TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has achieved a remarkable milestone in space exploration by successfully conducting the PSLV-C58/XPoSat mission, leaving virtually no debris in Earth’s orbit. This achievement is significant amidst the growing concern over space debris resulting from increased satellite launches.

EXPLANATION:

• ISRO’s innovative approach involved transforming the fourth stage of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) into a unique orbital station named the PSLV Orbital Experimental Module-3 (POEM-3).
• Instead of leaving the fourth stage to float in orbit after completing its mission, ISRO repurposed it into POEM-3, which served as an experimental platform.

POEM:

• It has been developed by the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) as an inexpensive space platform, POEM uses the spent fourth stage of a PSLV rocket as an orbital platform.
• It was used for the first time in the PSLV-C53 mission in June 2022, ISRO had POEM orbit the earth as a stabilised platform to perform in-orbit scientific experiments with various payloads.

                 Image of PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM)

• POEM is powered by solar panels mounted on the fuel tank of the rocket’s fourth stage and a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery.
• It has a dedicated navigation, guidance, and control (NGC) system to stabilise its altitude along with helium control thrusters.
• The NGC system has four Sun sensors, a magnetometer, and gyroscopes, and talks to ISRO’s NavIC satellite constellation for navigation.
• POEM also has a telecommand system to communicate with the ground station.
• ISRO first demonstrated the reuse of the spent fourth stage of its rocket in its PSLV C-44 mission in 2019.
• After satellites were injected in the target orbits, the fourth stage, carrying a student payload called Kalamsat-V2, was moved to a higher circular orbit of 443 km and stayed there, allowing the payload to make observations.

POEM-3’s Achievements:

• During the PSLV C-58 mission, POEM-3 hosted nine payloads from various organizations, including VSSC, Bellatrix Aerospace Pvt Ltd, and several start-ups.
• POEM-3 featured nine payloads: two each from VSSC and Bellatrix Aerospace Pvt Ltd, one each from the start-ups TakeMe2Space, Inspecity Space Labs Pvt Ltd., Dhruva Space, and from LBS Institute of Technology, KJ Somaiya Institute of Technology, and ISRO’s Physics Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad.
• These payloads conducted a range of experiments while orbiting Earth, demonstrating the versatility and effectiveness of the platform.

Preparation for Re-entry:

• After completing its experimental phase, POEM-3 underwent careful preparations for re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere.
• ISRO tracked the module using its Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) stations, ensuring a controlled descent to minimize any potential risks associated with debris.

Significance in Dealing with Space Debris Crisis:

• The achievement of zero orbital debris by ISRO holds immense significance in addressing the global challenge of space debris.
• With an increasing number of satellites in orbit, the risk of collisions and the proliferation of debris poses a threat to space assets and future space missions.
• In 2022, four on-orbit break-up events occurred, contributing to most of the debris created that year:
  • March 2022: Intentional destruction of Russia’s Cosmos 1048 in an anti-satellite test adding 1408 fragments of debris
  • July 2022: Break-up of the upper stage of Japanese H-2A while deploying GOSAT-2 satellite adding 52 fragments of debris
  • November 2022: Accidental explosion of the upper stage of China’s Yunhai-3 adding 533 pieces of debris
  • November 2022: Break up of the Japanese H-2A upper stage for the deployment of GCOM satellite adding 30 pieces of debris
• The rise in space debris has been exacerbated by events such as intentional destruction during anti-satellite tests and accidental break-ups of rocket stages.
• These incidents contribute to the growing volume of debris in both low Earth orbit (LEO) and geosynchronous orbit (GEO), posing risks to operational satellites and spacecraft.
• Space agencies worldwide are actively working on strategies to mitigate space debris.
• Initiatives include adopting guidelines for space debris mitigation, developing technologies for debris removal, and conducting research on orbital tracking and collision avoidance.
• Countries like China, Japan, and the United States have launched initiatives to address space debris.
• These efforts range from deploying spacecraft for de-orbiting defunct satellites to developing advanced technologies for debris capture and removal.

ISRO’s Contribution to Space Debris Mitigation:

• Apart from the POEM missions, ISRO has established a Space Situational Awareness Control Centre and is actively involved in research and development efforts to mitigate space debris.
• Indian start-ups, such as Manastu Space, are also contributing to the development of technologies for satellite servicing and debris removal.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isros-zero-orbital-debris-milestone-the-space-debris-crisis-explained/article68019524.ece

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: A recent study published in Nature Communications sheds new light on the mechanisms driving the rapid melting of Antarctic ice shelves, particularly in the Amundsen Sea region of West Antarctica.

EXPLANATION:

• It was led by an international team of researchers from the Korea Polar Research Institute, Hokkaido University, and Seoul National University delved into the complex interplay between ocean currents, ocean floor topography, and ice shelf stability.

Revisiting Prior Assumptions:

• Contrary to previous assumptions that primarily linked ice shelf melting to wind patterns over the Southern Ocean, this study underscores the significant contribution of interactions between meandering ocean currents and the ocean floor.
• While winds have traditionally been seen as the main driver of warm water transport towards the ice shelves, the research highlights the pivotal role played by ocean currents and their dynamics in this process.

Focus on Pine Island and Thwaites Ice Shelves:

• The Pine Island and Thwaites ice shelves, known for their rapid changes and vulnerability to warming ocean waters, were at the forefront of the study.
• These massive ice shelves serve as critical barriers, restraining the flow of glaciers into the ocean.
• However, their rapid melting poses a grave threat to coastal communities worldwide due to the resultant rise in global sea levels.

The Role of Modified Circumpolar Deep Water (MCDW):

• Central to the study is the concept of “modified Circumpolar Deep Water” (MCDW), a layer of warm water beneath the surface waters.
• This warm water plays a crucial role in melting the ice shelves from below.
• The research emphasizes how the intensity and trajectory of ocean currents surrounding the ice shelves govern the influx of warm water, directly influencing the rate of melting.

Thermocline Depth:

• The researchers paid particular attention to the thermocline depth, which marks the interface between warmer deep waters and cooler surface waters.
• Variations in thermocline depth significantly impact the flow of warm water towards the ice shelves, highlighting its importance in understanding the melting process.

Challenging Conventional Wisdom:

• The study challenges the traditional belief that intensified westerly winds north of the Amundsen Sea primarily drive ocean currents along the shelf break, bringing warmer water towards ice shelf cavities.
• Instead, it underscores the role of meandering ocean currents and their interaction with the ocean floor in generating upwelling velocity, which transports warm water to shallower depths and accelerates ice shelf melting.

Implications for Future Projections:

• The findings of this study have profound implications for understanding and projecting future Antarctic ice loss.
• By emphasizing the internal oceanic processes driving ice shelf melting, the research suggests a need to reassess the significance of wind patterns in Antarctic ice dynamics.
• This nuanced understanding is crucial for accurate modeling and prediction of future sea level rise.

Thermocline:

• A thermocline is the transition layer between warmer mixed water at the ocean’s surface and cooler deep water below.

• Bodies of water are made up of layers, determined by temperature. The top surface layer is called the epipelagic zone, and is sometimes referred to as the “ocean skin” or “sunlight zone.”
• This layer interacts with the wind and waves, which mixes the water and distributes the warmth.
• At the base of this layer is the thermocline. A thermocline is the transition layer between the warmer mixed water at the surface and the cooler deep water below.
• It is relatively easy to tell when you have reached the thermocline in a body of water because there is a sudden change in temperature.
• In the thermocline, the temperature decreases rapidly from the mixed layer temperature to the much colder deep water temperature.

SOURCE: https://phys.org/news/2024-04-ocean-currents-threaten-collapse-antarctic.html

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The recent judgment by the Supreme Court emphasizes the right to privacy for election candidates, stating that they are not obligated to disclose every detail of their personal life and possessions to voters.

EXPLANATION:

• This landmark ruling provides clarity on the scope of disclosure requirements under the Representation of People Act, 1951, and underscores the importance of balancing transparency with individual privacy rights.

Background

• The case stemmed from a petition filed by Arunachal Pradesh MLA, challenging the voiding of his election to the 44-Tezu Assembly Constituency for allegedly failing to declare three vehicles as assets in his affidavit.
• The High Court had ruled against the MLA, leading to an appeal before the Supreme Court.

Key Points of the Judgment

• Right to Privacy:
  • The Supreme Court affirmed that candidates have a right to privacy from voters and are not required to disclose personal details that are irrelevant to their candidature or of no concern to the electorate.
  • This includes possessions such as clothing, shoes, and furniture, unless they significantly impact the candidate’s lifestyle or reflect upon their candidature.
• Interpretation of the Law:
  • The judgment clarified that non-disclosure of certain assets does not amount to a “corrupt practice” under Section 123 of the Representation of People Act, 1951, or a defect of a substantial nature under Section 36(4) of the same Act.
  • Each case must be evaluated based on its unique circumstances to determine the significance of the non-disclosed assets.
• Asset Disclosure Requirement:
  • While candidates are expected to disclose assets of substantial value, such as expensive watches, the non-disclosure of low-value items or assets that have been sold in the past may not constitute a defect.
  • The Court emphasized the need for a nuanced approach in assessing the relevance of asset disclosure to the electoral process.
• Case-Specific Ruling:
  • In the case of the MLA, the Supreme Court ruled in his favor, stating that the non-disclosure of three vehicles did not amount to an attempt to unduly influence voters or engage in corrupt practices.
  • The value of the vehicles was deemed insignificant compared to the A.P. MLA’s overall declared assets and income.

