WSDP Bulletin (04-12-2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

  1. What the World Malaria Report says about India READ MORE
  2. COP28: What is Global Stocktake — and why is it important? READ MORE
  3. RBI monetary policy: Why is the Monetary Policy Committee likely to leave repo rate unchanged? READ MORE
  4. BCG revaccination study in high-risk adults to begin in 23 States READ MORE
  5.  ‘India will be the largest cotton producer’ READ MORE
  6. COP28 climate meet | India not among 118 nations that pledged to triple green energy READ MORE
  7. Lithium supply strategy: India’s initiative with Argentina’s CAMYEN gains traction READ MORE
  8. Natural superhero fungi boosts crop yields by 40% READ MORE
  9. After COVID break, Centre approves fourth phase roll-out of GIAN scheme READ MORE
  10. India agreed to withdraw soldiers from country, says Maldives President Muizzu READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

  1. Re-criminalising adultery as a gender-neutral offence READ MORE
  2. Weather Report: East India braces for wet days ahead as Cyclone Michaung builds up; North India to remain dry READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

  1. The legal net to trap peddlers of deepfakes READ MORE
  2. Private job quota for locals ends with order READ MORE
  3. Role of Governors in focus again READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

  1. India, disability inclusion and the power of ‘by’ READ MORE  

 INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

  1. Kissinger: Cold warrior of realpolitik READ MORE  
  2. Time for a reset in India-US ties READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  1. Growth surprise points to status quo on repo rate READ MORE
  2. Economy well on track but growth not yet broad-based READ MORE
  3. Why government is not worried about missing disinvestment target READ MORE
  4. How Indian economy has silenced ‘perennial pessimists’ READ MORE
  5. India’s geo-digital age is here – tech partnerships, data protection, semiconductors READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

  1. Why India will continue to rely on coal for foreseeable future READ MORE  
  2. India reduced emissions intensity 33% in 2005-2019, shows new submission to UN READ MORE
  3. COP28 must put global climate action back on track READ MORE
  4. Will COP28 UAE shape climate justice amid clash between urgency and economic realities in global climate action? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  1. The transformative benefits of population-level genome sequencing | Explained READ MORE   
  2. Artificial Intelligence: Benefits outweigh the detriments READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

  1. Combating cybercrimes READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

  1. The Uttarakhand tunnel workers have been rescued. It’s time to ask hard questions about the project READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

  1. Panacea for grief: Realise the eternity within READ MORE
  2. Your anger, your energy READ MORE
  3. Serve Param Purush READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

  1. A bottom-up approach to disability inclusion is needed to ensure that persons with disabilities are recognised as active members of society and the economy. In the light of the statement critically examine the schemes established as part of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016).
  2. The goal of social justice cannot be achieved without the inclusion of persons with disabilities in all spheres of development, starting with rural areas and rural resilience. Comment.
  3. The historic marginalisation of persons with disabilities and the backsliding of the progress on the Sustainable Development Goals, a fundamental shift in commitment, solidarity, financing and action is critical. Discuss how the voices and needs of persons with disabilities be prioritised at the centre of the global development agenda.
  4. ‘Strategic Autonomy’ deployed by India in recent times owes itself to the foundational principle of realpolitik, as it allows the practitioner to not get closeted within the linear grouping. Critically examine the statement.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it.
  • There needs to be more inclusive opportunities and employment in the rural areas as a majority of persons with disabilities live here.
  • The first step is awareness to ensure last-mile connectivity of the benefits enumerated for people with disabilities by the government, which begins with the capacity-building of community leaders who can advocate for this at the grass-roots level.
  • A bottom-up approach to disability inclusion is crucial to build productive pathways out of poverty and ensure that persons with disabilities are recognised as active members of society and the economy.
  • The goal of social justice cannot be achieved without the inclusion of persons with disabilities in all spheres of development, starting with rural areas and rural resilience.
  • A bi-directional link to poverty, nutrition, and hunger, and as a consequence, there needs to be more inclusive opportunities and employment in rural areas.
  • The historic marginalisation of persons with disabilities and the backsliding of the progress on the Sustainable Development Goals, a fundamental shift in commitment, solidarity, financing and action is critical.
  • It is about time that the voices and needs of persons with disabilities be prioritised at the centre of the global development agenda.
  • Though the domestic economy is on a stronger footing, inflation needs to sustain at 4 per cent for interest rates to be cut.
  • Though the domestic economy is on a stronger footing and global headwinds are not too threatening as to upset inflation-growth dynamics, the lingering El Nino impact on the farm sector could be a cause of concern.
  • ‘Strategic Autonomy’ deployed by India in recent times owes itself to the foundational principle of realpolitik, as it allows the practitioner to not get closeted within the linear grouping and associated puritanism of ‘allies’ to which a sovereign subscribed.
  • As India meanders and navigates its rise in global relevance and animus simultaneously, it would do well to mull over and keep pace with the evolving nature of diplomacy.
  • The extent of moral compromises, leniencies and even suppressions done by Superpowers in their quest to assert their geopolitical agendas and interests, is even more pronounced.
  • It is imperative to foster a constructive working relationship to resolve the disharmony between the Centre and the states.
  • Instead of engaging in public arguments, Chief Ministers and Governors should create a more conducive environment for the federal structure to operate seamlessly. Establishing a positive and productive relationship is crucial for the efficient functioning of the state.
  • The core commitment of COP28 is to conceptualise a sustainable socio-economic model that will substantively decouple itself from conventional reliance on the fossil-related energy model.
  • The alignment of AI use cases with the vision of the organisation is the most important aspect of the adoption of AI.
  • The development of AI should not be an ad-hoc process but a part of a well-thought-out strategy which has the support of the top management and confidence of all stakeholders as a tool for reducing their burden rather than replacing them or their work.

ESSAY TOPIC

  • Strategy is not the consequence of planning, but the opposite: its starting point.

50-WORD TALK

  • Tamil Nadu police have a new target. It’s called ED. Scenes of police raiding ED office upend the playbook of what has become so routine and partisan that nobody even ponders anymore. It shows how broken the federal compact is. The primary responsibility of repairing centre-state balance lies with centre.
  • China has become the first nation to accept the Taliban’s ambassador, starting the normalisation of the outfit in the global order. This is the destiny of Afghanistan that everyone will have to accept, even as efforts continue to sustain international pressure on the Taliban for women’s rights and curbing terrorism.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
  • Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.



21ST NOVEMBER 2023 DNA TOPICS

TOPIC 1: ELECTRIC VEHICLE (EV) BATTERY RECYCLING

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: India’s ambition to lead in electric vehicle (EV) adoption is strongly linked to the necessity of safeguarding its battery supply chain. Despite the country’s shortage of mineral reserves, the emphasis on battery recycling to guarantee material security shows significant potential.

EXPLANATION:

  • The electric vehicle (EV) battery recycling has a critical role in India’s pursuit of decarbonization and sustainable mobility.
  • We will explain in this article about the challenges, opportunities and other aspects associated with recycling lithium-ion batteries, which are vital components of EVs.
  • Challenges in the Battery Supply Chain:
    • India’s dependence on imported battery cells for its electric vehicles exposes the sector to geopolitical risks and supply chain vulnerabilities.
    • The lack of domestic mineral reserves, particularly for crucial materials like lithium, cobalt, and nickel, intensifies this reliance.
  • Opportunity in Recycling:
    • Recycling retired batteries emerges as a strategic solution to mitigate supply chain risks, ensure material security, and reduce reliance on raw material imports.
    • It will minimize environmental hazards from e-waste.
    • It will advance towards achieving Net Zero emissions.
    • This approach aligns with India’s ambitions for clean energy and reduced carbon emissions.
  • Growing Volume of Retired Batteries:
    • Although the electric vehicle industry in India is still in its early stages, the arrival of used batteries has commenced.
    • It suggests the potential increase in retired batteries due to the nation’s ambitious plans for electrification.
  • Scope for Recycling and Second-Life Usage:
    • Retired batteries, even after reaching 70-80% of their original capacity, can still be repurposed for non-automotive applications, like stationary energy storage.
    • Recycling involves extracting valuable materials such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese for reuse in manufacturing new batteries.
  • Current Recycling Infrastructure:
    • Presently, India’s lithium-ion battery recyclers primarily focus on pre-treatment to extract valuable materials.
    • However, there’s limited high-end refining capacity for the separation and recovery of battery-grade materials.
  • Investment and Market Challenges:
    • Establishing battery recycling units requires substantial capital investment, making it a capital-intensive endeavour.
    • Moreover, without a robust domestic market for battery components, recyclers depend on global markets both for sourcing raw materials and selling final products.
    • It hinders India’s self-reliance in the battery supply chain.
  • Global Dynamics and Export Restrictions:
    • Global trends, such as protectionist policies limiting black mass exports and the rising costs of transporting battery scrap, further complicate India’s reliance on importing recycled materials.
      • Black Mass is a mixture of all the valuable materials contained in a lithium-ion cell.
      • The black mass is checked for quality and relevant batches go through extraction, which is essentially a chemical process in which first graphite is recovered, followed by lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese in that order.
      • These materials can then be used to manufacture anode and cathode and are ready to enter the supply chain again.
    • Efforts for Self-Sufficiency:
      • Initiatives are underway to develop domestic capabilities in cell manufacturing and refining processes to retain extracted materials within India for reuse in its industries.

CONCLUSION:

  • Domestic battery manufacturers are gearing up to establish cell manufacturing capabilities, which could potentially reduce dependence on imports and strengthen India’s position in the battery supply chain.
  • There is a dire need for revised Battery Waste Management Rules to enhance recycling efficiency and promote the development of a robust domestic market for recycled battery materials.
  • The challenges in infrastructure, investment, and market dynamics must be addressed to achieve self-sufficiency in the battery supply chain.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/energy/ev-battery-recycling-can-give-wings-to-india-s-decarbonisation-dreams-but-faces-stiff-challenges-92899

TOPIC 2: NITROGEN-9

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: As per the study published in “Physical Review Letters” a specific resonant state indicating the existence of nitrogen-9, an unusual isotope, has been discovered.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE STUDY:

  • Isotope Characteristics and Stability:
    • Nitrogen-9 is highlighted due to its unique proton-to-neutron ratio, which places it outside conventional stability thresholds.
    • The unusual properties of this isotope raise questions about its existence and stability, prompting scientific investigation.
  • Drip Lines and Isotope Limits:
  • Drip Lines:
    • Drip lines are theoretical boundaries that indicate the limits of nuclear stability concerning the number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.
    • There are two types of drip lines: the neutron drip line and the proton drip line.
  • Neutron Drip Line:
    • It represents the boundary beyond which an atomic nucleus becomes unstable due to an excess of neutrons.
    • For instance, oxygen-24 with 16 bound neutrons represents the heaviest stable isotope of oxygen.
    • Adding more neutrons beyond this point causes the nucleus to become too unstable.
  • Proton Drip Line:
    • This concept refers to the boundary beyond which nuclei become unstable due to an excess of protons.
    • Nuclei with imbalanced ratios of protons to neutrons pose a challenge, especially beyond these drip lines.
  • Challenges in Understanding:
    • Nuclei with unbalanced proton-neutron ratios, particularly those situated beyond the drip lines, are difficult to categorize and predict their stability. This lack of understanding poses a significant challenge to physicists in classifying and comprehending these nuclei.
  • Experimental Study on Nitrogen-9:
    • The study aimed to confirm the existence of nitrogen-9 through experimental methods.
    • By bombarding beryllium-9 with an oxygen-13 beam, researchers observed resulting particles and utilized detectors to analyze the reactions.
    • They discovered specific resonant states indicating the existence of nitrogen-9.
  • Resonant States and Findings:
    • The detection of distinct peaks in the energy spectrum revealed stable resonant states of nitrogen-9, corroborated by the Gamow shell model’s theoretical predictions.
    • These findings strongly supported the existence of nitrogen-9, challenging previous interpretations and expanding the nuclide chart’s boundaries.
  • Implications and Future Studies:
    • The discovery of nitrogen-9 suggests the potential for more isotopes beyond conventional limits.
    • This challenges existing knowledge and offers insights into subatomic structures.
    • Theoretical models like the Gamow shell model enhance understanding and pave the way for further research into exotic isotopes’ properties and their role in astrophysical processes.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/nitrogen-9-nucleus-stability-challenge-nuclear-structure/article67550743.ece

TOPIC 3: HIJACKING OF THE SHIP BY HOUTHIS

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Yemen rebel group of Houthis seized an Israel-linked ship bound for India, raising fears of another dimension being added to the ongoing Gaza conflict.

EXPLANATION:

  • Houthi fighters descended on the ship from helicopters and took all 25 crew members hostage.
  • The crew is being treated “in accordance with Islamic values”.
  • Israel has claimed the ship is British-owned and Japanese-operated while terming the hijack “another Iranian act of terrorism”.

WHY WAS THE SHIP HIJACKED?

  • The ship, Galaxy Leader, was heading from Turkey towards Pipavav in Gujarat, and had no cargo on board.
  • Its crew members are from Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Mexico, and the Philippines.
  • The hijacking is in line with the Houthis’ earlier statement, where they had said they would attack Israel-linked ships in the Red Sea and the crucial Bab al-Mandeb, a narrow strait that connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden, if Israel continued its bloodshed in Palestine.
  • After the hijacking, the Houthis’ chief negotiator and spokesman, said that the Israelis only understand “the language of force,”.

HOW HAS ISRAEL REACTED, AND WHY IS JAPAN INVOLVED?

  • Israel’s Denial and Accusations:
    • Israel denied ownership or operation of the ship and clarified that no crew members were Israeli.
    • However, the office of Israel Prime Minister accused Iran of engaging in an act of terrorism, indicating a perceived escalation in Iran’s aggression against global citizens and the potential impact on international shipping security.
  • Israeli Connection:
    • Although Israel disclaimed ownership, there are reported links between the ship and an Israeli billionaire associated with Ray Car Carriers.
    • This association raised eyebrows given the ship’s ownership details, with Ungar being known as one of Israel’s wealthiest individuals.
    • Notably, a previous explosion on a vessel linked to Ungar in the Gulf of Oman in 2021 had been attributed by Israeli media to Iran.
  • Global Response:
    • The Israeli military termed the hijacking a serious incident with global implications, indicating the severity and broader ramifications of the event.
    • Meanwhile, Japanese officials condemned the hijacking as well, as the Galaxy Leader was operated by the Japanese company Nippon Yusen.
    • Japan is actively engaging in negotiations with the Houthis while seeking assistance from Saudi Arabia, Oman, and Iran to secure the release of the ship and its crew.

WHO ARE THE HOUTHIS, AND WHY ARE THEY INVOLVED AT ALL?

  • The Houthis are a rebel group locked in a civil war with the Yemen government for almost a decade.
  • They are in power in northern Yemen, including the official capital Sanaa. The official government now operates out of Aden.
  • The group is named after the Houthi tribe.
  • The Houthis are Zaydi Shias backed by Iran, while the Yemen government has the support of Iran’s biggest rival Saudi Arabia and the West.
  • The group’s origins lie in a Zaydi religious revival movement of the early 1990s.
  • Houthis’ support for “brothers and sisters in Palestine” stems from a staunch opposition to Israel and the West.

Military Significance:

  • The Houthi rebels possess a substantial fighting force with tens of thousands of fighters and a considerable arsenal of ballistic missiles and armed drones.
  • While their stronghold geographically may not directly threaten Israel, they have launched missiles towards Israel, presenting a risk of escalating conflict.

Potential Consequences and Regional Implications:

  • The involvement of the Houthis in conflicts and their actions, such as seizing vessels at sea, pose significant risks.
  • Their activities have the potential to escalate conflicts and draw in other nations, particularly Iran and Saudi Arabia.
  • Additionally, attacks or retaliations involving Israel may necessitate crossing Saudi Arabian territory, potentially dragging Saudi Arabia into the conflict.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/why-houthis-seized-india-bound-ship-gaza-war-9035068/

TOPIC 4: RISK WEIGHT AND ITS IMPACTS

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has increased the risk weight by 25 percent on consumer credit exposure of commercial banks and non-banking finance companies (NBFCs).

EXPLANATION:

  • This move by the RBI aims to address concerns arising from the rapid growth of unsecured loans and the potential risks associated with them.
  • There are certain implications of the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) decision to increase risk weights on certain categories of loans, primarily unsecured loans like credit cards, consumer durable loans, and personal loans. We will discuss the implications one by one now.

What are Risk Weights?

  • Risk weights are used by banks to determine the capital requirement for loans based on their inherent risk.
  • Each type of loan is assigned a risk weight, which influences the bank’s capital allocation to cover potential losses.

Impact on Borrowers:

  • Lower risk weights typically lead to lower interest rates for borrowers.
  • Loans with lower risk weights, such as home loans, tend to have lower interest rates compared to higher-risk loans like personal loans and credit cards, which have higher interest rates.

RBI’s Decision on Risk Weights:

  • The RBI increased risk weights on unsecured loans, particularly credit cards, consumer durable loans, and personal loans.
  • This decision means that banks will need to allocate more capital to cover these loans’ potential risks.

Reasons for RBI’s Concern:

  • The RBI is worried about the increasing share of unsecured loans, which has risen to 10% of the banking system.
  • These loans, especially consumer durable loans, may not generate income and could pose repayment challenges as the end-use of the borrowed money cannot be effectively monitored.

Potential Impact on Retail Loans:

  • The new risk weight limits could lead to banks needing more capital to cover these loans, which might affect their lending capacities.
  • However, since most lenders are well-capitalized (above the statutory threshold), an immediate need to raise more capital might not arise.

Impact on Loan Demand and Pricing:

  • Despite the increase in risk weights, it is suggested that there might not be an immediate curb on loan growth, as demand for loans has been robust regardless of interest rates.
  • However, banks’ overall pricing power might be affected, which could influence the cost of borrowing for consumers.

CONCLUSION:

  • This RBI measure aims to mitigate risks arising from the rapid growth of unsecured loans by increasing the capital buffer that banks must set aside.
  • While it might not immediately restrict lending due to robust demand, it could affect the overall pricing dynamics of loans, potentially impacting borrowers’ borrowing costs.
  • The RBI’s decision to increase risk weights on certain loans is aimed at addressing concerns about the rising share of unsecured loans and potential risks they pose to the banking system, but its immediate impact on loan growth and interest rates remains to be closely observed.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blexplainer/bl-explainer-what-rbis-increase-in-risk-weights-mean-to-the-borrower/article67554070.ece

TOPIC 5: INDIA-AUSTRALIA 2+2 MINISTERIAL DIALOGUE

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: As part of the India-Australia 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue, Indian Defence Minister and Australian Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister held a bilateral meeting recently, reaffirming their commitment to strengthening the defence relations between the two nations.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE MEETING:

  • Military-to-Military Cooperation:
    • Both ministers expressed satisfaction with the increasing military-to-military cooperation, citing joint exercises, exchanges, and institutional dialogues as essential elements in solidifying the bond between India and Australia.
    • This highlights the practical steps taken to bolster collaboration beyond mere diplomatic rhetoric.
  • Acknowledgment of Achievements:
    • Defence Minister congratulated Australia on the successful execution of the ‘Malabar’ multilateral exercise in August.
    • The acknowledgment demonstrates recognition and appreciation for Australia’s efforts in promoting regional security.
  • Focus on Maritime Cooperation:
    • Emphasis was placed on the necessity to strengthen cooperation in information exchange and maritime domain awareness.
    • Advanced discussions on hydrography cooperation and air-to-air refuelling arrangements indicate a shared interest in enhancing maritime security capabilities.
  • Collaboration in Specialized Areas:
    • Union Minister highlighted the importance of collaboration in specialized training areas such as artificial intelligence, anti-submarine and anti-drone warfare, and cybersecurity.
    • It indicates a proactive approach in addressing evolving security challenges by leveraging technological advancements.
  • Defence Industry and Research Collaboration:
    • Both parties discussed deepening cooperation in the defence industry and research.
    • Identified areas include shipbuilding, ship repair, aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul, as well as joint research in underwater technologies.
    • This signifies a mutual interest in enhancing defence capabilities through joint projects and research initiatives.
  • Focus on Defence Start-ups:
    • Exploration of collaboration between defence start-ups from both countries signifies a forward-looking approach to addressing security challenges in the evolving security landscape.
    • This indicates a recognition of the importance of innovation and technology in defence capabilities.
  • Regional Security Significance:
    • Both ministers agreed that a robust India-Australia defence partnership not only benefits both nations but also contributes significantly to the overall security of the Indo-Pacific region.
    • The meeting highlighted the broader regional implications and shared responsibility in maintaining regional stability and security.

What is the 2+2 Dialogue?

  • 2+2 Ministerial is the highest-level institutional mechanism between the two countries.
  • It is a format of dialogue where the defence/foreign ministers or secretaries meet with their counterparts from another country.
  • India has 2+2 dialogues with four key strategic partners: the US, Australia, Japan, and Russia.
  • Besides Russia, the other three countries are also India’s partners in the Quad.

SOURCE: https://ddnews.gov.in/international/india-australia-bolster-defence-cooperation-during-22-ministerial-dialogue#:~:text=As%20part%20of%20the%20India,relations%20between%20the%20two%20nations




TOP 5 TAKKAR NEWS OF THE DAY (20th NOVEMBER 2023)

TOPIC 1: RHODODENDRON

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT  

THE CONTEXT: The rhododendron flower in Uttarakhand, is portrayed as an integral part of the region’s culture, rituals, mythology, and even culinary practices.

RHODODENDRON AS A CULTURAL SYMBOL:

  • Cultural and Ritual Importance:
    • The rhododendron is deeply embedded in Uttarakhand’s culture, being an essential part of local rituals and mythology.
    • Its presence in rituals and temples signifies purity and endurance, demonstrating the reverence people hold for this flower.
  • Pilgrimage Significance:
    • The flower is central to the Nanda Devi Raj Jat Yatra, a significant pilgrimage in Uttarakhand that occurs every 12 years.
    • This underscores the strong bond between the local people and their natural environment.

