researchers identified an unidentified band in the absorption spectrum, reminiscent of observations on Ganymede in 1996.
• This discovery hints at commonalities in surface compositions or chemical processes among Jupiter’s moons, offering valuable insights into their geological and atmospheric dynamics.
• Furthermore, it provides a foundation for elucidating the mechanisms underlying the formation of Jupiter and its moons, a subject of ongoing scientific inquiry.

Ozone Hole:

• The ozone hole is not technically a “hole” where no ozone is present, but is actually a region of exceptionally depleted ozone in the stratosphere over the Antarctic that happens at the beginning of Southern Hemisphere spring (August–October).
• Satellite instruments provide us with daily images of ozone over the Antarctic region.
• The ozone hole image below shows the very low values (blue and purple colored area) centered over Antarctica on 4 October 2004.
• From the historical record we know that total column ozone values of less than 220 Dobson Units were not observed prior to 1979.
• From an aircraft field mission over Antarctica we also know that a total column ozone level of less than 220 Dobson Units is a result of catalyzed ozone loss from chlorine and bromine compounds.
• For these reasons, we use 220 Dobson Units as the boundary of the region representing ozone loss.
• Using the daily snapshots of total column ozone, we can calculate the area on the Earth that is enclosed by a line with values of 220 Dobson Units (the white line in the figure below).

The ozone hole is the region over Antarctica with total ozone of 220 Dobson Units or lower

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/prl-ahmedabad-ozone-callisto-habitability/article68015568.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The plight of the caracal is an enigmatic species facing extinction in India and it has garnered attention from conservationists.

EXPLANATION:

• The caracal, a rare and elusive species, plays a crucial ecological role in India’s ecosystems.
• Despite its historical association with royalty and nobility as a coursing animal, the caracal’s population has dwindled, pushing it towards the brink of extinction.
• The four-year-long research conducted involved a comprehensive examination of historical texts, journals, archival records, and interactions with various stakeholders, including historians, forest officers, and local community members.
• By collating scattered information, a concise yet informative narrative that sheds light on the caracal’s historical significance and contemporary conservation challenges has been produced.

Reviving Caracal Habitat

• Reviving grasslands and scrublands, the natural habitats of caracals, emerges as a critical aspect of their conservation.
• Land policies categorizing such habitats as ‘wasteland’ pose a threat to the caracal’s survival, necessitating urgent prioritization and protection of these ecosystems.

Historical Relationship with Humans

• The caracal’s historical relationship with humans, particularly royalty and nobility, as a coursing animal underscores its cultural significance.
• However, the need to balance historical perceptions with contemporary conservation priorities to ensure the species’ long-term survival has been highlighted.

Caracal:

• Caracal is a small wild cat noted for its long-tufted ears and a reddish-tan or sandy-brown coat.
• Caracals are naturally found in India, particularly in Northwestern India. They are also found in Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and arid areas of Pakistan.
• Habitat: the Aravalli hill range; semi-deserts, steppes, savannah, scrubland, dry forest and moist woodland or evergreen forest; prefers open terrain and drier, scrubby, arid habitats
• As per estimates in a 2015 study, some 28 caracal individuals are found in the Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan and scientists estimate around 20 in Kutch in Gujarat. These are reported to be the only two populations of the cat that remain in India.
• Historically, the caracal was found all across Central India and the Indo-Gangetic plains. But there has been no sighting of the animal in these regions for the last 40 years.
• In 2021, the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) and the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MOEFCC) announced a Species Recovery Plan for the conservation and population revival of 22 species in India, including the caracal.
• The caracal is listed as ‘Least Concern’ in the IUCN Red List in India and falls in the Schedule-I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/interviews/wildlife-biodiversity/protect-india-s-scrublands-to-save-the-caracal-dharmendra-khandal-ishan-dhar-95287

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The recent report India Employment Report 2024 released by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Institute for Human Development (IHD) sheds light on the concerning trend of declining real earnings among regular salaried and self-employed individuals in India.