Implications and Significance

• Protection of Privacy:
  • The judgment upholds candidates’ right to privacy and prevents unnecessary intrusion into their personal lives by voters or electoral authorities.
• Clarity on Disclosure Requirements:
  • By providing clarity on what constitutes a substantial defect in asset disclosure, the ruling ensures that candidates are not unfairly penalized for minor omissions or irrelevant details.
• Enhancing Voter Information:
  • While affirming the importance of transparency in the electoral process, the judgment acknowledges that voters have a right to essential information to make informed decisions, striking a balance between transparency and privacy.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/candidate-has-a-right-to-privacy-need-not-disclose-every-belonging-unless-substantial-sc/article68046109.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The passing of Peter Higgs, the renowned physicist known for proposing the existence of the “God particle,” marks the end of an era in the world of science.

EXPLANATION:

• The Higgs boson, often referred to as the “God particle,” is a fundamental particle in particle physics that is associated with the Higgs field.
• Higgs’ groundbreaking work revolutionized our understanding of the universe and earned him the prestigious Nobel Prize in Physics.

Contributions to Physics

• Peter Higgs made significant contributions to particle physics with his theory on the existence of a new particle, later named the Higgs boson.
• In 1964, he proposed the idea of a subatomic particle that would explain how other particles acquire mass, thereby completing the equations of the standard model of particle physics.
• Higgs’ theoretical framework addressed a fundamental puzzle in physics: how matter formed after the Big Bang.
• His work provided insight into the mechanism by which particles gain mass, allowing for the formation of stars, planets, and ultimately, life as we know it.
• Despite proposing the existence of the Higgs boson in 1964, it took nearly 50 years to confirm its existence experimentally.
• In 2012, scientists at CERN announced the discovery of the Higgs boson using the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a monumental achievement that validated Higgs’ theory and reshaped our understanding of particle physics.
• Peter Higgs’ contributions to science were recognized with the awarding of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013, shared with Francois Englert, who independently proposed a similar theory.
• His legacy extends beyond accolades, inspiring generations of scientists and enriching our knowledge of the universe.
• The confirmation of the Higgs boson in 2012 was a deeply emotional moment for Peter Higgs, reflecting the culmination of decades of research and speculation.
• His humility and modesty endeared him to colleagues and admirers alike, despite the global recognition his work received.
• Higgs was known to reject the popular term “God particle” for his discovery, preferring a more scientific and nuanced understanding of his contribution to particle physics.
• His aversion to sensationalism and dedication to scientific rigor underscored his commitment to the pursuit of knowledge.

SOURCE: https://www.voanews.com/a/peter-higgs-physicist-who-proposed-the-existence-of-the-god-particle-dies-at-94/7563910.html

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Indian government’s release of guidelines for pilot projects utilizing green hydrogen in the transport sector marks a significant milestone in the nation’s pursuit of sustainable energy solutions.

EXPLANATION:

• This initiative, under the National Green Hydrogen Mission, underscores a commitment to reducing carbon emissions and fostering innovation in the transportation industry.
• The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) has issued guidelines for conducting pilot projects aimed at utilizing green hydrogen in transportation.
• These projects, supported by a total budgetary outlay of INR 496 crores until the financial year 2025-26, seek to establish a robust green hydrogen ecosystem in the transport sector.

Objectives of the Initiative

• Exploring Sustainable Alternatives:
  • The initiative aims to explore cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels by promoting the use of green hydrogen in vehicles.
• Carbon Emission Reduction:
  • By replacing conventional fuels with green hydrogen and its derivatives, the initiative seeks to reduce carbon emissions in the transport sector, contributing to India’s climate goals.
• Technology Development:
  • The pilot projects will focus on developing technologies for utilizing green hydrogen as a fuel in buses, trucks, and 4-wheelers, employing both fuel cell-based and internal combustion engine-based propulsion technologies.
• Infrastructure Development:
  • Emphasis will be placed on infrastructure development, including the establishment of hydrogen refueling stations, to support the widespread adoption of green hydrogen-powered vehicles.
• Innovation Support:
  • The initiative will support innovative approaches to reducing carbon emissions, such as blending methanol/ethanol based on green hydrogen and other synthetic fuels derived from it in automobile fuels.

Implementation Framework

• Under the National Green Hydrogen Mission, the MNRE will oversee the implementation of pilot projects in collaboration with the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways and Scheme Implementing Agencies (SIAs) nominated for this purpose.
• These projects will serve as a testing ground for green hydrogen technologies and pave the way for their commercial deployment.

Financial Outlay and Long-term Vision

• With a significant budgetary allocation of INR 496 crores until FY 2025-26, the initiative aims to catalyze the establishment of a sustainable green hydrogen ecosystem in the transport sector.
• Furthermore, the National Green Hydrogen Mission, launched with an outlay of INR 19,744 crores up to FY 2029-30, reflects India’s long-term commitment to achieving self-reliance through clean energy.

Anticipated Impact and Future Prospects

• As the production cost of green hydrogen continues to decline, its utilization in transportation is expected to witness a significant surge.
• This initiative is poised to drive innovation, create employment opportunities, and contribute to India’s transition towards a greener and more sustainable future.

National Green Hydrogen Mission:

• It is a program to incentivise the commercial production of green hydrogen and make India a net exporter of the fuel.
• The Mission will facilitate demand creation, production, utilization and export of Green Hydrogen.
• Its sub schemes are:
  • Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition Programme (SIGHT): It will fund the domestic manufacturing of electrolysers and produce green hydrogen.
  • Green Hydrogen Hubs: States and regions capable of supporting large scale production and/or utilization of hydrogen will be identified and developed as Green Hydrogen Hubs.
• Its comes under the Nodal Ministry: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
• It aims at developing green hydrogen production capacity of at least 5 MMT (Million Metric Tonne) per annum, alongside adding renewable energy capacity of about 125 GW (gigawatt) in India by 2030.
• It aims to entail over Rs 8 lakh crore of total investments and is expected to generate six lakh jobs.
• It will also lead to a cumulative reduction in fossil fuel imports by over Rs 1 lakh crore and an abatement of nearly 50 MT of annual greenhouse gas emissions.

SOURCE: https://www.energetica-india.net/news/government-releases-guidelines-for-pilot-projects-utilizing-green-hydrogen-in-transport-sector

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: Heat from El Niño can warm oceans off West Antarctica – and melt floating ice shelves from below.

EXPLANATION:

• Recent studies using satellite data have revealed that West Antarctic ice shelves experience a paradoxical phenomenon during El Niño events.
• While they gain height due to increased snowfall at the surface, they also lose mass as warm water melts the ice from below.
• This underscores the complex interplay between atmospheric and oceanic processes in shaping Antarctic climate dynamics.
• The dynamics of climate change are complex and multifaceted, with natural climate drivers like the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) playing a significant role in influencing regional weather patterns and global climate trends.
• In the context of Antarctica, the effects of El Niño on West Antarctic ice shelves have garnered attention due to their implications for sea level rise and the stability of the Antarctic ice sheet.
• West Antarctic ice shelves, floating extensions of the continent-sized glacier, are crucial components of the Antarctic ice sheet.
• These ice shelves play a critical role in regulating sea level by stabilizing the flow of ice from the continent into the ocean.
• However, they are vulnerable to melting from below when ocean temperatures rise, contributing to global sea level rise.

During El Niño, weaker winds along the coasts push less cold Antarctic surface waters towards the continent, allowing warmer Circumpolar Deep Water to flow to the base of the ice shelves. During La Niña, stronger winds drive a wedge of cold water up towards the continent, reducing the inflow of warm water.

Impact of El Niño on Antarctic Climate

• El Niño and its counterpart La Niña are phases of the ENSO cycle that influence weather patterns and ocean temperatures across the Pacific region and beyond.
• While Australians are familiar with the local effects of El Niño and La Niña, these climate drivers also have far-reaching impacts, including on Antarctica.

Mechanism of Influence

• During El Niño, convective thunderstorms in the Pacific Ocean generate atmospheric waves that propagate eastward and eventually reach Antarctica.
• These waves weaken the easterly winds off West Antarctica, allowing warm water from deeper ocean layers to flow onto the continental shelf and beneath the ice shelves.
• This influx of relatively warm water leads to increased melting of the ice shelves from below.

Challenges in Understanding

• Despite advancements in satellite observations and modeling techniques, several key questions remain unanswered.
• The precise mechanisms by which warm water reaches the base of ice shelves during El Niño events and the corresponding effects during La Niña phases are still being investigated.
• Additionally, the interaction of ENSO with other climate drivers further complicates the analysis of Antarctic climate variability.

Modeling Approaches

• To better understand the influence of El Niño on West Antarctic ice shelves, researchers employ high-resolution global ocean circulation models that incorporate ENSO anomalies.
• By simulating the effects of El Niño and La Niña on ocean currents and temperatures around Antarctica, scientists can elucidate the underlying mechanisms driving ice shelf melting.