UTILIZATION BEYOND AESTHETICS:

  • Culinary and Medicinal Use:
    • Beyond its visual appeal, the rhododendron finds usage in regional cuisine, with its blossoms being used to create sweets, drinks, jams, and juice.
    • Its distinct flavour and purported cooling properties make it popular among locals and visitors alike.
  • Environmental Concerns:
    • Climate change-induced alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns are impacting the rhododendron’s growth and flowering cycles.
    • Consequently, conservation efforts are gaining importance, with initiatives in place to safeguard these Himalayan flowers, including the establishment of conservation zones and promoting eco-friendly travel practices.

ECONOMIC AND TOURISTIC VALUE:

  • Cultural Tourism:
    • The rich cultural connection with the rhododendron offers a unique opportunity for cultural tourism.
    • Visitors are drawn not only to the natural beauty but also to the rituals and traditions associated with the flower.
  • Local Economy:
    • The utilization of rhododendron in cuisine and traditional practices also contributes to the local economy, providing opportunities for culinary ventures and indigenous products.

IMPLICATIONS:

  • Cultural Heritage Preservation:
    • The importance of preserving not just the flower itself but also the associated cultural heritage and traditions has been emphasized.
    • The emphasis on conservation and sustainable practices reflects a holistic approach to safeguarding this floral emblem and the surrounding ecosystem while acknowledging its cultural significance.
  • Sustainable Development:
    • Balancing conservation with tourism and economic activities is crucial to ensure sustainable development, where efforts to protect the rhododendron align with the promotion of eco-friendly practices.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/the-power-of-the-rhododendron/article67529485.ece

TOPIC 2: ONATTUKARA SESAME

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Efforts are being made to expand the cultivation of Geographical Indication (GI)-tagged Onattukara sesame in the Kerala region.

INITIATIVE TO EXPAND SESAME CULTIVATION:

  • Increase in Cultivation Area:
    • The Onattukara Vikasana Agency (OVA) plans to significantly increase the area under sesame cultivation.
    • It aimed to expand it to 2,000 hectares from the current 600 hectares in the region encompassing three districts of Kerala: Alappuzha, Kollam, and Pathanamthitta.
  • Incentive Scheme:
    • To encourage farmers, a financial assistance program has been announced, offering ₹40 for a cent of land for cultivating sesame within the Thekkekara Krishi Bhavan limits.
    • This incentive is expected to attract individuals, farming collectives, Kudumbashree groups, self-help groups, and joint liability groups towards sesame cultivation.
  • Collaborative Efforts:
    • The initiative is a joint venture involving local Krishi Bhavan, Onattukara Vikasana Agency (OVA), Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station (ORARS), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kayamkulam, and Mavelikara Thekkekara Panchayat.
    • Collaboration between these entities indicates a concerted effort to promote sesame cultivation.
  • Support Mechanisms:
    • Farmers and groups engaging in sesame cultivation are offered additional support.
    • It also includes access to workforce from Thekkekara Karshika Karma Sena and tractor rental at a nominal charge of ₹750 per hour.

SIGNIFICANCE OF ONATTUKARA SESAME:

  • Geographical Indication (GI) Tag:
    • The Onattukara sesame holds a GI tag, signifying its unique characteristics and origin from a specific geographical location, adding value to its identity and quality.
  • Medicinal and Nutritional Value:
    • Studies by the Kerala Agricultural University reveal the medicinal value of Onattukara sesame.
    • It contains high levels of Vitamin E, antioxidants, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitoleic acid, promoting good health.
  • Varieties Cultivated:
    • Apart from the traditional Ayali variety, farmers in the region are cultivating varieties like Kayamkulam-1, Thilak, Thilathara, and Thilarani, developed by the Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station (ORARS).

POTENTIAL BENEFITS:

  • Economic Development:
    • Expanding sesame cultivation holds the potential to boost local economies, generate employment opportunities, and contribute to the agricultural sector’s growth in the region.
  • Health and Nutritional Benefits:
    • Highlighting the nutritional and medicinal values of Onattukara sesame could create consumer awareness, potentially increasing demand for this particular variety.
  • Collaborative Approach:
    • The joint efforts involving various agricultural institutions, local governance bodies, and farmers’ groups indicate a coordinated strategy towards agricultural development and sustainability.
  • GI Tag and Quality Assurance:
    • The GI tag signifies quality, authenticity, and unique characteristics associated with the geographical region, contributing to the promotion and branding of Onattukara sesame.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/measures-on-to-expand-cultivation-of-gi-tagged-onattukara-sesame/article67551308.ece/amp/

TOPIC 3: INDIA-UK FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (FTA)

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: External Affairs Minister of India discussed the India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Britain’s Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary recently.

EXPLANATION:

  • The agreement is under negotiation and has not been signed yet.
  • When signed, the India-UK FTA will serve as a template for an agreement with the European Union (EU).

INDIA-UK FREE TRADE AGREEMENT:

  • Strategic Importance as a Template for EU Agreement:
    • The FTA between India and the UK is seen as a model for a similar pact with the European Union, India’s second-largest trade partner.
    • It signifies a shift in India’s trade strategy towards Western nations and African countries rather than solely focusing on the East, as previously done under the UPA government.
  • China Factor and Supply Chain Disruptions:
    • The disruption in supply chains during the pandemic has prompted Western companies to reconsider their over-dependence on China, leading to a ‘China-plus one’ strategy.
    • This shift has motivated countries like Australia and the UK to seek stronger economic ties with India.
  • Brexit-Induced Insecurities for the UK:
    • Brexit has created uncertainties for the UK, making an FTA with India crucial to compensate for the loss of access to the European Single Market.
    • However, concerns exist regarding offering work permits to Indian service sector workers due to political reasons.
  • Potential Gains and Challenges for India:
    • For India, the FTA presents an opportunity to revive declining sectors like apparel and gems/jewellery by reducing tariffs in the UK.
    • However, concerns have been raised about the impact on Least Developed Countries (LDCs) like Bangladesh if India gains zero-duty access for its textiles.
  • Beneficial Aspects for the UK:
    • The UK aims to gain deeper access to the Indian market, especially for goods like cars, Scotch whisky, and wines, which currently face significant tariffs.
    • Elimination or reduction of tariffs on these goods could enhance British exports to India.
  • Tariff Disparity and Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs):
    • There exists a substantial tariff disparity between goods imported from India into the UK and vice versa.
    • The FTA negotiations might focus on reducing these tariff barriers.
    • Additionally, addressing non-tariff barriers such as regulations and standards could be crucial for Indian exporters, particularly in agriculture and manufacturing.
  • Carbon Tax and Border Adjustment Mechanism:
    • The UK’s plan to impose a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) similar to the EU’s strategy might affect India’s exports, especially in sectors like cement, chemicals, steel, and others.
    • This imposition aims to reduce dependence on high carbon-emitting imports and could potentially impact Indian exports to the UK.

IMPACTS AND CHALLENGES:

  • Strategic Shift: India’s reorientation towards Western nations and away from over-dependence on China is evident. However, concerns persist regarding the impact on LDCs, especially in terms of textiles.
  • Potential Imbalance: While India aims to boost declining sectors, the disparity in tariffs and non-tariff barriers presents a challenge. Addressing these barriers will be critical for ensuring mutual benefits.
  • Carbon Tax Implications: The UK’s plan for a carbon tax and CBAM could pose challenges for India’s exports, especially in energy-intensive sectors.
  • Negotiation Dynamics: The negotiations hold importance for both countries, but balancing mutual benefits while addressing concerns of sectors vulnerable to tariff changes and non-tariff barriers is crucial.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/proposed-india-uk-fta-its-politics-and-why-the-uk-may-benefit-more-9031599/

TOPIC 4: 30th ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) ECONOMIC LEADERS’ MEETING

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The 30th Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Leaders’ Meeting concluded in San Francisco recently with the adoption of the Golden Gate Declaration. The declaration underscores the commitment to creating a resilient and sustainable future for all member economies.

EXPLANATION:

  • For the first time since 2011, USA hosted annual APEC
  • Theme of the meeting was creating a “Resilient and Sustainable Future for All”.

GOLDEN GATE DECLARATION:

  • The declaration aims to harness the technological and economic progress to continue to unleash the enormous potential and tremendous dynamism across regions, spur economic growth.
  • The declaration was adopted after the two-day meeting, during which the leaders focused on the subjects of sustainability, climate, just energy transition, interconnectedness and building inclusive and resilient economies.
  • The importance of the rules-based multilateral trading system, with the World Trade Organization at its core, which continues to catalyze APEC region’s extraordinary growth has been reaffirmed.
  • APEC economies vow to accelerate the transition towards low and zero emissions vehicles; sustainable aviation fuels; and low and zero emission maritime shipping and port decarbonization, reads the document.

APEC:

  • It was formed in 1989 with 12 members.
  • Now, it has 21 members.
  • Grouping of economies around Pacific Ocean aiming to promote trade, investment, and economic development in region.
  • Accounts for nearly 62% of global GDP, half of global trade and covers 38% of global population.
  • Operates on basis of non-binding commitments with decisions reached by consensus. India is an observer since 2011.

SOURCE: https://www.wionews.com/world/apec-summit-live-updates-biden-meets-mexican-president-lopez-obrador-659895

TOPIC 5: GOVERNOR’S ROLE IN LEGISLATION

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Tamil Nadu Governor R. N. Ravi has withheld assent for certain Bills passed by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. In this article, we will analyse the governor’s role in legislation.

EXPLANATION:

  • The role of a Governor in the legislative process within a state is a crucial aspect of India’s federal structure.
  • The Governor, as the constitutional head of a state, plays a significant role in the enactment of laws.

GOVERNOR’S ROLE IN LEGISLATION:

  • Options When Receiving a Bill for Assent:
    • Article 200 of the Indian Constitution provides a structured approach for the Governor’s actions concerning bills, emphasizing the Governor’s role as a link between the State Legislature and the Union.
    • It also outlines four alternatives available to a Governor upon receiving a bill from a State Legislature:
      • Give Assent: The Governor approves the bill, making it law.
      • Withhold Assent: The Governor refuses to approve the bill, effectively rejecting it.
      • Return for Reconsideration: If it’s not a Money Bill, the Governor can send the bill back to the State Legislature for reconsideration.
      • Reserve for President’s Consideration: Certain bills need to be reserved for the President’s consideration, such as those that reduce High Court powers or conflict with Union laws.
    • Exercise of Discretionary Powers:
      • According to judicial precedents like the Shamsher Singh case, the Governor typically acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers while withholding assent or returning a bill.
      • Discretionary powers might be exercised in rare cases where the Governor believes a bill contravenes the Constitution and should be reserved for the President’s consideration.
    • Recommendations and Unimplemented Suggestions:
      • Reports like the Sarkaria Commission and the Punchhi Commission have suggested limiting the Governor’s discretionary powers, emphasizing adherence to ministerial advice.
      • Recommendations also proposed time limits for decision-making on bills but have not been implemented.
    • Resolution of Impasses:
      • The politicization of the Governor’s role has been a persistent issue.
      • Suggestions include consulting Chief Ministers before a Governor’s appointment, and the possibility of impeachment by the State Legislature to remove an uncooperative Governor.
      • Amendments are proposed to ensure responsible cooperation between the Centre and States in matters related to Governors’ appointments and functioning.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO THE GOVERNOR

  • Article 153 says that there shall be a Governor for each State. One person can be appointed as Governor for two or more States.
  • A Governor is appointed by the President and is a nominee of the Central Government.
  • It is stated that the Governor has a dual role.
  • He is the constitutional head of the state, bound by the advice of his Council of Ministers (CoM).
  • He functions as a vital link between the Union Government and the State Government.
  • Articles 157 and 158 specify eligibility requirements for the post of governor. A governor must:
  • Be a citizen of India.
  • Be at least 35 years of age.
  • Not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature.
  • Not hold any office of profit.
  • Governor has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, etc. (Article 161).
  • There is a CoM with the CM at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except some conditions for discretion. (Article 163).
  • The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other Ministers (Article 164).
  • Governor assents, withholds assent, or reserves the bill for the consideration of the President passed by the Legislative Assembly (Article 200).
  • Governors may promulgate the Ordinances under certain circumstances (Article 213).
  • Governor’s role:
  • The Governor holds a constitutional position and is expected to perform specific functions, including granting assent to bills passed by the state legislature and ensuring the proper functioning of state administration.
  • The Governor’s actions are perceived as a hindrance to these responsibilities.
  • FOR FURTHER RINFORMATION PLEASE REFER TO THE DNA ARTICLE OF 1ST OCTOBER 2023.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-role-of-the-governor-in-legislature-explained/article67552112.ece/amp/




JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Scientists used the James Webb Space Telescope to discover the second and fourth-most distant galaxies in a part of space known as Pandora’s cluster.

EXPLANATION:

  • According to researchers, galaxies at this distance appear in images as red dots, these new galaxies appear larger and look like a “peanut and a fluffy ball”.
  • The researchers estimate that the light detected by Webb telescope was emitted by the galaxies about 13.4 billion light-years
  • The galaxies are currently 33 billion light-years away from us because of the expansion of the universe over time.
  • The researchers also used computational models to reveal the properties of these early galaxies.

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE:

  • The James Webb Space Telescope is the largest, most powerful space telescope ever built.
  • The telescope will be able to capture images of some of the first galaxies ever formed.
  • It will also be able to observe objects in our solar system from Mars outward, look inside dust clouds to see where new stars and planets are forming and examine the atmospheres of planets orbiting other stars.
  • The Webb telescope’s cameras are sensitive to heat from the Sun. Webb has a sunshield to protect its instruments and mirrors.
  • The James Webb Space Telescope sees the universe in light that is invisible to human eyes. This light is called infrared radiation. The James Webb Space Telescope will use its infrared cameras to see through dust in the universe.
  • It took deep field images of Pandora’s cluster in 2022.

SOURCE: James Webb Space Telescope help find 2 of the most distant galaxies (indianexpress.com)




WSDP Bulletin (16-11-2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

  1. India sees 6.2% rise in goods exports in October READ MORE
  2. PM launches Rs 24,000-cr scheme for vulnerable tribal groups’ welfare READ MORE
  3. NASA, ISRO gearing up to launch joint space mission to map globe every 12 days READ MORE
  4. Gold pushed trade deficit to new high of $31.46 billion in October READ MORE
  5. Greenhouse gases hit record high in 2022: UN READ MORE
  6. FATF team in India to hold on-site review meetings READ MORE
  7. Tribal body declares ‘self-rule’ in a few districts of Manipur READ MORE
  8. India to host 2nd Voice of Global South Summit on November 17 READ MORE
  9. WHO roadmap to end TB in children focuses for 1st time on pregnant, post-partum women affected by disease READ MORE
  10. CBD’s Geneva meetings: Benefit sharing on traditional knowledge & digital sequence information on agenda READ MORE  
  11. Why adultery was struck off IPC, and why a House panel wants to make it a crime again READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

  1. Let society evolve; resist return of regressive laws READ MORE
  2. Challenges to curbing community-based prostitution READ MORE  
  3. Does It Work To Pay People Not To Cut the Forest? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

  1. The growing wave of decentralisation: Comparative evidence from developing countries READ MORE
  2. The price of persistent federal frictions READ MORE
  3. Life over death: On death penalty abolition and parliamentary panel report READ MORE
  4. Regulating OTT: Draft Broadcasting Regulation Bill may be an attempt to control digital infrastructure READ MORE
  5. A grave error in the law READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

  1. Improve teacher quality to raise school standards READ MORE
  2. Extend political discourse on poverty to redistributive justice READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

  1. India Once Was a Strong Ally of Palestine. What Changed? READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  1. Food flux: On food costs and the October tidings READ MORE
  2. IPEF supply chain pact is unfair READ MORE
  3. Is there more room for competitive populism? READ MORE
  4. Electrification of last-mile mobility and logistics READ MORE
  5. RBI, Narendra Modi and the Subtle Art of Ignoring Concerns READ MORE
  6. How a gendered digital divide, low quality of jobs keeps Indian women out of the workforce READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

  1. Climate pledges lacking: 87% of remaining global carbon budget to limit warming may be depleted by 2030, finds UN READ MORE
  2. Global emissions: UN report exposes inadequacy of efforts READ MORE
  3. Climate concerns or trade barriers? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  1. AI can play the sleuth to expose scientific fraud READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

  1. MHA extends UAPA ban against eight Meitei extremist organisations READ MORE
  2. Realism, not machismo, to counter terror READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

  1. Another warning in the Himalayas READ MORE
  2. Tunnel tragedy is another eco-warning we need to heed READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

  1. In the age of Kalyug, it is time to leverage the power of the collective READ MORE
  2. Does Philosophical Reflection Still Hold Value? READ MORE
  3. Tolerance is the key to achieving peace READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

  1. AI is one of the most significant technical advancements in recent times, but it is posing a great danger to humanity by unleashing misinformation and deepfakes. Justify with recent examples.
  2. The cause of poverty in the country is not only economic but the issue of caste plays a substantial role. Argue and justify.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • We are on a highway to climate hell with our foot still on the accelerator.
  • Improving teacher quality and pedagogical innovation to enhance the overall rigour of education in the country, must be an immediate and urgent priority.
  • Higher than expected tax revenues provide a cushion for the government. However, concerns remain about the medium-term fiscal deficit
  • For an economy whose resilience relies on its domestic demand buffer against global shocks, reluctant or budget-cramped consumers are the biggest headwind for policymakers to strive to address.
  • Any interest rate hike over and above the 2.5 percentage points already administered in this rate hike cycle would have hurt growth significantly.
  • The agreement on Supply Chain Resilience will enhance the resilience of the US, while deepening the vulnerability of India and other developing countries.
  • AI is one of the biggest technical advancements in recent times but it can pose a great danger to humanity by unleashing misinformation and deepfakes.
  • Ensuring AI safety would require the convergence of multiple branches of activity, including skills, talent, and physical infrastructure.
  • Transitioning to low-carbon cities can significantly reduce CO2 levels.
  • The future will either be green or not at all.
  • Energy justice and social equity issues can have severe implications for the economic well-being of people, livelihoods, and economic development.
  • A beginning can be made by providing gig workers with EVs. The Govt must support them and acknowledge their contribution to the economy.
  • As the demand for reservation reaches a crescendo, the original justification for this departure from formal equality has become more difficult.
  • The cause of poverty in the country is not only economic. A substantial number of the poor belong to the Scheduled and Backward Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
  • If background inequalities force certain people to live below the poverty line, this should be seen as a serious infringement of the right to equality granted by our Constitution.
  • The idea of caste is the greatest dividing factor… all caste either on the principle of birth or of merit is bondage.
  • India this time around has taken a much stronger pro-Israel stand than is typical during Israeli-Palestinian conflicts.
  • The state and central governments also need to acknowledge the contributions and the critical nature of these gig workers.
  • COP28 presents an opportunity to India and other nations to hold the West accountable and liable for the environmental crisis.

ESSAY TOPIC

  • The future will either be green or not at all.

50-WORD TALK

  • Irrational and unscientific fixed-dose combination drugs ruling the Indian pharma market is a menace that has gone on unchecked for too long. A study shows 70% of antibiotic FDC drugs in the market are banned or unapproved. This is a public health hazard; convoluted and inefficient regulations are bad medicine.
  • The ordeal of 40 men trapped inside a collapsed tunnel in Uttarakhand is a reminder of the tightrope walk infrastructure development is in Garhwal Himalayas. Aggressive construction without mountain-appropriate plans is a slippery slope. We hope they are rescued soon, but disregarding the region’s vulnerability will only endanger more lives.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
  • Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.



