1. In Search of Heaven READ MORE
2. Conquer condescension READ MORE

1. What the rapid ice melt in West Antarctica means READ MORE
2. India’s, and the world’s, rivers are drying up READ MORE

1. Service learning is a catalyst for social change READ MORE
2. AWWs have a role to play in mitigating NDDs READ MORE  
3. Crucial concerns READ MORE

1. Money, money, money: As SC begins poll bonds hearing, note that political funding is a challenge no democracy has solved READ MORE
2. Steel frame faces threat of irreparable damage READ MORE
3. State legislatures can do what the SC could not READ MORE

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. IITM Pune demonstrates cloud seeding can produce rainfall READ MORE
2. Centre silent on ‘data leak’ from ICMR portal READ MORE
3. Tiny carbon ‘flowers’ turn light to heat at unrivalled efficiency, IIT team finds  READ MORE
4. RTI Act Will Become ‘Dead Letter’ : Supreme Court Directs States, Union To Fill Vacancies In Information Commissions READ MORE
5. COP28 Presidency: Triple renewable energy capacity, double energy efficiency by 2030 to limit global warming READ MORE
6. Forest Dept, Wildlife Trust to set up centralised mgt system to monitor crimes READ MORE
7. Akhaura-Agartala international rail link: First trial run of goods train between Bangladesh and Tripura completed successfully READ MORE
8. IEA World Energy Outlook 2023: Fossil fuel demand to peak by 2030, urgent investment shift needed READ MORE
9. India bans exports of some rice varieties: How this has impacted prices globally, in the country READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Service learning is a catalyst for social change READ MORE
2. What the rapid ice melt in West Antarctica means READ MORE
3. India’s, and the world’s, rivers are drying up READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Money, money, money: As SC begins poll bonds hearing, note that political funding is a challenge no democracy has solved READ MORE
2. Steel frame faces threat of irreparable damage READ MORE
3. State legislatures can do what the SC could not READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. AWWs have a role to play in mitigating NDDs READ MORE  
2. Crucial concerns READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Towards stabilisation of U.S.-China ties READ MORE
2. India should have made efforts for a consensus on the Gaza vote at the UN READ MORE
3. India, China war of positions in Maldives READ MORE
4. UN resolution lays bare global divide READ MORE
5. Shaping up India-South Korea relationship READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Third party trade can push Re settlement system READ MORE
2. By 2047, a $30 trillion economy READ MORE
3. Aim at a tax-to-GDP ratio of 20 per cent READ MORE
4. Navigating the unemployment conundrum in rural India READ MORE
5. RBI must see crypto as assets, not currencies. No one’s using it to buy grocery READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Indians are choking on pollution. How can it be stopped? READ MORE
2. Noxious breath READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. India’s space industry needs more private players READ MORE
2. Not humans, India should send less risky, cheaper AI-powered robots to space READ MORE
3. ISRO: Propelling India’s space industry READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Cyber attack: Preparation is the key READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. The expansion of settlements into flood-prone areas READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. In Search of Heaven READ MORE
2. Conquer condescension READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. According to a new study, the rapid melting of ice sheet in West Antarctica is now unavoidable. What is an ice sheet? Why does its melting matter?
2. India has always presented itself as a net security provider in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) but now, the intrusion of China in the IOR seems to be straining the arrangement. Examine the statement in the light of recent developments in IOR.
3. Critically analyse the recent developments in India-South Korea relations and discuss how with its pertinent pioneering streak it can play an active partake in India’s ambitious port modernisation, blue-economy and decarbonised green-shipping initiatives?
4. Discuss, how India’s Palestine policy evolved over the years and how in recent times India’ is seeking a ‘safe’ position, rather than taking a stand?

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• Any attempt to solve a conflict has to touch upon its very core; the core, more often than not, lies in its history.
• India has frequently demonstrated its commitment to being the first responder in the neighbourhood during any crisis.
• India has always presented itself as a net security provider in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). So far, both the Maldives and Sri Lanka have been happy with the arrangement. But now, the intrusion of China in the IOR seems to be straining the arrangement.
• Service learning, aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is essential for ushering in social change and development.
• Deep reflection empowers students to create positive social change with a clear understanding of community needs and systemic issues, shaping their future actions.
• Buoyant tax collections hold the key to keeping up the tempo of investment in building infrastructure and funding welfare schemes.
• South Korea with its pertinent pioneering streak can partake in India’s ambitious port modernisation, blue-economy and decarbonised green-shipping initiatives
• India’s abstention indicates a shift in the Modi government’s stand, seeking a ‘safe’ position, rather than taking a stand on the violence in Israel and Palestine.
• There is a glaring urgency to modernise transport and transit agreements between India and Nepal as per the changing fundamentals, aspirations and needs.
• The beauty and power of a parliamentary democracy is its capability for self renewal through periodic elections.
• Governments will come and go in a democracy. But once the permanent bureaucracy and institutions are sapped of their vigour of fair judgement, it will be almost impossible to repair these and the administration will forfeit people’s trust.

50-WORD TALK

• Indian Army should allow women Agniveers into non-combat arms to truly make itself a gender agnostic force. Armed forces in the 21st century cannot fall back on the centuries-old mindset that women cannot fight. There is no justification, including physical aspects, to deny entry to women in services, support arms.
• Supreme Court is justified in setting deadlines for Maharashtra assembly speaker Rahul Narwekar to dispose of disqualification petitions against Sena-NCP MLAs. He has been dilly-dallying it for too long. Speakers being non-partisan is a mistaken notion. It’s time to consider SC’s suggestion for an independent tribunal to decide disqualification cases.

 Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

window.wpAdvQuizInitList = window.wpAdvQuizInitList || []; window.wpAdvQuizInitList.push({ id: '#wpAdvQuiz_5', init: { quizId: 5, mode: 1, globalPoints: 10, timelimit: 0, resultsGrade: [0], bo: 0, qpp: 0, catPoints: [10], formPos: 0, lbn: "Finish quiz", json: {"21":{"type":"single","id":21,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[1,0,0,0]},"22":{"type":"single","id":22,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[1,0,0,0]},"23":{"type":"single","id":23,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[0,0,0,1]},"24":{"type":"single","id":24,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[0,1,0,0]},"25":{"type":"single","id":25,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[1,0,0,0]}} } });

THE CONTEXT: With elections around the corner, addressing political misinformation will understandably remain a policy priority. However, message traceability under the IT Rules, 2021, in the name of preserving election integrity, is a rising concern related to the issue of privacy.

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• The central government plans to rely on Rule 4(2) of the 2021 Information Technology Intermediary Guidelines to counter political deep fakes.
• A large part of regulation will be towards the intermediaries messaging services like WhatsApp, social media platforms like Facebook and video services like YouTube that mediate the relationship between users and online information.
• The Information Technology Amendment Rules of 2023 grant the union government the authority to remove any online content pertaining to its business that it deems to be false or misleading.
• Under these rules, social media platforms and intermediaries will be deprived of the protection of the safe harbour principle if they fail to comply with government orders.
• The use of vague words like “in respect of any business” raises concerns over its chilling effect on the right to freedom of speech and expression and right to privacy.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INTERMEDIARY GUIDELINES 2021

• These rules have been passed under the Information Technology Act, 2000 and supersede the previously enacted Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules 2011.
• Broadly, the IT Rules (2021) mandate social media platforms to exercise greater diligence with respect to the content on their platforms.
• They are required to establish a grievance redressal mechanism and remove unlawful and unfitting content within stipulated time frames.
• The rules stress the point that online content publishers and social media intermediaries should follow the Constitution of the country and subject themselves to domestic laws.

RULE 4(2) OF THE 2021 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INTERMEDIARY GUIDELINES

• The rule demands that all significant social media messaging entities must have the capability to identify the “first originator of the information” on their platform.
• Originator requests can then be invoked either under a court order or by the government using its powers to intercept, monitor or decrypt information.
• The stated purposes under Rule 4(2) are to aid in the prevention and investigation of certain types of serious offences. This includes threats to India’s sovereignty, security of the state, public order and sexual offences with imprisonment of over five years.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (INTERMEDIARY GUIDELINES AND DIGITAL MEDIA ETHICS CODE) AMENDMENT RULES 2023 

• Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) notified the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules 2023 to amend the IT Rules 2021.
• This amendment authorises the central government to designate a “fact check unit” to identify “fake or false or misleading” information in respect of “any business of the central government.”
• The flagged content must be removed by all intermediaries. These intermediaries include internet service providers (ISPs) and file hosting companies as well.
• If any intermediary fails to comply, they will be at risk of losing protections guaranteed by “Section 79 of the IT Act, 2000”. Section 79 of the IT Act, 2000 exempt intermediaries of liability for content posted by its users.

ISSUES ARISING OUT OF REGULATION

• Ample scope of misinterpretation: The listed ground for maintenance of public order leaves ample scope for misinterpretation by courts and the government. In this case, tracing encrypted messages can be used for varied purposes and is prone to misuse and can be an excessive intrusion.
• Issue with privacy: The provision is primarily meant to target end-to-end encrypted platforms though stated on reasonable grounds but there are issues of implementation. This tends to compromise the privacy of all messaging users in the hope of being able to penalise few. Also, according to the experts, traceability is also unlikely to serve its assigned purpose.
• Don’t define the first originator: The IT Rules, 2021 does not define the “first originator” of a message and is prone to be misinterpreted. For instance, a person who copies and pastes an existing message instead of using the forwarding function may become a new originator. Unsuspecting users would come under the fold of this provision, while real culprits can easily evade it by spoofing the identity of another user.
• Issue of fake news: Social and digital media have been found to amplify and accelerate the diffusion of misinformation, providing tools for propaganda at an unprecedented scale. Whether used voluntarily or maliciously, deep fakes in the electoral context run the risk of misleading users and influencing their actions.
• As a tool of polarisation: Misinformation has become instrument for political parties that is utilized to promote polarization. Therefore, this mechanics of political misinformation and its connections with public opinion formation is a vital challenge for democracy.

THE WAY FORWARD

• Need to implement standard practice: There is a need for implementation of standard practice for curbing fake news by bringing comprehensive parliamentary legislation. A lawfully enacted statute would have demanded consideration of less restrictive alternatives to removing misinformation.
• Steps by intermediaries: Intermediaries need to come forward and adopt self-regulatory measures to prevent the spread of fake news and misinformation. This can include setting up internal committees to monitor content and fact-checking websites to ensure accuracy to prevent misinformation.
• Collaborative Approach: There is a need to develop a concentrated and a collaborative approach by taking into the concerns of stakeholders like the government, intermediaries, and civil society organizations. This can include setting up a joint task force to identify and remove false information and promoting media literacy among the public.
• Free and fair election: It is high time that to ensure that the voting is not influenced but people need to vote with own preferences without any influence or bias. For these, measures need to be taken for effective use of social media in elections without any violation of individual rights.
• Ensuring privacy: The right to privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty underArticle 21.  It is a sensitive issue and need to be dealt with keeping in the interest of all the stakeholders with an independent and effective oversight mechanism.