EXPLANATION:

• This analysis delves into the implications of this trend and explores the underlying factors contributing to it.

Highlights of the report:

• The report indicates a decade-long decline in the real earnings of both regular salaried workers and self-employed individuals in India.
• While the real monthly earnings of casual workers have shown an increase, the situation remains grim for salaried and self-employed segments.
• For regular salaried workers, the average monthly real earnings have experienced an annual decline of 1.2% from 2012 to 2019 and 0.7% as of 2022.
• Similarly, self-employed individuals have witnessed a decline of 0.8% annually from 2019 to 2022.
• The declining real earnings highlight poor quality of employment generation in India between 2000 and 2022.
• This trend signifies broader challenges within the labor market and underscores the need for comprehensive policy interventions.
• The report also assesses whether employed individuals receive the minimum wage as prescribed by the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
• Shockingly, a significant percentage of both regular and casual workers across sectors did not receive the average daily minimum wage prescribed for unskilled workers.
• In the agriculture sector, 40.8% of regular workers and 51.9% of casual workers fell short of receiving the prescribed minimum wage.
• In the construction sector, 39.3% of regular workers and a staggering 69.5% of casual workers did not receive the minimum wage.
• Several factors could contribute to the decline in real earnings, including stagnant wage growth, inflationary pressures, structural changes in the economy, and disparities in skill development and education.
• Addressing the issue of declining real earnings requires a multi-pronged approach, encompassing measures to enhance productivity, promote skill development, ensure compliance with minimum wage standards, and foster inclusive economic growth.

International Labour Organization (ILO):

• The only tripartite U.N. agency, since 1919 the ILO brings together governments, employers and workers of 187 Member States, to set labour standards, develop policies and devise programmes promoting decent work for all women and men.
• It was created in 1919, as part of the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I, to reflect the belief that universal and lasting peace can be accomplished only if it is based on social justice.
• The Constitution of the ILO was drafted in early 1919 by the Labour Commission
• It became the first affiliated specialized agency of the United Nations in 1946.
• Its headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland
• Its founding mission is “social justice is essential to universal and lasting peace”.
• It promotes internationally recognized human and labour rights.
• It received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/for-a-decade-earnings-of-regular-salaried-self-employed-indians-have-been-declining-ilo-95290

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: India’s hydropower output has experienced a significant decline, reaching its steepest fall in nearly four decades.

EXPLANATION:

• We will examine the reasons behind this decline, its implications for India’s energy landscape, and potential future scenarios.

Record Drop in Hydropower Generation

• During the fiscal year ending March 31, India witnessed a remarkable 16.3% drop in hydropower generation, marking the most significant decline in at least 38 years.
• This decline is attributed to erratic rainfall patterns, which have led to reduced water levels in reservoirs and heightened reliance on coal-fired power.

Impact on Renewable Energy Goals

• The decline in hydropower generation coincided with a marginal decrease in the share of renewables in India’s power output.
• Despite the government’s commitments to boost solar and wind capacity, renewables accounted for only 11.7% of power output, down from 11.8% in the previous year.

Challenges with Hydro as a Reliable Source

• Experts caution against over-reliance on hydro as a consistent power source due to erratic rainfall patterns.
• While there may be prospects for increased rainfall during the upcoming monsoon season, the impact on hydropower output would not be immediate.
• This uncertainty underscores the need for diversification in India’s energy mix.

Declining Share of Hydropower

• Hydropower’s share in India’s total power output reached a record low of 8.3%, compared to an average of 12.3% over the past decade.
• This decline is attributed to a slowdown in the addition of new hydropower capacity, while other sources such as coal, solar, and wind have gained prominence.

Rise in Coal-Fired Power Generation

• The reduction in hydropower output has led to an increase in coal-fired power generation, which rose by 13.9% in 2023-24.
• This trend highlights India’s ongoing dependence on fossil fuels, with coal accounting for a significant portion of the country’s energy mix.