WSDP Bulletin (04-11-2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

  1. Atal Innovation Mission Opens Application for School Innovation Challenge ATL Marathon 2023-24 READ MORE
  2. Delhi’s air quality worsens to ‘severe plus’ category; Centre defers stricter curbs, says AQI in region showing declining trend READ MORE
  3. Seven years after it was first announced, India to open new consulate in Seattle READ MORE
  4. Operation Cactus: When India prevented a coup in Maldives READ MORE
  5. Farm fires and weather behind choke; respite likely in 4 days READ MORE
  6. UN sounds warning on climate change health threat READ MORE
  7. Work starts on shaping first national security strategy, long wait ends READ MORE
  8. Asteroid Dinkinesh is actually two space rocks, finds NASA’s Lucy mission READ MORE
  9. New Report Calls for GST Slab Rationalisation Amid High State Revenue Deficits, Subsidy Expenditures READ MORE
  10. No legal identity for a billion people globally, says UN body READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

  1. The world is getting older. Can India cope? READ MORE
  2. Rescuing children from the clutches of mobile phones READ MORE
  3. El Nino may be drying out the southern hemisphere — here’s how that affects the whole planet READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

  1. Action and authority: On Governors and implementation of decisions by elected regimes READ MORE
  2. On government fact-checking units: A government panel to check facts is liable to be misused against critics READ MORE
  3. On electoral bonds, Supreme Court must uphold Right to Information READ MORE
  4. State regulation of film reviews is a risky business READ MORE
  5. Governors need to rise above politics READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

  1. Widening welfare READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

  1. India-US dialogue: No irritant should be allowed to affect ties READ MORE
  2. US-China Dichotomy: Quietude of the Western Left READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  1. India’s labour scene is changing READ MORE
  2. Create an ecosystem where all can participate in economic growth READ MORE
  3. Traditional vs digital bank: Survival of the fittest READ MORE
  4. The Evolving Energy Scenario READ MORE
  5. Youth Employment in India: Dimensions and Challenges READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

  1. Late to action, lots to do READ MORE
  2. Climate Change: Is White Hydrogen the New Saviour? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  1. AI and the issue of human-centricity in copyright law READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

  1. Malware malice: On the Apple cyberattack alert READ MORE
  2. India’s Need for a National Security Strategy Cannot Be Ignored READ MORE
  3. Is it Time to Call India a Digital Dystopia? READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

  1. Farm fires rage on: Stakeholders not doing enough to curb menace READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

  1. Ukraine, Gaza are our Kurukshetra now READ MORE
  2. Humanity, not identity, defines morality READ MORE
  3. All it takes: 1% god’s grace READ MORE
  4. Entrepreneurship mirrors essence of dharma READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

  1. Only virtues and standards of universal morality are applicable to clashing groups of inimical belief systems in times of distrust. And all-encompassing humanity is the sole criterion for drafting such standards of universal morality. Comment.
  2. It is humanity, not identity, that defines morality. Comment.
  3. Though Article 200 does not lay down a specific timeframe to give assent to the bill, but a constitutional authority should not circumvent a provision of the Constitution by taking advantage of an omission. Comment on the statement in the light of recent developments.
  4. Dharma encompasses not only moral and ethical duties but also one’s responsibility towards society and the greater good. Comment.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • Those who say religion has nothing to do with politics do not know what religion is.
  • By investing in cutting-edge technology and streamlining their operations, traditional banks can upgrade conventional banking to bring it at par with the digital banking.
  • While the digital age offers learning and entertainment opportunities, it’s vital to safeguard our children from over indulging in it.
  • Entrepreneurs who prioritise ethics, honesty, and integrity in their business dealings create a foundation of trust with customers, partners, and employees.
  • A major issue is how social security can be effectively financed. There are three models to finance SS: contributory scheme, non-contributory scheme and a combination of both.
  • Governments must urgently push greater awareness about the Good Samaritan Law.
  • It is important to know which model of financing is more appropriate. International evidence suggests that SS coverage can be extended to all by increasing contributory coverage and non-contributory schemes by increasing tax revenue.
  • Dharma encompasses not only moral and ethical duties but also one’s responsibility towards society and the greater good.
  • Despite surging demand and larger carbon emissions, India can reduce its dependence on energy imports.
  • A dignified life for the elderly population needs an urgent cultural, political and policy reimagination.
  • The stance of the Western Left vis-à-vis Western imperialism is causing a shift of the entire political centre of gravity to the Right.

ESSAY TOPIC

  • The wise win before the fight, while the ignorant fight to win.

50-WORD TALK

  • CJI Chandrachud’s ‘tareekh pe tareekh’ anguish over adjournment requests in the Supreme Court is valid. But as masters of their own court, judges should put an end to the growing trend and impose costs if such appeals are made on flimsy grounds. Lawyers must contribute to vitality of the judiciary.
  • Xi Jinping wants Chinese women to focus on marriage and having babies. This desperate move to address a shrinking population is nothing but regressive. When India is making efforts to bring more women into the workforce, China’s slide back toward the middle ages is a knockout punch to gender equality.
  • Governments of Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Kerala having to move Supreme Court to get governors to clear bills is another sign of politicisation of Raj Bhawans. Governors in many non-BJP-ruled states are making a mockery of democracy by obstructing elected governments’ functioning. SC must step in to check gubernatorial hyperdrive.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
  • Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.



WSDP Bulletin (02-11-2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

  1. India and Sri Lanka re-launch negotiations of the Economic and Technology Cooperation Agreement (ETCA) READ MORE
  2. UPSC tightens guidelines for appointment of State DGPs READ MORE
  3. Haemoglobin isn’t used only in blood, scientists find in major discovery READ MORE
  4. Manufacturing PMI falls to an eight-month low READ MORE
  5. Gwalior, Kozhikode now on Unesco list of creative cities READ MORE
  6. Bangladesh PM Hasina’s daughter Saima Wazed voted as new WHO regional director READ MORE
  7. India-born author Nandini Das wins 2023 British Academy Book Prize READ MORE
  8. Rajya Sabha panel to hold meeting, take up pending cases of privilege breach READ MORE
  9. India’s cotton yield may be lowest in 15 years, to drop by 20% READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

  1. Divorce: Changing attitudes and social mores READ MORE
  2. WWF: 32 million acres of grasslands across US & Canadian Great Plains ploughed up since 2012 READ MORE
  3. View from the Himalayas | The ‘Third Pole’ is drying up READ MORE
  4. With El Nino around, the heat is on READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

  1. The blueprint to develop India by 2047 must factor in critical governance reforms READ MORE
  2. Impacting a woman’s freedom to reproductive choices READ MORE
  3. Law doesn’t bar states from counting castes READ MORE
  4. Small projects, big impact READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

  1. Challenges in equipping job seekers with skills READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

  1. Hope floats for a thaw in China-US relations READ MORE
  2. US can help India become battery manufacturing powerhouse. And decouple from China READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  1. India is proud to be the biggest development partner of Bangladesh: PM READ MORE
  2. Why GST collections surged sharply in October READ MORE
  3. Supreme Court’s decision on tax treaties clarifies India’s Most Favoured Nation approach READ MORE
  4. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation: India and global supply chains READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

  1. India’s race to a green hydrogen future READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  1. AI and the issue of human-centricity in copyright law READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

  1. Malware malice: On the Apple cyberattack alert READ MORE
  2. India’s Need for a National Security Strategy Cannot Be Ignored READ MORE
  3. Is it Time to Call India a Digital Dystopia? READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

  1. Farm fires rage on: Stakeholders not doing enough to curb menace READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

  1. The birth and death of Ego READ MORE
  2. Essence of the Upanishads READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

  1. One of the strengths of an effective administrator is the ability to retain equanimity and restraint in any situation and those in power do not act as the instruments of nemesis due to their inflamed egos. With the help of some real-life examples, justify this statement.
  2. To address the challenges posed by rapid and mass urbanisation, policymakers must shift their focus to organic rural development that involves farmers and local communities. Do you think, in this regard, a bottom-up infrastructure development approach over a top-down approach would be an effective strategy?
  3. Policymakers in India need to assume a more cautious approach against diluting the human-centricity in copyright law. Discuss why there is a need to have a cautious approach in extending existing IP protections to work generated by Artificial Intelligence?
  4. Caste censuses are essential for addressing socioeconomic inequalities and informing policymaking. How far do you agree with this view? Justify your view.
  5. India is deploying smart fencing, but there should be a balance between manned security and technologies. Comment on the statement in light of recent developments.
  6. Recent data breach shows that digital India, in reality, is too far from the claim and India needs to renew its efforts to de-mystify technology with the aim of surveillance reforms. Comment.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind.
  • One of the strengths of an effective administrator is the ability to retain equanimity and restraint in any situation and those in power do not act as the instruments of nemesis due to their inflamed egos.
  • Policymakers and courts in India also need to assume a more cautious approach against diluting the human-centricity in copyright law.
  • The popularity and importance of the right to a piece of information has been used to hold local governments accountable for lapses in the delivery of services and secure access to basic rights and entitlements.
  • Aiming for a high 9% growth rate between 2030 and 2047 is laudable but factoring in alternative scenarios and changing course when warranted, is advisable.
  • There needs to be cautious approach in extending existing IP protections to work generated by Artificial Intelligence.
  • There is no place within our constitutional structure to see a foetus as anything but dependent on the mother. To see it as a separate, distinct personality would be tantamount to conferring a set of rights on it that the Constitution grants to no other class of person.
  • As economic realities change, negotiated relations among countries must also adapt. There is a need for periodic review of tax treaties, especially with respect to their economic benefits.
  • The Hamas attack on Israel and this colossal human crisis that is unfolding before our eyes has key lessons for India and the world.
  • Engaging with research organisations and academic institutions that focus on education, skills, and labour markets is critical to building capability.
  • India needs infrastructure, but the issue is that policymakers often prioritise large and impressive projects that often benefit only those directly connected to the larger economy.
  • To address the challenges posed by rapid and mass urbanisation, policymakers must shift their focus to organic rural development that involves farmers and local communities.
  • India is deploying smart fencing but the recent developments show that there needs to be a balance between manned security and technologies.
  • It is time to renew efforts to de-mystify technology with the aim of surveillance reforms, before this Digital Dystopia becomes a permanent future.
  • Digital India isn’t what it is being claimed, the reality is different on the ground. It is time to renew efforts to de-mystify technology with the aim of surveillance reforms, before this Digital Dystopia becomes a permanent future.

50-WORD TALK

  • India’s major IT companies have laid off 21,000 people between June and September, largely citing operational efficiency. This data is important. While there is the social cost of such a move, this is how markets function. It’s important for IT giants to think long and hire responsibly, not on impulse.
  • India is testing smart fencing in Kashmir using sensors by Magal, which developed systems in Gaza and US. But the Israel episode shows that there needs to be a balance between manned security and technologies that enable unmanned defence at borders. Reliance on such technologies can only go so far.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
  • Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.



WSDP Bulletin (18-10-2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

  1. PM inaugurates Global Maritime India Summit 2023 READ MORE
  2. SC declines to legalise same-sex marriage, says legislature to decide READ MORE
  3. Kerala mulls planting bamboo along Munnar’s Gap Road to avert landslips READ MORE  
  4. ST status for Meiteis was considered and rejected in 1982 and 2001, government records show READ MORE
  5. How synergistic barriers are affecting progress on SDGs READ MORE
  6. AI finds supernova, the biggest explosion in universe, first without human help READ MORE
  7. India-Sri Lanka ferry service restarted after 40 yrs: Opportunities, challenges READ MORE
  8. Scientists using AI to decode secrets of ancient Pompeii scroll READ MORE
  9. Amazon forests threatened: 10% more wildfires than last year, environmental gains may be undone READ MORE
  10. No health warnings on iron fortified rice: SC directs govt to respond in 4 weeks READ MORE  

Main

GS Paper- 1

  1. Why Supreme Court’s same-sex marriage verdict opens no doors for queer people READ MORE
  2. Solve water woes to save TN growth target READ MORE
  3. Is climate change the reason for Sikkim flash floods? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

  1. Demolishing the frame from outside the Constitution READ MORE
  2. Centralised procurement as a powerful health idea READ MORE
  3. Law and custom: On the Supreme Court’s verdict on same-sex marriage READ MORE
  4. Invoking the spectre of judicial legislation READ MORE
  5. Empowered CAG: Guardian of public purse must stay independent READ MORE
  6. Providing non-financial services to rural communities READ MORE
  7. Electoral Bonds must be scrapped READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

  1. Food deprivation & hunger remain widespread in India READ MORE
  2. Higher education at crossroads READ MORE
  3. Transform learning READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

  1. A ferry tale from the neighbourhood READ MORE
  2. Building bridges READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  1. How to read India’s latest employment data READ MORE
  2. Role of banks in a knowledge economy READ MORE
  3. Gig workers law deepens industrial democracy READ MORE
  4. Watch out for global headwinds READ MORE
  5. Farm to fork: An overview of millet supply chains in India READ MORE
  6. GM crops need more research READ MORE
  7. Indian Agriculture has a problem. We farm too much for too little READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

  1. Climate lessons from G20 for Dubai COP28 READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  1. AI could redefine police techniques READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

  1. Localise strategies to build climate resilience READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

  1. Cybercrime surge: Focus on persistent vigil, collaborative efforts READ MORE
  2. Beyond ‘Black Mirror’s’ fiction – Impact of Generative AI on policing, security READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

  1. This Quote Means: ‘Women… are fuelled by a will to survive’, from Iran’s Nobel Peace Prize winner READ MORE
  2. The Buddha’s wisdom can help to heal the mind READ MORE
  3. Supreme intelligence READ MORE
  4. Civil servants who say no to scams are national icons READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

  1. As the threat of climate change grows stark in the Himalayan regions, the Early Warning System should be deployed to avoid numerous disasters. Comment.
  2. Despite the emergence of numerous education policies in the post-independence period, India has yet to generate an indigenous system of education that is propelled by rationality, scientific temper and empathy. Do you agree that transforming education into the practice of freedom is an effective way forward?
  3. The Electoral Bonds scheme not only creates an uneven playing field for political parties but is a danger to our democracy. Comment.
  4. The SHG federations with the existing panchayat-level committees has opportunities to contribute to the development process of the village to upgrade education, health, sanitation and infrastructure facilities. Comment.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • The Constitution’s identity is endangered not just by a textual transformation but also in the subversion of its liberal, democratic environment.
  • Our real enemies are not men and women but suspicion, fear, hatred, violence and feeling of revenge and these enemies cannot be eliminated by military means.
  • Discoms will be profitable only when they are unshackled from state controls and electricity distribution is deregulated.
  • The goal should be to create more employers than employees, and it is hoped that “PM Vishwakarma” will help make this a reality.
  • The SHG federations can work with the existing panchayat-level committees to contribute to the development process of the village to upgrade education, health, sanitation and infrastructure facilities.
  • The SHG model is a flexible and comprehensive tool to steer holistic development services as opposed to only providing financial and livelihood services to SHG women.
  • While women-led federations role in promoting empowerment and livelihoods promotion is well known, not much has been highlighted about the SHG federation’s work in providing non-financial and development services in their communities.
  • As the threat of climate change grows stark in the Himalayan regions the Early Warning System should be deployed to avoid numerous disasters.
  • The biggest concern for India right now is the decline in both merchandise exports and imports over the past eight months.
  • If the Indian government remains convinced about not joining the RCEP, it must have strategic reasons, which is fine. But it must nevertheless address the ongoing outcomes of such a decision, and that’s where agility in policymaking comes in.
  • Despite the emergence of numerous education policies in the post-Independence period, India is yet to generate an indigenous system of education that is propelled by rationality, scientific temper and empathy.
  • Education has to set its epistemic and moral worth and the goals of education should be quality, equity and efficiency in learning outcomes.
  • A level playing field in terms of educational opportunities and competition, coupled with affirmative action, can enhance classroom accountability.
  • To integrate critical thinking, educational reform has to assimilate the willingness to be rationally critiqued and learning must inculcate the ability to question from different vantage points.
  • One is the legalisation of anonymous donations, and the other is the violation of citizens’ right to information about the funding of parties.
  • The legalisation of anonymous donations would amount to facilitation and legitimisation of corruption.
  • In a democracy, the public have the right to know who funds parties because the funding may be used to influence policies.

50-WORD TALK

  • As the threat of climate change grows stark, events like the recent glacial lake outburst flood that caused death and devastation in Sikkim are becoming frequent. This underlines the urgency of installing early warning systems in the fragile Himalayan range. Governments can no longer afford to ignore such red flags.
  • Faced with a moral, legal and ethical dilemma, the Supreme Court walked on eggshells to reject a 26-week-old pregnant woman’s plea to abort her foetus on the ground that it risked her psychologically. The issue will be debated in the coming days as a prudent balance between competing fundamental rights.
  • GIFT City has many infrastructural marvels, and attractive tax incentives. But, it’s nowhere near being the next Singapore. It needs to come out of Gujarat government’s shadows and allow a restriction-free, socially liberal lifestyle that youthful, global workforce thrives on. Relax prohibition, improve connectivity, housing, open spas, and golf courses.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED. Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.



WSDP Bulletin (14-10-2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

  1. Ministry of Ayush’s endeavours towards Special Campaign 3.0 gear up READ MORE
  2. Notification issued for Green Credit Program (GCP) and Ecomark scheme Under LiFE Initiative to Promote Sustainable Lifestyle and Environmental Conservation READ MORE
  3. Indian Railways’ PSUs, RITES Ltd and IRCON granted Navratna status READ MORE  
  4. India’s 1st CAR-T cell therapy developed by ImmunoACT gets CDSCO nod READ MORE
  5. CJI says India’s abortion law is liberal, pro-choice and far ahead of other countries READ MORE
  6. Government mulls partnerships to make semiconductor chips READ MORE
  7. What is Australia’s Indigenous Voice referendum? READ MORE
  8. Farmers lost $3.8 trillion to disasters over 30 years: FAO’s first-ever global estimation READ MORE  
  9. More than half of world’s poor out of safety net coverage, says World Bank READ MORE
  10. World’s water cycle severely impacted by climate change and human activities in 2022: WMO READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

  1. Parents and educators must reduce student stress READ MORE
  2. Changed outlook READ MORE
  3. Is climate change the reason for Sikkim flash floods? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

  1. Testing the waters for General Elections 2024 READ MORE
  2. Democracy dies when justice suffers READ MORE
  3. 16th Finance Commission’s political challenge READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

  1. Hunger pangs: Alarming findings of 2023 global index READ MORE
  2. India Ranks 111 in Global Hunger Index; Report Makers Reject Indian Government Objections READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

  1. Balancing policy: On Israel, Palestine and India’s line: India must pressure Israel to act responsibly in the face of terror READ MORE
  2. A war that ends the Saudi-Israel ‘normalisation’ process READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  1. Claudia Goldin’s quiet revolution: How she helped feminise economic enquiry READ MORE
  2. Why we must cheer the Nobel for Goldin READ MORE
  3. The economic mosaic: Chugging along at the ‘new-old normal’ growth rate READ MORE
  4. DC Edit | Inflation falls, RBI still cautious READ MORE
  5. Role of Banks in Promoting Risky Financial Assets READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

  1. Clearing the air: Contrary to general perception, there is no change in India’s stand on Palestine READ MORE
  2. Meeting the Goals of the Paris Agreement READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  1. AI could redefine police techniques READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

  1. Localise strategies to build climate resilience READ MORE
  2. India’s cyclone warning system is the model for disaster-proofing the country. Floods next READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

  1. How the Khalistan movement is interlinked with Punjab’s growing drug problem, gun culture READ MORE
  2. Beyond ‘Black Mirror’s’ fiction – Impact of Generative AI on policing, security READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

  1. Working and praying READ MORE
  2. Narges’ Nobel and the all-pervasive fear of freedom READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

  1. Repeated elections have a cost, but the benefits of enhanced democracy that they trigger are far greater. Critically examine the statement in the light of recent debate about One Nation, One Election.
  2. India is diverse, with different regions confronting diverse issues, and that impacts politics in the states. In light of statement, how far do you agree with this view that the concept of One Nation, One Election goes against the reality of India’s diversity?
  3. Balancing growth and inflation is a complex endeavour, requiring a steady hand on the economic tiller. Discuss how India can this balance in the ongoing uncertain global economic landscape?
  4. Assessing vulnerabilities is the first step in reducing disaster risk. In light of recent disasters in the Himalayan region, discuss how the climate resilience approach in infrastructure development can minimize the disaster risk in that region.
  5. The bureaucracy delivers on episodic events like conducting elections, which have a clear exit date but when it comes to daily events such as provision of civic amenities, the result is deeply unsatisfactory. Do you think that the division of bureaucracy between the three levels of government is a likely reason for such unamenities?
  6. Modern states have evolved from directly running factories to regulating economic activity and for that, the Indian government need to revisit the bureaucracy’s recruitment process and should focus on more domain expertise. Discuss.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • Political language is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable.
  • Delhi’s history of intervening positively also led to the ironical consternation of the Maldivian opposition parties who started a disquiet campaign against the Maldivian Government’s traditional ‘India First’ policy to suggest a compromise to Maldivian sovereignty.
  • Democracy weakens when the people’s choice is not based on who will represent their interests and fulfil their aspirations.
  • Democracy is always in a state of flux and not in its ideal form.
  • To strengthen democracy, politics needs to be more accountable.
  • Having one election every five years will make political parties more unaccountable and free to fulfil the agenda of vested interests. That will weaken democracy and cost the nation far more than the direct and indirect costs of elections at present.
  • Even if India had a perfect democracy, the ‘One Nation, One Election’ idea assumes homogeneity in the nation.
  • A one-size-fits-all approach goes against the reality of the nation’s diversity and can lead to severe political backlash.
  • The reality is that India has an imperfect democracy that needs to be strengthened.
  • Elections are the times when the public can force political parties to become answerable.
  • Repeated elections have a cost, but the benefits of enhanced democracy that they trigger are far greater.
  • No farmers’ company can address climatic aberrations amidst a changing climate, broken landscapes, tattered ecologies and market volatilities unless supported by policies and incentives.
  • Balancing growth and inflation is a complex endeavour, requiring a steady hand on the economic tiller.
  • Ever since the artificial intelligence chatbot GPT technology burst on the global computer media scene suggesting its multifarious applications and uses in almost any area of human endeavour.
  • If the ASEAN has to remain relevant, it needs to reinvent itself to suit the changing regional environment.
  • Shortage of workers is pushing the demand for farm equipment. India can dominate the world market by leveraging its machine tools.
  • The UN has the responsibility to resolve conflicts. But its failure should not be taken as an opportunity to abet terrorism in the name of freedom.
  • It is crucial to re-evaluate building typologies and focus on developing climate-resilient designs.
  • The bureaucracy delivers on episodic events like conducting elections, which have a clear exit date. But when it comes to daily events such as provision of civic amenities, the result is deeply unsatisfactory.

50-WORD TALK

  • Instead of issuing defensive reactions to the Global Hunger Index, the government should instead engage with the root issue—nutrition. India might not have the empty-bellied hunger such indices imply, but it does have widespread and severe malnutrition and anaemia. Free foodgrain alleviates hunger, but balanced meals are what Indians need.
  • Israel cannot carpet bomb Gaza into rubble. It has a right to defend itself and respond to terrorism, but indiscriminately targeting civilian areas isn’t the way. Israel will find it increasingly difficult to have the unambiguous support of its allies. It also risks ceding Middle East leadership role to Iran.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED. Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.