During El Niño, high pressure anomalies in the Amundsen Sea (positive sea level pressure, SLP) weaken coastal easterly winds off West Antarctica, while La Niña brings the reverse.

Implications for the Future

• As climate projections indicate a trend towards more frequent and intense El Niño events, the warming of West Antarctic waters is expected to intensify.
• This heightened melting of ice shelves not only accelerates sea level rise but also raises concerns about the stability of the Antarctic ice sheet.
• Continued research is essential for accurately predicting and mitigating the consequences of these changes.

EL-NINO:

• El Niño is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific, as opposed to La Niña, which is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific.
• El Niño is an oscillation of the ocean-atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific having important consequences for weather around the globe.
• Among these consequences are increased rainfall across the southern tier of the US and in Peru, which has caused destructive flooding, and drought in the West Pacific, sometimes associated with devastating brush fires in Australia.
• Observations of conditions in the tropical Pacific are considered essential for the prediction of short term (a few months to 1 year) climate variations.

SOURCE: https://theconversation.com/heat-from-el-nino-can-warm-oceans-off-west-antarctica-and-melt-floating-ice-shelves-from-below-226233

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: ‘Carbon colonialism’ in Africa meets resistance as companies seek to sell carbon credits from conservation projects that often upend local livelihoods—or worse.

EXPLANATION:

• In Africa, particularly in countries like Liberia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Zambia, companies such as Blue Carbon have struck deals with governments to purchase land for conservation purposes.
• These agreements aim to preserve forests, which are crucial for mitigating climate change.
• However, they often lack transparency and fail to involve local communities in decision-making processes, leading to widespread resistance and allegations of human rights abuses.

Carbon colonialism:

• The term “carbon colonialism” refers to the exploitation of carbon offsetting mechanisms in ways that disproportionately affect Indigenous and local communities in Africa.
• It often leads to the upending of livelihoods and exacerbating social and environmental injustices.
• This phenomenon has gained attention in recent years as companies seek to profit from conservation projects by selling carbon credits while disregarding the rights and well-being of affected communities.

Case Studies and Impacts

• Liberia:
  • Indigenous communities like Neezuin in Liberia are facing threats to their land as the government enters agreements with companies like Blue Carbon without consulting them.
  • The lack of legal frameworks regarding carbon credits further exacerbates their vulnerability, leaving them without adequate protections.
• Kenya:
  • Similar issues arise in Kenya, where Indigenous populations have been evicted to make way for carbon credit projects, leading to conflicts and compromising their livelihoods and food security.
  • The lack of consent and transparency in these projects has drawn criticism from rights groups.
• Zimbabwe:
  • Blue Carbon’s presence in Zimbabwe also raises concerns, as the company plans to develop projects covering a significant portion of the country’s land.
  • The opacity surrounding these agreements adds to the uncertainty about their potential impacts on local communities.

Carbon offsetting:

• Carbon offsets work like a game of Monopoly, except instead of money, companies deal in carbon emissions. A company gets “carbon credits” for investment in offset projects, tokens which represent an amount of carbon dioxide which would have been funnelled out of the atmosphere due to these initiatives.
• Each credit is equal to a metric ton of CO2, which would have caused global warming. These credits allow companies to continue emitting carbon in one place (say, aeroplane travel), with the promise their offsets are reducing emissions elsewhere (in distant rainforests).
• The voluntary carbon-offset market is expected to grow from $2 billion in 2020 to around $250 billion by 2050,
• The United Nations in 2008 formalised this idea by setting up the Reducing Emissions From Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), believing that the incentives from offsetting will help nations achieve climate goals.
• There are also blind spots built into the offset system. The voluntary carbon offset market is self-regulated: there are middlemen in the form of organisations like REDD+ that connect credit buyers and sellers. There are “certification” standards set by companies like Verra which allow companies to create and register their carbon-offsetting projects (the Gold Standard is considered among the most rigorous credit programs).
• Offset programs work only when they remove or reduce carbon emissions that wouldn’t have been eliminated otherwise, what is called “additionality”. Proving additionality is a structural challenge, for it is hard to track the genuine progress of activities on the ground.

Critiques of Carbon Offsetting

• Effectiveness:
  • The effectiveness of carbon offsetting itself is debated, with concerns about the concept of “additionality.”
  • Projects may claim to reduce carbon emissions, but in many cases, these reductions may have occurred naturally or through existing conservation efforts, rendering the credits generated questionable.
• Environmental Impact:
  • There are doubts about the long-term environmental impact of carbon offset projects, as forests may release stored carbon back into the atmosphere over time due to natural processes or human activities like logging.
• Social Consequences:
  • The pursuit of carbon offsetting projects may inadvertently contribute to further deforestation and displacement, as affected communities seek alternative means of livelihood, perpetuating a cycle of environmental degradation and social injustice.

Challenges and Responses

• Legal Frameworks:
  • The absence of clear legal frameworks governing carbon credits in many African countries leaves Indigenous and local communities vulnerable to exploitation.
  • Governments must prioritize the development of regulations that protect the rights and interests of these communities.
• Transparency and Consent:
  • Companies like Blue Carbon must engage in transparent and inclusive processes that involve meaningful consultation with affected communities before undertaking conservation projects.
  • Prior, informed consent should be a fundamental principle guiding these initiatives.
• International Oversight:
  • International organizations like the United Nations have a role to play in ensuring that carbon offsetting initiatives adhere to principles of equity, justice, and sustainability.
  • Efforts to establish global standards for carbon markets should prioritize the interests of marginalized communities.

SOURCE: https://fortune.com/2024/04/07/environment-carbon-colonialism-africa/

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: For the first time since its inception, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) announced its ‘Vision for Regional Security’ at a ceremony held in its headquarters in Riyadh.

EXPLANATION:

Key highlights of the Vision for Regional Security:

• It is based on the principles of shared destiny and indivisible security of the member states and any threat to one is a threat to all.
• Emphasises joint efforts to avoid use of force and prioritise dialogue and negotiation to resolve their differences.
• Urges member states to combat terrorism, extremism, and money laundering.
• It urges member states to support international and regional efforts on non-proliferation and make the region free of weapons of mass destruction.
• Activate Arab Peace Initiative to reach a just resolution of Palestinian cause in accordance with 2-state solution.
• Climate change, water and food security, energy security, defending economic resources, and creating investment opportunities have also been prioritised.

Significance of the ‘Vision for Regional Security’

• It represents a call to action for all parties to collaborate towards a secure and prosperous future.
• It offers an opportunity to member states to resolve historical regional conflicts such as Palestinian problem, etc.

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC):

• The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf also known as the Gulf Cooperation Council is a regional, intergovernmental, political, and economic union comprising Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

• The council’s main headquarters is located in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia.
• The Charter of the GCC was signed on 25 May 1981, formally establishing the institution.
• All current member states are monarchies, including three constitutional monarchies (Qatar, Kuwait, and Bahrain), two absolute monarchies (Saudi Arabia and Oman), and one federal monarchy (the United Arab Emirates, which is composed of seven member states, each of which is an absolute monarchy with its own emir).

SOURCE: https://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/GCCs-Vision-for-Regional-Security-PKPradhan-05042024#:~:text=For%20the%20first%20time%20since,Riyadh%20on%2028%20March%202024

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) system has emerged as a crucial component in ensuring the transparency and integrity of the electoral process.

EXPLANATION:

• However, debates persist regarding the extent of verification required for VVPAT slips, with political parties and election authorities offering differing perspectives.

Origins and Functionality of VVPAT:

• The inception of VVPAT can be traced back to 2010 when the Election Commission of India (ECI) initiated discussions with political parties to enhance the transparency of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs).
• The VVPAT system, attached to the ballot unit of EVMs, provides voters with a paper slip displaying their chosen candidate’s details.
• This slip serves as a tangible record of the vote cast, offering voters and political parties an additional layer of confidence in the electoral process.
• The demand for increased verification of VVPAT slips stems from the need to ensure the accuracy and fairness of election results.
• Political parties, civil society organizations, and electoral watchdogs advocate for heightened scrutiny of VVPAT slips to mitigate concerns over potential tampering or malfunctioning of EVMs.
• Verification of VVPAT slips is perceived as a safeguard against electoral malpractices, enhancing public trust in the democratic process.

Evolution of Verification Norms:

• Initially, the ECI mandated the counting of VVPAT slips from one randomly selected polling station per Assembly constituency.
• However, following legal challenges and public pressure, the Supreme Court intervened, directing the ECI to increase the number of polling stations subject to VVPAT verification to five per Assembly seat.
• This adjustment was made to enhance the robustness of the verification process and address concerns raised by stakeholders regarding the integrity of elections.

Challenges and Considerations for Expanded Verification:

• Despite calls for increased verification, the ECI has expressed reservations regarding the feasibility and practicality of counting a higher percentage of VVPAT slips.
• Infrastructure constraints, manpower shortages, and logistical challenges pose hurdles to scaling up VVPAT verification efforts.
• The ECI emphasizes the need to balance transparency with efficiency, highlighting the potential delays and resource implications associated with broader verification mandates.