Missed Renewable Energy Targets

• India’s failure to meet its 2022 target of installing 175 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy underscores the challenges in transitioning to clean energy sources.
• The country remains 38.4 GW short of this goal, with renewables’ addition slowing to a five-year low in 2023.

Global Comparison

• Globally, hydropower output experienced a decline, attributed to factors such as lower rainfall and warmer temperatures.
• India’s decline in hydropower output surpassed the global average, reflecting the severity of the situation in the country.

Hydroelectric Potential in India:

• Hydropower potential is located mainly in northern and north-eastern regions.
• Arunachal Pradesh has the largest unexploited hydropower potential of 47 GW, followed by Uttarakhand with 12 GW.
• The unexploited potential is mainly along three river systems — the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra
• India has several international issues across these river systems. Like electricity, hydropower should also be brought on the concurrent list to formulate uniform policies and processes for faster development.
• India has over 90 GW of pumped storage potential, with 63 sites identified and recognised in national energy policies for their valuable grid services.
• India has an estimated hydropower potential of 1, 45,320 MW, excluding small hydro projects (SHPs) which has 20 GW potential.
• India ranks as the fourth country in the world by undeveloped hydropower potential, after Russia, China and Canada, and fifth by total potential, surpassed also by Brazil.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-hydropower-output-records-steepest-fall-in-nearly-four-decades/article68015359.ece

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The Financial Action Task Force (FATF), a global watchdog for money laundering and terrorist financing, has conducted a survey on the implementation of its standards regarding virtual assets (crypto assets) and virtual asset service providers (VASPs).

EXPLANATION:

• Despite the FATF’s efforts to strengthen regulations through a road map agreed upon in February 2023, many countries have yet to fully implement these requirements.

Definition and Scope of Virtual Assets

• Virtual assets encompass any digital representation of value that can be digitally traded, transferred, or used for payment.
• The FATF’s focus on regulating virtual assets and VASPs is aimed at preventing their misuse for illicit financial activities such as money laundering and terrorist financing.

Status of Implementation

• The study, involving 58 jurisdictions, reveals varying levels of implementation across countries.
• While some countries like India have conducted risk assessments and taken regulatory measures, others are still in the process of prohibiting the use of virtual assets and VASPs.

India’s Compliance and Actions

• India, a member country of FATF, has taken several steps to address the risks associated with virtual assets and VASPs.
• It has conducted risk assessments, enacted legislation, and applied Anti-money Laundering/Counter-terrorism Financing measures.
• India has also conducted supervisory inspections, taken enforcement actions against VASPs, and enacted the travel rule for VASPs.

Concerns and Global Implications

• The FATF emphasizes the international and borderless nature of virtual assets, highlighting the need for effective regulation across jurisdictions.
• Failure to regulate VASPs in one jurisdiction could have significant global implications, as evidenced by recent reports of illicit activities involving virtual assets.
• Instances include the laundering of funds for the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the use of virtual assets by terrorist groups such as ISIL and Al Qaeda.

Importance of Regulatory Framework

• Given the increasing misuse of virtual assets for illicit purposes, the FATF stresses the importance of robust regulatory frameworks.
• Ransomware incidents, terrorist financing, and other illicit activities underscore the urgency of implementing and enforcing effective regulations to mitigate risks associated with virtual assets.

Financial Action Task Force (FATF):

• The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) was established in 1989 by the G7 to examine and develop measures to combat money laundering.
• It originally included the G7 countries, the European Commission and eight other countries.
• Initially it was mandated to examine and develop measures to combat money laundering and in 2001, the FATF expanded its mandate to also combat terrorist financing.
• FATF mutual evaluations are in-depth country reports analysing the implementation and effectiveness of measures to combat money laundering and terrorist financing.
• The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is commonly referred to as the world’s “terrorism financing watchdog”, which means it is the author — and custodian — of an international regime that works to ensure that the flows of money in the global financial system are not misused to fund terrorist activities.
• FATF maintains a “grey list” of countries that it watches closely. In essence, these are countries that have, in the assessment of the FATF, failed to prevent international money laundering and terrorist financing, and are, therefore, on a global watchlist for bad behaviour.
• Pakistan was the most important country on the list. After it (along with Nicaragua) was taken off the list, 23 countries remain under watch.
• Among these countries are the Philippines, Syria, Yemen, the United Arab Emirates, Uganda, Morocco, Jamaica, Cambodia, Burkina Faso, and South Sudan, and the tax havens of Barbados, Cayman Islands, and Panama.