WSDP Bulletin (13-10-2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

  1. Mission Indradhanush 5.0 (IMI 5.0) campaign with special focus on improvement of Measles and Rubella vaccination coverage, will conclude all three rounds on 14 October 2023 READ MORE
  2. INDEX OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION RISES TO 10.3% IN AUGUST 2023 READ MORE
  3. India ranks 111 out of 125 countries in Global Hunger Index READ MORE  
  4. What war crimes laws apply to the Israel-Palestinian conflict? READ MORE
  5. Why Odisha govt’s new rural development scheme has triggered a controversy READ MORE
  6. Dragonfly: The faces of wetlands in India READ MORE
  7. IMI 5.0 reaches children up to five years for the first time READ MORE  
  8. Biohydrogen’s role in India’s green hydrogen pathway READ MORE
  9. Targeted methane mitigation can avoid 0.1°C warming in 2050, should be adopted with decarbonisation efforts: Report READ MORE
  10. Joshimath sinking: Landslides in region not a new problem, says GSI report READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

  1. The case for caste census in India | Explained READ MORE
  2. Changed outlook READ MORE
  3. Is climate change the reason for Sikkim flash floods? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

  1. Should the 50 % legal ceiling on reservation be reconsidered? READ MORE
  2. Administrators: All services need more officers, not just IFS. So do local govts. And recruit more specialists READ MORE
  3. Pharma laxity: No tainted firm deserves leniency READ MORE
  4. Make funding truly transparent and free of cash for fair polls READ MORE
  5. ‘One Nation, One Election’ Will Further Weaken Indian Democracy READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

  1. Pro-choice, pro-women: A split SC verdict reflects a wider judicial-medical confusion about abortion rights. This must change READ MORE
  2. India Ranks 111th Among 125 Countries in Global Hunger Index Report READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

  1. Non-state actors are a threat to world peace READ MORE
  2. ASEAN must reinvent itself to stay relevant in region READ MORE
  3. India-Maldives Ties: A Walk on Eggshells As New Delhi Faces the China Question READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  1. Ways to make IBC more effective READ MORE   
  2. Terms of Trade | Let’s discuss India’s growth forecast READ MORE
  3. The right path: IMF raises India’s growth rate, validating that its economy is on a firm footing READ MORE
  4. India’s farm machinery has global market READ MORE
  5. By the farmers READ MORE
  6. IMF and India READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

  1. Curbing air pollution: Centre, states need to work in close coordination READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  1. AI could redefine police techniques READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

  1. Localise strategies to build climate resilience READ MORE
  2.  India’s cyclone warning system is the model for disaster-proofing the country. Floods next READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

  1. How the Khalistan movement is interlinked with Punjab’s growing drug problem, gun culture READ MORE
  2. Beyond ‘Black Mirror’s’ fiction – Impact of Generative AI on policing, security READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

  1. Lies, levels, life: Cultivating your best being READ MORE
  2. Misery is a choice READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

  1. Repeated elections have a cost, but the benefits of enhanced democracy that they trigger are far greater. Critically examine the statement in the light of recent debate about One Nation, One Election.
  2. India is diverse, with different regions confronting diverse issues, and that impacts politics in the states. In light of statement, how far do you agree with this view that the concept of One Nation, One Election goes against the reality of India’s diversity?
  3. Balancing growth and inflation is a complex endeavour, requiring a steady hand on the economic tiller. Discuss, how India can this balance in the ongoing uncertain global economic landscape?
  4. Assessing vulnerabilities is the first step in reducing disaster risk. In light of recent disasters in the Himalayan region, discuss how the climate resilience approach in infrastructure development can minimize the disaster risk in that region.
  5. The bureaucracy delivers on episodic events like conducting elections, which have a clear exit date but when it comes to daily events such as provision of civic amenities, the result is deeply unsatisfactory. Do you think that the division of bureaucracy between the three levels of government is a likely reason for such unamenities?
  6. Modern states have evolved from directly running factories to regulating economic activity and for that Indian government needs to revisit the bureaucracy’s recruitment process and should focus on more domain expertise. Discuss.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • Political language is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable.
  • Delhi’s history of intervening positively also led to the ironical consternation of the Maldivian opposition parties who started a disquiet campaign against the Maldivian Government’s traditional ‘India First’ policy to suggest a compromise to Maldivian sovereignty.
  • Democracy weakens when the people’s choice is not based on who will represent their interests and fulfil their aspirations.
  • Democracy is always in a state of flux and not in its ideal form.
  • To strengthen democracy, politics needs to be more accountable.
  • Having one election every five years will make political parties more unaccountable and free to fulfil the agenda of vested interests. That will weaken democracy and cost the nation far more than the direct and indirect costs of elections at present.
  • Even if India had a perfect democracy, the ‘One Nation, One Election’ idea assumes homogeneity in the nation.
  • A one-size-fits-all approach goes against the reality of the nation’s diversity and can lead to severe political backlash.
  • The reality is that India has an imperfect democracy that needs to be strengthened.
  • Elections are the times when the public can force political parties to become answerable.
  • Repeated elections have a cost, but the benefits of enhanced democracy that they trigger are far greater.
  • No farmers’ company can address climatic aberrations amidst a changing climate, broken landscapes, tattered ecologies and market volatilities unless supported by policies and incentives.
  • Balancing growth and inflation is a complex endeavour, requiring a steady hand on the economic tiller.
  • Ever since the artificial intelligence chatbot GPT technology burst on the global computer media scene suggesting its multifarious applications and uses in almost any area of human endeavour.
  • If the ASEAN has to remain relevant, it needs to reinvent itself to suit the changing regional environment.
  • Shortage of workers is pushing the demand for farm equipment. India can dominate the world market by leveraging its machine tools.
  • The UN has the responsibility to resolve conflicts. But its failure should not be taken as an opportunity to abet terrorism in the name of freedom.
  • It is crucial to re-evaluate building typologies and focus on developing climate-resilient designs.
  • The bureaucracy delivers on episodic events like conducting elections, which have a clear exit date. But when it comes to daily events such as provision of civic amenities, the result is deeply unsatisfactory.

50-WORD TALK

  • The external affairs ministry’s statement has rightly made it clear that India’s condemnation of the Hamas terror attack on Israel and New Delhi’s stated support to two-states solution on Palestine are not mutually exclusive. Unnecessarily obfuscating the two issues only sullies public debate. India’s position has been nuanced but consistent.
  • Supreme Court listing electoral bonds case for final hearing after six years is welcome. Issues at stake are vital for democracy— need for transparency in political funding and undue advantage to ruling party. From passage as Money Bill to legalization of anonymity—this haze-shrouded scheme calls for thorough judicial scrutiny.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED. Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.




WSDP Bulletin (12-10-2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

  1. Cabinet approves royalty rates for mining of three critical and strategic minerals- Lithium, Niobium and Rare Earth Elements (REEs) READ MORE
  2. Cabinet approves establishment of an autonomous body Mera Yuva Bharat READ MORE
  3. ‘Operation Ajay’ set to evacuate Indian nationals from Israel READ MORE  
  4. Cauvery Committee retains water release recommendation of 3,000 cusecs to T.N. READ MORE
  5. The cases before the new CJI-led nine-judge Constitution Bench | Explained READ MORE
  6. Order on cleaning rivers not followed, NGT issues notice to Chief Secretaries of all States, Ministry of Jal Shakti READ MORE
  7. India, China agree to maintain momentum of ‘dialogue and negotiations’ READ MORE  
  8. How new royalty rates for strategic minerals lithium, REEs can help cut their imports READ MORE
  9. What the GI tag can mean for the cashew industry in Goa READ MORE
  10. India’s first bamboo-based biorefinery to start operations in March READ MORE
  11. Chhattisgarh Baiga tribe gets habitat rights under FRA READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

  1. Globally, 9 million girls face extreme risks of climate disaster and child marriage every year: Report READ MORE
  2. Changed outlook READ MORE
  3. Even temporary global warming above 2°C will affect life in the oceans for centuries READ MORE
  4. Is climate change the reason for Sikkim flash floods? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

  1. Women’s quota — rhetoric and reality READ MORE
  2. CrPC, IPC changes fall short of expectations READ MORE
  3. RTI Act: Time to make it more effective READ MORE
  4. Transparency Law | CIC’s evolution from defender to bystander READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

  1. Learning for the future READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

  1. UN Security Council reform is a song in a loop READ MORE
  2. Are reunifications the key to world peace? READ MORE
  3. Global Leadership Is Not Just About Drafting a Statement READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  1. India may face economic trouble as fertility levels drop READ MORE   
  2. The labour market is tougher on women. This is what the Economics Nobel for 2023 acknowledges READ MORE
  3. Good, do better: For India, to be the fastest growing major economy isn’t enough. Real change needs 8% growth READ MORE
  4. Focus on economy’s basics for 8% growth READ MORE
  5. India Needs Stronger Exports to Hold the Line READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

  1. Curbing air pollution: Centre, states need to work in close coordination READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  1. Generic drugs are everywhere – and that’s a problem READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

  1. How the government covered up the severity of Teesta floods by blaming them on a ‘cloudburst’ READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

  1. How the Khalistan movement is interlinked with Punjab’s growing drug problem, gun culture READ MORE
  2. Beyond ‘Black Mirror’s’ fiction – Impact of Generative AI on policing, security READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

  1. The inescapable meaning of life READ MORE
  2. Dealing with failure READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

  1. India’s economy is navigating a labyrinth of interconnected challenges, and addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach encompassing domestic policy reforms. Comment on the statement in light of global economic uncertainties and supply chain disruptions.
  2. The challenges against world leadership cannot be addressed if the global institutions are not reformed with time. Analyse the statement in the light of recent global challenges.
  3. If global institutions are not reformed as per occurring challenges, then instead of solving problems, they risk becoming part of the problem. In the light of statement, discuss the need for reforms in the United Nations.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • Unlike carbon-based fuels, the wind and the sun and the earth itself provide fuel that is free.
  • China’s Tibet policy is primarily based on ruthless exploitation hidden under the façade of mega infrastructure projects which are showcased to the rest of the world as a sign of development in this region.
  • Goldin’s Nobel and her own awarded work which took decades of research provides a tremendous intellectual platform for a wider level of global policy discussion and action on issues of gender wage gap, women and work, and more.
  • Based on its achievements in key fields of technology, India is not in the global game. Yet, as a geopolitical pivot whose importance is derived not by its national power but its sensitive location, India is being courted by all three geostrategic players.
  • The inclusion of the African Union as the new G-20 member was a pyrrhic victory compared with the six new members added to the BRICS (these include all global major energy exporters and importers) given that 50 of the 54 African nations attended the 2023 BRICS summit.
  • India’s economy is navigating a labyrinth of interconnected challenges and addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach encompassing domestic policy reforms, diversification of export markets and enhancing economic resilience to global shocks.
  • India’s ability to overcome global economic uncertainties and supply chain disruptions hurdles will be critical in ensuring continued economic growth and stability in an ever-evolving global landscape.
  • Non-urban India has remained blindsided for decades in terms of superannuation, benefits, and social security. Rural India will now catch up with its urban counterpart at a quicker pace.
  • The Central Information Commission’s job is to strike a balance between people’s right to know and the State’s legitimate need for limited secrecy.
  • Right to Information (RTI) has brought transparency and systemic reforms but there is need to prevent its misuse and plug in loopholes.
  • Climate change is exacerbating the risks. Because of global warming, more and more glaciers are melting.
  • We must be careful in granting permission for the design of our mega hydro projects. We must do proper environment assessment of these projects and ensure that these withstand any water discharge that may happen in case of a glacier outburst.
  • An increase in investment in traditional sectors such as mining and utilities because they trigger wider economic activities.
  • Frequent tweaks of irritants aside, the GST regime needs a holistic reform plan, including a road map to bring in excluded items such as electricity, petroleum and alcohol.

50-WORD TALK

  • A radical re-imagination of growth and developmental opportunities offering a wider platform for Indian (and other developing countries’) women (especially those at the margin in the employment landscape) through a greater, more assertive policy can be a starting point for subsequent transformations to happen across other nations too.
  • The disaster in Sikkim is only the latest in a string of related incidents. But it must serve as an urgent reminder at all levels of the state and Central governments that the fragile condition of the Himalayas as the effects of climate change escalate will pose a continued and imminent danger to residents of India’s hill states.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED. Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.



WSDP Bulletin (11-10-2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

  1. Competition Commission of India to host 8th BRICS International Competition Conference during October 11-13, 2023 in New Delhi READ MORE
  2. SC to hear pleas challenging electoral bond scheme on October 31 READ MORE
  3. Net direct tax collections up 21.8% to ₹9.57 lakh crore READ MORE  
  4. PCA regime to cover PSU NBFCs from October 2024 READ MORE
  5. IMF raises India growth forecast to 6.3% for FY24 READ MORE
  6. India, Italy sign defence cooperation agreement READ MORE
  7. SC to hear petition challenging electoral bonds: What is the scheme and its criticisms? READ MORE  
  8. Dancing frogs of Western Ghats among most threatened amphibians globally READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

  1. Mental disorders 10 times more likely following detention among asylum-seeking children: Report READ MORE
  2. Women want change, society needs change READ MORE
  3. DC Edit | Caste census to address inequity READ MORE
  4. Something changed about cyclone formation in the 1990s | Explained READ MORE  
  5. What the hottest September ever reveals about climate change READ MORE
  6. India can reap the demographic dividend – but there’s a deadline READ MORE
  7. Why does Delhi NCR frequently experience earthquakes, what causes seismic activity in region? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

  1. Caste census: Why the liberal intelligentsia’s opposition is misplaced READ MORE
  2. Stop being vindictive’: SC directive to ED welcome READ MORE
  3. DC Edit | SC’s relook at PMLA provisions welcome READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

  1. Learning for the future READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

  1. BRICS: The mortar of competition in a globalised world READ MORE
  2. ‘West is hypocritical’ is now India’s go-to foreign policy response. Delhi not exempt either READ MORE
  3. India and the Israel-Palestine War: Choices, challenges and trade-offs READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  1. The impact of Claudia Goldin’s work READ MORE  
  2. Achieving the green energy goal READ MRE
  3. Centre’s push on infra is transforming India READ MORE
  4. West Asia crisis can hit global economy READ MORE
  5. Claudia Goldin’s Nobel is a Wake-up Call for India’s Disjointed Labour Markets READ MORE
  6. DC Edit | RBI keeps its focus on inflation READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

  1. Deregulation of biodiversity regime to impact environment READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  1. We need evidence-based traditional medicine READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

  1. More people moved into high flood zones, exposing larger populations to water disasters: World Bank READ MORE
  2. Sikkim’s Chungthang dam collapse signals the need for dam safety & emissions reduction READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

  1. How the Khalistan movement is interlinked with Punjab’s growing drug problem, gun culture READ MORE
  2. Beyond ‘Black Mirror’s’ fiction – Impact of Generative AI on policing, security READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

  1. Gita unfolds the true essence of sanatan dharma READ MORE
  2. Dealing with failure READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

  1. Why does Delhi NCR frequently experience earthquakes? What causes seismic activity in this region?
  2. There is a need to redefine the relationship between the State and universities for a truly autonomous and thriving academic environment. Comment on the statement in light of recent developments.
  3. While constitutional safeguards and legal protection for Dalits exist, caste-based discrimination has taken on new forms in the modern era. Discuss why the safeguards and legal protection failed to address the issue of discrimination in higher educational institutions?

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • A leader who doesn’t hesitate before he sends his nation into battle is not fit to be a leader.
  • India must carefully weigh the situation, its long-term trajectory, and fall outs and find sensible geopolitical choices and security measures to deal with future challenges.
  • The growing perception of Canada being a sanctuary for global offenders not only tarnishes its international reputation but also poses a threat to its societal fabric.
  • It is difficult to fathom how a pause in policy rates or controlling liquidity could bring down food inflation, which was caused mainly because of supply shortages.
  • Inclusion does not happen on its own in a society beset with inequalities which have a history of thousands of years; it takes deliberate and forceful attempts.
  • While the apex court puts its imprimatur on the law finding it an effective tool to take on international terror rackets, its use on the ground does not share that confidence.
  • It may be a paradox that a country which runs per a democratic Constitution and vouches by the rule of law has for all these years let an investigating agency infringe on the fundamental right to liberty of citizens without offering them a reason.
  • Future-ready education is one that will help students adapt to ever-changing circumstances, prepare them for the drastic fallouts of climate change, teach them the importance of maintaining a balanced ecology and help them to be genuine global citizens.
  • Generative AI’s impact on military warfare can be both revolutionary and riddled with ethical and legal considerations. It has significant implications for defence strategies, intelligence gathering, and training simulations.
  • The fall in prices and the strengthening of international financial linkages will allow India to attain a current account surplus.
  • The United Nations’ report on ageing in India serves as a reminder that the country’s opportunity to reap the demographic dividend is not perpetual.
  • Russia’s increasing involvement in Africa is about its geopolitics, economics, and intricate security concerns.
  • Reservation is the most effective form of affirmative action and equity is the first step to equality.

50-WORD TALK

  • Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau is complaining about India to a growing list of global leaders from the UK, the UAE, and now Jordan. If Trudeau has concrete evidence of Indian wrong-doing, he should present it. Else, he’ll have to get used to the eye-rolling all whiny children eventually get.
  • Awarding the Economics Nobel to economic historian Claudia Goldin is entirely appropriate. She’s greatly enhanced our understanding of women’s pay and labour participation, and historical issues therein. That she’s only the third woman to win this Nobel, and the first to do it solo, highlights how vital her research is.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED. Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.



WSDP Bulletin (10-10-2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

  1. Harvard professor Claudia Goldin wins Nobel Economics Prize for gender gap research READ MORE
  2. Scientists untangle mystery about the universe’s earliest galaxies READ MORE
  3. Sri Lanka to take over as Chair of Indian Ocean Rim Association READ MORE  
  4. Ahead of Bima Vistaar rollout, IRDAI issues guidelines on Bima Vahaks READ MORE
  5. ICMR to set up study to develop solutions to remedy childhood undernutrition READ MORE
  6. What is multimodal artificial intelligence and why is it important? READ MORE
  7. Joint Statement during the State Visit of the President of Tanzania to India and launch of Strategic Partnership between India and Tanzania (8-10 October 2023) READ MORE  
  8. Appointment of Manipur HC CJ to be notified soon, Centre tells apex court READ MORE
  9. Unemployment rate drops to 6.6% in urban areas in Q1 READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

  1. Mental health and the floundering informal worker READ MORE
  2. Socio-economic takeaways from Bihar caste survey READ MORE
  3. Does India need a caste census? READ MORE
  4. Extreme weather impact: 20,000 children displaced every day in last 6 years READ MORE  
  5. How climate crisis will trigger more water wars in India READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

  1. The state of India’s Scheduled Areas READ MORE
  2. Uncertain timing, Census and delimitation hurdles cast shadow over women’s reservation READ MORE
  3. Law Commission age of consent recommendations threaten to criminalise the young READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

  1. The ‘invisible’ disability of mental illness: Challenges of social security access READ MORE
  2. Fundamental health services for women: Analysing gender disparities READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

  1. The end of the two-state solution: Hamas’s spectacular terrorism will push back Palestinian statehood by a generation READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  1. With food inflation limited to dal roti, why govt policy may need changes READ MORE  
  2. Economics Nobel 2023: How Claudia Goldin shed light on the status of women in the workforce READ MORE
  3. Is RBI heading in the right direction? READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

  1. Why India is launching a national framework for climate services Extreme weather impact: 20,000 children displaced every day in last 6 years READ MORE
  2. Natural disasters occur due to our apathy towards environment READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

  1. More people moved into high flood zones, exposing larger populations to water disasters: World Bank READ MORE
  2. Sikkim’s Chungthang dam collapse signals the need for dam safety & emissions reduction READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

  1. Back to square one on theatre commands READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

  1. It’s okay to be not okay READ MORE
  2. Only we can reform our society READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

  1. Empowering women with the right to a safe and inclusive online environment is a crucial step toward a more equitable and just society in the digital age. Comment.
  2. There is a need to redefine the relationship between the State and universities for a truly autonomous and thriving academic environment. Comment on the statement in light of recent developments.
  3. While constitutional safeguards and legal protection for Dalits exist, caste-based discrimination has taken on new forms in the modern era. Discuss why the safeguards and legal protection are failed to address the issue of discrimination in higher educational institutions?

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • Palestine is the cement that holds the Arab world together, or it is the explosive that blows it apart.
  • The disturbing trends seen in women’s mental health call for immediate gender mainstreaming action in mental health policies.
  • Policy neglect, uncertain job market, and increased contractualisation are making labourers’ economic condition worse. Inflation is negating purchasing power too.
  • Wages of informal labourers neither become an election issue nor do they count as a measure of poverty.
  • ]The only way to protect the Indian rupee is through price stability. Assured stability through firmer anti-inflationary measures sends an effective message to overseas investors.
  • We need to enhance our responsibility and responsiveness towards climate cure and healing; we must investment in climate-pro solutions.
  • Enhance cooperation for mitigation efforts, and develop sustainable and viable ecosystems for a crisis-free society.
  • A caste census is deemed discriminatory and opposed by those who seek equal rights for all. Besides, opinions are sharply divided on its impact.
  • The release of the socio-economic profile of various SRCs can bring back the lost focus on the ‘economic’ aspect of social justice.
  • The promise of a caste census could influence outcomes in the upcoming assembly elections but not do much for the cause of universal welfarism.
  • India and South Korea, guided by universal values, should build beyond bilateralism as they refuse to be bystanders amid global disorder.
  • Law Commission recommendations on age of consent sidestep key question of how to protect the young from sexual abuse, while ensuring they are not punished for consensual sexual activity with peers.
  • Informal workers, despite their significant contribution to national income, are perennially exposed to economic, physical, and, in turn, mental vulnerabilities.
  • The only way forward is for a Palestinian leadership that can credibly signal to the Israeli people that it will not use the freedoms it gains from any peace deal to hurt Israel. The prospects for that seem dim.