Opposition’s Call for Widened Verification:

• Opposition parties advocate for the verification of a larger percentage, ranging from 50% to 100%, of VVPAT slips to bolster electoral transparency and accountability.
• The demand for heightened scrutiny reflects concerns over the accuracy and reliability of EVMs, particularly in light of past controversies and legal disputes.
• Opposition alliances have presented resolutions urging the ECI to prioritize electoral integrity by expanding VVPAT verification protocols.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-vvpat-was-brought-in-why-oppn-wants-all-slips-verified-9258995/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The study of the Sun’s inner corona remains a pivotal area of research for solar physicists. Leveraging rare celestial events like solar eclipses and advanced space missions such as India’s Aditya L1, scientists aim to deepen our understanding of the solar atmosphere and its dynamics.

EXPLANATION:

Solar Eclipses as Observational Windows:

• Solar eclipses provide a unique opportunity for solar physicists to study the Sun’s inner corona.
• During a total solar eclipse, the Moon acts as a perfect occulting agent, blocking the solar disk and revealing the otherwise elusive corona.
• This alignment allows for direct observation of important dynamics within the solar atmosphere, offering insights into phenomena like solar flares and coronal mass ejections.

The Role of Indian Solar Physicists in Eclipse Observations:

• A team of Indian solar physicists is currently in the United States to observe the April 8 total solar eclipse.
• Led by experts from the Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), the team aims to conduct multiple experiments and observations to capture images of the solar corona, particularly during the totality phase.
• By analyzing these observations, scientists hope to gain valuable insights into the behavior of the solar atmosphere.

Aditya L1 Mission: Enhancing Solar Study Capabilities:

• Aditya-L1 is a coronagraphy spacecraft designed and developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to study the solar atmosphere. It is India’s first dedicated solar mission.
• The spacecraft will be orbiting at about 1.5 million km from Earth in a halo orbit around the L1 Lagrange point between the Earth and the Sun.
• India’s Aditya L1 spacecraft, positioned at Lagrange Point 1 of the Earth-Sun system, offers a complementary platform for solar study.
• Equipped with seven payloads, including coronagraphs and spectrometers, Aditya L1 enables continuous and uninterrupted observations of the Sun’s corona.
• While ground-based observations during eclipses provide valuable data, Aditya L1 enhances our ability to study the Sun’s atmosphere under different conditions and from a unique vantage point.
• Unlike ground-based observations, Aditya L1’s view remains unobstructed during solar eclipses.
• Positioned at Lagrange Point 1, approximately 1.5 million kilometers from Earth, the spacecraft’s orbit ensures that it remains unaffected by the eclipse phenomena occurring on Earth.
• This uninterrupted view allows scientists to capture crucial data on the solar corona, complementing observations made from terrestrial observatories.

Experiments and Observations during the Eclipse:

• The Indian team plans to conduct high-cadence narrowband imaging observations of the solar corona using specific emission lines, such as Fe XIV 5303 °A.
• By capturing both on-band and off-band observations, scientists aim to investigate high-frequency oscillatory and variable phenomena within the solar atmosphere.
• These experiments not only contribute to our understanding of solar dynamics but also facilitate the calibration of instruments onboard Aditya L1, improving the accuracy of space-based observations.

Unique Insights from Solar Eclipses:

• Studying the solar atmosphere during a total solar eclipse offers distinct advantages over traditional observations.
• The natural occultation provided by the Moon allows for clear visualization of the inner corona, which is otherwise challenging to observe due to scattered light in artificial coronagraphs.
• By capitalizing on these rare events, scientists can uncover new insights into solar phenomena and refine our understanding of the Sun’s behavior throughout its 11-year solar cycle.

Solar Eclipse:

• Solar eclipses occur when the Sun, the Moon, and Earth line up, either fully or partially. Depending on how they align, eclipses provide a unique, exciting view of either the Sun or the Moon.
• A solar eclipse happens when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, casting a shadow on Earth that either fully or partially blocks the Sun’s light in some areas.
• This only happens occasionally, because the Moon doesn’t orbit in the exact same plane as the Sun and Earth do.
• The time when they are aligned is known as eclipse season, which happens twice a year.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/solar-eclipse-study-sun-aditya-l1-view-india-9258200/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recent research published in The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology has provided compelling evidence linking high glycemic index (GI) diets with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

EXPLANATION:

• This comprehensive study, conducted across multiple continents, sheds light on the intricate relationship between dietary choices, GI, and diabetes risk.

Understanding Glycemic Index and Load:

• Glycemic index (GI) is a measure that ranks carbohydrate-containing foods based on their postprandial blood glucose response.
• Foods with a higher GI led to a more significant increase in blood sugar levels. Glycemic load (GL), on the other hand, considers both the quality and quantity of carbohydrates in a specific food item.
• It is calculated by multiplying the GI by the amount of carbohydrate in a serving.

Controversies Surrounding GI and Diabetes:

• Despite the intuitive connection between high GI diets and blood sugar levels, the association with diabetes has been a subject of debate.
• Previous evidence has been limited, and the applicability to larger populations has been questioned.
• The Lancet study seeks to address these controversies by providing robust evidence from a diverse cohort.

Study Design and Participants:

• The study, part of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) project, involved 127,594 adults aged 35–70 years from 20 countries across different income levels.
• Participants were free from known diabetes at baseline and were followed up for nearly 12 years.
• Their dietary intake was assessed using country-specific food frequency questionnaires, and GI and GL were estimated based on carbohydrate intake from seven food categories.

Key Findings:

• After the follow-up period, 7,326 cases of type 2 diabetes were identified.
• The analysis revealed a significant association between dietary GI and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
• Individuals with diets higher in GI were found to have a heightened risk of diabetes.
• Moreover, participants with higher GL were also at increased risk compared to those with lower GL.
• Interestingly, the study observed that the association between GI and diabetes risk was particularly pronounced among individuals with a higher Body Mass Index (BMI).
• This highlights the interplay between dietary factors and metabolic health, emphasizing the importance of personalized dietary recommendations tailored to individual characteristics.

Implications for Diabetes Prevention:

• The study’s findings suggest that adopting low GI and low GL diets may serve as a preventive measure against the development of type 2 diabetes.
• By choosing foods that result in lower postprandial blood glucose levels, individuals can potentially mitigate their diabetes risk, especially those with higher BMIs or family histories of the condition.

Diabetes:

• Diabetes is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high.
• Glucose is your body’s main source of energy. Your body can make glucose, but glucose also comes from the food you eat.
• Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that helps glucose get into your cells to be used for energy.
• If you have diabetes, your body doesn’t make enough—or any—insulin, or doesn’t use insulin properly. Glucose then stays in your blood and doesn’t reach your cells.
• Diabetes raises the risk for damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart. Diabetes is also linked to some types of cancer.
• Taking steps to prevent or manage diabetes may lower your risk of developing diabetes health problems.

Type 2 diabetes

• If one has type 2 diabetes, the cells in the body don’t use insulin properly.
• The pancreas may be making insulin but is not making enough insulin to keep your blood glucose level in the normal range.
• Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. One is more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you have risk factors, such as overweight or obesity, and a family history of the disease. One can develop type 2 diabetes at any age, even during childhood.
• Type 2 diabetes can be delayed or prevented by knowing the risk factors and taking steps toward a healthier lifestyle, such as losing weight or preventing weight gain.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/lancet-paper-provides-proof-for-undeniable-link-between-high-glycaemic-index-and-diabetes/article68043423.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The absence of a tail is a distinctive feature of apes, setting them apart from monkeys. While all mammals develop a tail at some point during embryonic development, apes lose theirs in utero, leaving behind vestigial vertebrae known as the coccyx or tailbone. The evolutionary origin of this phenomenon remained a mystery until recent breakthrough research shed light on a pivotal DNA change occurring 25 million years ago.

EXPLANATION:

Unraveling the Genetic Basis of Tail Loss:

• Researchers identified a crucial DNA insertion event between segments of the TBXT gene (a gene already known as one of many involved in tail formation in monkeys) that led to the loss of tails in apes.
• This insertion prevented the production of a functional protein necessary for tail formation.
• The TBXT gene, known for its role in tail formation in monkeys, became a focal point of investigation.

The Role of ‘Junk’ DNA:

• Previously dismissed as non-functional, ‘junk’ DNA has emerged as a critical regulator of gene expression and genome stability.
• Within this non-coding region, primate-specific transposable elements, such as the Alu element, play a significant role.
• Despite its small size, the Alu element’s ability to insert and replicate within the genome has far-reaching consequences, as demonstrated by its involvement in the tail loss of apes.

The Alu Accident:

• Approximately 25 million years ago, an Alu insertion event occurred in the zygote of an ancient ape ancestor, altering the genetic code responsible for tail development.
• This chance event, with a probability of one in a million, became permanently imprinted in the DNA of all subsequent ape species, marking the divergence of apes from their tailed ancestors.

Functional Implications of the TBXT Mutation:

• The Alu insertion disrupted the stitching together of gene segments, resulting in a defective TBXT protein incapable of promoting tail formation.
• Experimental evidence using mouse embryos engineered to express the mutated TBXT confirmed its role in tail loss, providing crucial insights into the evolutionary consequences of this genetic alteration.