What are countries on the grey list expected to do?

• FATF calls these countries “jurisdictions under increased monitoring”. Basically, these countries have to comply with certain conditions laid down by the FATF, failing which they run the risk of being “black listed” by the watchdog. Their compliance is periodically reviewed by the FATF.
• According to the FATF, when a jurisdiction is placed under increased monitoring, “it means the country has committed to resolve swiftly the identified strategic deficiencies within agreed timeframes and is subject to extra checks”.
• Specifically, these jurisdictions are now “actively working with the FATF to address strategic deficiencies in their regimes to counter money laundering, terrorist financing, and proliferation financing”.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/many-countries-yet-to-fully-implement-measures-to-prevent-misuse-of-virtual-assets-and-vasps-fatf/article68009634.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Tropical cyclones, characterized by strong winds, heavy precipitation, and storm surges, pose significant threats to coastal communities and infrastructure. The intensification of these storms, fueled by global warming, has led to the emergence of cyclones with wind speeds surpassing the existing Category 5 threshold.

EXPLANATION:

• This necessitates the consideration of a new category, Category 6, on the Saffir-Simpson (SS) hurricane wind scale.

Tropical Cyclones:

• Tropical cyclones form over warm tropical ocean basins with sea surface temperatures exceeding 26.5°C.
• They are prevalent in regions such as the North Atlantic, East Pacific, West Pacific, South Pacific, and the Indian Ocean.
• The Western Pacific basin is particularly active, accounting for a significant portion of global tropical cyclones.
• However, the North Indian basin, while contributing a smaller share, remains highly vulnerable to cyclone impacts.

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale

• It was introduced in the early 1970s.
• The SS hurricane wind scale categorizes cyclones based on maximum sustained wind speeds at a height of 10 meters.
• Categories range from 1 to 5, with Category 5 representing wind speeds exceeding 252 km/hour.
• Factors like storm surge and rainfall contribute to cyclone-related damage.
• Wind speed remains a crucial metric for assessing risk and impact.

Impact of Global Warming

• Man-made greenhouse gas emissions have led to a warming of approximately 1.10°C since pre-industrial times.
• This warming trend extends to ocean depths, increasing the heat content of oceans and favoring cyclone intensification.
• Long-term data indicate a rise in the frequency of intense tropical cyclones, with each degree of warming corresponding to a 12% increase in wind speed and a 40% increase in destructive potential.

Emergence of Category 6 Cyclones

• Recent research suggests that cyclones exceeding Category 5 intensity are becoming more frequent, with record wind speeds expected to continue rising.
• Observations reveal that half of the Category 5 cyclones occurred in the last 17 years, with several storms surpassing the hypothetical Category 6 threshold.
• Climate simulations predict a further increase in the annual exceedance of Category 6 thresholds, especially in regions prone to intense cyclones.
• Given the escalation of cyclone intensity due to global warming, there is a compelling case for introducing Category 6 on the SS hurricane wind scale.
• This additional category would raise awareness of the heightened risks posed by large cyclones and underscore the urgency of addressing climate change.

Implications for Vulnerable Regions

• While the North Indian Ocean currently experiences fewer Category 6 storms, ongoing climate change suggests a heightened risk in the future.
• Revisiting disaster management strategies and early warning systems is imperative to mitigate the potential impacts on lives and infrastructure in vulnerable regions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/increasing-tropical-cyclones-of-higher-intensity-necessitates-a-new-category/article68006554.ece

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The recent conflict between the Kerala government and Governor Arif Mohammed Khan over the withholding of assent to several Bills has brought to light an ongoing issue in Indian governance.