50-WORD TALK

  • The shocking failure of Israel’s security services to preempt Hamas’ brutal strikes illustrates the damage caused when elected dictators operate without scrutiny and the perils of emulating Erdogan-style rule. PM Netanyahu’s politics undermined Jerusalem’s military and intelligence leadership. Israel will prevail—but at a price that need not have been paid.
  • Army signing contracts worth Rs 18,000 crore under emergency procurement and asking it be institutionalised shows how convoluted military procurement has become. It is a shame that Services have to use EP to fill up critical gaps. This piecemeal approach should be stopped and procurement systems decluttered for faster procurement.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED. Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.



WSDP Bulletin (05-10-2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

  1. PM hails landmark of 50 lakh beneficiaries of PMSVANidhi Scheme READ MORE
  2.  2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Three share prize for discovery of quantum dots, now used in LEDs READ MORE  
  3. National Action Plan for Green Shipping promotes eco-friendly practices: DG of Shipping READ MORE
  4. U.S. keeps distance on Muizzu’s plan to end Indian military presence in Maldives READ MORE
  5. New defence indigenisation list has futuristic weapons, systems READ MORE
  6. In first polls post-370, Kargil hill council elections sees over 78% turnout READ MORE
  7. Glacial lake outburst flood kills 14 in Sikkim, 102 people missing: What is GLOF, and why does it happen? READ MORE
  8. Delhi HC passes ‘dynamic injunction’ against illegal ICC World Cup broadcast: What this means, what was the case READ MORE
  9. Latest Nipah Virus Outbreak reports 33% case fatality rate, all bat samples tested negative: WHO READ MORE
  10. India, Japan launch sustainability fund worth $600 million for low carbon emission projects READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

  1. Hugh and Colleen Gantzer write: Women’s Bill, through our travels READ MORE
  2. Missing in the caste survey READ MORE
  3. Economic and social reform constitute a radical agenda of eradicating caste READ MORE
  4. Cause and Effect | Did an underwater volcanic eruption add to rising temperatures? READ MORE
  5. Monsoon woes READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

  1. Women’s quota, panchayats to Parliament READ MORE
  2. Retribution for the south, accolade for the north READ MORE
  3. Drawing lines in Cauvery waters READ MORE
  4. Court’s Sweeping Powers Under Article 142 Can’t Be Used to Override Substantive Law: SC READ MORE
  5. Age of Consent: Law Panel Report Simply Diagnoses, Doesn’t Solve the Problem READ MORE
  6. “One Nation-One Election” is vital for good governance READ MORE
  7. Dynamics of women’s empowerment in Indian politics READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

  1. Making menstrual health a welfare priority: Insights from three states READ MORE
  2. NEP 2020 centralises education, worsens existing maladies READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

  1. Development partnerships for food security: India in the Indo-Pacific READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  1. Driving mobility to a sustainable future READ MORE  
  2. Advancing women’s role in India’s economic progress READ MORE
  3. It is a global recession with economic growth among lowest in four decades READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

  1. Keeping tabs on carbon with an accounting system READ MORE
  2. Tackle climate risk firmly to minimise economic losses READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  1. Let there be light: On the 2023 physics Nobel READ MORE
  2. Don’t deprive scientists of funds, incentives READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

  1. As Sikkim Reels From Disastrous Floods, Concerns Over Warning Signs and Enormous Impact READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

  1. Mizoram National Front and the politics of cross-border kinship READ MORE
  2. Why the Five Eyes remain blind to India’s security concerns READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

  1. Is mortality subjective? READ MORE
  2. God and his many forms READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

  1. ONOE would be a great help in substantially minimizing the effects of using polarisation based on socio-economic toxicity to win elections. How far do you agree with this statement? Analyse your viewpoint.
  2. Discuss the issue of climate migrants. Suggest ways to address the challenges related to climate migration.
  3. By collaborating with neighbouring countries, India can serve as a catalyst for positive change and promote food security and sustainable development in the Indo-Pacific. Comment.
  4. India’s female workforce participation remains paltry and calls for an urgent review of India’s policies and schemes related to women’s empowerment. Argue.
  5. While legislative representation is a critical aspect, it must be complemented by measures that empower women at the grassroots level. Comment on the statement in the light of the recent Women’s Reservation Act

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • Don’t hit at all if it is honourably possible to avoid hitting; but never hit soft!
  • ONOE would be a great help in substantially minimizing the effects of using polarisation based on socio-economic toxicity to win elections.
  • An election should mark the celebration of a vibrant democracy. It should not degenerate into an exercise maximising polarisation based on socio-economic toxicity. ONOE would be a great help in substantially minimising this adverse impact.
  • Being a multilateral forum of international economic cooperation, the G20 can serve as a suitable platform for creating a dedicated fund for climate migrants.
  • By collaborating with neighbouring countries, India can serve as a catalyst for positive change and promote food security and sustainable development in the Indo-Pacific.
  • India’s female workforce participation remains paltry and calls for an urgent review of India’s policies and schemes related to women’s empowerment.
  • While legislative representation is a critical aspect, it must be complemented by measures that empower women at the grassroots level.
  • Achieving gender equity and true empowerment requires a deeper understanding of the complexities involved and a commitment to addressing them effectively.
  • True empowerment necessitates a sociopolitical transformation at the grassroots level, characterised by women’s access to education, equal opportunities, economic independence, and, most importantly, political independence.
  • Consent is pivotal as it respects individual autonomy, fosters safety, maintains ethical standards, and promotes healthy, respectful relationships.
  • A good plan of action is being implemented by the Integrated Development Project implemented by the Himachal Forest Department with the assistance of the World Bank. It seeks to improve upstream water management and water productivity of selected gram panchayats.
  • Resolution of dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu can pave the way for addressing interstate river water conflicts.
  • The five southern States have effectively controlled their population and should not be penalised through reduced political representation.

ESSAY TOPIC

  • India to awaken the people, it is the women who must be awakened
  • What we sow we reap.

50-WORD TALK

  • Canada should have first pursued private diplomatic talks with New Delhi before it decided to go to parliament with Nijjar killing allegations and collect a mohalla-style panchayat of its global allies. The onus of privileging its domestic politics over diplomacy is on Ottawa. Justin Trudeau can’t have it both ways.
  • The journey to gender equality in India’s workforce is long and challenging. Yet, the potential benefits of women’s economic empowerment are enormous and transformative, both for women and society. Our collective responsibility is to ensure that the women workforce in India gets their due.
  • India can serve as a catalyst for positive change, promoting food security and sustainable development in the Indo-Pacific for the benefit of the entire region. Regional cooperation, knowledge-sharing, and collaboration among nations in the region are vital for developing and implementing effective strategies to overcome these challenges.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED. Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.



TOPIC: INDIA’S SOLAR MISSION ADITYA – L 1

THE CONTEXT- ISRO’s Aditya-L1, the first space-based Indian observatory to study the Sun was launched on 2nd of September 2023 from Sriharikota Space Station in Andhra Pradesh. It will be placed in a halo orbit around the Lagrange point L1 of the Sun-Earth system which is about 1.5 million kms from the Earth.  This article explains in details the various aspects of the mission from the UPSC PERSPECTIVE.

WHAT IS ADITYA-L1 MISSION?

Aditya-L1 is a coronagraphy spacecraft designed and developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to study the solar atmosphere. It is India’s first dedicated solar mission. The spacecraft will be orbiting at about 1.5 million km from Earth in a halo orbit around the L1 Lagrange point between the Earth and the Sun. It is studying the outermost layer of the Sun’s atmosphere, known as the corona, to understand its structure, dynamics, and the mechanisms behind its heating to millions of degrees. It is investigating the impact of solar activities on the Earth’s climate, weather, and space environment, including potential disruptions to communication and navigation systems. They are collecting data on solar storms, solar flares, and other solar phenomena that can affect space weather and terrestrial technologies.

ADITYA-L1 CARRY SEVEN SCIENTIFIC PAYLOADS

VISIBLE EMISSION LINE CORONAGRAPH (VELC)

To study the dynamics of the solar corona and to understand the physical processes that drive solar eruptions i.e. coronal mass ejections.

SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET IMAGING TELESCOPE (SUIT)

To image the Solar Photosphere and Chromosphere in near Ultra-violet (UV) and, to measure the solar irradiance variations in near UV.

ADITYA SOLAR X-RAY SPECTROMETER (SOLEXS)

To measure the X-ray spectrum of the solar corona and to study the coronal plasma.

HIGH ENERGY L1 ORBITING X-RAY SPECTROMETER (HEL1OS)

To study X-ray flares from the Sun over a wide energy X-Ray range. Sun as a star observation.

ADITYA SOLAR WIND PARTICLE EXPERIMENT (ASPEX)

It is designed to study the solar wind and energetic ions, as well as their energy distribution.

PLASMA ANALYSER PACKAGE FOR ADITA (PAPA)

It is designed to study the Solar wind. It acts as Particle Analyzer for Electrons and Heavier Ions with directions.

ADVANCED TRI-AXIAL HIGH RESOLUTION DIGITAL MAGNETOMETERS

To study the in-situ magnetic field (Bx, By and Bz). The Magnetometer is capable of measuring the interplanetary magnetic fields at L1 point.

WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF ADITYA-L1 MISSION?

UNDERSTANDING THE SOLAR CORONA

Aditya-L1 aims to study the outermost layer of the Sun’s atmosphere, known as the corona. The corona is much hotter than the Sun’s surface, and understanding the mechanisms that heat it to millions of degrees Celsius is one of the key goals of the mission.

STUDYING SOLAR ACTIVITIES

The mission will observe and study various solar phenomena, including solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and other solar activities. By doing so, it seeks to improve our understanding of the Sun’s behavior and its impact on space weather.

INVESTIGATING SOLAR MAGNETIC FIELDS

Aditya-L1 will measure the magnetic field of the Sun, providing valuable data on the Sun’s magnetic activity and variations. Understanding solar magnetic fields is crucial for studying solar cycles and their effects on space weather.

SPACE WEATHER IMPACT

The mission aims to better comprehend the influence of solar activities on space weather, including their potential effects on Earth’s ionosphere and magnetosphere. This information is essential for mitigating space weather-related disruptions to communication, navigation systems, and satellite operations.

CLIMATE STUDIES

Aditya-L1 is intends to investigate the link between solar activity and Earth’s climate. Understanding how variations in solar radiation impact our planet’s climate is an important aspect of the mission.

TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION

The mission includes technology demonstrations to test and validate various instruments and systems that will be used for future space missions.

WHAT IS THE NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE OF ADITYA-L1 MISSION?

ADVANCING SOLAR SCIENCE

The mission aims to significantly enhance our understanding of the Sun, particularly its outermost layer, the corona, which is hotter than the Sun’s surface but not well-understood. This knowledge is crucial for advancing solar science and improving our comprehension of the fundamental processes that govern stars like the Sun.

SPACE WEATHER PREDICTION

Aditya-L1 will contribute valuable data for space weather prediction. Solar activities, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections, can have a substantial impact on Earth’s space environment. Understanding these phenomena and their effects is essential for protecting satellites, spacecraft, and even power grids on Earth from potential disruptions caused by space weather events.

TECHNOLOGICAL BENEFITS

The mission includes technology demonstrations, which can lead to the development of advanced instruments and systems that can be used in future space missions. This technology transfer can benefit various sectors, including space exploration, communication, and Earth observation.

CLIMATE STUDIES

Aditya-L1’s investigation into the link between solar activity and Earth’s climate can provide insights into long-term climate variations. While it may not be the sole determinant of climate change on Earth, understanding the Sun’s role in influencing our climate is valuable for climate research.

SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION

The mission involves international collaboration, which fosters cooperation in space science and technology. Sharing data and research findings with the global scientific community can lead to broader insights and discoveries.

EDUCATIONAL AND OUTREACH OPPORTUNITIES

The Aditya-L1 is interest in science and technology among students and the public. They provide educational opportunities and encourage STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) engagement, which can lead to a future generation of scientists and engineers.

SPACE LEADERSHIP

The successful execution of missions like Aditya-L1 enhances India’s position in space exploration and research. It demonstrates the country’s capabilities in space technology and its commitment to advancing scientific knowledge.

WHAT ARE LAGRANGIAN POINTS?

Lagrangian points, also known as Lagrange points or libration points, are specific positions in space where the gravitational forces of two large objects, such as the Earth and the Moon or the Earth and the Sun, produce enhanced regions of attraction and repulsion. These points were first described by the Italian-French mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1772.

There are five Lagrangian points designated as L1, L2, L3, L4, and L5, each with unique properties:

  1. L1 (Lagrange Point 1): This point lies along the line connecting the two large bodies and is located on the side of the larger body (e.g., the Earth) closer to the smaller body (e.g., the Moon or the Sun). At L1, the gravitational pull of the two bodies effectively cancels out, creating a point of stability. Objects placed at this point can maintain a relatively fixed position relative to the smaller body (e.g., a satellite monitoring the Sun) or conduct observations without the need for excessive fuel for station-keeping.
  2. L2 (Lagrange Point 2): L2 is also along the line connecting the two large bodies but is located on the opposite side of the larger body from the smaller body. It is used for various purposes, including astronomical observations, space telescopes, and Earth-observing satellites. Objects placed at L2 can maintain a stable position relative to the Earth and Sun.
  3. L3 (Lagrange Point 3): L3 is directly opposite L1, along the line connecting the two large bodies. It is less commonly used than other Lagrange points due to its instability. However, it has been considered for future space missions and exploration.
  4. L4 and L5 (Lagrange Points 4 and 5): These points are located at equal distances from both large bodies, forming an equilateral triangle with the two large bodies. L4 leads the smaller body in its orbit, while L5 follows it. L4 and L5 are often used in the context of the Earth-Moon system for potential locations of spacecraft, satellites, or future lunar missions. They are particularly stable and have been explored for space missions related to asteroid detection and planetary exploration.

Lagrangian points are essential in space exploration and satellite positioning because they offer stable regions in space where objects can remain in relatively constant positions relative to the larger celestial bodies. They have been used for a variety of purposes, including astronomical observations, space science missions, and Earth monitoring, and they play a critical role in planning and executing space missions.

ADITYA L1’S JOURNEY FROM EARTH TO THE L1 LAGRANGE POINT

The journey of the Aditya-L1 mission from Earth to the L1 Lagrange Point involves several phases and complex orbital maneuvers. The following steps involved:

  • Launch: The Aditya-L1 mission begins with its launch from Earth. The launch vehicle used would depend on the specific requirements and payload of the mission. Typically, ISRO would use one of its reliable rockets, such as the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) or the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), to launch Aditya-L1 into a transfer orbit.
  • Transfer Orbit: After launch, Aditya-L1 enters a transfer orbit that takes it away from Earth and toward its destination, the L1 Lagrange Point. The transfer orbit is designed to conserve fuel while allowing the spacecraft to gradually increase its distance from Earth.
  • Orbital Maneuvers: During its journey, Aditya-L1 performs a series of orbital maneuvers to adjust its trajectory and align itself with the L1 Lagrange Point. These maneuvers involve firing its onboard propulsion system at specific points along its trajectory to change its speed and direction.
  • Earth-Sun Halo Orbit: To reach the L1 Lagrange Point, Aditya-L1 will ultimately enter a specific type of orbit known as an Earth-Sun Halo orbit. This orbit allows the spacecraft to remain in the vicinity of the L1 point while taking into account the gravitational influences of both the Earth and the Sun. It involves a delicate balance of forces to keep the spacecraft in a stable position relative to the L1 point.
  • Arrival at L1: Once Aditya-L1 reaches the vicinity of the L1 Lagrange Point, it will perform precise orbital maneuvers to ensure it enters the L1 region and maintains a stable position there. At L1, the gravitational forces of the Earth and the Sun are roughly balanced, allowing the spacecraft to maintain its position with minimal fuel expenditure.
  • Mission Operations: After reaching its destination, Aditya-L1 begins its scientific observations and data collection activities. It will study the Sun and perform various experiments and observations related to solar phenomena and space weather.

The journey to L1 and subsequent mission operations are carefully planned and executed to achieve the mission’s scientific objectives. Aditya-L1’s mission control team on Earth closely monitors the spacecraft’s status and conducts regular course corrections and adjustments as needed to ensure it reaches and maintains its position at the L1 Lagrange Point. Top of Form

SOLAR SPACE PROGRAM OF OTHER COUNTRIES

NASA’S SOLAR AND HELIOPHYSICS PROGRAMS (UNITED STATES)

NASA has a long history of solar and heliophysics missions. Notable missions include the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), Parker Solar Probe, and the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope, which will also study the Sun and its interactions with the solar system.

ESA’S SOLAR MISSIONS (EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY)

ESA has been involved in multiple solar missions, such as the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), Solar Orbiter, and the upcoming Lagrange mission to study the Sun’s polar regions.

JAPAN’S SOLAR MISSIONS (JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATION AGENCY – JAXA)

JAXA has launched missions like Hinode (Solar-B) and the upcoming Solar-C mission, which aim to study the Sun’s magnetic fields and solar activity.

CHINA’S SOLAR MISSIONS (CHINA NATIONAL SPACE ADMINISTRATION – CNSA)

China has launched the Chang’e missions to the Moon, which also carried instruments to observe the Sun. Additionally, CNSA has plans for solar observation missions like the Solar Exploring Orbiter (SOLEX) and the Solar Wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE).

INDIA’S ADITYA-L1 MISSION (INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANISATION – ISRO)

As previously discussed, ISRO launched the Aditya-L1 mission to study the Sun, particularly its corona and its impact on space weather.

RUSSIA’S SOLAR MISSIONS (ROSCOSMOS)

Russia has been involved in solar research and space weather monitoring through various missions and collaborations, such as the International Space Station (ISS) and the Interheliozond mission.

SOUTH KOREA’S SOLAR MISSIONS (KOREA ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCE INSTITUTE – KASI)

KASI has been involved in solar research and has plans for future solar observation missions.

THE CHALLENGES OF ADITYA-L1 MISSION

ORBITAL DYNAMICS

Aditya-L1 is designed to orbit the L1 Lagrange Point, which requires precise orbital calculations and maneuvers to maintain its position relative to the Earth and the Sun. The gravitational forces of these celestial bodies can affect the spacecraft’s trajectory, necessitating regular orbital adjustments.

INSTRUMENTATION

Aditya-L1 carries a suite of scientific instruments for solar observation. Developing and calibrating these instruments to capture accurate and detailed data about the Sun’s behavior and magnetic fields is a significant technical challenge.

DATA TRANSMISSION

Transmitting large amounts of data from the spacecraft to Earth poses a challenge, as it must be done efficiently and reliably. The distance between the L1 Lagrange Point and Earth can affect communication and data transfer rates.

SPACECRAFT OPERATIONS

Operating the spacecraft from Earth requires precise command sequences and regular monitoring to ensure it remains in its intended orbit and continues to collect valuable scientific data.

SOLAR FLARES AND SPACE WEATHER

The mission aims to study solar flares and their impact on space weather. However, solar flares can be unpredictable and pose a potential threat to the spacecraft’s instruments.

BUDGET AND FUNDING

Securing funding for space missions can be challenging. Ensuring a stable budget throughout the mission’s lifecycle is essential for its success.

WAY FORWARD

DATA ANALYSIS

The collected data will be analyzed by scientists and researchers to extract valuable insights into solar science and space weather. This analysis may lead to new discoveries and a deeper understanding of solar activity.

TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION

Aditya-L1 includes technology demonstrations, and the successful validation of these technologies can lead to their broader use in future space missions.

CONTINUED SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS

Aditya-L1’s primary mission objective is to study the Sun and its various phenomena, including the solar corona, solar flares, and magnetic fields. The spacecraft will continue to collect data and images to enhance our understanding of these aspects.

INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION

Aditya-L1 is part of international efforts to study the Sun and space weather. Continued collaboration with other space agencies and organizations will ensure that data is shared and analyzed globally, leading to a more comprehensive understanding of solar phenomena.

MISSION UPDATES AND REPORTS

Regular mission updates and reports will be provided to the scientific community and the public to communicate the mission’s progress and findings.

DATA ARCHIVING

Ensuring the long-term availability and accessibility of mission data is essential for future research and scientific advancements.

PREPARATION FOR FUTURE MISSIONS

Lessons learned from Aditya-L1 can inform the planning and execution of future solar and space weather missions. India and other space agencies may continue to invest in solar science research.

CONCLUSION: The Aditya-L1 mission represents an important endeavor by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to study the Sun and its various phenomena, including the solar corona, solar flares, and space weather. Its success will depend on the spacecraft’s launch, deployment, and its ability to carry out its scientific mission as planned. The Aditya-L1 mission are essential because they advance our knowledge of the Sun, its behavior, and its influence on space weather, climate, and the solar system. They play a vital role in ensuring the safety and functionality of our technological infrastructure in space and on Earth and contribute to scientific understanding and technological innovation.

UPSC PRACTICE QUESTION

Q. What are the main objectives of the Aditya-L1 Mission?  Comment on the need for such a mission to India.

Q. Discuss the significance and challenges of the Aditya-L1 Mission. How does the Aditya-L1 Mission compare to previous missions studying the Sun?