Beyond Tail Loss:

• The impact of the TBXT mutation extended beyond tail loss, leading to neural tube defects and necessitating compensatory genomic changes.
• These adaptations underscore the intricate interplay between genetic mutations and evolutionary pressures, highlighting nature’s ability to capitalize on rare events to drive species divergence and adaptation.

Implications for Human Evolution:

• The loss of the tail has been linked to the emergence of bipedalism in human ancestors, though the exact evolutionary advantage remains speculative.
• Nonetheless, the evolutionary significance of the TBXT mutation lies in its role as a catalyst for the divergence of apes, including humans, and their subsequent dominance on Earth.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, KINDLY REFER TO THE 8^TH APRIL 2024 DNA TOPIC.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/a-freak-dna-change-25-million-years-ago-is-why-humans-lack-tails/article68042314.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A recent study published in the journal Science Advances has shed light on the alarming threat posed by mining activities to Africa’s great apes.

EXPLANATION:

• It was led by researchers from the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research and Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, in collaboration with the conservation organization Re:wild.
• The study underscores the significant risk faced by gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and orangutans due to mining operations across the continent.

Extent of Threat

• The study reveals that nearly 180,000 individuals, representing more than a third of Africa’s great ape population, are either directly or indirectly threatened by mining activities, both currently and in the foreseeable future.
• The intersection of mining areas with critical habitats, crucial for the biodiversity of these species, is particularly concerning, with approximately 20% of mining areas overlapping with such habitats.

Regional Disparities

• West Africa emerges as a region of heightened concern, with up to 82% of the great ape population residing near operational or pre-operational mining sites.
• Countries like Liberia, Sierra Leone, Mali, and Guinea are identified as particularly vulnerable, with high proportional overlaps between ape population abundance and mining areas.
• For instance, in Guinea, over 23,000 chimpanzees could be impacted, potentially affecting up to 83% of the country’s ape population.

Drivers of Threat

• The study highlights the burgeoning demand for critical minerals, essential for clean energy transitions, as a key driver behind the mining boom in Africa.
• This demand incentivizes the exploitation of untapped resources, leading to deforestation and habitat destruction in great ape habitats.
• Additionally, inadequate protection of sensitive areas, characterized by high ape and mining densities, exacerbates the threat faced by these species.

Methodology and Findings

• Researchers employed primates as a case study to quantify the impact of industrial mining on wildlife populations, establishing 10-kilometer buffer zones around mining sites to account for direct impacts such as habitat destruction, as well as indirect impacts like light and noise pollution.
• The study’s findings underscore the significant negative impact of mining activities on ape populations in and around operational and pre-operational mining sites across 17 African countries.

Implications for Conservation

• The study underscores the urgent need for enhanced conservation efforts to protect Africa’s great apes from the detrimental effects of mining activities.
• Strengthening environmental regulations and ensuring compliance with international standards, particularly in regions with high ape and mining densities, is imperative.
• Moreover, proactive measures to mitigate habitat loss and fragmentation, coupled with sustainable mining practices, are essential to safeguarding the long-term survival of these iconic species amidst increasing anthropogenic pressures.

Great Apes:

• The gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo, and orangutan are called great apes in recognition of their comparatively large size and humanlike features; the gibbons are called lesser apes.
• The great apes are much more intelligent than monkeys and gibbons. Great apes, for example, are able to recognize themselves in mirrors (monkeys and other nonhumans cannot, with the exception of bottlenose dolphins).
• They can also reason abstractly, learn quasi-linguistic communication, at least when taught by humans, and learn in captivity to make simple tools (though some populations of orangutans and chimpanzees make tools in the wild).
• The great apes were formerly classified in their own family, Pongidae, but, because of their extremely close relation to humans and the fact that orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees are not as closely related to each other as chimpanzees are to humans, all are now grouped with humans in the family Hominidae.
• Within this family, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans make up the subfamily Homininae, while orangutans are placed in their own subfamily, Ponginae. Within Homininae, humans are often placed in their own “tribe,” Hominini.
• Also placed in distinct tribes are gorillas (tribe Gorillini) and chimpanzees (tribe Panini).
• All nonhuman apes have been classified as endangered species.

Great apes

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/nearly-180-000-of-africa-s-great-apes-face-threats-due-to-mining-study-95441

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The release of eight captive-bred eastern bristlebirds into the wild at Border Ranges National Park marks a significant milestone in conservation efforts to save this critically endangered species.

EXPLANATION:

• Led by collaboration between government agencies and wildlife sanctuaries, the program aims to bolster the northern population of eastern bristlebirds, which faces imminent extinction due to habitat loss and fragmentation.

Species Status and Threats

• The eastern bristlebird population is dwindling, with fewer than 2,500 individuals remaining in the wild.
• The northern population, particularly vulnerable and critically endangered, is estimated to consist of fewer than 50 individuals.
• Habitat degradation, habitat loss, and invasive species pose significant threats to their survival.
• The captive breeding and release program represent a proactive response to mitigate these threats and prevent the extinction of the species.

Collaborative Conservation Initiative

• The success of the captive breeding and release program hinges on collaboration among various stakeholders, including the NSW Department of Planning and Environment, Queensland’s Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary, and the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.
• Through concerted efforts, the program seeks to augment the genetic diversity and resilience of the northern population of eastern bristlebirds, thereby ensuring the long-term viability of the species.

Release and Monitoring

• Each released bird is equipped with a radio transmitter and identification bands to facilitate monitoring and tracking in the wild.
• Early observations reveal promising signs of the captive-bred birds integrating and bonding with the wild population, fostering optimism among conservationists.
• The program’s success is underscored by the careful preparation and acclimatization of the birds to their natural habitat, ensuring their ability to survive and thrive in the wild.

Preparation for Survival

• Extensive measures are undertaken to prepare captive-bred birds for life in the wild.
• These include weaning the birds from parental care, familiarizing them with wild foods and foraging behaviors, and simulating natural habitats to encourage socialization and adaptation.
• Such preparatory measures enhance the birds’ chances of survival and successful integration into the wild population, contributing to the overall success of the conservation program.

Future Directions

• The captive breeding and release program are part of a broader conservation strategy aimed at restoring habitat and population levels of eastern bristlebirds.
• With plans for biannual releases over the next nine years, the program demonstrates a long-term commitment to species recovery and ecosystem restoration.
• Concurrent efforts to restore grassy understorey habitats are integral to the program’s success, highlighting the importance of habitat restoration in species conservation.

Border Ranges National Park:

• The Border Ranges National Park is a protected national park that is located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia.
• A small portion of the national park is also located in South East Queensland. The 31,729-hectare (78,400-acre) park is situated approximately 150 kilometres (93 mi) south of Brisbane, north of Kyogle.
• The park is part of the Shield Volcano Group World Heritage Site Gondwana Rainforests of Australia inscribed in 1986 and added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2007.
• The Border Ranges region, which includes the McPherson Range, Tweed Range, Lamington Plateau and Levers Plateau, were formed from the erosion of the Tweed Volcano over many years.
• A number of volcanic plugs remain in the Border Ranges National Park.

Eastern bristlebird:

• The eastern bristlebird (Dasyornis brachypterus) is a species of bird in the bristlebird family, Dasyornithidae.
• It is endemic to Australia. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, temperate shrubland, and temperate grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
• The eastern bristlebird is very territorial and will often use a distinct, loud melodic song to mark its territory.
• Surveys have found the bird prefers to live in small, localised populations, and prefer to build their nests on the ground in areas of dense, clumped grasses.
• This species is often found in open woodland, adjacent to rainforest. Preferred habitats tend to be dominated by a Eucalyptus canopy with a dense ground cover.
• This species feeds predominantly on invertebrates, usually ants, beetles, cockroaches, orthopteran and caterpillars. Individuals also eat a large number of seeds and fruits.
• It has been listed as Vulnerable as per the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

SOURCE: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-04-07/breeding-program-for-endangered-eastern-bristlebird-nsw/103638762

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The study conducted by the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) sheds light on the remarkable resilience of coral reefs, particularly focusing on the remote Scott Reefs in northwest Australia.

EXPLANATION:

• Spanning over three decades, the research encompasses various disturbances including cyclones and mass bleaching events triggered by marine heatwaves.
• By analyzing long-term data, researchers delineate cycles of collapse and recovery within coral populations, elucidating the critical role of time in facilitating reef regeneration.

Resilience and Recovery Dynamics

• Findings from the study underscore the intrinsic capacity of coral ecosystems to rebound from disturbances, exemplified by the observed patterns of coral regeneration following bleaching events.
• An Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) coral scientist emphasizes the importance of temporal intervals between disturbances for facilitating recovery.
• However, the study warns that recurrent and frequent disturbances, as projected in future climate scenarios, pose a grave threat to coral resilience, potentially leading to ecosystem collapse.

Genetic Diversity as a Buffer

• Genetic analyses conducted as part of the research reveal that coral diversity remains intact over time, a crucial factor in bolstering resilience against climate change.
• The significance of genetic diversity in fueling adaptation and enhancing the ability of coral reefs to withstand environmental stressors has been highlighted.
• The study underscores the importance of preserving genetic diversity, especially in remote reef systems like Scott Reefs, to sustain healthy coral populations and promote long-term resilience.