THE CONCLUSION:

Though, high quality information and curb on misinformation is critical for the functioning of democracy but censorship in the name of fact checking undermines the democratic principles. Hence, a comprehensive guideline is necessary to put in effect to address both the issue of misinformation and user’s privacy.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy. (2017)

Q.2 “Recent amendments to the Right to Information Act will have a profound impact on the autonomy and independence of the Information Commission”. Discuss. (2020)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.1 The use of social media as an instrument for polarisation is increasingly being used by political parties. Discuss the impacts of misinformation and fake news on the integrity of the electoral process.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/remedy-worse-than-malaise-9002600/

THE CONTEXT: The crisis in Ukraine continues unabated even as new conflict has flared up in West Asia. Traditional and non-traditional security threats are interlocked and global deficits in peace, development, security and governance are growing.

CHINA AND INDIA RELATION:

• China and India share common thoughts on the future and destiny of mankind.
• The Chinese people have cherished the vision of “a world of fairness and justice for the common good” since ancient times.
• In the 1950s, China and India jointly initiated the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. which has turned into basic norms governing international relations.
• The Chinese people have cherished the vision of “a world of fairness and justice for the common good” since ancient times.
• The Silk Route played a significant role in the cultural exchange between India and other countries, as it facilitated the exchange of ideas, religions, and artistic styles. Buddhism, for instance, spread to Central Asia and China through the Silk Route.
• India exported 4,459 commodities to China in FY23. Major exported items from India to China include petroleum products, marine products, organic chemicals.
• India imported 7,484 commodities from China in FY23. Major items imported from China include electronic components, followed by computer hardware and peripherals, telecom instruments, organic chemicals and machinery for dairy.
• India is the biggest borrower in NDB, with 19 projects approved with a commitment of US$ 6.92 billion as of August 31, 2022.New Development Bank (NDB), which has established its office in Shanghai, opened its India Regional Office in Gujarat International Finance Tec-City in June 2022.

ISSUES:

 Border disputes: Border disputes between the two countries have existed since many years, and remain unresolved. While several territorial land pockets (14 divisions) along the 3488-km-long border, (Line of Actual Control) have come under dispute, the two main unresolved issues remain Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh.

Border Incursions: An immediate fallout of the several unresolved territorial claims by both nations, border incursions/intrusions have been a major stumbling block to improving relations between India and China.

Tibet: At the very heart of India’s relations with China is the unresolved issue of Tibet. In 1950, Chinese troops invaded Tibet to reclaim and re-assert its sovereignty (Tibet declared independence from China in 1913) over the region, which was confirmed after both parties signed the Seventeen Point Agreement.

String of pearls: It involves the development of commercial ports in various countries as part of its new “Silk Route”. The route, which China claims as an important trade corridor, extends from its naval base in Hainan Island (South China Sea) to Bagamayo in Tanzania, Africa, with several of the ports encircling mainland India. These include Hambantota (Sri Lanka), Gwadar (Pakistan), Chittagong (Bangladesh) and Marao Atoll (Maldives).

Water Dispute: While China is already involved in several water-sharing disputes with countries like Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam over the Mekong River, its plans to build several dams on the upper reaches of the Brahmaputra (known as Tsangpo in China) hasn’t gone down well with New Delhi. The Brahmaputra, which originates as Tsangpo in Tibet, is one of the major water resources in India’s north-east, especially as a source for irrigation and industry.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• With a third of the global population, China and India are natural partners in building a global community of a shared future.
• China and India could jointly work hand in hand with global development, security an civilisation initiatives to demonstrate the common will and resolution of the Global South countries.
• Practice true multilateralism.
• A balanced trade and economic relationship between India and China can serve as a strong foundation for future relations.China needs India as a trade partner for increasing its GDP and it cannot afford to lose that since this would witness a great fall in the GDP of the country.
• The border dispute that has proved to be the root cause of this conflict needs to be clarified between the two nations.
• Lastly, apart from the political, economic, geographical and military solutions, there should be sharing of the cultures of the countries with each other.

THE CONCLUSION:

The two nations have the responsibility, the ability and the opportunity to chart the path for the world with Oriental wisdom.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION:

Q) Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold for India? (2021)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTON:

Q) “China and India share common thoughts on the future and destiny of mankind”. Discuss in the context of recent developments.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-china-india-partnership-its-vast-global-potential/article67467078.ece

1. TECTONIC PLATES ON VENUS

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: As per a new study, Venus, often referred to as Earth’s sister planet, may have experienced tectonic activity about 4.5 billion to 3.5 billion years ago.

EXPLANATION:

• This tectonic movement is believed to have played a crucial role in shaping Venus’s carbon dioxide- and nitrogen-rich atmosphere.
• The research raises the possibility that ancient Venus could have supported microbial life, indicating that Earth and Venus might have shared similar conditions in the distant past.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE STUDY:

• Tectonic Activity on Venus:
  • The study explores the idea that plate tectonics, a geological process responsible for shaping Earth’s surface, may have also operated on Venus billions of years ago.
  • Plate tectonics involves the movement of large pieces of a planet’s outer shell, leading to the formation of continents, oceans, and mountains.

• Impact on Venus’s Atmosphere:
  • The researchers suggest that this ancient tectonic activity could have influenced Venus’s atmosphere.
  • Today, Venus’s atmosphere is primarily composed of carbon dioxide (96.5%) and nitrogen (less than 3.5%).
  • The study proposes that these tectonic processes contributed to the planet’s unique atmospheric composition.

• Potential for Ancient Life:
  • The presence of tectonic activity on Venus in the distant past opens the possibility that microbial life could have existed there.
  • This finding underscores the similarities between Earth and Venus in terms of geological processes and conditions conducive to life.

• Changes Over Time:
  • While Venus and Earth share many similarities in terms of size, mass, density, and volume, they have evolved differently.
  • The study suggests that Venus may have transitioned from early tectonic activity to a “stagnant lid” model where the planet’s surface has a single, largely immobile plate, limiting gas release into the atmosphere.

• Planetary Transitions:
  • The research challenges the notion that planets maintain a single tectonic state throughout their existence.
  • It suggests that planets, including Earth and Venus, may transition between different tectonic states, which could impact their habitability.

• Future Exploration:
• • The upcoming NASA mission to Venus, DAVINCI, is expected to provide further insights and potentially confirm the findings of this study.
  • Researchers are also interested in understanding how and why Venus lost its plate tectonics over time.

CONCLUSION:

• In essence, this study highlights the intriguing possibility of tectonic activity on ancient Venus and its role in shaping the planet’s atmosphere and habitability.
• It underscores the dynamic nature of planets and how they can transition between different geological states.
• The upcoming mission to Venus offers an opportunity to gather more data and expand our understanding of Earth’s enigmatic sister planet.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/science-technology/earth-like-tectonic-plates-on-ancient-venus-may-explain-its-carbon-dioxide-nitrogen-rich-atmosphere-92513

2. DRAFT OF BILLS REPLACING CRIMINAL LAWS

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs postponed its adoption of a draft report on three Bills seeking to replace the existing criminal laws.

EXPLANATION:

• The panel has scheduled its next meeting for November 6, which gives members an additional week to review the draft report and offer their suggestions.
• The committee aims to have the report ready for the Winter Session of Parliament.

WHY THE DELAY?

• Late Release of Draft Report:
  • The English version of the draft report was shared one week before and the Hindi version was given to members of the Parliamentary panel only hours before it was set to be adopted.
  • This short notice didn’t sit well with some members.

• Opposition’s Discontent:
  • Three members have registered their objections.
  • They’re calling for various alterations in the proposed Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, meant to replace the Indian Penal Code, and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, which is set to replace the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC).
  • More objections are anticipated.

• Dispute Over Hindi Nomenclature:
  • The use of Hindi names for the Bills has been a source of disagreement.
  • The panel’s draft report argues that since the text of the Bill is in English, it doesn’t go against the provisions of the Constitution, which specify that English should be used in the Supreme Court and High Courts, as well as for Acts, Bills, and legal documents.

• Inadequate Consultation:
  • The Opposition members have expressed concerns about the limited consultations on the proposed bills.
  • They believe that given the extensive changes in the criminal laws, it’s vital to have more talks with state governments and concerned parties.

• Request for More Time:
• • Opposition members have requested an extension of at least three months to finalize the committee’s report on the bills.
  • They’re worried that rushing through these laws for short-term political gains could undermine the legislative scrutiny process.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliamentary-panel-on-home-affairs-withholds-draft-report-on-bills-replacing-criminal-laws/article67466923.ece/amp/

3. AVAIN FLU

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Scientists have detected the presence of avian flu for the first time in the Antarctic region, raising concerns for remote populations of penguins and seals.

EXPLANATION:

• Scientists from the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) have identified the presence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), commonly known as avian flu, in the Antarctic region for the first time.
• This discovery raises concerns for the welfare of remote populations of penguins and seals.
• The virus, which affects birds and can be deadly, was detected in brown skua (a predatory seabird) populations on Bird Island, South Georgia.
• It is suspected that it might have reached the region from South America.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE FINDINGS:

• The virus may have been introduced to the Antarctic region from South America.
• Scientists have observed HPAI outbreaks in Europe, North America, South Africa, and South America, heightening concerns about its spread to vulnerable Antarctic wildlife.
• Threat to Wildlife:
  • Avian flu primarily affects birds, and highly pathogenic strains like H5 and H7 can cause high mortality in wild bird populations.
  • The virus can also be transmitted to mammals, particularly through predators and scavengers that feed on infected birds.

• Previous Outbreaks:
  • In 2022 and 2023, HPAI H5N1 rapidly spread in South America, impacting seabird populations.
  • It travelled southward, affecting 500,000 seabirds and causing significant outbreaks in marine mammals, resulting in the deaths of 20,000 South American sea lions.

• Response:
  • The BAS and the Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) are closely monitoring the situation and have implemented enhanced biosecurity measures.
  • They are working together to manage the outbreak.

• Most Vulnerable Species:
  • According to the researchers’ risk assessment, gulls, skuas, birds of prey, terns, shorebirds, fur seals, sea lions, and other marine mammals are considered the most vulnerable species to avian flu.

• High-Risk Regions:
• • The sub-Antarctic islands located between the southern tip of South America and the Antarctic Peninsula, including the Falkland Islands, are identified as high-risk regions due to the presence of various vulnerable wildlife groups.

AVIAN FLU:

• Avian influenza or bird flu refers to the disease caused by infection with avian (bird) influenza (flu) Type A viruses.
• These viruses naturally spread among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species.
• Bird flu viruses do not normally infect humans.
• However, sporadic human infections with bird flu viruses have occurred.

CONCLUSION:

• The detection of avian flu in the Antarctic region raises concerns for the well-being of penguins, seals, and other wildlife.
• The virus’s potential impact on these vulnerable species highlights the importance of ongoing monitoring, research, and biosecurity measures to mitigate the spread of this disease.
• Steps should be taken to avoid the consequences on the unique ecosystems of the Antarctic region.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/first-cases-of-avian-flu-found-in-antarctic-region-92514

4. INDIA AND QATAR’S ENERGY SHARE

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The death sentence given to eight former personnel of the Indian Navy by a court in Qatar presents the biggest challenge yet to New Delhi’s historically friendly ties with Doha.

EXPLANATION:

• In the relationship between nations, trade relations play a significant role.
• In the case of India and Qatar, the balance of trade is tilted heavily in the Qatar’s favour — which means imports from Qatar far outweigh India’s exports.
• The nature of the trade, which is dominated by a commodity that is very important to India, now and for the foreseeable future, also provides Qatar significant influence.
• It is India’s largest source of liquefied natural gas (LNG) — gas that has been super cooled to liquid form so that it can be transported by sea — accounting for more than half of overall import volumes of the fuel.
• Indeed, LNG is at the heart of the trade relationship, it makes up almost 50% of overall Indian imports (by value) from Qatar.