EXPLANATION:

• This conflict echoes similar disputes in states like Tamil Nadu, Punjab, and Telangana, where Governors appointed by the President, often from the ruling party at the center, clash with state governments led by opposition parties.

Governor’s Role in Lawmaking

• Article 200 of the Indian Constitution delineates the Governor’s authority in the legislative process.
• Upon the passage of a Bill by the state legislature, the Governor is presented with three options:
  • to provide assent,
  • withhold assent, or
  • reserve the Bill for the President’s consideration.
• However, the absence of a specific timeline for decision-making has led to Governors withholding assent for prolonged periods, leaving Bills and legislative processes in limbo.

President’s Role in Lawmaking

• When a Bill is referred to the President for consideration, Article 201 outlines the President’s authority.
• The President can either grant or withhold assent.
• If assent is withheld, the Bill is returned to the state legislature for reconsideration within the stipulated period.
• Failure to act within this period results in the Bill lapsing.
• Unlike the Governor, the President is not obligated to grant assent upon reconsideration.

Kerala’s Legal Challenge

• The Kerala government has approached the Supreme Court, alleging arbitrary actions by Governor and President.
• The government contends that the prolonged withholding of assent violates Article 200, thereby undermining the state legislature’s functioning.
• Additionally, the lack of reasons provided by President for withholding assent to certain Bills is seen as a violation of Article 201.

Similar Cases in Other States

• Instances of Governors withholding assent have been observed in other states as well.
• In Tamil Nadu, Governor refusal to assent to multiple Bills led to criticism and legal challenges.
• Similarly, Telangana faced a similar situation when the Governor withheld assent to Bills passed by the legislative assembly.
• Despite legal pressure, no definitive timeline for decision-making by Governors has been established by the Supreme Court.

Judicial Interpretation

• In a significant ruling in November 2023, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of Governors withholding assent.
• The court emphasized that Governors cannot indefinitely delay the legislative process and must adhere to the provisions outlined in Article 200.
• However, the court refrained from setting a specific timeline for decision-making, prompting the Kerala government to seek further clarification on this matter.

Constitutional Provisions and The Governor’s Power:

• ARTICLE 200 – ASSENT TO BILLS
  • According to Article 200, when a Bill passed by the Legislature of a State is presented to the Governor, he has four options available to him; giving assent, withholding assent, reserving the Bill for the consideration of the President or returning the bill to the state assembly for reconsideration.
• ARTICLE: 201- BILLS RESERVED FOR CONSIDERATION
  • The Indian Constitution deals with provisions related to bills reserved for the consideration of the President.
  • When a Governor reserves a Bill for the consideration of the President, the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill or that he withholds assent.
  • The President may also direct the Governor to return the Bill, where the Bill is not a Money Bill, with a message. When a Bill is so returned, the House or Houses shall reconsider it accordingly within a period of six months from the date of receipt of such message and, if the House or Houses again pass it with or without amendment, it shall be presented again to the President.
  • There is no timeframe mentioned for the above provisions.
• VETO POWER OF THE GOVERNOR WITH RESPECT TO BILLS
  • The Governor of India enjoys absolute veto, suspensive veto (except on money bills) and the pocket veto.
  • Absolute Veto: It refers to the power of withholding his assent to a bill passed by the state legislature. The bill then ends and does not become an act.
  • Suspensive Veto: The Governor returns the bill to the state legislature for its reconsideration.
  • Pocket Veto: The constitution of India does not provide a time frame for the Governor and the Bill may be kept pending.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/governors-assent-to-state-laws-9239214/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Chavakkad Beach in Thrissur, Kerala, has long been a vital nesting ground for Olive Ridley turtles. However, recent observations reveal a significant decline in turtle footfall at the beach, raising concerns among conservationists and local communities.