PYQS RELATED TO ADITYA-L1 MISSION

Q. Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology has helped India in its socio-economic development? (UPSC Mains 2016)

Q. If a major solar storm (solar-flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (UPSC Prelims 2022)

  1. GPS and navigation systems could fail.
  2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
  3. Power grids could be damaged.
  4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.
  5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.
  6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.
  7. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only

(b) 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only

(c)  1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only

(d) 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6 and 7

Answer: C

Q. With reference to ‘Astrosat’, the astronomical observatory launched by India, which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (UPSC Prelims 2016)

  1. Other than USA and Russia, India is the only country to have launched a similar observatory into space.
  2. Astrosat is a 2000 kg satellite placed in an orbit at 1650 km above the surface of the Earth.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: D

Q. Which of the following pair(s) is/are correctly matched? (UPSC Prelims 2014)

           Spacecraft                                               Purpose

  1. Cassini-Huygens :            Orbiting the Venus and transmitting data to the Earth
  2. Messenger            :             Mapping and investigating the Mercury
  3. Voyager 1 & 2      :              Exploring the outer solar system

Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer (b)




TOPIC – CHANDRAYAAN-3 MISSION

THE CONTEXT: India on 24th August 2023 expressed gratitude to world leaders for their wishes on Chandrayaan-3’s successful landing on Moon. India on 23rd August 2023 successfully landed a spacecraft near the Moon’s south pole, an uncharted territory that scientists believe could hold vital reserves of frozen water and precious elements, as the country cements its growing prowess in space and technology. After a failed attempt nearly four years ago, India made history by becoming the first country to touch down near the little-explored south-pole region and joins the United States, the Soviet Union and China in achieving a moon landing.

WHAT IS CHANDRAYAAN-3?

  • Chandrayaan-3 is described as India’s lunar mission with the goal of achieving a soft landing near the lunar south pole.
  • Soft landing refers to safely landing a spacecraft on the lunar surface without causing significant damage to the vehicle.
  • The lunar south pole is of particular interest due to its unique geological features, potential water ice deposits, and the presence of permanently shadowed regions that could harbor valuable scientific information.
  • The mission would likely carry a suite of scientific instruments to analyze the lunar surface, study its composition, map its topography, and gather data about its environment. These instruments include cameras, spectrometers, seismometers, and more.
  • Chandrayaan-3’s lander would incorporate lessons learned from Chandrayaan-2’s landing attempt to ensure a successful and controlled soft landing on the lunar surface.
  • ISRO employed advanced landing technologies and systems to mitigate the challenges associated with landing on the Moon.
  • Chandrayaan-3 incorporates advancements in technology, communication systems, navigation, and spacecraft design to increase mission reliability and success.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CHANDRAYAAN-3 MISSION

The Chandrayaan-3 mission is significant for a number of reasons:

  • It is India’s third lunar mission, and the second attempt at soft-landing on the Moon. The first attempt, Chandrayaan-2, was unsuccessful due to a technical malfunction. The success of Chandrayaan-3 will demonstrate India’s ability to soft-land on the Moon, which is a challenging technological feat.
  • Chandrayaan-3 will be the first mission to soft-land near the lunar south pole. The lunar south pole is a region that has not been explored in much detail, and it is thought to be rich in water ice. The mission will conduct experiments to study the composition of the lunar south pole and to search for water ice.
  • Chandrayaan-3 will carry a number of scientific instruments, including a lander, a rover, and an orbiter. The lander will carry instruments to study the lunar surface and atmosphere, while the rover will explore the lunar surface. The orbiter will map the Moon and study its environment.
  • The Chandrayaan-3 mission will help India to develop its space technology and to gain experience in conducting complex interplanetary missions. The success of the mission will be a major boost for India’s space program and will help to position India as a leading spacefaring nation.

WHY IT IS A MILESTONE?

Chandrayaan-3 has been launched and achieved significant milestones, it would likely be because of the advancements it brings to India’s lunar exploration capabilities. Here are some potential reasons why Chandrayaan-3 is considered a milestone:

  1. Landing Success: The Chandrayaan-3 successfully lands on the Moon’s surface, it would mark a significant achievement for India’s space program. Learning from the challenges faced during Chandrayaan-2’s landing attempt, a successful landing by Chandrayaan-3 would demonstrate India’s improved expertise in lunar soft landing technology.
  2. Enhanced Scientific Research: Chandrayaan missions are designed to conduct scientific research on the Moon, including studying the lunar surface, mineral composition, water ice presence, and more. Chandrayaan-3 could contribute to a deeper understanding of the Moon’s history, geology, and potential resources.
  3. Technological Advancements: Each Chandrayaan mission builds on the technological achievements of its predecessors. The Chandrayaan-3 incorporates new technologies, instruments, or engineering solutions, it could mark a significant step forward in India’s space capabilities.
  4. International Collaboration: The Chandrayaan-3 involves collaboration with other countries or space agencies, it could signify India’s growing role in global space exploration efforts and its ability to work collaboratively on complex missions.
  5. Public Engagement and Inspiration: Successful space missions often inspire the public and future generations to take an interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Chandrayaan-3’s success could have a positive impact on education and awareness in India and around the world.
  6. Commercial Opportunities: Successful of lunar missions is open up possibilities for future commercial ventures, such as mining resources or setting up research stations on the Moon. Chandrayaan-3’s achievements are contribute to these potential endeavors.

TECHNICAL EQUIPMENTS IN CHANDRAYAAN-3

ISRO Chandrayaan-3 includes various technical equipments for the mission’s success.

The mission has three major modules:

  1. Propulsion module: It will carry the lander and rover configuration to 100 km lunar orbit.
  2. Lander module (Vikram lander) : It has the capability to soft land and deploy Rover on the lunar surface.
  3. Rover (Pragyan): It will carry out chemical analysis of the lunar surface.

THE PAST TWO CHANDRAYAAN MISSION FAILURES

Chandrayaan-1

Chandrayaan-1 was not a complete failure; in fact, it achieved several significant milestones in India’s space exploration efforts and that is first steps for moon mission. Launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on October 22, 2008, Chandrayaan-1 was India’s first lunar probe.

The accomplishments of Chandrayaan-1:

  1. Confirmation of Water Molecules on the Moon: One of the main objectives of Chandrayaan-1 was to search for water molecules on the lunar surface. The Moon Impact Probe (MIP) on board the spacecraft confirmed the presence of water molecules in the lunar exosphere.
  2. High-Resolution Imaging: Chandrayaan-1 carried the Moon Impact Probe and also the Moon Impact Probe, both of which provided high-resolution images of the lunar surface. These images helped scientists gain a better understanding of the Moon’s topography.
  3. Mapping of Lunar Surface: The spacecraft carried several scientific instruments, including the Moon Impact Probe, the Moon Impact Probe, and the Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS), which helped map the mineral composition of the Moon’s surface.
  4. Discovery of Hydroxyl and Water Ice: Chandrayaan-1’s Moon Impact Probe helped discover hydroxyl molecules on the Moon’s surface. Additionally, data from the Moon Impact Probe and other instruments confirmed the presence of water ice in permanently shadowed regions near the lunar poles.
  5. Endurance and Longevity: Although Chandrayaan-1’s mission was initially planned for two years, it continued to function for nearly 10 months, successfully completing more than 3,400 orbits around the Moon.

However, it’s true that the mission faced some challenges as well:

  1. Communication Loss: In August 2009, communication with the spacecraft was abruptly lost due to technical issues. Despite this, the mission had already collected a substantial amount of valuable data.
  2. Limited Mission Life: The communication loss marked the end of the primary mission, as the spacecraft’s instruments and systems were no longer operational. This was a setback, but it does not negate the achievements of the mission up to that point.

Chandrayaan-1 experienced a premature end to its primary mission due to communication issues, it still accomplished many of its objectives and contributed significantly to our understanding of the Moon’s composition and surface features. It also paved the way for future lunar exploration missions, including Chandrayaan-2.

Chandrayaan-2

Chandrayaan-2, India’s second lunar exploration mission, is not considered a complete failure, although it did face challenges during its landing phase. The mission consisted of an orbiter, a lander named Vikram, and a rover named Pragyan. While the Vikram lander did encounter issues during its descent to the lunar surface, the overall mission was not a total failure. Here’s a breakdown of the mission and the challenges it faced:

  1. Orbiter Success: The Chandrayaan-2 orbiter was successfully inserted into lunar orbit and continues to function well. It is equipped with a suite of scientific instruments to study the Moon’s surface, analyze minerals, study the exosphere, and map water ice on the lunar surface. The orbiter’s mission has been successful in gathering valuable data and contributing to lunar science.
  2. Lander Failure: The Vikram lander, designed to make a soft landing on the Moon’s surface near the south pole, faced challenges during its descent on September 6, 2019. As it descended, communication was lost with ISRO’s ground control during the final moments. Subsequent analysis revealed that the lander had crash-landed on the Moon. The communication loss was due to a hard landing, and Vikram was not able to function as intended.

Despite the setback with the Vikram lander, the Chandrayaan-2 mission is not considered a complete failure for several reasons:

  • Orbiter Success: The Chandrayaan-2 orbiter continues to be operational and has provided valuable scientific data and images. It has achieved a significant portion of the mission’s scientific objectives.
  • Learning Experience: The landing attempt provided ISRO with important data and insights that will be useful for future missions. The challenges faced during the landing attempt will likely inform the design and execution of future soft landing attempts.
  • Showcased Technological Capability: Chandrayaan-2 demonstrated India’s capability to develop and launch complex missions to the Moon, including the successful insertion of the orbiter into lunar orbit.
  • Public Engagement: The mission garnered significant public attention and interest, inspiring the nation’s youth to take an interest in space science and exploration.

The Vikram lander’s failure to achieve a soft landing was a setback for the Chandrayaan-2 mission, the overall mission was not a complete failure due to the successful operation of the orbiter and the learning opportunities gained from the landing attempt.

The Benefits of Chandrayaan Moon Mission

The Chandrayaan moon mission has a number of benefits for India-

  • The mission will help scientists to better understand the moon’s origin, evolution, and geology.
  • It will also help scientists to study the moon’s environment, including its atmosphere, water ice, and potential for future human exploration.
  • The mission will also help to develop new technologies that can be used for space exploration and other applications.
  • The mission will boost India’s space industry and create jobs.
  • It will also help to attract foreign investment in the space sector.
  • The mission will also help to improve India’s image as a scientific and technological leader.
  • The mission will help to develop new technologies for space exploration, such as new ways to land on the moon and new ways to explore the lunar surface. These technologies can be used for future missions to the moon and other planets.
  • The mission will help to create new jobs in the space sector. The ISRO is estimated to employ over 17,000 people, and the Chandrayaan mission is expected to create even more jobs.
  • The mission will help to attract foreign investment in the space sector. The ISRO has already signed agreements with several foreign companies to collaborate on space projects.
  • The mission will help to improve India’s image as a scientific and technological leader. The success of the Chandrayaan mission will show the world that India is capable of carrying out complex space missions.

The Chandrayaan moon mission has the potential to bring significant benefits to India. The mission is a testament to India’s growing technological capabilities and its commitment to space exploration.

OTHERS MOON MISSIONS

There have been several other moon missions conducted by various space agencies and countries. Here are a few more examples:

  • Bereshit (SpaceIL, Israel): Bereshit was a privately funded lunar lander developed by the Israeli organization SpaceIL. It was launched in 2019 as part of the Google Lunar XPRIZE competition with the goal of achieving the first privately-funded moon landing. While the lander did crash on the lunar surface during its landing attempt, it was still a significant achievement for a non-governmental organization.
  • Hiten (ISRO, India): Launched in 1990 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Hiten was India’s first lunar probe. It was primarily a technology demonstration mission, and it impacted the Moon’s surface in 1994.
  • Clementine (NASA, USA): Launched in 1994, Clementine was a joint mission between NASA and the Department of Defense. It was designed to study the Moon from lunar orbit, conducting mapping and scientific observations.
  • SELENE-2 (JAXA, Japan): The proposed SELENE-2 mission by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) aims to send a spacecraft to the Moon to explore and study the lunar surface in greater detail, building on the success of the original Kaguya (SELENE) mission.
  • Lunar Prospector (NASA, USA): Launched in 1998, Lunar Prospector was a NASA mission that orbited the Moon to study its composition, magnetic field, and search for evidence of water ice.
  • Chang’e 5 (CNSA, China): Launched in 2020, Chang’e 5 was a Chinese mission designed to collect lunar samples and return them to Earth. It successfully brought back lunar samples from the Moon’s surface.
  • Luna-Glob (Roscosmos, Russia): The Luna-Glob program by the Russian space agency Roscosmos aims to launch a series of robotic missions to the Moon, including landers and orbiters. The first mission in this program is planned to study the Moon’s south pole region.
  • Huygens (ESA): While not a lunar mission, Huygens was a European Space Agency (ESA) probe that successfully landed on Saturn’s moon Titan in 2005 as part of the Cassini-Huygens mission.
  • LRO (NASA, USA): The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched in 2009, is a NASA mission that continues to orbit the Moon, mapping its surface in high detail and providing valuable data for future lunar missions.

These are just a few more examples of moon missions that have been conducted by various space agencies and organizations over the years. Each mission contributes to our understanding of the Moon’s composition, geology, and history, as well as paving the way for future exploration and scientific research.

FUTURE ISRO PROGRAM

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) had several ambitious space programs and missions planned for the future. The key point of future ISRO programs and missions are following:

  1. Aditya-L1 Mission:

Aditya-L1 is the first Indian mission to study the Sun from a vantage point in the Earth-Sun Lagrange point L1. This is a point in space where the gravitational forces of the Earth and the Sun are balanced, so that the spacecraft can stay in a fixed position relative to both bodies. The Aditya-L1 mission is a solar mission being developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It is scheduled to be launched in September 2023.

Aditya-L1 will Carry five Scientific Payloads:

  • The Visible Emission Spectrometer (VES) will study the Sun’s visible emissions in the wavelength range of 380-1000 nanometers.

Visible Emission Spectrometer (VES) Aditya-L1 mission

  • The Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) will study the Sun’s extreme ultraviolet emissions in the wavelength range of 6-100 nanometers.

Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) Aditya-L1 mission

  • The Coronal Hard X-ray Imager (CHXI) will study the Sun’s corona in the hard X-ray wavelength range of 10-100 keV.

Coronal Hard X-ray Imager (CHXI) Aditya-L1 mission

  • The Solar Wind Composition Spectrometer (SWCS) will study the composition of the solar wind in the vicinity of the spacecraft.

Solar Wind Composition Spectrometer (SWCS) Aditya-L1 mission

  • The Magnetometer (MAG) will measure the magnetic field of the Sun and the solar wind.
  1. X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat):
  • The X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) is a space observatory being developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Raman Research Institute (RRI). It is scheduled to be launched in the second quarter of 2023.
  • XPoSat is India’s first dedicated polarimetry mission. Polarimetry is the study of the polarization of light, which is the direction in which the light waves are oscillating. XPoSat will measure the polarization of X-rays from astronomical sources, such as black holes, neutron stars, and active galaxies.

XPoSat will Carry two Scientific Payloads:

  • The Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays (POLIX) will measure the degree and angle of polarization of X-rays in the energy range of 8-30 keV.
  • The X-ray Spectroscopy and Timing (SPECT) payload will provide spectroscopic information in the energy range of 0.8-15 keV.
  • XPoSat will be placed in a low Earth orbit. It is expected to have a mission life of at least 5 years.

The Objects of XPoSat in the Universe:

  • To study the polarization of X-rays from black holes, neutron stars, and active galaxies.
  • To understand the physical processes that are taking place in these objects.
  • To improve our understanding of the formation and evolution of stars and galaxies.
  • To search for new types of astronomical objects.
  • To develop new technologies for X-ray polarimetry.
  1. NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) Satellite:
  • NISAR is a joint Earth observation mission between NASA and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The satellite will use synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to map Earth’s land and ice surfaces, including changes as small as centimeters.

NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) Satellite:

  • NISAR will be the first radar imaging satellite to use dual frequencies (L-band and S-band). This will allow the mission to observe a wider range of changes than either one alone.
  • The NISAR mission is expected to launch in 2024. It will have a mission life of 3 years.

The Scientific Objectives of NISAR Include:

  • Studying the effects of climate change on Earth’s land and ice surfaces.
  • Monitoring natural hazards, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions.
  • Improving our understanding of Earth’s crust and interior.
  • Developing new technologies for radar imaging.

NISAR is a major milestone in the collaboration between NASA and ISRO. The mission will provide valuable insights into Earth’s changing environment and help us to better understand our planet.

The Benefits of NISAR:

  • It will provide detailed images of Earth’s surface that can be used to study a wide range of phenomena, such as climate change, natural disasters, and land use.
  • It will be able to see through clouds and darkness, so it can image Earth’s surface even when other sensors cannot.
  • It will be able to image Earth’s surface at high resolution, so it can detect small changes that would be difficult to see with other sensors.
  • It will be able to image Earth’s surface over a wide range of frequencies, so it can be used to study a variety of different materials.
  1. SPADEX or Space Docking Experiment:
  • It is a twin spacecraft mission being developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to demonstrate technologies related to orbital rendezvous, docking, formation flying, with scope of applications in human spaceflight, in-space satellite servicing and other proximity operations.
  • The SPADEX mission will consist of two IMS class (200 kg) satellites, one would be Chaser and other being Target and both would be launched as co-passengers or auxiliary payloads. Both spacecraft would be injected into slightly different orbits. The Chaser spacecraft will then autonomously rendezvous and dock with the Target spacecraft.
  • The SPADEX mission is scheduled to launch in the third quarter of 2024. It is a major milestone in India’s space program and will help to develop the technologies needed for future human spaceflight missions.

The key Technologies that will be Demonstrated by the SPADEX Mission:

  • Autonomous rendezvous and docking
  • Formation flying
  • In-space satellite servicing
  • Proximity operations

The SPADEX mission will also help to develop new technologies for space docking, such as a new docking mechanism that is being developed by ISRO. This new docking mechanism is designed to be more reliable and efficient than current docking mechanisms.

The SPADEX mission is a significant achievement for the ISRO and will help to make India a major player in the global space race. The mission will also help to develop the technologies needed for future human spaceflight missions, such as the Gaganyaan mission, which is scheduled to launch in 2024.

HOW IT WILL CHANGE INDIA’S IMAGE GLOBALLY

The successful landing of Chandrayaan-3 on the moon is a major achievement for India and will change the country’s image globally in a number of ways.

  • Technological Prowess: A successful Chandrayaan-3 mission would showcase India’s advanced technological capabilities in space exploration. It would demonstrate that India possesses the expertise to plan, design, and execute complex missions, including soft landings on extraterrestrial bodies.
  • Scientific Achievement: Chandrayaan-3’s success would contribute to the global scientific community’s understanding of the Moon’s geology, surface features, and potential resources. This scientific knowledge-sharing could enhance India’s reputation as a significant contributor to space-based research and exploration.
  • International Collaboration: A successful mission could foster increased collaboration between India and other spacefaring nations. Joint ventures and partnerships in space research could lead to shared expertise, resources, and data exchange, further enhancing India’s global presence.
  • Soft Power and Diplomacy: Success in space missions can boost a country’s soft power, influencing perceptions and relationships on the global stage. It could lead to greater respect for India’s scientific achievements and encourage diplomatic interactions.

International Space Leadership: A successful lunar landing mission could position India as a key player in international space exploration efforts. It could lead to invitations for participation in global discussions on space policies, strategies, and collaborative missions.

  • Inspiration and Education: Success in space missions often inspires young minds to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Chandrayaan-3’s success could motivate more students to engage in these fields, contributing to India’s future technological workforce.
  • Economic Opportunities: Space exploration has economic implications beyond scientific research, including the development of new technologies, job creation, and the growth of the space industry. A successful mission could stimulate economic growth and innovation in related sectors.
  • Space Tourism and Commercial Ventures: A successful lunar mission could attract attention from space tourism and commercial space companies looking for collaboration or partnership opportunities. India could become a destination for space-related activities, contributing to its global profile.

WHY THE COUNTRIES ARE INTERESTED IN THE MOON MISSION?

Countries are Showing Increasing Interest in Moon Missions for Several Reasons:

  • Scientific Exploration: The Moon is a relatively close celestial body, and exploring it can provide valuable insights into the early history of our solar system and Earth. Studying the Moon’s geology, composition, and history can help scientists better understand the evolution of planets and their satellites.
  • Resource Potential: The Moon is believed to contain valuable resources such as water ice in permanently shadowed regions. Water is crucial for supporting future long-duration space missions and establishing a sustained human presence on the Moon.
  • Commercial Opportunities: The Moon is becoming a potential platform for commercial activities, such as mining of resources, tourism, and research. Private companies see opportunities for business ventures in space, and governments want to ensure they have a role in regulating and benefiting from these activities.
  • Human Spaceflight: Some countries have aspirations to send astronauts to the Moon, either as part of their own programs or through collaboration with established space agencies. This extends human presence beyond low Earth orbit and contributes to our understanding of long-duration space travel.

These reasons, among others, contribute to the growing interest in moon missions by countries around the world. As technology advances and our understanding of the Moon’s potential increases, we can expect to see even more ambitious and collaborative efforts aimed at exploring and utilizing our nearest celestial neighbor.

CONCLUSION

The successful execution of Chandrayaan-3, India’s dedicated lunar mission aimed at achieving a soft landing and rover deployment on the Moon’s surface, would hold significant implications on multiple fronts. Chandrayaan-3’s success are underscore India’s prowess in designing, engineering, and executing complex space missions. The mission’s triumph would enrich humanity’s understanding of the Moon’s geology, composition, and surface characteristics. The success of Chandrayaan-3 goes beyond scientific data collection; it holds the potential to elevate India’s reputation, inspire future generations, drive economic growth, and establish India as a formidable force in the global space community. Its impact would reach into various facets of society, leaving an indelible mark on India’s journey through the cosmos and on the world stage.

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS:

  1. After the success of Chandrayaan-3, India enters in royal space club. Discuss how this will change India’s image globally.
  2. “The success of Chandrayan 3 not only opens up great opportunities for the future of India’s space program but also heats up the global  race for dominance over the space”. Explain.



TOP 5 TAKKAR NEWS OF THE DAY (8th JULY 2023)

1. THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION (NATO)

TAG: PRELIMS: INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION

THE CONTEXT: The US President expresses full support for Sweden’s NATO membership. However, Sweden’s NATO membership is facing opposition from NATO members Turkey and Hungary.