GAS IMPORT DEPENDENCY:

• India’s import dependency in natural gas is around 50%.
• Given the government’s concerted push to increase natural gas consumption, imports are only likely to rise in the coming years, even if domestic production of natural gas increases.
• Government-owned Petronet LNG, India’s largest LNG importer, has a long-term contract with Qatar for the import of 8.5 million tonnes per annum (mtpa) of LNG.
• India has set itself an ambitious target to increase the share of natural gas in the primary energy mix to 15% by 2030 from a little more than 6% at present.
• This is bound to result in a rapid increase in LNG imports over the next few years.
• Natural gas is seen as a significantly cleaner alternative to conventional petroleum fuels like diesel and petrol, and is usually cheaper than crude oil.
• For India, which has an import dependency of over 85% in crude, gas is both more affordable and a better transition fuel in the energy transition pathway.
• Given this situation with India’s energy security concerns and ambitions, the case of the retired Navy personnel presents a sensitive challenge for Indian diplomacy.

INDIA, QATAR, AND LNG:

• India’s total imports from Qatar in FY2022-23 were valued at $16.81 billion, of which LNG imports alone were worth $8.32 billion, or 49.5%.
• India’s other major imports from Qatar are also fossil fuel-linked commodities and products, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), plastics, and other petrochemicals.
• On the other hand, India’s exports to Qatar were valued at just $1.97 billion in FY2022-23.
• The major exports include cereals, copper articles, iron and steel articles, vegetables, fruits, spices, and processed food products.
• India imported a total 19.85 million tonnes of LNG in FY23, of which 10.74 million tonnes, or 54%, came from Qatar.
• This means that apart from the 8.5 million tonnes of LNG that Qatar supplied as part of the Petronet LNG term contract, nearly 2.25 million tonnes of additional gas was purchased from Qatar.
• While Indian LNG importers, predominantly the public sector oil and gas companies continue to make efforts to diversify sourcing, it could be years before the high reliance on Qatar can be reduced to a meaningful extent.

THE GLOBAL LNG MARKET:

• The global LNG market is a seller’s market after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the sanctions that have disrupted Russian natural gas supplies to Europe.
• After the war broke out, prices, particularly of LNG spot cargoes, surged globally.
• The war has put Qatar, the world’s largest exporter of LNG, in a unique position of strength.
• According to industry experts, the extreme price volatility of the past couple of years in global LNG markets has established that term contracts, and not spot purchases.
• This has pushed LNG importers all over the world, including India, to scout for long-term contracts with major suppliers, of whom Qatar is the foremost.
• Over the past few weeks, Doha has announced 27-year LNG supply deals with French, Dutch, and Italian energy majors.
• In the preceding months, it had signed long-term contracts to supply LNG to China and Germany.
• Petronet’s term contract runs out in 2028, and negotiations for an extension are currently under way. India is also looking to sign more long-term LNG contracts.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/natural-gas-lng-india-qatar-relations-9002396/lite/

5. ISRAEL AND PALESTINIAN TRUCE

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the United Nations General Assembly called for an immediate humanitarian truce between Israel and Palestinian militants Hamas and demanded aid access to the besieged Gaza Strip and protection of civilians.

EXPLANATION:

• The resolution drafted by the Arab states is not legally binding, but politically significant.
• It passed to a round of applause with 120 votes in favour, while 45 abstained including India and 14 including Israel and the United States voted against.
• The General Assembly voted after the Security Council failed four times in the past two weeks to take action.
• A two-thirds majority was needed for the resolution to pass, in which abstentions do not count.

ASSEMBLY STRESSES PREVENTING WIDER WAR:

• The assembly stressed the “importance of preventing further destabilization and escalation of violence in the region”.
• It called on “all parties to exercise maximum restraint and work toward this objective.”
• The General Assembly asked Israel to rescind its order for civilians in Gaza to move to the south of the enclave.
• Israel ordered some 1.1 million people in Gaza – almost half the population to move south on Oct. 12.
• The General Assembly also “firmly rejects any attempts at the forced transfer of the Palestinian civilian population.”
• Israel has vowed to wipe out Hamas, which rules Gaza, after the militants killed 1,400 people and took hundreds of hostages in the attack three weeks ago that surprised and shocked Israelis.
• Israel has struck Gaza from the air, imposed a siege and is preparing a ground invasion. Palestinian authorities say more than 7,000 have been killed.
• The General Assembly called for “the immediate and unconditional release of all civilians who are being illegally held captive.”
• The initial draft of the resolution put forward by Arab states called for an immediate ceasefire. The resolution adopted “calls for an immediate, durable and sustained humanitarian truce leading to a cessation of hostilities.”
• Israel has rejected calls for a ceasefire because it says Hamas would benefit.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, PLEASE REFER TO THE ISRAEL AND HAMAS NEWS IN THE DNA OF OCTOBER 2023.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/un-overwhelmingly-calls-for-aid-truce-between-israel-and-hamas/article67467892.ece

THE CONTEXT: The impacts of climate change are disproportionately affecting the Global South, and the melting Arctic is no exception. As India takes greater steps towards leading the Global South, it should involve pushing for reforms and ensuring that climate protection is at the forefront of global Arctic policymaking.

ISSUES IN THE ARCTIC REGION:

• Rapid warming of ice: The Arctic is warming at a rate four times faster than the global average, leading to an unprecedented loss of sea ice, as well as the thawing of permafrost. It can lead to unleashing of vast quantities of stored carbon and emissions which can trigger multiple catastrophic and irreversible climate tipping points.
• Affect Indian monsoon: Recent research shows an intricate correlation between the melting of Arctic sea ice and extreme rainfall events during the Indian summer monsoon. Warming of Arctic can affect the monsoon which is crucial to agriculture and livelihoods of South Asia.
• Commercialization of Arctic region: Despite awareness about the importance of the Arctic, the climatic challenge is being exacerbated by rapid development and growing geopolitical tensions. For example, Russia is pouring resources into commercialising and expanding trade channels along the Northern Sea Route which signals its interest in short-term commercial exploitation, not long-term climate preservation. Other Arctic countries are also planning oil and gas development endeavours.
• Suspension of Arctic Council: The suspension of the Arctic Council due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine has made it more difficult to hold countries accountable and to monitor wider activity contributing to changes in the Arctic. Also, the Arctic Council does not prohibit the commercial exploitation of resources in the Arctic. It only seeks to ensure that it is done in a sustainable manner without harming the interests of local populations and in conformity with the local environment.

WHAT IS ARCTIC COUNCIL?

• Arctic Council was created with the signing of the Ottawa Declaration on 19 September 1996 in Canada and is mandated to protect the Arctic environment.
• Its eight members include: Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and United States.
• The standing Arctic Council Secretariat is located in Tromsø, Norway.
• It aims to promote cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic States together with the indigenous communities and other Arctic inhabitants.

INDIA AND THE ARCTIC

• India holds one of the 13 positions as the Observer in the Arctic Council.
• India’s interests in the Arctic region are scientific, environmental, commercial as well as strategic. India launched its first scientific expedition to the Arctic Ocean in 2007.
• It opened a research base named “Himadri” at the International Arctic Research Base at Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, Norway in July 2008 for carrying out studies in disciplines like Glaciology, Atmospheric sciences & Biological sciences.
• In July 2018, the Ministry of Earth Sciences renamed the “National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research” to the “National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research.” It is a nodal organisation coordinating the research activities at the stations at the poles.
• In March 2022, the Ministry of Earth Science has unveiled India’s Arctic Policy, titled ‘India and the Arctic: building a partnership for sustainable development’.

THE WAY FORWARD

• Need for collective action: As impacts in one region can affect the rest of the world, therefore, consensus-based collective action to mitigate climate impacts in the Arctic is much needed.
• Expansion of Arctic Council: The Council does not have any member from the Global South, though some, including India, have observer status. There is a need of inclusion of more members from the global south as they are the most vulnerable to climate change.
• India’s role: The active involvement of India as a member of the Arctic Council to voice the environmental concerns can push for an end to further exploitation. India has ability to balance the aspirations of both Global North and Global South, as evidenced at the G20 Summit. It holds the potential to forge a united approach to safeguarding crucial global ecosystems, especially the Arctic. Also, to stay relevant in the Arctic region, India should take advantage of the observer status it has earned in the Arctic Council and consider investing more in the Arctic.
• Treat as global common: Instead of creating a potential battleground in the Arctic region, the parties concerned should utilise their expertise and create the required synergy to achieve shared goals. The Arctic region should also be treated as a global common like the Antarctic region, and a treaty on similar lines should be signed to protect the region.

THE CONCLUSION:

The protection of the Arctic region is, therefore, crucial to protect the world from the worst effects of the climate emergency. There is a need to generate unanimity to reform Arctic governance and protect the climate, and the countries involved should have a long-term vision and strategic goals as compared to immediate short-term gains.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it. (2017)

Q.2 Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. (2015)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.1 Rising geopolitical tensions and environmental challenges have made the Arctic region an important concern for humanity. Discuss the role of Arctic Council in addressing these tensions and challenges.

Q.2 Critically examine the role which India can play to preserve and protect the integrity of the Arctic region from international politics and environmental concerns.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/breaking-the-ice-how-india-can-help-save-the-arctic-9001185/

THE CONTEXT:

While the conflict rages in Gaza amidst allegations and counter allegations, and in the midst of unabashed American partiality, it is relevant to recall what the senior leader of Hamas, Mousa Abu Marzouk, told to The New Yorker magazine about the political approach.

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• Abu Marzouk added that in earlier conflicts, the Israelis waged wars outside their borders, and this is the first time that the Palestinians are crossing the borders and fighting in their historic land.
• The Israeli response to the Hamas attack has been to order the evacuation of the northern half of Gaza, to enforce it by a blockade, by the cutting off of food, water and electricity as also by the massing of 3,00,000 troops on Gaza’s border.
• Israel’s objectives for the Gaza operation have been officially identified- Toppling Hamas and destroying its military capabilities, eliminating the threat of terrorism emanating from the Gaza strip, exerting maximum pressure to find a solution to the hostage issue and defending the borders of the state and its citizens.

ABOUT ISRAEL HAMAS CONFLICT:

• The Palestinian militant group Hamas launched an unprecedented assault on Israel on 7 October, with hundreds of gunmen infiltrating communities near the Gaza Strip.
• More than 5,000 Palestinians in Gaza have been killed in air and artillery strikes carried out by the Israeli military.
• Israel has also cut off electricity and most water and stopped imports of food and medicine, although it has allowed in several dozen aid lorries through Egypt’s Rafah crossing since Saturday.

HISTORY:

Israel is small country in the Middle East, about the size of New Jersey, located on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea and bordered by Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. The nation of Israel, with a population of more than 9 million people, most of them Jewish, has many important archaeological and religious sites considered sacred by Jews, Muslims and Christians alike, and a complex history with periods of peace and conflict.