Implications for Larger Reef Systems

• The insights gleaned from the study hold broader implications for coral reef ecosystems worldwide, including the iconic Great Barrier Reef.
• By elucidating fundamental ecological processes and evolutionary dynamics, the research offers valuable lessons that can inform conservation and management strategies for larger reef systems.
• The relevance of understanding resilience mechanisms in isolated reef ecosystems like Scott Reefs has been emphasized, which serve as microcosms for studying broader reef dynamics and informing conservation efforts.

Challenges and Future Projections

• Despite the current resilience demonstrated by coral reefs, the study underscores the looming threat posed by climate change-induced disturbances.
• There are challenges posed by recurrent mass bleaching events, exacerbated by factors such as El Niño conditions and climate change.
• While Western Australia’s coral reefs presently exhibit robust health, the long-term prognosis remains uncertain in the face of escalating climate-related pressures.

Corals and Coral Bleaching

• Coral reefs are vital ecosystems built by coral polyps, which have a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae algae.
• When water temperatures rise, corals expel these algae, leading to bleaching—a phenomenon where corals lose their vibrant colors and eventually die.
• Ocean acidification exacerbates bleaching by reducing calcium mineral availability for coral exoskeletons.

Types of coral reefs in India:

• Fringing reefs
  • Fringing reefs evolve and develop near the continent and remain close to the coastline. These reefs are separated from the coastline by small, shallow lagoons. They are the most commonly found reefs in the world.
• Barrier reefs
  • Barrier reefs are found offshore on the continental shelf. They usually run parallel to the coastline at some distance. A deep and wide lagoon is located between the coastline and the barrier reef.
• Atolls
  • Atolls are formed on mid-oceanic ridges. They are shaped circularly or elliptically and are surrounded by seas on all four sides and have shallow waters in the center called a lagoon.
• All the three major reef types occur in India. The mainland coast of India has two widely separated areas containing reefs: the Gulf of Kachchh in the northwest, which has some of the most northerly reefs in the world, and Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar in the southeast.
• In addition to these, there are patches of reef growth on the West Coast, for example, coral reefs at Malvan.
• The Andaman and Nicobar Islands have fringing reefs around many islands, and a long barrier reef (329 km) on the west coast.
• Little is known about these reefs, which may be the most diverse and pristine reefs in India. The Lakshadweep also has extensive reefs but these are also poorly explored.

Impact of Climate Change on Coral Reefs

• Global warming has resulted in widespread coral bleaching events, causing significant damage to coral reefs worldwide.
• The loss of coral reefs has severe repercussions for coastal communities, including those inhabiting coral islands like Lakshadweep, who rely on these ecosystems for livelihoods and protection from rising sea levels.

SOURCE: https://phys.org/news/2024-04-corals.html#google_vignette

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The detection of highly pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in dairy cows across six states in the United States heralds a concerning development in the ongoing global battle against avian influenza.

EXPLANATION:

• This multistate outbreak, initially observed in Texas and subsequently spreading to states like Kansas, Michigan, New Mexico, Idaho, and Ohio, underscores the potential for cross-species transmission of avian influenza viruses.
• The mild symptoms exhibited by the infected cattle highlight the challenges in early detection and containment, especially considering that cattle are not routinely tested for avian influenza.

Spillover Risk and Human Infections

• The occurrence of a human infection of H5N1 linked to contact with infected cows in Texas accentuates the looming threat of zoonotic spillover events.
• While the infected individual experienced mild symptoms and recovered following treatment with antivirals, the incident underscores the potential for human-to-animal transmission and highlights the vulnerability of individuals with prolonged exposure to infected animals, such as farm workers.
• Despite the relatively low risk of human infections, the sporadic nature of H5N1 outbreaks and the high case-fatality ratio underscore the importance of vigilant surveillance and public health measures.

Global Context and Genomic Insights

• The genomic sequencing of H5N1 strains from infected cows and the human case sheds light on the genetic makeup of the virus and its potential for adaptation in mammalian hosts.
• While both strains belong to clade 2.3.4.4b of H5N1, the human strain exhibits a minor mutation possibly associated with adaptation in mammals.
• However, the current evidence suggests that this mutation does not confer increased transmissibility among humans, mitigating immediate concerns regarding public health implications.
• Nevertheless, the global circulation of H5N1 in wild birds, coupled with sporadic infections in mammals, underscores the need for continued genomic surveillance and research to elucidate the mechanisms of viral transmission and adaptation across species boundaries.

Implications for Disease Management

• The outbreak of H5N1 in U.S. dairy cows necessitates a comprehensive and coordinated response to mitigate the spread of the virus and safeguard both animal and human health.
• Enhanced disease surveillance, coupled with stringent biosecurity measures in farms and livestock facilities, is imperative to prevent further transmission and contain the outbreak.
• Additionally, proactive measures to educate and protect individuals with occupational exposure to infected animals, such as farmers and veterinarians, are essential to minimize the risk of zoonotic transmission.

Future Directions and Research Imperatives

• The emergence of H5N1 in dairy cows underscores the dynamic nature of avian influenza viruses and the persistent threat they pose to global health security.
• Continued research into the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and host adaptation of H5N1 is essential to inform evidence-based strategies for disease control and prevention.
• Moreover, international collaboration and data sharing are paramount to monitor the evolution of avian influenza viruses and develop effective countermeasures to mitigate their impact on human and animal populations worldwide.

Bird flu and H5N1:

• Bird flu, also known as avian flu, refers to an infectious viral illness that mainly infects and spreads among poultry and some wild birds.
• There are different strains of bird flu virus, which have been circulating for a very long time among at least 100 bird species, including wild waterfowl, such as ducks and geese, without much harming them.
• From time to time, a form of the flu virus jumps from wild birds to poultry farms, and replicates in cramped warehouses of farmed birds.
• It then quickly evolves into a highly pathogenic flu virus that causes a larger wave of illness and death than usual among birds.
• The currently circulating type of H5N1 is one such highly pathogenic flu virus.
• It has “descended from a virus that caused an outbreak on a goose farm in Guangdong, China, in 1996.
• That virus — one of a type of virus known as H5N1 — was highly pathogenic and killed more than 40 per cent of the farm birds it infected.
• The new version of H5N1 first emerged in Europe in 2020 and then rapidly reached Europe, Africa, and Asia.
• By late 2021, it had spread to North America and in the fall of 2022, it appeared in South America.
• In February 2024, the virus stormed through mainland Antarctica.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/influenza-a-h5n1-detected-in-dairy-cows-in-six-states-in-the-us/article68032556.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY, GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: In a groundbreaking judgment, the Supreme Court of India has recognized the right against the adverse effects of climate change as a distinct fundamental right within the framework of the Indian Constitution.

EXPLANATION:

• Chief Justice eloquently articulated that this right, while closely intertwined with the right to a clean environment, deserves explicit acknowledgment due to the escalating havoc wreaked by climate change.
• This assertion aligns with the ethos of Articles 14 (right to equality) and 21 (right to life), underpinning the core principles of justice and dignity enshrined in the Constitution.

Interplay of Fundamental Rights

• The Supreme Court astutely linked the right against climate change to the foundational principles of Articles 21 and 14.
• By emphasizing that the rights to life and equality inherently necessitate a clean and stable environment, the judiciary underscores the indivisibility of human rights and environmental protection.
• It elucidated that the right to health, a vital component of Article 21, is imperiled by climate change-induced phenomena such as air pollution, vector-borne diseases, and extreme weather events.
• The judgment cogently argues that the inability of marginalized communities to adapt to climate change infringes upon their right to life and equality, exacerbating existing socio-economic disparities.

Holistic Approach to Climate Change and Human Rights

• Furthermore, the court adopted a holistic approach, recognizing the intricate nexus between climate change and a plethora of human rights, including health, indigenous rights, gender equality, and the right to development.
• This enlightened perspective underscores the universality and interconnectedness of human rights, emphasizing that environmental degradation disproportionately affects marginalized and vulnerable communities.
• By delineating the right to a healthy environment as a fundamental human right, the judiciary aptly underscores its commitment to safeguarding the dignity and well-being of all citizens.

Solar Power as a Panacea

• In addressing the urgent imperative of mitigating climate change, the court extolled the virtues of solar power as a sustainable solution.
• India’s ambitious goal to achieve 500 GW of non-fossil-based electricity generation capacity by 2030 reflects a paradigm shift towards renewable energy sources.
• The court cogently argues that harnessing India’s vast solar potential not only mitigates environmental degradation but also fosters socio-economic development.
• By reducing reliance on fossil fuels, India enhances its energy security, curbs air pollution, and catalyzes sustainable growth, thereby reaping multifaceted benefits for its citizens.

Policy Imperatives and Legislative Lacunae

• While acknowledging governmental efforts to combat climate change through policies and regulations, the judgment underscores the absence of comprehensive legislation specifically addressing climate change in India.
• However, the judiciary unequivocally affirms that the absence of a dedicated legislative framework does not negate the inherent right of citizens to be protected against the adverse effects of climate change.
• This assertion reiterates the judiciary’s role as the custodian of constitutional rights, ensuring that the imperatives of environmental protection are enshrined within the legal framework.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/right-against-climate-change-a-distinct-fundamental-and-human-right-sc-judgment/article68041693.ece

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) celebrated its 75th anniversary on April 4, 2024, reflecting on its historical significance, current challenges, and future prospects.