EXPLANATION:

  • In May 2022, after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Nordic neighbours Sweden and Finland applied to join NATO. This was a change in their long-held policies of not participating in a formal military alliance.
  • In May 2022, the Turkish President blocked an early attempt by NATO to fast-track the applications, saying their membership would make the alliance “a place where representatives of terrorist organisations are concentrated.”

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO):

  • The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is a 31-member security alliance comprising countries on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, led by the United States.
  • NATO was established on 4 April 1949 via the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty (Washington Treaty). The 12 founding members of the Alliance were: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
  • In addition to the 12 founding countries, four new members joined during the Cold War: Greece and Turkey, West Germany and Spain.
  • In 1990, the territory of the former East Germany was added with the reunification of Germany.
  • NATO further expanded after the Cold War, adding the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia, Albania and Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia , and Finland.

Background of the formation:

  • It was formed in 1949, in the wake of the Second World War.
  • This was a period when the rise of the USA and USSR accompanied the relative decline of erstwhile European powers such as the UK, France and Germany.
  • Both countries were in ideological opposition to one another, with the US favouring a capitalistic, liberal democratic model and the USSR moving towards socialism and State control over the economy.
  • This led to the ‘Cold’ War, where the battle for dominance manifested itself in the space race, arms race, and shoring up as many allies as possible.
  • Consequently, NATO was formed whose centrepiece was the ‘principle of collective defence’, the idea that an attack against one or several of its members is considered as an attack against all.

Process for a country to join NATO:

  • According to NATO, countries interested in joining NATO must adhere to certain basic political and military standards:
  1. A functioning democratic political system based on a market economy
  2. Ability and willingness to make a military contribution to NATO operations.
  3. All the governments of NATO member states ratify the ‘accession protocols’ for accession of the new member.

Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/joe-biden-sweden-nato-membership-turkey-explained-8785873/

2. QUASARS

TAG: GS III: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Scientists observed a ferocious class of black holes called quasars that demonstrate “time dilation” in the early universe. It discovered that certain fluctuations that occur in a specific duration today occurred five times more slowly in the earliest quasars.

EXPLANATION:

  • The researchers used the observations involving the brightness of 190 quasars across the universe dating to about 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang event that gave rise to the cosmos.
  • The observations stretch back to about 12.3 billion years ago, when the universe was roughly a tenth of its present age.
  • They compared the brightness of these quasars at various wavelengths to that of quasars existing today, finding that certain fluctuations that occur in a particular amount of time today did so five times more slowly in the most ancient quasars.
  • Einstein, in his general theory of relativity, showed that time and space are intertwined and that the universe has been expanding outward in all directions since the Big Bang.

What are Quasars?

  • They are among the brightest objects in the universe and are used as a “clock” in the study to measure time in the deep past.
  • They are tremendously active supermassive black holes millions to billions of times more massive than our sun, usually residing at centres of galaxies.
  • They devour matter drawn to them by their immense gravitational pull and unleash torrents of radiation, including jets of high-energy particles, while a glowing disk of matter spins around them.
  • Their brightness fluctuates up and down, the result of lots of complicated physics in the disk of matter spinning around a black hole at almost light speed.
  • The statistical properties of the light variations contain a time scale, a typical time for the fluctuations to possess a particular statistical property which is understood by ticking off each quasar.

Significance of the study:

  • This research highlights the intricate nature of time and its interplay with the expansion of the universe.
  • This continual expansion explains how time flowed more slowly earlier in the universe’s history relative to today.
  • By looking at faraway objects, scientists observe how long it takes for light to travel through space.

Earlier studies:

  • Scientists previously documented time dilation dating to roughly 7 billion years ago based on observations of stellar explosions called supernovas.
  • By studying these explosions from the past, they found that events unfolded more slowly from the perspective of our present time due to the known time it takes for today’s supernovas to brighten and fade.
  • The explosion of individual stars cannot be seen beyond a certain distance away, limiting their use in studying the early universe.
  • Quasars are so bright that they can be observed back to the universe’s infant stages.

Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/ferocious-black-holes-quasar-reveal-time-dilation-in-early-universe/article67040584.ece

3. THE INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO)

TAG: GS II: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; PRELIMS: INTERTNATIONAL ORGANISATION

THE CONTEXT: The United Nations International Maritime Organization agrees to reach net zero “by or around” 2050. IPCC Report, 2022 states that maritime shipping is responsible for 3% of global Greenhouse House Gas emissions.

EXPLANATION:

  • Maritime countries upgraded their Greenhouse House Gas (GHG) emissions strategy to reach net zero “by or around” 2050 without specifying a definite year.
  • It takes into account different national circumstances at the conclusion of the summit of the United Nations International Maritime Organization (IMO) in London on July 7, 2023.
  • This is to limit the global temperature increase to well below 2 degrees Celsius as outlined in the 2015 Paris Agreement, the international treaty on climate change.
  • It also urged the industry “to reduce the total annual GHG emissions from international shipping by at least 70%, striving for 80%, by 2040, compared to 2008.”
  • The document said near-zero emission technologies, fuels, and energy sources should “represent at least 5%, striving for 10%, of the energy used by international shipping by 2030.”
  • The IMO document, for the first time, spoke about implementing measures to enable a just transition for seafarers and other maritime workforce “that leaves no one behind.”
  • The adoption of the 2023 IMO Greenhouse Gas Strategy is a monumental development for IMO which opens a new chapter towards maritime decarbonization.
  • The 2023 IMO GHG Strategy adopted calls for the international shipping industry “to reduce the total annual GHG emissions from international shipping by at least 20%, striving for 30%, by 2030, compared to 2008.”

International Maritime Organization:

  • It is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine pollution by ships.
  • IMO is the global standard-setting authority for the safety, security and environmental performance of international shipping.
  • Its main role is to create a regulatory framework for the shipping industry that is fair and effective, universally adopted and universally implemented.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC):

  • It was created by the United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988.
  • It’s headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland and it consists of 195 Member countries.
  • The IPCC was created to provide policymakers with regular scientific assessments of climate change, its implications and potential future risks, as well as to put forward adaptation and mitigation options.
  • The IPCC prepares comprehensive Assessment Reports about knowledge of climate change, its causes, potential impacts and response options.
  • The IPCC also produces Special Reports, which are an assessment of a specific issue and Methodology Reports, which provide practical guidelines for the preparation of greenhouse gas inventories.
  • The IPCC does not conduct its own research. IPCC reports are neutral, policy-relevant but not policy prescriptive.

Report of IPCC:

  • Between 1990 and 2022, the IPCC has published six comprehensive assessment reports reviewing the latest climate science.
  • The First Assessment Report: It was completed in 1990. It served as the basis of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The report said that the emissions resulting from human activities are increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases.
  • The Second Assessment Report: It was published in 1995, is an assessment of the then available scientific and socio-economic information on climate change.
  • The IPCC Third Assessment Report: It was published in 2001. It is an assessment of available scientific and socio-economic information on climate change by the IPCC.
  • The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4): It was published in 2007 and is the fourth in a series of reports intended to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potential effects, and options for adaptation and mitigation.
  • The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5): It was completed in 2014. Projections in AR5 are based on “Representative Concentration Pathways” (RCPs). The RCPs are consistent with a wide range of possible changes in future anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Projected changes in global mean surface temperature and sea level are given in the main RCP article.
  • The Sixth Assessment Report (AR6): It covered the following topics: The Physical Science Basis (WGI); Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (WGII); Mitigation of Climate Change (WGIII). The final synthesis report was finished in March 2023.

Some special and methodology reports published by IPCC:

  • Global Warming of 1.5 ºC: The key finding of the report is that meeting a 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) target is possible but would require deep emissions reductions and far-reaching and changes in all aspects of society. The report states that 2 °C temperature increase would exacerbate extreme weather, rising sea levels among other impacts.
  • Climate Change and Land: This report is also known as the “Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems”. It provides a comprehensive overview of the entire land-climate system for the first time and decided to enlist land as a critical resource.
  • Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: It is a report about the effects of climate change on the world’s seas, sea ice, icecaps and glaciers. The report said that, since 1970, the global ocean has warmed unabated and has taken up more than 90% of the excess heat in the climate system. Marine heatwaves are increasing in intensity and since 1982, they have very likely doubled in frequency.

Environmental effects of shipping:

  • The International Maritime Organization (IMO) calculated that ocean-going vessels released 1.12 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide in 2007.
  • The environmental effects of shipping include air pollution, water pollution, acoustic, and oil pollution.
  • Ships are responsible for more than 18% of nitrogen oxides pollution and 3% of global anthropogenic Greenhouse House Gas emissions.

Source: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/world/united-nations-international-maritime-organization-agrees-to-reach-net-zero-by-or-around-2050-90476

4. LASER INTERFEROMETER GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE OBSERVATORY

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) is a colossal physics experiment designed to detect gravitational waves. Studying gravitational waves can help in a deeper understanding of the history of the Universe.

EXPLANATION:

Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO):

  • LIGO is a network of laboratories spread around the world designed to detect gravitational waves.
  • Currently, there are three operational gravitational wave observatories around the world – two in the United States (Hanford and Livingston), one in Italy (Virgo), and one in Japan (Kagra).
  • It is the world’s most powerful observatory that exploits the physical properties of light and of space itself to detect and understand the origins of gravitational waves.
  • The essential arrangement consists of two large interferometers, each about 4 km long, arranged in an ‘L’ shape.
  • An interferometer is a device that causes two light waves to intersect each other and studies the resulting interference pattern.
  • The L-shaped arrangement of interferometers effectively behaves like a high-precision antenna that detects gravitational waves.

Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) –India:

  • It is set to come up in India and will operate in collaboration with the LIGO Laboratory, operated by the California Institute of Technology and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  • It will be built in the Hingoli district of Maharashtra, which is about 450 km east of Mumbai, at an estimated cost of ₹2,600 crore.
  • LIGO-India is scheduled to begin scientific runs in 2030, the estimated year of completion of its construction.
  • The LIGO-India project will be built by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, with a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the National Science Foundation (NSF), USA, along with several national and international research and academic institutions.
  • It will be run by three premier institutes of India: the Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology in Indore, the Institute for Plasma Research in Ahmedabad, and the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics in Pune.
  • It is an initiative aimed at detecting gravitational waves from the universe, waves travelling in the vastness of space from some of the most violent and energetic processes in the Universe and hitting Earth.
  • It involves the construction of two vacuum chambers that are perpendicular to each other and 4 kilometres long each, making them the most sensitive interferometers in the world.

IndIGO (Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations):

  • It is a consortium of Indian gravitational-wave physicists.
  • It is an initiative to set up advanced experimental facilities for a multi-institutional observatory project in gravitational-wave astronomy to be located in Hingoli District, Maharashtra, India.
  • The major purpose of IndIGO is to set up the LIGO-India detector, which would help enhance the network of gravitational wave detectors worldwide.

Gravitational waves:

  • Albert Einstein predicted the existence of gravitational waves in 1916 in his general theory of relativity.
  • These waves are incredibly weak, making their detection very challenging.
  • It is said when two massive objects collide, they create a ripple in space and time in such a way that “waves of undulating space-time would propagate in all directions away from the source.”
  • Gravitational waves are ‘ripples’ in space-time caused by some of the most violent and energetic processes in the Universe.
  • These cosmic ripples would travel at the speed of light, carrying with them information about their origins, as well as clues to the nature of gravity itself.
  • The strongest gravitational waves are produced by cataclysmic events such as colliding black holes, supernovae (massive stars exploding at the end of their lifetimes), and colliding neutron stars.
  • Other gravitational waves are predicted to be caused by the rotation of neutron stars that are not perfect spheres and possibly even by the remnants of gravitational radiation created by the Big Bang.

Source:  https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/ligo-india-research-curiosity/article67052912.ece

5. THE PROTECTION OF PLANT VARIETIES AND FARMERS’ RIGHTS (PPV&FR) ACT, 2001

TAG: GS III: ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Delhi High Court dismissed an appeal filed against the revocation order passed by the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority (PPV&FRA) in December 2021. This is probably the first time that revocation-related litigation was being adjudicated in India’s courts under the PPV&FR Act 2001.

EXPLANATION:

The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FR) Act, 2001:

  • It is a unique legislation in the country to comply with the World Trade Organization (WTO) Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement.
  • The provisions in the PPV&FRA Act offer seed freedoms for farmers, entitling them to save, using, sowing, resowing, exchanging, sharing or sell the farm produce, including a particular variety of seed protected under the act in an unbranded manner.
  • It established an effective system for the protection of plant varieties, the rights of farmers and plant breeders, and encouraged the development of new varieties of plants
  • Indian legislation is not only in conformity with International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), 1978, but also has sufficient provisions to protect the interests of public sector breeding institutions and the farmers.
  • The legislation recognizes the contributions of both commercial plant breeders and farmers in plant breeding activity.

Objectives of the PPV & FR Act, 2001:

  1. To establish an effective system for the protection of plant varieties, the rights of farmers and plant breeders, and to encourage the development of new varieties of plants.
  2. To recognize and protect the rights of farmers in respect of their contributions to conserving, improving and making available plant genetic resources for the development of new plant varieties.
  3. To accelerate agricultural development in the country, protect plant breeders’ rights.
  4. To stimulate investment for research and development both in the public & private sectors for the development of new plant varieties.
  5. To facilitate the growth of the seed industry in the country, which will ensure the availability of high-quality seeds and planting material to the farmers.

Rights under the Act:

  1. Breeders’ Rights: Breeders will have exclusive rights to produce, sell, market, distribute, import or export the protected variety. A breeder can appoint an agent/ licensee and may exercise civil remedy in case of infringement of rights.
  2. Researchers’ Rights: Researchers can use any of the registered varieties under the Act for conducting experiments or research.
  3. Farmers’ Rights: A farmer who has evolved or developed a new variety is entitled to registration and protection in like manner as a breeder of a variety. Farmers’ variety can also be registered as an extant variety.

Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority (PPV&FRA):

  • To implement the provisions of the Act, the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare established the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority.
  • The Chairperson is the Chief Executive of the Authority. Besides the Chairperson, the authority has 15 members, as notified by the Government of India (GOI).
  • Eight of them are ex-officio members representing various Departments/ Ministries, three from SAUs and the State Governments, and one representative each for farmers, tribal organizations, seed industry and women’s organizations associated with agricultural activities are nominated by the Central Government.
  • The Registrar General is the ex-officio Member Secretary of the Authority.

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement:

  • It is crucial for promoting trade in knowledge and innovation, resolving intellectual property trade disputes, and ensuring World Trade Organization (WTO) members’ freedom to pursue their domestic goals.
  • The agreement is a formal acknowledgement of the importance of intellectual property and trade relations.

International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), 1978:

  • The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) is an intergovernmental organization with headquarters in Geneva (Switzerland).
  • UPOV was established by the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. The Convention was adopted in Paris in 1961, and it was revised in 1972, 1978 and 1991.
  • UPOV’s mission is to provide and promote an effective system of plant variety protection, with the aim of encouraging the development of new varieties of plants, for the benefit of society.

Source: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/delhi-hc-dismisses-pepsico-plea-against-revocation-order-on-its-ipr-certificate-for-potato-variety-90478




TOPIC : DRAFT DRONE RULES: IMPETUS TO FUTURE TECH

THE CONTEXT: On 15 July, the Ministry of Civil Aviation has unveiled the Draft Drone Rules, 2021 based on “trust, self-certification and non-intrusive monitoring”. The new rules would replace the existing UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) Rules, 2021. This article analyses various facets of new draft rules.

  • The decision to liberalize the drone policy showcases the government’s bold approach to promote the use of the drone and focus on the development of counter-drone technology. The current draft is a welcome move and will go a long way in facilitating investments in drone technology in India.

DRONES

  • A Drone, in technological terms, is an unmanned aircraft. Essentially, a drone is a flying robot that can be remotely controlled or fly autonomously through software-controlled flight plans in their embedded systems, working in conjunction with onboard sensors and GPS.
  • There are three subsets of Unmanned Aircraft- Remotely Piloted Aircraft, Autonomous Aircraft, and Model Aircraft.
  • A drone is made of light composite materials which help reduce weight and increase its motion operation. The material strength allows drones to fly at extremely high altitudes.
  • UAV drones are packed with state-of-the-art technologies such as infrared cameras, GPS, and laser.
  • The latest high-tech drones are equipped with collision avoidance systems.

DRAFT DRONE RULES, 2021

AIM

  • Making India a drone-friendly nation

UNIQUE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER

  • Each drone has been specified to have a unique identification number with the transmission of its location, altitude, speed, etc. Any drone missing a unique id number with the other details will be a rogue drone.
  • Every flight of the drone will be monitored in the digital sky platform.

DIGITAL SKY PLATFORM

  • It is an initiative by MoCA to provide a secure and scalable platform that supports drone technology frameworks, such as NPNT (no permission, no take-off), designed to enable flight permission digitally and manage unmanned aircraft operations and traffic efficiently.
  • There will be a minimal human interface on the digital sky platform and most permission will be self-generated.

SIMPLIFIED REQUIREMENTS

  • Requirements for granting permission for the acquisition and usage of drones have been simplified.
  • Abolish the need for various approvals, like certificate of conformance, certificate of maintenance, import clearance, acceptance of existing drones, operator permits, authorization of R&D organization, and student remote pilot license.
  • The provisions under Aircraft Rules, 1937 will not apply to drones weighing up to 500 kg.

DRONE CORRIDORS

  • The Centre also plans to set up drone corridors for cargo delivery.

EASE OF DOING BUSINESS

  • Earlier there used to be 25 forms to be filled up which now has been reduced to 5. Clarity about registration and remote-pilot licensing have been given. Insurance of drones has also been taken care of.

DIVISION OF COUNTRY IN ZONES

  • The digital sky platform will have an interactive airspace map dividing the country into green, yellow, and red zones.
  • While the yellow zone has been reduced from 45 km to 12 km from the nearby airport perimeter, no flight permission is required up to 400 feet in green zones and up to 200 feet in the area between 8 and 12 km from the airport perimeter.

BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF NEW RULES

BENEFITS

  • It will increase the sales of drones in the country and create a market for drones in India.
  • New Rules will give a boost to employment and commercial sales of drones in India.
  • The adoption of drones in R&D is also expected to boost the way for pilot projects in India that are likely to help the government come out with a policy for the commercial use of drones as well.
  • New rules to boost investments in the drones sector

CHALLENGES /LIMITATIONS

  • The overall size of the Indian market is much smaller when compared to global markets.
  • Drone imports will still be controlled by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT).
  • The manufacturing industry is looking for a lot more clarity on the timelines on permissions to operate commercial drones, as well as the permissions where drones will be allowed to operate.
  • The timeline for the creation of new drones corridor and drone promotion corridor not given.
  • The industry is also likely to wait for more clarity on the taxation rate of drones and has requested the government to attract and promote foreign direct investment to supplement domestic capital, technology, and skills for accelerated economic growth.
  • The Indian drone market is dependent on imports for drone components.
  • As per the new draft, the rules and regulations do not apply to the army, navy, or air force. However, it still includes paramilitary forces. BSF is suffering a lot of issues due to the drones coming across the lines.
  • Only a few states have the infrastructure to train pilots that can operate a drone.
  • 9% of drones are battery powered and use solar energy. Rest 90% use fuel engines that are noisy, polluting, and heavy with a hazardous fuel

DRONE TECHNOLOGY SECTOR

APPLICATION OF DRONE TECHNOLOGY

  • Drone systems can be used as an asymmetric weapon against terrorist attacks. The drones can be integrated into the national airspace system.
  • The drone technology in the SVAMITVA scheme was launched by the Government of India. It has helped about half a million village residents to get their property cards by mapping out the areas.
  • In the agriculture sector, micronutrients can be spread with the help of drones. It can also be used for performing surveys for identifying the challenges faced by the farmers.
  • The railways are using drones for track monitoring.
  • Telecom companies are using drones for monitoring the tower.
  • Drones are also significant for law enforcement agencies, fire, and emergency services wherever human intervention is not safe and the healthcare services.

FEW SUCCESS STORIES OF DRONE USE

  • Odisha government used drones to map 250,000 slum households to ensure speedy and accurate distribution of land rights
  • Gujarat is using ‘Tri Netra’ drones to track illegal mining.
  • The union government and NHAI is using drones to monitor rural road construction projects
  • The Pilbhit Tiger Reserve in Uttar Pradesh used to capture and tranquilize a tiger that was a man-eater using drones.

R&D IN THE DRONE SECTOR

  • Drones are one of the 24 sectors that are taken care of by the Government of India under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry as the area where the Atma Nirbhar Bharat scheme can be well implemented.
  • India not only has a very extensive R&D being carried out at institutions like IIT-Kanpur, IIT-Bombay, IIT-Delhi, etc but also at the same time the research is being transformed into products.
  • India has more than 130 start-ups registered with IITs and other companies for introducing drones in multiple application areas.

INDIA’S DRONE MARKET

  • According to BIS Research, the global drone market, which is currently dominated by the US, China, and Israel, will touch $28.47 billion this year and India will comprise about 4.25 percent of that. Consequently, the Indian drone market is expected to reach $1.21 billion in 2021.
  • According to Golden Sach, the Indian drone market is expected to reach $1.8 billion by 2025-26 growing at a CAGR of 14.61 percent.
  • According to an estimate by E&Y and FICCI, the projected market size for drones in India is $885.7 million by 2021.

COVID-19 SCENARIO – EMERGING ROLE OF DRONES IN INDIA

  • Drones are playing a significant role in the fight against the coronavirus in support of the following activities undertaken by Police, healthcare, and municipal authorities:
  1. Surveillance & Lockdown Enforcement
  2. Public Broadcast
  3. Monitoring Body Temperatures
  4. Medical & emergency food Supplies Delivery
  5. Surveying & Mapping
  6. Spraying Disinfectants

SPRAYING DISINFECTANTS

  • The states of Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, etc. have solicited the services of drone companies to spray disinfectants in earmarked areas.
  • The COVID 19 pandemic has also prompted several educational institutes-based drone start-ups to innovate and remodel drones to cater to the demands of sanitization.