• The word Israel comes from Abraham’s grandson, Jacob, who was renamed “Israel” by the Hebrew God in the Bible. More than 100 years ago, on November 2, 1917, Britain’s then-foreign secretary, Arthur Balfour, wrote a letter addressed to Lionel Walter Rothschild, a figurehead of the British Jewish community.
• It committed the British government to “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people” and to facilitating “the achievement of this object”. The letter is known as the Balfour Declaration.
• A European power promised the Zionist movement a country where Palestinian Arab natives made up more than 90 percent of the population.
• A British Mandate was created in 1923 and lasted until 1948. During that period, the British facilitated mass Jewish immigration, many of the new residents were fleeing Nazism in Europe, and they also faced protests and strikes.

• In April 1936, the newly formed Arab National Committee called on Palestinians to launch a general strike, withhold tax payments and boycott Jewish products to protest British colonialism and growing Jewish immigration. In second half of 1939, Britain had massed 30,000 troops in Palestine. In those three years of revolt, 5,000 Palestinians were killed, 15,000 to 20,000 were wounded and 5,600 were imprisoned.

The wars on the Gaza Strip:

• In 2008, 2012, 2014 and 2021-Israel has launched four protracted military assaults on Gaza: Thousands of Palestinians have been killed, including many children, and tens of thousands of homes, schools and office buildings have been destroyed.
• Rebuilding has been next to impossible because the siege prevents construction materials, such as steel and cement, from reaching Gaza.
• The 2008 assault involved the use of internationally banned weaponry, such as phosphorus gas.
• In 2014, over a span of 50 days, Israel killed more than 2,100 Palestinians, including 1,462 civilians and close to 500 children.

ISSUES:

 Israel and the Palestinians cannot agree on:

• What should happen to Palestinian refugees?
• Whether Jewish settlements in the occupied West Bank should stay or be removed?
• Whether the two sides should share Jerusalem?
• Whether a Palestinian state should be created alongside Israel?

Abraham Accords -The Abraham Accords are bilateral agreements on Arab–Israeli normalization signed between Israel and the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain on September 15, 2020. It is held that the normalisation process between Israel and these Arab nations has forced the Hamas to launch an attack on Israel to safeguard the Palestinian cause.

Significance of Abraham Accord:

• Promotes stability in West Asia.
• Regional and Multinational Cooperation – The accords have laid the foundation for expanded regional and multinational cooperation.
• Trade Cooperation – Trade between Israel and other West Asian countries increased 74% between 2021 and 2022. Tourism, mostly non-existent in the past, has skyrocketed. In 2021, visits from Israel to the UAE increased by 172%.
• The Prosperity Green & Blue agreement between Israel, the UAE, and Jordan determined that a solar field to supply 600 megawatts of electricity to Israel and a desalination plant in Israel would deliver 200 million cubic meters of water to Jordan.

SIGNIFICANCE FOR INDIA:

• It has led to substantial increase in the commercial collaborations between companies from the UAE, Israel, Bahrain, and the U.S., partnering with the Indian private sector.
• The vibrant Indian diaspora in the Gulf now has the convenience of direct flights between the UAE and Israel, as well as between Israel and Bahrain.
• Indian students are enjoying increased ease of travel, gaining improved access to universities and the opportunity to explore international study programmes.
• India’s engagement in the new “Quad” in the Middle East, bridging the Arab-Israeli rift, served as a nonideological engagement with the Middle East.
• The Abraham Accords made the I2U2 Group possible, and its primary focus will be on joint investments in critical areas such as water, energy, transportation, space, health, and food security.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Immediate ceasefire needs to be enforced to save the civilian populations in Gaza as advocated by the UN Secretary General. This requires the Hamas to release the hostages immediately.
• The two-state solution calls for establishing an independent state for Palestinians alongside that of Israel.
• The issue of equal rights for both Palestinians and Israelis can no longer be ignored. We need a new paradigm that emphasizes a rights-based approach, regardless of solution.
• In 2003, The European Union, UN, US, and Russia had released a road map for peace in which outlined a clear timetable towards a Palestinian state.

THE CONCLUSION:

Hoping to arrive at a solution today is unrealistic. But approaching the issue from a rights-based perspective ensures that both sides can lay down a solid basis for a democratic and sustainable solution.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION:

Q.1 “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. (2018)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 As the Israel-Palestine crisis spirals to unprecedented levels, discuss the Impact on Global Economy and Challenges in Achieving Peace. Question should be on the article.

Q.2 “ The two-state solution appears to have reached a dead-end”. Examine in the context of current developments.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/warming-ties-the-hindu-editorial-on-bhutan-china-relations-and-indias-concerns/article67458318.ece

THE CONTEXT: Mumbai is facing severe air pollution levels worse than that of Delhi’s at a four-year high mark for the October in particulate matters as well as temperature after the withdrawal of the southwest monsoon.

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• The Air Quality Index (AQI) in several places of the city had breached the 200-mark in the October, 2023 which is considered ‘poor’ and causes serious health hazards.
• In the first few days of this month, the pollution was much more intense than what the AQI indicated because a layer of haze blanketed major parts of the Mumbai sky, leading to reduced visibility.

CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION

• Wind patterns: The direction and strength of winds are often the key factor in determining Mumbai’s air quality. Winds usually alternate between moving from the sea towards the land and moving from the land towards the sea, and this cycle repeats every three to four days. This year, instead of alternating every 3-4 days, the winds were sometimes changing directions after eight or ten days, which impacted the city’s air quality.
• Diminshing effect of sea breezes: The effect of sea breezes is weakening because of adverse meteorological conditions, triggered by climate change. This has negated the natural cleansing advantages of the city by the sea.
• Climate change: The dip in La Nina and cooling of the ocean surface and change in wind patterns partially caused a sudden spike in the particulate matter in the coastal city. The dip in the periodic cooling of the sea surface leads to a defers the strong wind reversal from across the sea, keeping the pollutants hanging in the lower atmosphere for longer period.
• Dust from road and construction sites: There is high level of construction activity ongoing in the city. City officials concluded dust from construction sites as the key contributor of this pollution. Another cause of pollution in the city is found to be the displacement of dust particles from roads and vehicles carrying construction debris.
• Use of unclean oils for cooking in eateries: Cooking at several restaurants, dhabas and other eateries using unclean oils emit ultrafine particles including oil droplets and condensed organic compounds. Unclean kitchens also produce nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and formaldehyde in harmful concentrations.

STEPS TAKEN BY AUTHORITIES:

• Officials decided to operate anti-smog guns on 50 to 60 major roads. A sensor-based air pollution monitor to be installed at work sites.
• Vehicles transporting construction debris will be covered properly with tarpaulin sheets and not carry more than the prescribed load.
• The transport commissioner has also been directed to take stringent action against vehicles which are past their service life, do not have a Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate or are overloading.
• BMC formed task forces to conduct weekly drive to identify those restaurants, bakeries and banquet halls those were using unclean oils as well as fuels to fire the ovens.
• BMC issued a warning to halt construction activities at all sites if dust and pollution control measures were not being implemented in response to deteriorating air quality in Mumbai.
• Earlier, BMC had released Mumbai Air Pollution Mitigation Plan(MAPMP) guidelines that laid down procedures to be followed during construction and other activities that cause dust and pollution.

THE WAY FORWARD

• Robust air quality monitoring: Air quality monitoring needs to become robust and regular, with real-time updates about the critical air pockets and sources of pollution along with health information. Data dissemination should be quick, sorted and effective so that analysis becomes easier for mitigation and policymaking.
• Addressing root cause of the pollution: There is a need to address the root cause of the pollution which is not the natural cause but anthropogenic. For that, the government needs to run awareness programmes and prioritise long-term mitigation of pollution by using scientific techniques.
• Inclusive approach: There is a need to have a more inclusive approach by involving everyone in the decision-making step. The government can form a city-level committee under the National Clean Air Program, including citizen stakeholders and experts from civil society. The inputs from the committee and collectives can be taken into consideration while addressing different sources of air pollution.

THE CONCLUSION:

Geographical advantage of Mumbai has protected the city from bad quality air but the recent rise in pollution is rising concerns among the residents. However, given the seriousness of climate change, it is time to take serious steps for effective measures to improve the city’s air quality.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the Government of India? (2020)

Q.2 Enumerate the National Water Policy of India. Taking river Ganges as an example, discuss the strategies which may be adopted for river water pollution control and management. What are the legal provisions of the management and handling of hazardous wastes in India? (2013)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.1 Despite having natural cleansing air mechanism, Mumbai is facing severe air pollution. Discuss the causes and suggest measures to tackle the pollution.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/why-mumbai-is-witnessing-more-poor-air-quality-days-8998070/#:~:text=Long%2Dterm%20trends%20show%20a,more%20consumptin%20and%20more%20emissions.

1. THE GIR COW

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Under the Rashtriya Gokul Mission, only the Gir indigenous cow breed is being promoted.

WHY GIR IS BEING PROMOTED UNDER RGM:

• There are a number of reasons why only the Gir indigenous cow breed is being promoted under the Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM).
• High milk yield:
  • The Gir cow is known for its high milk yield, which can reach up to 18-20 liters per day.
  • It one of the most productive indigenous cow breeds in India.

• Hardiness:
  • The Gir cow is a very hardy breed and is well-suited to the harsh climatic conditions of India.
  • It is also resistant to a number of diseases.

• Adaptability:
  • The Gir cow is also very adaptable to different climates and feed conditions.
  • This makes it a good choice for farmers in different parts of India.

• Demand:
• • There is a high demand for Gir milk and Gir cattle in India and abroad.
  • So, it a profitable breed for farmers to raise.
  • The RGM is focused on increasing milk production and improving the income of farmers.
  • The promotion of the Gir cow breed is seen as one of the most effective ways to achieve these goals.

DRAWBACKS OF PROMOTING ONLY GIR COW UNDER RGM:

• Reduced adaptability:
  • The Gir cow is a breed that is well-suited to the climate of Gujarat, but it may not be as well-suited to other parts of India.
  • This could lead to problems for farmers who raise Gir cows in areas where the climate is different.

• Increased susceptibility to diseases:
  • The Gir cow is more susceptible to certain diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease and lumpy skin disease.
  • This could increase the cost of raising Gir cows and make farmers more vulnerable to losses.

• Reduced genetic diversity:
• • The promotion of a single breed of cow can lead to a decrease in genetic diversity.
  • It will make the cattle population more vulnerable to diseases and pests.

RASHTRIYA GOKUL MISSION (RGM):

• It is under the ambit of Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying.
• RGM is being implemented for development and conservation of indigenous bovine breeds since December 2014.
• The scheme is important in enhancing milk production and productivity of bovines to meet growing demand of milk and making dairying more remunerative to the rural farmers of the country.
• The scheme is also continued under umbrella scheme Rashtriya Pashudhan Vikas Yojna from 2021 to 2026 with a budget outlay of Rs.2400 crore.
• The RGM will result in enhanced productivity and benefit of the programme, percolating to all cattle and buffaloes of India especially with small and marginal farmers.
• This programme will also benefit women in particular since over 70% of the work involved in livestock farming is undertaken by women.

OBJECTIVES OF THE RGM:

• To enhance productivity of bovines and increasing milk production in a sustainable manner using advance technologies.
• To propagate use of high genetic merit bulls for breeding purposes.
• To enhance Artificial insemination coverage through strengthening breeding network and delivery of Artificial insemination services at farmers doorstep.
• To promote indigenous cattle & buffalo rearing and conservation in a scientific and holistic manner.