EXPLANATION:

• Olive Ridley turtles, classified as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List and protected under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, play a crucial role in marine ecosystems.
• Their nesting habits contribute to biodiversity and ecosystem health, making their conservation imperative.
• Conservationists attribute the decline in turtle arrivals at Chavakkad Beach to the rising temperature.
• The increased temperature disrupts the turtles’ nesting patterns, affecting their migratory behavior and reducing their propensity to lay eggs on the shore.
• Historically, around 500 Olive Ridley turtles would arrive annually at Chavakkad Beach to lay eggs.
• However, recent reports indicate that only one-third of this usual number made an appearance, signaling a noticeable decline in turtle footfall.
• The delayed onset of the winter season exacerbates the situation, as turtles typically begin their nesting season in November when temperatures along the coast drop.
• The delayed winter may have disrupted the turtles’ migratory cues, leading to reduced nesting activity.

Community Conservation Efforts:

• Local communities, including fishermen, youngsters, and schoolchildren, have long been involved in turtle conservation efforts around Chavakkad Beach.
• Their initiatives have contributed to an increase in hatchling numbers entering the sea, highlighting the importance of community engagement in conservation.

Nesting Season and Success Rates:

• The nesting season for Olive Ridley turtles spans from November to February, during which a single turtle can lay approximately 120 eggs.
• These eggs typically take 45-60 days to hatch, with an impressive 80% hatch success rate observed at Chavakkad Beach in the past.

Significance of the Decline:

• The decline in turtle footfall at Chavakkad Beach represents the first such occurrence in a decade, underscoring the urgency of addressing environmental factors contributing to the turtles’ altered behavior.
• Understanding the drivers behind this decline is crucial for formulating effective conservation strategies.

Olive Ridley turtles:

• The Olive ridley turtles are the smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world.
• They are found to be inhabiting the warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans.
• They are carnivores and feed mainly on jellyfish, shrimp, snails, crabs, molluscs, and a variety of fish and their eggs.
• The males and females grow to the same size.
• These turtles, along with their cousin the Kemps ridley turtle, are best known for their unique mass nesting called Arribada, where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.
• The coast of Orissa in India is the largest mass nesting site for the Olive-ridley, followed by the coasts of Mexico and Costa Rica.
• The species is recognized as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red list.
• They lie in Scheduled 1 of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
• They are in Appendix I of the CITES.

SOURCE: https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Mar/29/kochi-as-temp-soars-olive-ridley-turtles-elude-chavakkad-beach

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recent studies have highlighted how the melting polar ice is affecting Earth’s rotation and potentially influencing our timekeeping systems.

EXPLANATION:

• This phenomenon, driven by global warming, has significant implications for various aspects of our lives and requires careful consideration.
• The melting of polar ice due to rising temperatures redistributes the Earth’s mass, particularly around the equator.
• This redistribution alters the planet’s angular velocity, leading to changes in its rotation speed.
• As a result, Earth’s rotation is slowing down, albeit marginally.
• A study published in Nature, led by geophysicist from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, highlights this phenomenon.
• The research suggests that as polar ice melts, the increased mass around the equator affects Earth’s rotation speed, necessitating potential adjustments to our timekeeping systems.

Potential Timekeeping Implications:

• The slowing of Earth’s rotation could prompt world timekeepers to consider subtracting a second from our clocks in the future.
• This adjustment, referred to as a “negative leap second,” may be necessary by 2029, according to the study.
• Such changes could have repercussions for various systems reliant on precise timekeeping, particularly in the realm of computer networks.
• A professor of geophysics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) emphasizes the significance of the polar ice melt in altering Earth’s rotation.
• The melted water from polar regions flows towards the equator, contributing to changes in the planet’s mass distribution and rotational dynamics.

Long-Term Perspective:

• While the current changes in Earth’s rotation are notable, it’s essential to contextualize them within a broader temporal framework.
• Earth’s rotation has undergone variations over millions of years, with days being shorter in the distant past.
• Understanding these long-term trends provides valuable insights into the dynamic nature of our planet’s rotation.