EXPLANATION:

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO):

• NATO is a Western security alliance founded on April 4, 1949.
• NATO’s main headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium, while NATO’s military headquarters are in Mons, Belgium.
• Its 12 founding members are Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States.
• They signed the Washington Treaty, which gets its power from Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, “which reaffirms the inherent right of independent states to individual or collective defence.”
• At the very heart of the alliance is the concept of “collective security” – an attack on any of the members is seen as an attack on all of them and demands collective action.
• This was deemed necessary in 1949 amid the Cold War rivalry between the then USSR and the US, over ideological and economic superiority.
• Article 5 of the Washington Treaty, on collective security, was added “to counter the risk that the Soviet Union would seek to extend its control of Eastern Europe to other parts of the continent.”
• The USSR also aimed to shore up allies and in 1955, the Warsaw Pact was constituted as an alliance of socialist countries.
• However, it doesn’t necessitate direct military intervention constituting all members.
• The scale of action is dependent on each member country “as it deems necessary”.
• The only time the article has been invoked so far was following the September 11, 2001 attacks on the US. NATO forces were sent to Afghanistan and deployed for nearly 20 years.

Membership

• Over the years, NATO has expanded its membership significantly.
• Originally the founding members were 12.
• NATO Member countries are:
  • Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Türkiye, United Kingdom, United States.

Challenges Facing NATO

• NATO faces a multitude of challenges in the contemporary geopolitical landscape.
• One of the most pressing issues is the tensions with Russia, highlighted by Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, which many attribute at least partially to NATO’s expansion.
• This expansion has prompted direct confrontation, as acknowledged by Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov.
• Additionally, internal disagreements among member states pose challenges. Disparities in defense spending, as emphasized by former U.S. President Donald Trump, create strains within the alliance.
• Former U.S. President’s insistence on member countries meeting the 2% GDP spending target exacerbated tensions, leading to concerns about the future of the alliance.
• Furthermore, there are strategic divergences between European allies and the United States, as pointed out by French President, indicating a lack of strategic coordination within the alliance.
• These tensions are further exacerbated by issues such as human rights concerns, as evidenced by Turkey’s objections to the entry of Sweden and Finland into NATO.

Future Prospects

• Looking ahead, NATO faces a pivotal moment in its history.
• The ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia underscores the need for a cohesive and unified response from NATO member states.
• Efforts to enhance defense spending and strengthen collective security measures are imperative for the alliance’s continued relevance and effectiveness.
• Secretary-General has proposed plan to ensure that all NATO members meet the 2% spending target by the end of 2024 demonstrates a commitment to addressing internal disparities.
• Moreover, initiatives such as the proposed $107 billion fund for Ukraine signify NATO’s willingness to confront external threats and support partner nations in the face of aggression.
• However, uncertainties loom, particularly regarding the future trajectory of U.S. foreign policy under new administrations.
• The possibility of a return to isolationist tendencies, as articulated by former President, raises concerns about U.S. commitment to NATO and collective defense obligations.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/nato-at-75-purpose-members-challenges-9253642/

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: On April 5, an earthquake with a preliminary magnitude of 4.8 struck near New York City, surprising residents in a region unaccustomed to major seismic activity.

EXPLANATION:

• Unlike areas on the West Coast, such as California, where earthquakes are more common due to their proximity to tectonic plate boundaries, the East Coast, including New York, experiences fewer earthquakes.
• This event raises questions about the causes of earthquakes in the region and why they are rare occurrences.

Causes of the New York Earthquake

• The exact fault line responsible for the earthquake is unclear.
• Fault lines are fractures in the Earth’s crust that allow tectonic plates to move, resulting in earthquakes.
• The Ramapo Fault in New Jersey, stemming from the Appalachian Mountains, is a major fault line in the area.
• Additionally, there are at least five smaller fault lines under Manhattan.
• However, pinpointing the specific fault line of an earthquake on the East Coast is challenging due to the absence of nearby plate boundaries for study.

Rareness of Earthquakes in New York

• Geographic Location:
  • Unlike the West Coast, which is near tectonic plate boundaries, the East Coast is not located near these boundaries.
  • Historically, the land that is now New York experienced significant seismic activity due to continental collisions millions of years ago.
  • However, the fault lines in the region have become less active over time.
• Stress Release:
  • Earthquakes on the East Coast, including New York, are often attributed to the release of stress accumulated from previous geological events.
  • The settling down of stresses from past seismic activity contributes to occasional earthquakes in the region.
  • These earthquakes are a result of the gradual settling of stresses over time.
• Long-term Effects:
  • The seismic activity experienced on the East Coast, while infrequent, is a remnant of geological processes from millions of years ago.
  • The gradual release of stress from these processes continues to manifest in occasional earthquakes, albeit on a smaller scale compared to regions near active plate boundaries.

Earthquake:

• Earthquakes are the result of sudden movement along faults within the Earth. The movement releases stored-up ‘elastic strain’ energy in the form of seismic waves, which propagate through the Earth and cause the ground surface to shake.
• Such movement on the faults is generally a response to long-term deformation and the buildup of stress.
• Seismic waves from large earthquakes pass throughout the Earth. These waves contain vital information about the internal structure of the Earth.
• As seismic waves pass through the Earth, they are refracted, or bent, like rays of light bend when they pass through a glass prism.
• The Earth’s outermost layer is fragmented into about 15 major slabs called tectonic plates. These slabs form the lithosphere, which is comprised of the crust (continental and oceanic) and the upper part of the mantle.
• Tectonic plates move very slowly relative to each other, typically a few centimeters per year, but this still causes a huge amount of deformation at the plate boundaries, which in turn results in earthquakes.

What drives the movement of tectonic plates?

• Below the tectonic plates lies the Earth’s asthenosphere. The asthenosphere behaves like a fluid over very long-time scale. There are a number of competing theories that attempt to explain what drives the movement of tectonic plates.
• Mantle convection currents: warm mantle currents drive and carry plates of lithosphere along a like a conveyor belt.
• Ridge push (buoyant upwelling mantle at mid-ocean ridges): newly formed plates at oceanic ridges are warm, so they have a higher elevation at the oceanic ridge than the colder, more dense plate material further away; gravity causes the higher plate at the ridge to push away the lithosphere that lies further from the ridge.
• Slab pull: older, colder plates sink at subduction zones because, as they cool, they become denser than the underlying mantle and the cooler, sinking plate pulls the rest of the warmer plate along behind it.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/why-earthquakes-are-rare-in-new-york-9253858/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has announced its intention to review the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) framework to enhance liquidity risk management by banks.

EXPLANATION:

• This move comes in response to recent incidents in various jurisdictions highlighting the increased ability of depositors to swiftly withdraw funds during times of stress using digital banking channels.
• RBI Governor emphasized the need to reevaluate certain assumptions under the LCR framework in light of emerging risks posed by digital banking channels.
• The ability of depositors to quickly withdraw or transfer funds during periods of stress underscores the importance of ensuring that banks maintain adequate liquidity to meet their obligations.

Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) Framework

• The liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) refers to the proportion of highly liquid assets held by financial institutions, to ensure their ongoing ability to meet short-term obligations.
• This ratio is essentially a generic stress test that aims to anticipate market-wide shocks and make sure that financial institutions possess suitable capital preservation, to ride out any short-term liquidity disruptions that may plague the market.
• The LCR was introduced as part of the Basel III reforms following the 2008 global financial crisis and was finalised by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in January 2013
• LCR = High-Quality Liquid Asset Amount (HQLA) / Total Net Cash Flow Amount
• Under the LCR framework, banks are mandated to maintain a stock of high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) to cover their net cash outflows over a 30-day period under stressed conditions.
• These liquid assets include cash, short-term bonds, and other cash equivalents.
• The LCR requirement encompasses excess SLR and Marginal Standing Facility (MSF), which serves as an emergency liquidity window provided by the RBI to banks for obtaining overnight liquidity.
• Banks have been required to maintain an LCR of 100% since January 1, 2019.
• Additionally, all assets eligible under the SLR are permitted to be counted as HQLAs for meeting the LCR requirement.

Need for Redefining LCR

• Recent incidents involving US-based banks experiencing significant fund withdrawals within hours via digital channels have highlighted the need to reassess the LCR framework.
• While the 100% LCR limit is not expected to be adjusted, there may be revisions in the treatment of various asset classes under the LCR framework.
• The necessity for periodic reviews of LCR stipulations to ensure their effectiveness in addressing evolving risks and market dynamics has been emphasized.

Expected Outcomes of the Review

• The RBI’s review of the LCR framework may lead to adjustments in the treatment of different asset classes, either through relaxation or tightening measures.
• The objective is to ensure that banks maintain sufficient liquidity buffers to withstand potential stress scenarios effectively.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/rbi-to-review-framework-on-liquidity-coverage-ratio/amp-11712316713768.html

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Southern Ocean is known for having the cleanest air on Earth, and recent research has shed light on the factors contributing to this phenomenon.