COMPONENTS OF RGM:

• Availability of High genetic Merit Germplasm
  • Bull Production Programme
  • Support to semen stations: Strengthening of existing semen stations.
  • Implementation of IVF Technology
  • Breed Multiplication Farms
• Extension of Artificial Insemination Network
  • Nationwide AI programme
  • Using sex sorted semen for getting assured pregnancy
  • Implementation of National Digital Livestock Mission (Livestack)

• Skill Development
• Farmers Awareness
• Research Development and Innovation in Bovine Breeding
• Development and Conservation of indigenous Breeds
  • Assistance to Gaushalas, Gosadans and Pinjarapoles
  • Administrative expenditure/ operation of Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/only-the-gir-indigenous-cow-breed-is-being-promoted-under-rashtriya-gokul-mission-here-is-why-92366

2. AUTOMATED PERMANENT ACADEMIC ACCOUNT REGISTRY (APAAR)

TAG: GS 2: GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: To create the Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry (APAAR), a new student identity card, state governments requested schools to seek parental consent.

EXPLANATION:

• It is a part of the ‘One nation, One Student ID’ initiative of the Union government, stemming from the new National Education Policy of 2020.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF APAAR?

• It is envisioned as a special ID system for all students in India, starting from childhood.
• Under the initiative, each student would get a lifelong APAAR ID, making it easy for the learners, schools, and governments to track academic progress from pre-primary education to higher education.
• It would also serve as a gateway to Digilocker, a digital system where students can store their important documents and achievements, and use them in the future for, say, pursuing higher education or finding a job.

WHAT IS THE NEED TO INTRODUCE?

• The goal behind introducing APAAR is to make education hassle-free and reduce the need for students to carry physical documents.
• This initiative was launched as part of the National Education Policy 2020 by the Education Ministry.
• The vision is to create a positive change, allowing state governments to track literacy rates, dropout rates, and more, helping them make improvements.
• APAAR also aims to reduce fraud and duplicate educational certificates by providing a single, trusted reference for educational institutions.
• Only first party sources that issue certificates will be allowed to deposit credits into the system, ensuring authenticity.

HOW DOES THE GOVERNMENT ENVISION APAAR ID TO WORK?

• Every individual will have a unique APAAR ID, which will be linked to the Academic Bank Credit (ABC), which is a digital storehouse that contains information of the credits earned by students throughout their learning journey.
• With the APAAR ID, students would be able to store all their certificates and credits, whether they come from formal education or informal learning.
• When a student completes a course or achieves something, it’s digitally certified and securely stored in her account by authorised institutions.
• If the student changes schools, whether within the state or to another state, all her data in the ABC gets transferred to her new school just by sharing the APAAR ID. No need to provide physical documents or transfer certificates.

CONCERNS REGARDING APAAR:

• Parents and students have concerns about sharing their Aadhar details because they worry that their personal information could be leaked to outside parties.
• The government says that the information shared by students will be kept confidential.
• It will not be shared with any third party except for entities engaged in educational activities, such as the Unified District Information System for Education Plus or the UDISE+ database.
  • It is the government’s catalogue that contains data related to schools, teachers and students, scholarships, maintenance academic records, educational institutions and recruitment agencies.
• At any given time, students have the option to stop sharing their information with the mentioned parties, and their data processing will be halted.
• However, any personal data already processed will remain unaffected if consent is withdrawn.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/one-nation-one-student-id-apaar-explained-9000086/

3. ANAMALAI TIGER RESERVE (ATR)

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: A committee headed by Anamalai Tiger Reserve (ATR) field director visited the enclosure at the Manthirimattam reserve forest area of the Manamobolly forest range to assess the progress of the rewilding of a sub-adult tiger.

EXPLANATION:

• The committee assessed the health of the tiger and analysed CCTV footage to know the hunting talents of the sub-adult tiger.
• The committee also discussed:
  • The selection of sites where the tiger could be released in future,
  • The fixing of a radio-collar during the release of the tiger, and
  • Constituting a squad to monitor the animal after its release.
• The tiger was rescued from a tea estate near Valparai in September 2021.
• It is claimed that the committee would submit a detailed report to the Chief Wildlife Warden, after which a decision will be taken on releasing the animal into the wild.

WHAT IS REWILDING?

• Rewilding is a conservation strategy used to promote biodiversity in ecosystems by reintroducing plant and animal species that have been driven out, largely due to humans.
• Bringing these species back into a certain environment can help struggling ecosystems self-regulate and return to their natural processes.
• For many conservationists, or those who work to protect and preserve the natural environment, rewilding is as much an activity of the heart as of the land.

ANAMALAI TIGER RESERVE (ATR):

• Anamalai Tiger Reserve was declared as a Tiger reserve in the year 2007.
• There are two Divisions and six ranges in this Reserve.
• The ranges found in this reserve include Amaravathi and Udumalpet falling in Thiruppur Division and Pollachi, Ulandy, Valparai and Manamboli in Pollachi Division.
• It is located on the southern side of the South Western Ghat landscape.
• It is surrounded by Parambikulum Tiger Reserve on the East, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary and Eravikulum National Park on the South Western side.
• The reserve is also surrounded by Nenmara, Vazhachal, Malayattur and Marayur reserved forests of Kerala.
• The Kariyan shola, Grass hills and Manjampatti of Anamalai Tiger Reserve has been identified as a world heritage site by the UNESCO.

FLORA:

• Around 2500 species of angiosperms are found in the Anamalai Tiger Reserve, with several species of Balsam, Crotalaria, Orchids and Kurinchi.
• The reserve is rich in wild relatives of cultivated species like mango, jackfruit, wild plantain etc.

FAUNA:

• The reserve supports several species of endangered wild animals.
• There are 70 species of fishes, more than 70 species of amphibians, 120 species of reptiles, 300 species of birds and 80 species of mammals.
• The important mammals include: Asiatic elephant, Sambar, Spotted deer, Barking deer, Mouse deer, Gaur, Nilgiri tahr etc.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/committee-assesses-progress-of-tamil-nadus-first-tiger-rewilding-programme/article67462247.ece/amp/

4. GREEN HYDROGEN

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: As per a study by environmental and energy think-tank, Climate Risk Horizons (CRH), India’s plans to produce ‘green hydrogen’ might end up worsening pollution if proper checks and balances are not in place.

EXPLANATION:

• India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission, piloted by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) expects to manufacture five million tonnes by 2030.
• It would require the installation of renewable energy capacity worth 125 GW and the use of 250,000 gigawatt-hr units of power, equivalent to about 13% of India’s present electricity generation.
• As of August 2023, India’s total renewable energy (RE) capacity (excluding hydropower dams bigger than 25 MW) stood at 131 GW; the 2030 green hydrogen plan thus envisages adding an equivalent RE capacity by 2030.
• This is over and above the 500 GW of RE capacity that India has committed to install by 2030 as part of its Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement.
• India installed only 15 GW of new solar and wind capacity in 2023, against the 45 GW per year needed to reach the 2030 target.

COAL-BASED POWER USAGE:

• The MNRE has defined green hydrogen as hydrogen produced in a way that emits no more than 2 kg of carbon dioxide per kg of such hydrogen.
• Currently, producing 1 kg of ‘grey hydrogen’ ends up emitting 9 kg of carbon dioxide.
• The main concern is that if electrolysers, which split water to produce hydrogen and oxygen, were run 24×7, they would be expected to operate even at night when no solar power is available.
• This would then mean tapping into conventional coal-fired electricity.
• If electricity comes from India’s coal-powered grid in general, it will increase carbon emissions, since about 70% of the electricity on the grid is coal.
• Most projects have not disclosed their source of electricity. It is also not clear if those few projects that have committed to meet 100% of their requirement from these sources.

COSTLY DIVERSION:

• Another challenge is that India’s standards allow the use of biomass which also results in carbon emissions when burnt for the production of green hydrogen.
• Moreover, diverting scarce renewable energy capacity towards the production of green hydrogen might mean inadequate clean electricity being made available for consumers.
• India’s ambitious renewable energy target of 450 GW by 2030 already requires huge investment.
• The green hydrogen mission will require an additional 125 GW of RE.
• The MNRE needs to guard against the risk that finance for RE projects that would otherwise decarbonise the electricity grid will instead be diverted to produce green hydrogen.
• This would delay India’s journey to net zero, undermine a nascent industry, and deny States and electricity consumers the cost benefits that cheap renewable energy has to offer.
• Several large power utilities in India have announced ambitious plans to scale up green hydrogen production.
• The Centre’s green hydrogen mission has committed nearly ₹20,000 crore to develop and expand the industry.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/indias-green-hydrogen-mission-runs-risk-of-pollution-sans-accounting-study/article67462156.ece

5. REFERENCE FUEL

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY, GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Indian Oil launches country’s first reference fuel.

EXPLANATION:

• The Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) launched India’s first gasoline and diesel reference fuels to meet the demand of the country.
• These fuels have higher specifications, are critical for calibrating and testing by automobile manufacturers and testing agencies like the International Centre for Automotive Technology (ICAT) and the Automotive Research Association of India.
• These reference fuels are used by automobile manufacturers for testing vehicles and ensuring their operability under various global climatic conditions.
• These are essential for the development of engines and the assessment of vehicle performance.
• These reference fuels are required by automobile manufacturers to meet international benchmarks.

REDUCING DEPENDENCE ON IMPORTS: 

• India has relied on imports for decades to meet the demand for these specialized fuels. These indigenously developed products will replace imports ensuring a reliable supply at lower cost for vehicle manufacturers and testing agencies.
• The production of these specialized reference fuels by Indian Oil aims to reduce India’s dependence on imports from European and US companies.

DOMESTIC DEMAND AND EXPORT POTENTIAL: 

• The current demand for gasoline reference fuel in India is approximately 120 kilo litre (KL) per annum, while the demand for diesel reference fuel is around 15 KL per annum.
• Indian Oil intends to fully meet the domestic demand and also explore the possibility of exporting these fuels in the future by expanding its production capacity.

GOVERNMENT’S VISION:

• The production of these reference fuels aligns with the Indian government’s vision of “AtmaNirbhar Bharat” or self-reliant India, as promoted by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
• It signifies a step toward reducing reliance on imports and enhancing domestic capabilities.