Negative leap second:

• A negative leap second is a second that is subtracted from our clocks to keep them in sync with the Earth’s rotation.
• It is the opposite of a positive leap second, which is a one-second addition to our clocks.
• The need for a negative leap second arises when the Earth’s rotation speeds up, causing a discrepancy with our clocks.
• This adjustment is crucial to maintain the accuracy of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and ensure that our timekeeping systems remain aligned with the Earth’s rotation.

Rotation of the earth:

• Earth rotates along its axis from west to east.
• It takes approximately 24 hrs to complete on rotation.
• Days and nights occur due to rotation of the earth.
• The circle that divides the day from night on the globe is called the circle of illumination.
• Earth rotates on a tilted axis. Earth’s rotational axis makes an angle of 23.5° with the normal i.e. it makes an angle of 66.5° with the orbital plane. Orbital plane is the plane of earth’s orbit around the Sun.

Polar regions:

• Polar regions refer to the areas surrounding the Earth’s geographic poles, namely the North Pole and the South Pole.
• These regions are characterized by extreme cold temperatures, unique ecosystems, and distinct geological features.
• Geography and Climate:
  • North Pole:
    • The North Pole, located in the Arctic Ocean, is surrounded by several landmasses, including parts of Canada, Greenland, Russia, and Scandinavia.
    • The Arctic region experiences long, harsh winters with temperatures plummeting well below freezing, while summers are relatively short and cool.
    • Sea ice covers much of the Arctic Ocean, although this ice undergoes seasonal variations, with significant melting occurring during the summer months.
  • South Pole:
    • The South Pole is situated in Antarctica, which is a continent covered by a thick ice sheet. It is surrounded by the Southern Ocean.
    • Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth, with temperatures dropping as low as -80°C (-112°F) during the winter months.
    • The continent experiences long periods of darkness during the Antarctic winter and extended daylight during the summer, due to its location within the polar circle.

SOURCE: https://www.ndtv.com/science/melting-polar-ice-changing-earths-rotation-and-messing-with-time-study-5325413

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Great Indian Bustard (GIB), a critically endangered species, faces multiple threats to its survival, primarily stemming from human activities.

EXPLANATION:

• The recent focus on power lines and their impact on GIB habitats has brought to light the complex interplay between conservation efforts and infrastructure development.
• The primary threat to the GIB stems from overhead power lines that crisscross its habitat in the Kutch and Thar deserts of western India.
• These power lines pose a significant risk to the birds, particularly due to their large size and limited frontal vision, making them vulnerable to collisions.
• Studies indicate that power lines result in substantial bird mortality, with an estimated 84,000 bird deaths annually in the GIB habitat alone.
• The GIB’s inability to detect power lines from a distance and maneuver around them exacerbates the threat, leading to collisions and fatalities.

Court Orders and Government Response:

• The Supreme Court’s order to bury underground all power lines in GIB habitats reflects the urgency of addressing this threat.
• However, the Centre has argued that implementing such measures is impractical and financially burdensome, citing constraints such as transmission losses, maintenance challenges, and safety concerns.

Feasibility and Cost Considerations:

• The Centre contends that burying power lines, especially those of 66 KV and higher voltage, is not feasible for bulk power evacuation due to technical limitations and exorbitant costs.
• The estimated expenses run into thousands of crores, posing a significant challenge to implementation.
• While the court has proposed burying power lines as a solution, the Centre has highlighted the use of bird diverters as a more cost-effective alternative.
• However, concerns remain regarding the effectiveness of diverters in preventing bird collisions, especially for large birds like the GIB.

Other Threats to GIB:

• Power lines are not the sole threat to the GIB.
• The proliferation of free-ranging dogs, hunting, pesticide use, and habitat loss pose additional challenges to the bird’s survival.
• These multifaceted threats require comprehensive conservation strategies beyond addressing power line collisions.