EXPLANATION:

• Beyond the absence of human industrial activity, natural processes such as clouds, rain, and specific cloud patterns play crucial roles in maintaining low aerosol levels, thereby ensuring pristine air quality.

Role of Aerosols, Clean Air, Clouds and Rain

• Aerosols, comprising fine solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in the air, are a key determinant of air quality.
• In the atmosphere, these particles are mainly situated in the low layers of the atmosphere (< 1.5 km) since aerosol sources are located on the terrestrial surface.
• However, certain aerosols can still be found in the stratosphere, especially volcanic aerosols ejected into the high-altitude layers.
• Source of aerosols
  • Natural sources – sea salt generated from breaking waves, mineral dust blown from the surface by wind, and volcanoes.
  • Anthropogenic aerosols – sulphate, nitrate, and carbonaceous aerosols, and are mainly from fossil fuel combustion sources.
• Clean air is characterized by low levels of aerosols, irrespective of their source—whether natural or industrial.
• Clouds and rain play significant roles in regulating aerosol levels over the Southern Ocean by influencing the formation, growth, and removal of aerosol particles.
• Aerosol particles can serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), which are necessary for cloud droplet formation.
• The number, size, and composition of aerosol particles are crucial for determining the number of droplets in clouds, which in turn affects cloud albedo, precipitation, and radiative forcing.
• Cloud formation and rainfall effectively “scrub” aerosol particles from the atmosphere, contributing to the region’s clean air.

Challenges in Research

• One of the primary challenges in understanding the relationship between clouds, rain, and aerosols has been the lack of high-quality observations in the Southern Ocean.
• However, advancements in satellite technology have enabled researchers to study cloud patterns with unprecedented detail, leading to new insights into atmospheric processes.

Identification of Honeycomb Cloud Patterns

• Researchers developed a computer program to identify distinct cloud patterns over the Southern Ocean, particularly focusing on honeycomb-shaped cloud formations.
• These patterns, characterized by open and closed cells, play a crucial role in regulating climate by reflecting or allowing sunlight, respectively.
• Open honeycomb cells, indicative of less cloudy weather, are associated with more intense rain showers that effectively wash aerosol particles from the air.
• Surprisingly, these cells produce more rain than closed cells, contributing significantly to the cleanliness of the air.

Seasonal Variations and Weather Systems

• The prevalence of open honeycomb clouds, and thus effective rain showers, is higher during the winter months when the air over the Southern Ocean is at its cleanest.
• Large-scale weather systems, such as storms, influence the formation of these cloud patterns.

Implications and Future Research

• Understanding the role of clouds, rain, and specific cloud patterns in maintaining clean air over the Southern Ocean has implications beyond atmospheric science.
• It contributes to improving climate models and enhancing predictions related to aerosol distribution and air quality.

Sothern Ocean:

• The Southern Ocean (also known as the Antarctic Ocean) is one of the five great ocean basins on Earth.
• It was formed around 34 million years ago when Antarctica and South America drifted apart, creating the Drake Passage.
• The passage is located between the Antarctica Peninsula’s tip and South America.
• It is made up of the portions of the world ocean south of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans and their tributary seas surrounding Antarctica below 60° S.
• It is known for its strong winds, intense storms, dramatic seasonal changes and cold temperatures.
• It is dominated by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC): the longest, strongest, deepest-reaching current on earth.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/the-southern-ocean-has-the-earths-cleanest-air-scientists-finally-know-why/article68031586.ece

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: India’s abstention at the recent UN Human Rights Council (HRC) vote regarding Gaza ceasefire and arms embargo against Israel has drawn attention due to its diplomatic implications and geopolitical significance.

EXPLANATION:

• This decision reflects India’s stance on the Israel-Palestine conflict, its approach towards human rights issues, and its broader diplomatic priorities.
• India abstained from voting on the resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza and urging states to implement an arms embargo against Israel.
• This abstention aligns with India’s past voting behavior on resolutions critical of Israel that lack balance or fail to address broader concerns related to the conflict.

Reasons for Abstention

• India’s abstention appears consistent with its previous votes on similar resolutions at the HRC.
• The decision reflects India’s adherence to a diplomatic approach that prioritizes balanced resolutions addressing accountability on all sides.
• The resolution failed to condemn Hamas, which has been a consistent concern for India.
• This omission likely influenced India’s decision to abstain, as it seeks resolutions that hold all parties accountable for their actions.
• India’s abstention may also reflect concerns about the resolution’s one-sided condemnation of Israeli actions without addressing broader issues such as Hamas activities, which could perpetuate the cycle of violence in the region.

Analysis of Resolutions

• India voted in favor of three resolutions critical of Israel, addressing human rights violations against Palestinians, Israel’s occupation of Syrian Golan, and the Palestinian right to self-determination.
• This demonstrates India’s commitment to addressing human rights concerns in the region while maintaining a balanced approach.
• The adopted resolution demanded an immediate ceasefire in Gaza and called for an arms embargo against Israel.
• It condemned Israeli actions, including the blockade of Gaza and alleged ethnic cleansing, while calling for punitive measures against Israel.

Geopolitical Implications

• India’s decision aligns with its strategic partners and allies, including the United States and Israel, while maintaining diplomatic relations with countries critical of Israel’s actions.
• India’s stance on the Israel-Palestine conflict influences its relations with countries in the Middle East and its broader role in regional diplomacy.
• Abstention allows India to navigate complex regional dynamics without alienating key stakeholders.

United Nations Human Rights Council:

• It is an inter-governmental body within the United Nations responsible for promoting and protecting human rights worldwide.
• It was established in 2006 by the United Nations General Assembly, replacing the former United Nations Commission on Human Rights.
• The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) serves as the Secretariat and is based in Geneva, Switzerland.
• It consists of 47 United Nations Member States elected by the UN General Assembly.
• India was elected to the Council for a period of three years beginning 1st January 2019.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-abstains-at-human-rights-council-on-vote-calling-ceasefire-in-gaza-and-for-arms-embargo-against-israel/article68033720.ece

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Union Home Ministry has canceled the registration of five non-governmental organizations (NGOs) under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA) for alleged violations.

EXPLANATION:

• These NGOs include the Voluntary Health Association of India, CNI Synodical Board of Social Services, Indo-Global Social Service Society, Church’s Auxiliary for Social Action, and Evangelical Fellowship of India.

Reasons for Cancellation

• According to sources, the cancellation of FCRA registration implies that these NGOs will no longer be eligible to receive foreign contributions or utilize existing available funds.
• The cancellation was purportedly due to alleged violations of various FCRA provisions, including utilization of funds for activities not within their mandate.

Profile of Affected NGOs

• The canceled NGOs include prominent organizations such as the Voluntary Health Association of India, the Synodical Board of Social Services (CNI), the Indo-Global Social Service Society, the Church’s Auxiliary for Social Action, and the Evangelical Fellowship of India.
• These organizations have been involved in various social, health, and community development activities across the country.

Statistics on FCRA Registrations

• Data from the Home Ministry reveals a significant number of FCRA registrations being canceled since 2012, with a total of 20,721 cancellations.
• Tamil Nadu leads the list with 2,580 cancellations, followed by Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.
• Conversely, 4,905 FCRA registrations were issued or renewed during the same period, with Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Delhi, and Gujarat witnessing the highest number of registrations/renewals.

Foreign Contributions and NGO Operations

• Foreign contributions received by FCRA-registered associations or NGOs amounted to Rs 55,741.51 crore between the financial years 2019-2020 and 2021-2022.
• This underscores the significant financial inflow into NGOs for various social, developmental, and humanitarian causes.

Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA):

• The FCRA was brought during the Emergency in 1976 in a bid to create surveillance regime for the NGOs and put it under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
• For all such entities receiving foreign funds through foundations, corporate grants and so on, the FCRA license administered by the MHA became obligatory.
• It has not only continued thereafter but has also become a permanent feature for the scrutiny of foreign funds for such entities. The FCRA has been amended four times since then.
• FCRA Act, 2010 prohibits acceptance of foreign contribution by certain persons such as election candidate, editor or publisher of a newspaper, judge, government servant, MPs and MLAs, judges and political parties among others.
• FCRA (Amendment) Bill 2020 adds public servants ( as defined by IPC) to this list. He is any person who is in service or pay of the government, remunerated by the government for the performance of public duty.
• A person cannot transfer foreign contribution to any other person unless such persons is also registered to accept under FCRA act 2010.
• FCRA (Amendment) Bill 2020 prohibits to transfer of foreign contribution to any other person I.e. individual, association or registered company.
• Under FCRA Act, 2010 , a person may accept foreign contribution if they have:
  • Obtained a certificate of registration from central government or
  • Not registered, but obtained prior permission from the government to accept foreign contribution.
• Under FCRA (Amendment) Bill 2020, now, any person seeking prior permission, registration or renewal of registration must provide the Aadhaar number of all its office bearers, directors or key functionaries, as an identification document. In case of a foreigner, they must provide a copy of the passport or the Overseas Citizen of India card for identification.
• In 2010, the government tightened the FCRA in the wake of anti-nuclear protests driven by some human rights bodies in Tamil Nadu’s Kudankulam that were receiving foreign funds.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/home-ministry-cancels-registration-of-five-ngos-for-violation-of-fcra-9250053/