SOURCE: https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/indian-oil-launches-countrys-first-reference-fuel-to-fully-meet-domestic-demand-11604911.html

window.wpAdvQuizInitList = window.wpAdvQuizInitList || []; window.wpAdvQuizInitList.push({ id: '#wpAdvQuiz_6', init: { quizId: 6, mode: 1, globalPoints: 10, timelimit: 0, resultsGrade: [0], bo: 0, qpp: 0, catPoints: [10], formPos: 0, lbn: "Finish quiz", json: {"26":{"type":"single","id":26,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[0,1,0,0]},"27":{"type":"single","id":27,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[0,0,0,1]},"28":{"type":"single","id":28,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[0,1,0,0]},"29":{"type":"single","id":29,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[0,0,1,0]},"30":{"type":"single","id":30,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[0,1,0,0]}} } });

1. Seeking soul solutions to world woes READ MORE
2. Do more by doing less READ MORE
3. Now is the time for harmony READ MORE

1. Climate crisis is already affecting the Brazilian Amazon READ MORE
2. Moral anchoring for a global climate policy is a must READ MORE
3. Air quality remains a concern READ MORE

1. Was partition really a mistake? READ MORE
2. Women, marriage and labour market participation READ MORE
3. Marriage equality order is not just about LGBTQ+ READ MORE
4. Do not tinker with national pension scheme READ MORE

1. Granting marriage equality is beyond Supreme Court’s power READ MORE
2. Status quo: EC needs a year to prepare for simultaneous polls, effectively ruling out such an exercise in 2024 READ MORE

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. RCS- UDAN Completes 6 Successful Years READ MORE
2. What does Supreme Court’s abortion verdict mean for reproductive justice in India? READ MORE
3. Indian Oil launches country’s first reference fuel; to fully meet domestic demand READ MORE
4. Supreme Court allows surrogacy, strikes down rule banning use of donor gametes READ MORE  
5. India’s green hydrogen move may worsen pollution if steps are not in place, says study READ MORE
6. Panel assesses progress of tiger rewilding project READ MORE
7. What is the ‘One nation, One Student ID’ initiative of the Union govt? READ MORE
8.  World on brink of 6 interconnected risk tipping points: UN report READ MORE
9. Only the Gir indigenous cow breed is being promoted under Rashtriya Gokul Mission; here is why READ MORE
10. Cotton Curse: How pink bollworm developed resistance to Bt Cotton READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Was partition really a mistake? READ MORE
2. Women, marriage and labour market participation READ MORE
3. Marriage equality order is not just about LGBTQ+ READ MORE
4. Do not tinker with national pension scheme READ MORE
5. Climate crisis is already affecting the Brazilian Amazon READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Granting marriage equality is beyond Supreme Court’s power READ MORE
2. Status quo: EC needs a year to prepare for simultaneous polls, effectively ruling out such an exercise in 2024 READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Beyond compliance for disability inclusion READ MORE
2. Right to work: A far cry for women READ MORE
3. Beyond compliance for disability inclusion READ MORE
4. Rev up Anganwadi workers to fight NDDs READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Warming ties: On Bhutan-China relations and India’s concerns READ MORE
2. China-Bhutan amity: India needs to be wary of the developments READ MORE
3. Signs of thaw READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Renewed risks: On the RBI and how global uncertainties have compounded READ MORE
2. What’s the ideal repo rate for India? READ MORE
3. Ports hold the key to growth, employment READ MORE
4. Status and rights of platform and gig workers READ MORE
5. Crypto surge: Global regulatory framework imperative READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Moral anchoring for a global climate policy is a must READ MORE
2. Air quality remains a concern READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. India’s space industry needs more private players READ MORE
2. Not humans, India should send less risky, cheaper AI-powered robots to space READ MORE
3. ISRO: Propelling India’s space industry READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Synergising International Cooperation and National Strategies to Combat Ransomware READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Seeking soul solutions to world woes READ MORE
2. Do more by doing less READ MORE
3. Now is the time for harmony READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. The concept of “One Nation, One Election” holds great promise in streamlining the electoral process and improving governance efficiency though there would be a lot of issues to be settled before it can be effectively implemented without bruising the Indian democratic system itself. Critically examine.
2. He who lives in harmony with himself, lives in harmony with the world. Justify with some real life examples.
3. The present status of people with disabilities in India’s employment ecosystem is a mixed bag of challenges and opportunities. How far do you agree that 2016 is able to these challenges?
4. Success in agriculture is linked to increased use of pesticides but pesticide must be used in a safe manner. Discuss how pesticides affect the health of consumers of farm produce and the farmers?
5. The bureaucracy has the duty to implement the policies and programmes of a government but should not be seen as supportive of or aligned to any particular government. Discuss how the neutrality of the bureaucracy can be ensured?

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• Never believe anything in politics until it has been officially denied.
• The same-sex marriage judgment could influence the upcoming anti-conversion hearings. It holds clues for the State to assert its legal and moral compass.
• The methods of war in Gaza have been shameful as many innocent lives have been lost. Humanity must survive the madness of war.
• Capacity-building programs for Anganwadi workers is important to lessen the burden of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs).
• Partition was accompanied by rivers of blood and the displacement of millions of people. But turns out, it has helped India in many ways.
• With the planet facing the climate crisis, it’s time we re-evaluate our motivations towards development and shun anything detrimental to the environment.
• There is need to develop mechanisms to ensure access to affordable and safe menstrual hygiene products, especially for those from low-income groups.
• The road to equality for disabled individuals in the workplace has been paved with both promise and pitfalls. Differently abled must be given their dignity to work.
• The increase in life expectancy and rise in the cost of living further reinforces the need for assured monthly income for a decent life in old age.
• The pesticides not only affect the health of those who consume these farm produce, but also the farmers who use them.
• While the concept of simultaneous elections has garnered support for its potential to save public funds and reduce administrative burden, it faces constitutional complexities.
• As India’s democracy further evolves, the feasibility of simultaneous elections remains an important talking point.
• The concept of “One Nation, One Election” holds great promise in streamlining the electoral process and improving governance efficiency though there would be a lot of issues to be settled before it can be effectively implemented without bruising the Indian democratic system itself.
• One of its main objectives is to foster innovative practices with social entrepreneurs and the private sector to address issues of access and affordability, equity and inclusivity by leveraging research and expertise.
• Expanding ISRO’s collaborations with start-up products to more remote institutes and research labs is necessary. Additionally, the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme and customs exemptions can cost-effectively encourage indigenous manufacturing capacity.
• The present status of people with disabilities in India’s employment ecosystem is a mixed bag of challenges and opportunities.
• Awareness campaigns and strategies based on incentives and disincentives and even penalties have been tried but they have touched only a fringe of the problem.
• The bureaucracy has the duty to implement the policies and programmes of a government but should not be seen as supportive of or aligned to any particular government.

50-WORD TALK

• The present status of people with disabilities in India’s employment ecosystem is a mixed bag of challenges and opportunities. We have a long way to go to create a truly inclusive workforce, but the path is illuminated by promising initiatives and the potential of disabled individuals to contribute meaningfully to society and the economy. By embracing reasonable accommodation and promoting an inclusive culture, organizations can unlock the untapped potential of persons with disabilities and build a more inclusive India.
• The visa services resumption is a positive step towards easing tensions and fostering diplomatic relations between the nations. Both India and Canada need to engage in diplomatic dialogue and cooperation to address the concerns surrounding the Nijjar case and work towards a resolution that respects international law and diplomatic norms; otherwise, common people would suffer, especially students and old people who are waiting eagerly for this issue to be resolved.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

THE CONTEXT: This week’s visit of Bhutan’s Foreign Minister Tandi Dorji to China, was unprecedented on several levels. Bhutan and China do not maintain diplomatic relations

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• The talks appeared to yield substantive progress, according to a joint statement, with both countries having also signed a cooperation agreement outlining the functioning of a new joint technical team for the delimitation and demarcation of the boundary.
• The two countries are inching towards the completion of a three-step road map on boundary delineation and demarcation.
• The Bhutanese Prime Minister asserted that no agreement with China would in any way go against India’s interests.

BOUNDARY ISSUE BETWEEN BHUTAN AND CHINA:

• Bhutan and China have disputes over territory in the north and in the west in the Himalayas.
• Territorial disputes revolve around the 495 square kilometres in north-central Bhutan and 269 square kilometres in western Bhutan. Since 2020, Beijing has extended its claim on 740 square kilometres in the Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary in eastern Bhutan.
• Among all the contentious places, the key issue is a strategic plateau called Doklam – situated close to the tri-junction between India, Bhutan and China. Bhutan and China claim the region and India supports Thimphu’s position.

ISSUES FOR INDIA

• One such red line will involve keeping China away from southern Doklam’s ridges that overlook India’s “Siliguri corridor”.
• A second line will likely involve Thimphu going slow on normalising ties and opening itself up to a permanent Chinese diplomatic presence, while continuing with border talks.
• China asserts claims over roughly 764 square kilometres in the northwestern and central regions of Bhutan.

India- Bhutan Relation

• Diplomatic relations between India and Bhutan were established in 1968 with the establishment of a special office of India in Thimphu.
• The basic framework of India Bhutan bilateral relations is the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation signed in 1949 between the two countries and revised in February 2007.
• The India-Bhutan Agreement on Trade, Commerce and Transit – which was first signed in 1972 and revised most recently for the fifth time in 2016 – establishes a free trade regime between the two countries.
• India has been extending economic assistance to Bhutan’s socio-economic development since the early 1960s when Bhutan launched its Five Year Plans.
• There is ongoing cooperation between India and Bhutan hydro-power sector is covered under the 2006 bilateral agreement for cooperation and its Protocol signed in 2009.
• There is close bilateral cooperation in the educational and cultural fields between India and Bhutan.
• India and Bhutan agreed to collaborate on the joint development of a small satellite for Bhutan, and the MoU between India and Bhutan on cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space signed on November 19, 2020.

SILIGURI CORRIDOR:

• The Siliguri Corridor, also known as the Chicken’s neck, is a narrow stretch,  just 17 km wide, of land located in West Bengal, that connects the north-eastern states to the rest of India.
• The corridor has borders connected to Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan, whereas it connects the northeast via Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri and Terai areas in West Bengal.
• The Siliguri Corridor has been a strategically important and vulnerable region. The BSF, Indo-China Border Police and even Assam Rifles have been guarding the corridor for India.
• The corridor has a significant road and rail network that connects West Bengal to eight north-eastern states. It has become a vulnerable area since Bengal’s partition in colonial times and the 1971 war that led to the creation of Bangladesh.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• India must pay attention to the domestic sentiment in Bhutan, develop a deeper understanding of Bhutanese perspectives, and connect with Bhutanese youth through education.
• India should avoid displaying any insecurity about emerging trends in Bhutan and its relationship with China, and instead approach this relationship with trust and confidence.

THE CONCLUSION:

India must approach the boundary negotiations with a greater understanding of Bhutan’s reasoning, and with confidence that India’s long-trusted neighbour will take both India’s interests and its own into consideration before any final agreement.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION:

Q) ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbour. (2017)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q) “The ongoing Sino-Bhutan boundary talks open up a new challenge for India’s bilateral relations with the latter”.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/warming-ties-the-hindu-editorial-on-bhutan-china-relations-and-indias-concerns/article67458318.ece

1. NUTRIENT BASED SUBSIDY (NBS)

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The Union Cabinet approved the proposal of the Department of Fertilizers for fixing the Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) rates for Rabi Season 2023-24 on Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers.

EXPLANATION:

• The NBS rates are designed to ensure that farmers have access to affordable fertilizers, which are essential for increasing crop yields and improving farm incomes.
• The NBS rates for Rabi Season 2023-24 are as follows:
  • Nitrogen: Rs. 47.2 per kg
  • Phosphorus: Rs. 20.82 per kg
  • Potash: Rs. 2.38 per kg
  • Sulphur: Rs. 1.89 per kg
• In the upcoming Rabi season 2023-24, an expenditure of Rs.22,303 crore is expected on NBS.
• The subsidy on P&K fertilizers will be provided based on approved rates for Rabi 2023-24 to ensure smooth availability of these fertilizers to the farmers at affordable prices.

BENEFITS:

• The availability of fertilizers to farmers at subsidized, affordable and reasonable prices will be ensured.
• Rationalization of subsidy on P&K fertilizers in view of recent trends in the international prices of fertilizers and inputs.
• Farmers can purchase fertilizers at affordable prices, which helps to reduce their input costs.
• The NBS scheme promotes the use of balanced fertilizers, which is essential for improving soil fertility and crop yields.
• The NBS scheme helps to reduce the dependence of farmers on imported fertilizers.
• The NBS scheme helps to increase farm incomes and improve the livelihood of farmers.