Conservation Efforts:

• The government has initiated various conservation initiatives, including captive breeding and habitat restoration, to protect the GIB.
• However, the success of these efforts hinges on mitigating infrastructure-related threats and securing safe habitats for the bird’s population to thrive.

Balancing Development and Conservation:

• The debate surrounding power lines underscores the need to balance development goals with wildlife conservation objectives.
• While renewable energy projects hold promise for sustainable development, they must be implemented responsibly to minimize their impact on endangered species like the GIB.

Great Indian Bustard:

• It is known as the Indian Bustard, is a majestically large bird found on the Indian subcontinent.
• It is one of the heaviest flying birds in the world, with males reaching up to 1.2 meters (4 feet) tall and weighing in at 15 kg (33 pounds).
• These birds are easily distinguished by their black crown contrasting with their pale neck and head, and their brownish body with black, brown, and grey markings on their wings.
• The Great Indian Bustard is classified as critically endangered. Once common on the dry plains of India, there are only an estimated 150 individuals left in the wild.
• There are two main threats to their existence: habitat loss and hunting.
• Their natural habitat consists of large expanses of dry grasslands and scrub. However, this habitat is being lost due to agricultural development, overgrazing, and the planting of trees. Great Indian Bustards are hunted for their meat and feathers.
• The great Indian bustard was distributed throughout Western India, spanning 11 states, as well as parts of Pakistan. Its stronghold was once the Thar desert in the north-west and the Deccan plateau of the peninsula. Today, its population is confined mostly to Rajasthan and Gujarat.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/great-indian-bustard-threats-conservation-power-9240502/

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Russia’s recent veto on the renewal of a panel of experts monitoring UN sanctions against North Korea has sparked controversy and highlighted geopolitical tensions.

EXPLANATION:

• The move signifies a significant shift in global dynamics, particularly amidst ongoing conflicts such as the war in Ukraine.
• Russia has accused the United States and its allies of escalating military tensions in Asia and attempting to “strangle” North Korea through stringent sanctions.
• This assertion underscores Russia’s belief that the current approach to North Korea is outdated and ineffective.

Strategic Alliance Between Russia and North Korea:

• The veto highlights the burgeoning relationship between Russia and North Korea, particularly amid the Ukraine
• Putin’s courtship of Kim Jong Un allows Russia to assert its influence in the region while securing resources for the Ukraine war.
• Conversely, North Korea sees Russia as a powerful ally with access to advanced military technology.

Critique of UN Sanctions and Expert Panel:

• Russia criticizes the UN expert panel, arguing that it lacks objectivity and impartiality, instead serving as a tool for Western geopolitical interests.
• This critique suggests a broader skepticism towards the efficacy of UN sanctions in addressing North Korea’s nuclear program.

Impact of Ukraine Conflict on Global Cooperation:

• The Ukraine conflict has strained relations between Russia and the West, leading to a breakdown in cooperation on global issues.
• The veto on North Korea sanctions exemplifies how the Ukraine crisis has undermined collaborative efforts among major powers.

Call for Diplomacy and Compromise:

• Despite its veto, Russia calls for a reevaluation of sanctions policies and a shift towards diplomatic solutions.
• However, Russia’s proposals for compromise, such as time-limited sanctions reviews, have faced opposition from Washington.

Veto Power:

• The United Nations Security Council has five members who serve on a rotating basis (UNSC).
• Different political parties in India are divided on the issue.
• Political parties have utilized this status to exert veto power since independence.
• The United Nations Security Council’s five permanent members can veto or reject any substantive resolution.
• A member’s abstaining vote does not influence whether or not the resolution is accepted. Procedural votes do not affect the veto authority.
• The Security Council’s five permanent fellows have veto power. The following are examples:

1. China

2. France

3. Russia

4. Great Britain

5. The United States.

SOURCE: https://theprint.in/world/after-veto-russia-says-big-powers-need-to-stop-strangling-north-korea/2020055/