NUTRIENT BASED SUBSIDY (NBS):

• The subsidy on P&K fertilizers is governed by NBS Scheme since 2010.
• Under the NBS scheme, the government provides a fixed subsidy per kilogram of nutrients (N, P, K, and S) contained in fertilizers.
• The subsidy rates are revised on annual basis to take into account the changes in the cost of production and import of fertilizers.
• Government is making available 25 grades of P&K fertilizers to farmers at subsidized prices through fertilizer manufacturers/importers.
• In accordance with its farmer friendly approach, the Government is committed to ensure the availability of P&K fertilizers to the farmers at affordable prices.
• In view of the recent trends in the international prices of fertilizers & inputs i.e. Urea, DAP, MOP and Sulphur, Government has decided to approve the NBS rates for Rabi 2023-24 on Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers.
• The subsidy would be provided to the fertilizer companies as per approved and notified rates so that fertilizers are made available to farmers at affordable prices.

RABI CROPS:

• These crops are sown around the Retreating Monsoon and Northeast monsoon season, which begins in October and are called rabi or winter crops.
• The harvest for these crops happens typically during April and May, during the summer season.
• These crops are not much affected by the rainfall.
• Major Rabi crops are wheat, gram, peas, barley etc.
• A warm climate is required for seed germination and cold climate for the growth of crops.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1970773

2. ANCIENT LANDSCAPE UNDER THE ANTARCTIC ICE

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: A new study published in the journal Nature Geoscience has revealed the existence of an ancient landscape cut by rivers deep under the Antarctic ice.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE STUDY:

• The landscape is located in East Antarctica’s Wilkes Land region bordering the Indian Ocean, covers an area roughly the size of Belgium or the U.S. state of Maryland.
• It is thought to be at least 14 million years old, predating the initial growth of the East Antarctic ice around 34 million years ago.
• The study used satellite observations of the ice surface and ice-penetrating radar data from a plane flying over the site.
• The radar data revealed a series of valleys and ridges that are consistent with the features of a river-carved landscape.
• Some previous studies similarly have revealed ancient landscapes beneath Antarctica’s ice including mountains and highlands, though the landscape discovered in the new study was the first of its type.
• The landscape has been modified by different processes influenced by rivers, tectonics and glaciation over a very long period of geological time.
• Right before 34 million years ago, Antarctica’s landscape and flora likely resembled today’s cold temperate rainforests of Tasmania, New Zealand and South America’s Patagonia region.
• Antarctica was once part of the Gondwana supercontinent that also encompassed what is now Africa, South America, Australia, the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Peninsula, but eventually split off and became isolated in a geological process called plate tectonics.
• Researchers think that when Antarctica’s climate was warmer, rivers flowed across the newly identified landscape toward a continental coastline that was created as the other land masses broke away.
• When the climate cooled some small glaciers formed on hills next to the rivers, with valleys deepening amid glacial erosion.
• Then the climate cooled more significantly, and an ice sheet grew which covered the whole continent, swamping any glaciers that had existed before.
• When that ice growth occurred, the conditions between the base of the ice and the landscape changed to become very cold – and in this way it was no longer able to erode our landscape. Instead, the landscape got preserved, likely for 34 million years.

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE

• The discovery of this ancient landscape has a number of implications for the future.
• Firstly, it shows that the Earth’s climate is more dynamic than previously thought. This suggests that we need to be better prepared for the possibility of rapid climate change in the future.
• Secondly, the discovery of the landscape could help us to better understand how the Antarctic ice sheet will behave in response to climate change.
• This information is essential for developing strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change.
• Thirdly, the discovery of the landscape could lead to new discoveries about life in Antarctica.
• The landscape could provide a habitat for microbes that have survived for millions of years beneath the ice.
• The study of these microbes could provide new insights into the origins and evolution of life.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/antarctica-forests-rivers-34-million-years-ago/article67456512.ece

3. INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ALLIANCE

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The Sixth Assembly of the International Solar Alliance is going to be held in New Delhi from October 30 – November 2, 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• The International Solar Alliance (ISA), comprising 116 member countries dedicated to accelerating the adoption of solar technology globally, is set to release its first-ever “global solar stock-take report.”
• This report is inspired by the United Nations Conference of Parties’ (COP) inaugural “Global Stocktake,”. This report aims to evaluate the progress made by member countries in their transition to solar technology.
• The “Global Stocktake” is part of the Paris Agreement and is conducted every five years to assess the actions taken by countries to shift away from fossil fuels and combat global warming.

ABOUT ISA:

• The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an action-oriented, member-driven, collaborative platform for increased deployment of solar energy technologies as a means for bringing energy access, ensuring energy security, and driving energy transition in its member countries.
• The ISA was conceived as a joint effort by India and France to mobilize efforts against climate change through deployment of solar energy solutions.
• It was conceptualized on the sidelines of the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) held in Paris in 2015. With the amendment of its Framework Agreement in 2020, all member states of the United Nations are now eligible to join the ISA.
• At present, 116 countries are signatories to the ISA Framework Agreement, of which 94 countries have submitted the necessary instruments of ratification to become full members of the ISA.

INVESTMENT TRENDS: 

• In 2020, the global solar sector attracted approximately $300 billion in investments, and this figure increased to about $380 billion in 2022. However, manufacturing remains concentrated in China.
• The stocktake aims to identify strategies for diversifying solar manufacturing and expanding it to other regions.

GLOBAL SOLAR INSTALLATIONS:

• As of 2022, global solar photovoltaic installations reached 1,133 gigawatts (GW), with an addition of 191 GW in 2022.
• China, although not an ISA member, accounts for approximately one-fourth of the total installations at around 350 GW. The United States, an ISA member, follows with 111 GW of solar capacity, and India ranks among the top five countries globally with 62 GW.

CONCLUSION:

• The ISA’s decision to compile and release a “global solar stock-take report” demonstrates its commitment to assessing the progress made in adopting solar technology by member countries.
• The report aims to provide an overview of investments, manufacturing trends, and challenges in the global solar sector.
• As solar energy gains prominence as a reliable and sustainable energy source, the ISA plays a pivotal role in advancing the transition to renewables and promoting solar technology on a global scale.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/international-solar-alliance-to-release-solar-stocktake-report/article67458458.ece/amp/

4. LAND DEGRADATION

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) data, the world lost at least 100 million hectares of healthy and productive land each year from 2015-2019.

EXPLANATION:

• As per the UNCCD’s first data dashboard compiling national figures from 126 countries, land degradation across all regions of the world is becoming worse at an astonishing rate.
• At the planned assembly for the 21st session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention delegates will review global progress made towards land degradation neutrality (LDN).
• Issues like enhancing drought resilience, promoting women’s land rights and combating sand and dust storms will also be addressed.
• The proportion of land degraded varied according to the region, UNCCD data showed.
  • Eastern and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean regions experience the most severe degradation, affecting at least 20 per cent of their total land area.
  • Sub-Saharan Africa, Western and Southern Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean experienced land degradation at rates faster than the global average, the analysts observed.
  • Notably, in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean, 163 million hectares and 108 million hectares, respectively, succumbed to land degradation since 2015.

Proportion of degraded land, 2019

UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (UNCCD):

• The 1994 UNCCD is the only legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to sustainable land management.
• India is a signatory to the United Nations Convention for Combating Desertification (UNCCD).
• The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is the nodal Ministry of Government of India (GoI) that oversees implementation of the Convention in the country.
• The Convention addresses the arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas, known as the drylands, where some of the most vulnerable ecosystems and peoples can be found.
• Parties work together to improve the living conditions for people in drylands, to maintain and restore land and soil productivity, and to mitigate the effects of drought.
• The UNCCD is particularly committed to a bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating desertification and land degradation.
• The UNCCD is one of the three Rio Conventions—along with the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
• It was called for in Agenda 21, the programme of action adopted at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, or Earth Summit).

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/100-million-hectares-of-arable-land-lost-yearly-to-degradation-shows-un-report-92465

5. BRAZZAVILLE SUMMIT

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Tropical forests are facing threat from fossil fuel, mining and extractive industry expansion.

EXPLANATION:

• Delegates of the Three Basins i.e., Amazon, Congo, Borneo-Mekong and Southeast Asia have gathered in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo to strengthen the South-South governance for these three critical ecosystems.
• According to a global report called the Three Basins Threat Report, Tropical Forests in Amazon, Congo, and Borneo-Mekong Basins are facing threats from fossil fuel, mining and extractive industry expansion.
• The Three Basins Summit is an unmissable opportunity to deepen collaboration between tropical forest countries and to stimulate the action and finance needed to protect and restore Earth’s vital forest ecosystems.

THREATS TO TROPICAL FORESTS:

• The report outlines the ongoing threats faced by these vital ecosystems, including extensive forest loss and a looming systemic breakdown.
• These threats have far-reaching consequences, affecting global climate stability, biodiversity, and the livelihoods of millions of indigenous peoples and local communities.
• Approximately 20% of intact tropical forests in these basins are within active and potential oil and gas concessions.
• In the Amazon and Congo basins, nearly 25% of forests are within active or potential mining concessions.
• In Indonesia, half of all nickel concessions overlap with natural forests, posing a fivefold risk of deforestation and degradation if these permits expand to cover the entire deposit area.

IMPACT:

• Over 200 million people, including a significant proportion of indigenous and local communities, are affected by these expansions.
• There will be fewer but strong tropical storms in the Ganga-Mekong basin.
• One-third Lost or degradation of Amazon Forest.

SPECIFIC INFORMATION:

• Amazon Basin: Almost 13% of undisturbed tropical forests overlap with existing or planned oil and gas blocks, and over 33% overlap with active and inactive mining concessions. More than 70 million hectares overlap with mining concessions, affecting the livelihoods of indigenous communities.
• Congo Basin: Over 39% of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests overlap with oil and gas blocks, and nearly 27% overlap with mining concessions. The expansion of fossil fuels and mining threatens the unique cultures and future of indigenous communities.
• Southeast Asia: Nearly 20% of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests are within oil and gas blocks designated for production or exploration. In Indonesia, 53% of natural forests are vulnerable to extractive concessions, and half of nickel mining concessions overlap with natural forests.

CALLS FOR ACTION:

• The report urges world leaders to prioritize the protection of forests in these basins and emphasizes the crucial role of indigenous peoples and local communities in the proposed solutions.
• It calls for an immediate moratorium on industrial activities in primary and intact forests to create space for sustainable economic development that aligns with planetary boundaries.
• Indigenous countries urgently call for 80 per cent protection by 2025.
•  They also emphasize the need for legal security for indigenous territories to safeguard their rights.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/forests/brazzaville-summit-of-the-three-basins-needs-to-find-ways-to-protect-world-s-tropical-forests-92472

THE CONTEXT: Recently, suspension of Members of Parliament over the violation of parliamentary privileges has generated a debate. The purpose of privileges is for efficient working of the house, but it is held that it is being used by government to punish the opposition. In this context, this article analyses the issue of privileges, their use and misuse and implications for the functioning  of Parliament.

BACK TO BASICS: AN OVERVIEW OF PRIVILEGES

PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGES

• Parliamentary privileges are special rights, immunities and exemptions enjoyed by the two Houses of Parliament, their committees and their members. They are necessary in order to secure the independence and effectiveness of their actions.
• So far, neither Parliament nor any State legislature has enacted legislation that defines the powers, privileges and immunities of the Houses, or that of its members and committees.
• These immunities are presently governed by precedents by British parliamentary conventions.
• These privileges are mentioned in Article 105 for Parliament, and in Article 194 for the state legislatures.

COLLECTIVE PRIVILEGES

• The Indian Parliament can decide if its reports, debates, and proceedings should be published or not.
• The Parliament has the right to exclude outsiders from its proceedings.
• It can conduct secret sessions if needed.
• Parliament can make rules for regulating its procedures, business conduct, and work adjudication.
• It can suspend or expel members for violating privileges.
• Parliament can reprimand, admonish, or even imprison individuals who breach privileges.
• The Parliament is informed about the arrest, detention, conviction, imprisonment, and release of its members.
• The Parliament can initiate inquiries and call witnesses.
• The proceedings of the Parliament and its committees cannot be questioned in court.
• No arrests or legal processes can occur within the House precincts without the presiding officer’s permission.

INDIVIDUAL PRIVILEGES

• Members of Parliament cannot be arrested (civil offences only) during sessions, 40 days before and after sessions.
• They have freedom of speech in Houses and are immune from court proceedings for their speech in Parliament.
• They are exempt from jury service and can refuse to give evidence or appear as witnesses during sessions.

PRIVILEGE MOTION

• If members of Parliament feel that the parliamentary privileges have been breached, they can raise a privilege motion. Any member of Parliament can raise this with the consent of the chairperson of the house.
• When a privilege motion is raised, the chairperson can refer it to the “Privileges Committee.”

BREACH OF PRIVILEGES

• Breach of privilege is the violation of respective rights or immunities of the members of either House of Parliament or the State Assembly.
• When any member of the House or any outsider tries to devalue the power, privilege and immunity granted to members of the Houses as well as constituted committees, it is said that they are committing an offence of breach of privilege.
• Breach of privileges is a punishable offence. The form of punishment is decided as per the severity of the breach in accordance with the general law of Parliament.

PUNISHMENT FOR BREACH OF PRIVILEGES

• The authority to decide the punishment lies with the House. A person found guilty of breach of privileges or contempt can be reprimanded, warned or sent to prison.
• The period for which the House can commit an offender to custody or prison for contempt is limited to the duration of the session of the House.
• In case its member is found guilty, the MP can be suspended from the House or face expulsion.

 THE DEBATE OVER BREACHING PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGES?

• In a Rajya Sabha bulletin dated February 18, the secretariat informed that the Chairman had referred a question of an alleged breach of privilege against 12 MPs of Congress and Aam Aadmi Party (AAP). In addition to this, the bulletin mentioned a separate privilege notice against AAP’s Sanjay Singh for “non-adherence to the directions of the Chair”.
• Chairman of Rajya Sabha had rebuked the AAP leader for repeatedly submitting similar notices seeking suspension of business to discuss the Adani issue when the House was in session.
• The action witnessed frequent confrontations between Chairman of Rajya Sabha and the Opposition benches over the rejection of notices and discussion on the Adani issue, has sparked off a debate on discussion versus discipline in Parliament.
• Opposition has called the Chairman’s decision against the “democratic heritage” of Parliament. They questioned how parliamentary privilege is being violated when a Member of Parliament is exercising their right and puts forward a notice as per the rule book which regulates their conduct in the House.
• The Chairman also separately referred the matter of “repeated submission of identical notices” by AAP leader Sanjay Singh to the Committee of Privileges in the Upper House.

Recent Developments

• Recently, in the monsoon session of the Parliament, AAP MP Raghav Chadha and Congress MP Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury were suspended for breach of privileges.
• The Lok Sabha suspended Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury, the Congress Leader of the House, for allegedly engaging in unruly conduct and causing repeated disturbances. The Lok Sabha’s privileges committee has been asked to look into Chowdhury’s conduct. He will remain suspended till it takes a decision.
• Another MP, Raghav Chadha was suspended from the Rajya Sabha for an alleged breach of privileges after four MPs complained that he named them in a House panel without their consent in violation of rules.
• The ruling government moved the resolution to suspend Chadha till the privileges committee submits its findings on the cases of breach of privileges.

THE COMMITTEE OF PRIVILEGES

What is the Privileges Committee?

• The Privileges Committee consists of 15 members in the case of Lok Sabha nominated by the Speaker and 10 members in the case of Rajya Sabha nominated by the Chairman.
• In the Lok Sabha, the Speaker nominates the head of the committee of privileges.
• In the Rajya Sabha, the deputy chairperson heads the committee of privileges.
• The objective of the committee is to safeguard the freedom, authority and dignity of Parliament.
• Its function is to examine every question involving a breach of privilege of the House or the members of any Committee.
• It determines concerning the facts and makes suitable recommendations in its report.

How does the Committee of Privileges work?

• If the matter is referred to the panel, it examines the question of privilege and decides if a breach of privilege is involved and the nature of the breach and circumstances leading to it.
• A report with recommendations is then presented to the House for its consideration.
• The Speaker may also allow a half-hour debate on the report by the committee before passing orders or directing that the report be tabled before the House.
• After a motion for consideration of the report, the Committee moves that the House agree or disagree with the amendments and recommendations in the report. Further action is taken per the decision of the House if the resolution is unanimously passed.

What kinds of cases come to the committee?

• Usually, the committees examine cases where MPs complain that an outsider has breached their privilege.
• For example, the Lok Sabha committee recently looked at multiple instances in which MPs have alleged that government officials have either violated protocol or been unresponsive. But this year, MPs have also brought questions about breach of privilege by other MPs.

What does the committee decide in breach of privilege cases against MPs?

• The Committee of Privileges has the power to recommend to the House for its consideration the issuance of admonitions, reprimands, suspension and, in rare cases, expulsion from the House.
• The convention followed by the committee of both Houses is that if the MP against whom a privilege matter is raised gives an unqualified apology, then the issue is allowed to rest, and it recommends no further action.

WHETHER THE SUSPENSION IS A MISUSE OF PRIVILEGES?

• A close examination of the rules of parliamentary privileges reveals that they are meant to clear obstruction in the House so that business can be conducted without obstruction with an element of punishment in it.
• Also, if the member breaches the privileges, member is temporarily disqualified in as much as he is not allowed to attend the meetings of the House or any meeting of the committees of which he may be a member, during his suspension.
• Similarly, he won’t be allowed to give any notice of questions, motions or resolutions. In effect, he is compelled to remain a non-member during this period.
• However, this fundamental idea about the disciplinary powers of the Houses seems to be changing of late. For example, in one case in the Rajya Sabha, the suspension of a member has been extended beyond the end of the recent session. In another case, a member has been suspended pending investigation by the privileges committee of the House.
• This kind of suspension is held to be unheard of in the history of parliament and clearly is misuse of power. Suspension pending investigation is done only in the case of government employees because the rules permit it. But in the case of members of parliament, there is no such rule.
• Therefore, these kinds of suspensions taken in partisan manner as a retaliation shows misuse of power and is also a violation against the Supreme Court Judgement.

NOTE: MORE ON THIS IN THE CLASS.

THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE SUSPENSION

Both Houses of Parliament possess the power to discipline unruly members so that they can function undisturbed. This power is given to ensure the smooth functioning of the Houses and to punish those who create disorder. However, misusing privileges to suspend the members can have a negative impact on parliamentary functioning.

• Weaponising of parliamentary privileges: Weaponising of parliamentary privilege for suspension of members is seen as an assault on democracy as it throttles every voice of dissent which is a necessary element of democratic government.
• Undermining freedom of expression: These actions threaten and intimidate opposition members as it creates a chilling effect on other members that leads to inhibition or discouragement of the legitimate exercise of freedom of speech and expression.
• Effect on functioning of parliament: If this process of suspension continues with arbitrary extension of duration of suspension by government it will impact functioning of parliament. Lesser debates will eventually deteriorate the quality of the Bills.
• Impact on representative democracy: Suspension of members of parliament who are the representative of the people undermines representative democracy and it directly affects the voice of electors.
• Lessen Accountability: Only targeting opposition for political motives undermines the role of opposition which leads to lack of legislative scrutiny and lessens the accountability of the ruling government.
• Hinder development: Splitting of agendas of ruling government and opposition members will eventually harm the overall development of the country as proper implementation of programme and policies would be disturbed.

THE WAY FORWARD

• Revisit the decision: As the suspension of members seems to be motivated by external reasons rather than for parliamentary democracy, the decision of suspension may need to be revisited.
• Codification of parliamentary privileges: Indian parliamentary privileges are not codified, and the constitution makers left it to the parliament to decide it on case-to-case basis. It’s high time for parliament to codify the privileges so that scope for violation and misuse of privileges minimize.
• Minimise the duration of suspension: Extension of duration of suspension lead to willful and persistent obstruction of the business. Therefore, suspension cannot be for an indefinite period, and it should be minimized.
• Ensuring Democratic values: Every instance of suspension of an MP triggers strong statements on both sides. Although privileges are not absolute rules, it should ensure democratic values and freedom of speech. Parliamentarians should be given sufficient scope to express their thoughts.
• Representative democracy: Parliament is the most important deliberative forum representing diverse interests of the country. Therefore, there is need for an alternative viewpoint to deal with suspension in spirit of representative democracy by indulging in civilized discourse rather than disruption of house.
• Constructive role of opposition: The opposition should play a constructive role in Parliament and be allowed to put forward its views and express itself in a dignified manner. Parliamentary privileges should enable members to become tools for freedom of expression and to work to enhance quality of debate and functioning of parliament. The majority party is responsible for governing and should take other parties into confidence.
• Learn from parliamentary working of UK: As the rule of parliamentary privileges has been borrowed from the British parliamentary conventions, lesson can be taken from their functioning of parliament. The House in UK decides on breaches of privilege and contempt on a case-by-case basis, on the advice of the Committee of Privileges, a cross-party select committee of MPs that considers matters relating to privilege referred to it by the House. It can ensure proper functioning of parliament in Indian parliament system as well.

THE CONCLUSION: Though the decision of suspension is only a blueprint it should be taken as a lesson. It is difficult to deal with planned parliamentary offenses and deliberate disturbances for publicity or political reasons. There is a need to strike a balance between deliberate disruption and raising the important issue, and that the solution to unruly behaviour has to be long-term and consistent with democratic values.

MAINS QUESTIONS

Q.1 What do you understand by Parliamentary Privileges? Discuss their importance for effectiveness of parliamentary functioning in the light of recent developments.

Q.2 Recent instances of suspension of members of parliament in the name of breach of privileges is a breach of democracy. Critically examine.

window.wpAdvQuizInitList = window.wpAdvQuizInitList || []; window.wpAdvQuizInitList.push({ id: '#wpAdvQuiz_7', init: { quizId: 7, mode: 1, globalPoints: 10, timelimit: 0, resultsGrade: [0], bo: 0, qpp: 0, catPoints: [10], formPos: 0, lbn: "Finish quiz", json: {"31":{"type":"single","id":31,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[1,0,0,0]},"32":{"type":"single","id":32,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[0,1,0,0]},"33":{"type":"single","id":33,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[0,1,0,0]},"34":{"type":"single","id":34,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[0,0,1,0]},"35":{"type":"single","id":35,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[0,1,0,0]}} } });