MONITORING BODY TEMPERATURE

  • Drones mounted with thermal cameras have been deployed in cities such as New Delhi and Bengaluru to monitor the body temperature of people.

MEDICAL SUPPLIES DELIVERY

  • A drone startup based out of Telangana has successfully demonstrated medical supplies delivery via drones to remote areas. Another startup based in Pune has expressed its intention to work with city authorities in the domain of medical services delivery.
  • At IIT Madras, drone research is underway which would be designed to deliver drugs and medicines.

SURVEILLANCE AND ENSURE LOCKDOWN

  • States such as Maharashtra, Gujarat, National Capital Region, Karnataka, Telangana, Assam, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu have reportedly deployed drones for surveillance and ensuring lockdown.
  • Drones have also been deployed by state authorities in places such as Hyderabad and Bengaluru to plan and organize ground forces deployment to monitor areas.
  • In places such as New Delhi and Mumbai, drones have been used to ensure that people are following social distancing norms in public places.
  • In places such as Sangli, drones are enabling police forces to ensure social distancing in places near pharmacies and grocery stores.
  • In the state of Kerala, drones have been used to disperse the crowd and also check illicit brewing shops and group drinking.

PUBLIC BROADCAST

  • Drones mounted with speakers or police sirens have been deployed by states such as Telangana, Maharashtra, Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir, Assam to disperse the gathered crowd, encourage people to stay indoors, create social awareness on COVID 19, etc.

MISCELLANEOUS DRONE USE CASES DURING COVID 19

  • State forest department authorities in Karnataka used drone services to survey forest areas in Bengaluru to preclude poaching in forest areas.
  • The Railway Protection Force in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh has deployed a drone to conduct surveillance in and around railway tracks and other railway assets. The underlying rationale behind drone deployment is to prevent the entrance of migrants from other states via railway tracks on foot and also the prevention of theft from railway premises.

DRONES IN INDIA: WHO CAN BUY THEM, WHAT ARE USAGE CONDITIONS AND HOW GOVT IS CONTROLLING DRONE USE

WHO GOVERNS DRONES?

  • Remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs) and unmanned aircraft (drones) are governed by the Civil Aviation Requirements (CAR) issued by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) from time to time.

GAME OF DRONES: EVOLUTION OF DRONE LAWS IN INDIA

  • In 2014, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) banned civilian use of drones.
  • Subsequently, in 2018, the Civil Aviation Requirements (CAR) –Drone Regulations 1.0 was announced, introducing a comparatively radical but basic framework for their operation.
  • Drone Regulation 1.0

ü  The Digital Sky Platform will enable online registration of pilots, devices, service providers, and NPNT (no permission, no take-off).

ü  The Digital Sky Platform is a unique unmanned traffic management (UTM) system that is expected to facilitate registration and licensing of drones and operators in addition to giving instant (online) clearances to operators for every flight.

ü  The airspace has been partitioned into Red Zone (flying not permitted), Yellow Zone (controlled airspace), and Green Zone (automatic permission). The restricted locations are airports, near the international border, near the coastline, state secretariat complexes strategic locations, military installations.

ü  All civilian drone operations will be restricted to only during daytime and a maximum of 400 feet altitude.

ü  There can’t be any human or animal payloads, or anything hazardous.

ü  It cannot in any manner cause danger to people or property and insurance will be mandatory to cover third-party damage.

ü  Except for nano drones and those owned by National Technical Research Organisation and the central agencies, the rest would be registered and issued a Unique Identification Number.

  • The government did not stop there; it went on to create a Drone Taskforce which then released a comprehensive document – Drone Ecosystem Policy Roadmap in 2019.
  • In addition, the government has also released supplemental policies such as the National Counter Rogue Drone Guidelines and the draft Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management Policy.

CATEGORIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION

  • The Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) has categorized Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) into three primary categories and five primary classes. UAS are categorized into:
  1. Aeroplane
  2. Rotorcraft
  3. Hybrid  UAS
  • These three types of UAS are further sub-categorized based on their level of autonomy, i.e., remotely piloted UAS, model remotely piloted UAS, and fully autonomous UAS. Apart from these categories, each UAS is classified based on how much it weighs (including the payload). The classification of UAS is as follows:

Nano UAVs             up to 250g

Micro UAVs            250g to 2kg

Mini UAVs              2kg to 25 kg

Small UAVs           25kg to 150kg,

Large UAVs         more than 150kg

WHO CAN FLY DRONES IN INDIA?

  • The Unmanned Aircraft System Rules, 2021, state that no license or permit is needed to fly nano drones.
  • Pilots of Micro and Small Drones require a UAS Operator Permit-I (UAOP-I) for all flying purposes. Such drones are limited to the visual line of sight without any payload.
  • For the operation of Medium and Large Drones, one would require UAS Operator Permit-II (UAOP-II).Such drones cannot be flown within closed spaces. They also need prior clearance from Air Traffic and Air Defence Control before being flown.
  • UAOP-II permits the carriage of goods as well as dangerous goods as per the Aircraft (Carriage of Dangerous Goods) Rules, 2003.
  • Both UAOP-I and UAOP-II will remain valid for not more than ten years.

REQUIRED DRONE PILOT LICENSE

  • Two types of licenses will determine the issuance of an operator’s permit. These are Student Remote Pilot License and Remote Pilot License. Applicants of any of these licenses should be at least 18 years of age and not more than 65 years of age if flying a drone for commercial activity.
  • As for the minimum qualifications, the applicants should have passed class X . Applicants are also required to clear a DGCA specified medical examination and a background check.
  • Student Remote Pilot License is issued for a fee by an authorized training organization. It is Valid for a maximum period of 5 years from the date of issuance. These can be renewed for an additional period of 2 years.
  • Remote Pilot License is issued for a fee by the DGCA itself and stands valid for a total of 10 years from issuance. These are issued based on training and skill tests from an authorized training organization.
  • Both UAOP-I and UAOP-II require a Remote Pilot License “of appropriate class and category.”

DRONE USE CONDITIONS

  • No drones should fly over a Prohibited Area.
  • The Gazette specifies “Prohibited Area” as “the airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas or territorial waters of India within which the flights of unmanned aircraft are not permitted.
  • Other than the area restrictions, there are limitations on the altitude and speed at which drones can be flown. These are mostly based on the type of drones.

PENALTIES ON FAILURE OF COMPLIANCE

  • Individuals flying any drone other than those in the Nano category, for instance, without a valid license or permit, will have to pay a fine of Rs 25,000.
  • Flying an unmanned aircraft over no operation area will attract a penalty of Rs 50,000.
  • Such penalties extend up to Rs 5 lakh for the manufacturers of drones.

DRONES IN INDIA: A MODEL FOR COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM?

  • India presents a classic opportunity to build a replicable model of federalism that is cooperative, creative, constructive, and competitive. A sandbox where states compete not just with each other but also with the Centre is visible in two ongoing programmes are in play – The Medicine from the Sky project, anchored by the Government of Telangana, and the BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line of Sight) experimental trials anchored by India’s Ministry of Civil Aviation.
  • The state of Telangana in partnership with the World Economic Forum, Apollo Hospitals, and thinktank NITI Aayog has called on technologists from across the country to demonstrate the capability of drone-based healthcare delivery.
  • This project required coordination among and local governments to shape deliverables on the ground. This has created a distinct pathway through the federal “marble cake” of interrelated policy goals and administrative duties of local, state, and national governments.
  • The Telangana experiment is turning this into a science, not just by coordinating with the central government seamlessly but also by mapping stakeholders and their requirements along the way.
  • On the other hand, the BVLOS experiments are a coordinated approach by the Ministry of Civil Aviation and supporting regulatory agencies to gather data points.
  • Against a backdrop of a quasi-federal structure, drones have navigated a channel of laboratory federalism where several small-scale experiments and exercises have created insights that foster the development of good policy.

REGULATIONS AROUND THE WORLD

USA

  • The policy prescribes a compulsory pilot’s license for the UAV operator to operate drones weighing more than 25 kgs.
  • For less than 25 kgs, no permission is needed. However, such drones should remain within visual line of sight, cannot be operated at night, and cannot fly more than 400 feet above the ground.
  • Currently, the Federal Aviation Authority has started permitting beyond-line-of-sight operations to companies like Amazon.

CHINA

  • China has segregated drones as per their weights into four subclasses—0 to 1.5 kilos, 1.5 to 4, 4 to 15, and 15 to 116 kgs. All of them have different rules
  • The rules stipulate an online real-time supervision system that includes a “UAS cloud” and an “electronic fence.” The cloud is a dynamic database management system that monitors flight data in real-time, and the fence is a software and hardware system that earmarks specific areas as prohibited zones and automatically restrains aircraft from entering. UAVs weighing above 4 kilos must integrate these systems.
  • The rules also allow beyond-line-of-sight flying and are aiming for the complete integration of manned and unmanned aircraft.

INTERNATIONAL DRONE GOVERNANCE

  • Drones are dual-use technology, meaning they have a civilian and a military purpose. At the international level, policy regulations for drones are still in the making.
  • The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has been the primary platform leading global governance efforts.

WAY FORWARD

  • There should be the unification of the laws where this sector is cross-cutting with sectors that come under the domain of other ministries.
  • Drone imports controlled by DGFT could be done away with for the time being.
  • The government needs to create an equivalent of ‘Silicon Valley’ for the drones so that organizations dealing with hardware, software, artificial intelligence, etc. can come together and take this endeavor forward.
  • Companies working on unmanned traffic management (UTM) should collaborate with the government of India to provide unmanned traffic information as well as work as service providers for tracking drones.
  • Drones are costly equipment. There is a huge opportunity for insurance and insurance facilitation companies to explore this area.
  • A ‘Drone Promotion Council’ is the need of the hour.
  • There have to be training programs for drone pilots.

CONCLUSION: The draft drone policy is a welcome change. It is a well-thought-out and simplified policy document. It aligns with Prime Minister Modi’s vision for India, in terms of reducing unemployment, improving ease of doing business, generating self-employment avenues, and emerging as a global leader in technology. What the future holds will entirely depend on how these rules are interpreted on the ground and how much red-tapism we are willing to shun.




TOP 5 TAKKAR NEWS OF THE DAY (29th APRIL 2023)

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

1. SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION INTERBANK CONSORTIUM (SCO IBC)

TAGS:GS-II- INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS- PRELIMS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, India appealed to SCO Interbank Consortium members to increase cooperation among themselves.

THE EXPLANATION:

  • The SCO Interbank Consortium was established by the member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation in 2005.
  • It provides funding and bank services for investment projects sponsored by the governments of the SCO member states.
  • Objective: to provide financial services, promote trade, and facilitate investment among the member states.
  • The SCO IBC Council meets ad hoc upon the consensus of all of the parties at least once per year.
  • The Presidency of the Council is carried out on a rotational basis.
  • It consists of major banks from the member countries, such as the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, the National Bank of Kazakhstan, and the Bank of Russia.
  • The first meeting of the SCO Interbank Association was held in Beijing on 21–22 February 2006.

2. NORTH SEA SUMMIT

TAGS:GS-II- INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS- PRELIMS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, nine European countries signed a declaration at the North Sea Summit.

THE EXPLANATION:

  • The second edition of the North Sea Summit was held in the city of Ostend in Belgium.
  • Participant countries included: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands Norway, and the United Kingdom
  • Objective: to make the North Sea the largest green energy centre in Europe by accelerating the deployment of offshore wind turbines.
  • The summit set ambitious targets including the production of at least 120 gigawatts (GW) of offshore wind energy(UPCS CSE: Understanding Wind Energy) in the North Sea by 2030.
  • The first summit was held in 2022 in Denmark.
  • It resulted in the Esbjerg Declaration.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

3. MARS’ CORE

TAGS:GS-III-SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: A new study has revealed fascinating insights into the innermost layer of Mars – its core. The Red Planet’s core is estimated to have a radius of approximately 1,780-1,810 kilometers, smaller and denser than previously thought. It is likely in a liquid state, according to the research published in the journal PNAS.

THE EXPLANATION:

The InSight Mars Lander

  • In order to gain insight into the makeup and architecture of Mars, a team of international scientists scrutinized seismic information collected by NASA’s InSight Mars Lander, which was sent into orbit in May 2018. The lander put a seismometer and other geophysical equipment on the planet’s surface. Seismometers detect and measure seismic waves – shockwaves generated after an earthquake. As seismic waves pass through different materials, they behave differently, slowing down when they pass through liquid materials or hot regions.

Farside Seismic Events

  • The team looked for ‘farside’ seismic events that occur on the opposite side of the planet to InSight. The team of researchers identified two seismic occurrences, one resulting from a marsquake and the other caused by a significant impact. Afterward, they compared the duration seismic waves took to travel through the core in contrast to those that remained within the mantle. Through the use of computer models, the team made projections concerning the physical characteristics of the core, such as its dimensions.

Composition of Mars’ Core

  • The research found that light elements, sulfur, and oxygen, comprise a fifth of the core’s weight. Irwing explained that although both Earth and Mars are mostly made of iron, Mars’ core is less dense than Earth’s due to several factors, including the material that formed the planets.

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES IN NEWS

4. MAHILA SAMMAN SAVINGS CERTIFICATE (MSSC)

TAGS:GS-II- GOVERNMENT SCHEMES

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the  Union Minister for Women and Child Development and Minority Affairs opened a Mahila Samman Savings Certificate (MSSC) account.

THE EXPLANATION:

  • Mahila Samman Savings Certificate Scheme was announced in the 2023-24 Union Budget) to commemorate ‘Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav’.
  • Objective: To empower women by increasing their participation in investments.
  • It is a significant step towards financial inclusion and empowerment of women including girls. It is a one-time savings scheme.
  • The two-year tenure scheme offers an attractive interest rate of 7.5 per cent compounded quarterly
  • It will have flexible investment and partial withdrawal options with a maximum ceiling of Rs two lakh.
  • The scheme is valid for a two-year period up to 31st March 2025.
  • The scheme has been made available in all 1.59 lakh post offices from April 01, 2023.

Deposit limits:-

  • One can start investing in this scheme with a minimum amount of Rs. 1,000 or any other amount in multiples of Rs. 100.
  • But one cannot make additional deposits after that.
  • Under this scheme, one can open multiple accounts, but the maximum total investment should be Rs 2 lakh only.
  • And each account opened should have a three-month gap between the opening date of the existing account and the new account.

Eligibility Criteria:-

  • The scheme is exclusively available to women.
  • Any woman above 18 years of age can invest in this scheme by herself.
  • Also, in the case of minors, the guardian can open the account on behalf of the girl.

PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE

5. BUREAU OF CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY (BCAS)

TAGS: PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE

THE CONTEXT: The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) is the national regulatory body for civil aviation security in India. It recently commemorated its raising day.

THE EXPLANATION:

A Brief History of BCAS

  • The BCAS was established as a Cell in the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) in January 1978 following the hijacking of an Indian Airlines flight in September 1976.
  • The primary role of the cell was to manage and train personnel on Civil Aviation Security matters. In April 1987, the BCAS became an independent department under the Ministry of Civil Aviation in response to the Kanishka Tragedy in June 1985.

Responsibilities of BCAS

  • One of the key duties of BCAS is to create aviation security standards in compliance with Annex 17 to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)’s Chicago Convention for airlines and airport operators, as well as their security agencies, responsible for implementing AVSEC measures.
  • The BCAS also monitors the implementation of security regulations and carries out assessments to determine security requirements. The bureau ensures that security staff receives appropriate training and necessary competencies to perform their duties.
  • In addition, BCAS is responsible for coordinating and planning aviation security matters, including conducting surprise and dummy checks to evaluate the proficiency and alertness of security personnel. The bureau also conducts mock exercises to test the effectiveness of contingency plans and the operational preparedness of various agencies.



TOP 5 TAKKAR NEWS OF THE DAY (26th APRIL 2023)

HEALTH ISSUES

1. WORLD MALARIA DAY 2023

TAGS: GS-II-HEALTH ISSUES- PRELIMS

THE CONTEXT:World Malaria Day is observed every year on April 25 to raise awareness of the global effort to control, prevent and eventually eradicate malaria.

About World Malaria Day:

  • The day was first recognized in 2007 by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a way to shine a light on the devastating impact of malaria and to encourage governments, health organizations, and individuals to take action against this deadly disease.
  • Theme: The theme for World Malaria Day 2023 is “Time to deliver zero malaria: invest, innovate, implement”, emphasizing the urgency to invest resources, innovate strategies and implement actions towards achieving the goal of zero malaria.
  • World Malaria Day is an important opportunity to raise awareness of the ongoing fight against malaria and to mobilize support for malaria control and prevention efforts around the world.
  • The day also provides an opportunity to celebrate the progress that has been made in the fight against malaria and to renew our commitment to achieving the ultimate goal of malaria eradication.

VALUE ADDITION

About Malaria:

  • Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. Malaria is not contagious and cannot spread from one person to another. The parasites are spread to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, called “malaria vectors.” There are 5 parasite species that cause malaria in humans, and 2 of these species – P. falciparum and P. vivax – pose the greatest threat.
  • Malaria continues to be a major global health challenge, with an estimated 229 million cases and 409,000 deaths worldwide in 2019. Most of these cases and deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa, where the disease disproportionately affects children under the age of five and pregnant women.

Symptoms

  • Malaria is an acute febrile illness. In a non-immune individual, symptoms usually appear 10–15 days after the infective mosquito bite. The first symptoms – fever, headache, and chills – may be mild and difficult to recognize as malaria. If not treated within 24 hours, P. falciparum malaria can progress to severe illness, often leading to death.
  • Children with severe malaria frequently develop one or more of the following symptoms: severe anemia, respiratory distress in relation to metabolic acidosis, or cerebral malaria.

Treatment

  • Early diagnosis and treatment of malaria reduces disease and prevents deaths. It also contributes to reducing malaria transmission. The best available treatment, particularly for P. falciparum malaria, is artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT).

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

2. WHAT IS CARICOM?

TAGS:GS-II-INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar co-chaired the 4th India-CARICOM ministerial meeting with his Jamaican counterpart Kaminaj Smith in Guyana’s capital and discussed a range of issues, including trade, climate change and counterterrorism.

About CARICOM:

  • The Caribbean Community (CARICOM or CC) is an intergovernmental organisation that is a political and economic union of 15 member states (14 nation-states and one dependency) throughout the Americas and Atlantic Ocean.
  • The primary objectives is to promote economic integration and cooperation among its members, ensure that the benefits of integration are equitably shared, and coordinate foreign policy.
  • The organisation was established in 1973, with its four founding members (Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana and Trinidad & Tobago) signing the Treaty of Chaguaramas.
  • The Chairmanship of the Community is rotated every six months among the member countries Heads.
  • The Secretariat headquarters is in Georgetown, Guyana. CARICOM is an official United Nations Observer beneficiary.

Members & Associate Members:

  • CARICOM has 15 members: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad & Tobago. Of the 15, all are nation States except Montserrat.
  • Associate Members: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands and Turks & Caicos Islands are Associate Members of the Community.

3. THE AZERBAIJAN-ARMENIA BORDER CLASHES

TAGS:GS-II- INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Azerbaijan had established a checkpoint at the start of the Lachin corridor, the only land route linking Armenia to Nagorno-Karabakh, a step that was followed by claims of border shootings by both Azeri and Armenian forces.

THE EXPLANATION:

What is Nagorno-Karabakh?

Nagorno-Karabakh, known as Artsakh by Armenians, is a landlocked mountainous area in the South Caucasus. It was claimed by both Azerbaijan and Armenia after the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917 and has remained a point of tension ever since.

Latest developments:

  • Armenia has been witnessing domestic unrest since April this year related to Pashniyan’s handling of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
  • There have been plans to oust their government or at least increase street pressure to prevent the PM from providing further concessions to Azerbaijan and Turkey when it comes to the security and right of self-determination of Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh (called Artsakh) and the recognition of Armenian Genocide.

Criticism against Armenian PM:

  • In Armenia, Pashinyan’s handling of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict received criticism after he agreed to hand over Armenian control of several territories to Azerbaijan.
  • Pashinyan increased the salaries of the country’s security forces, in an attempt to win their loyalty.
  • The ongoing protests in Armenia have been marked by police brutality and the detaining of protestors, activists as well as Parliament members.
  • Pashinyan’s stance on Nagorno-Karabakh: There has been a clear shift in Pashinyan’s views on Nagorno-Karabakh post May 2018, when he was elected leader of Armenia. Much of Pashinyan’s rhetoric was aimed at winning nationalist support.

Challenges of Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

  • In this disputed region, there are hundreds of civilian settlements, residents of which would be directly impacted and potentially displaced if any large-scale war were to break out between the two countries.
  • Any military escalation would draw regional powers like Turkey and Russia more deeply into the conflict.
  • The energy-rich Azerbaijan has built several gas and oil pipelines across the Caucasus (the region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea) to Turkey and Europe.
  • This includes the Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline (with a capacity of transporting 1.2 billion barrels a day), the Western Route Export oil pipeline, the Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline and the South Caucasus gas pipeline.
  • Some of these pipelines pass close to the conflict zone (within 16 km of the border) and in an open war between the two countries, the pipelines could be targeted, which would impact energy supplies.
  • For both nations, these would create immediate challenges and war would not be in the interest of both countries.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

4. LOCKBIT RANSOMWARE

TAGS: GS-III-SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT:Recently, the LockBit ransomware was found to be targeting Mac devices.

THE EXPLANATION:

  • It was first reported in September 2019 and dubbed the “abcd” virus, due to the file extension used when encrypting victims’ files.
  • The LockBit ransomware is designed to infiltrate victims’ systems and encrypt important files.
  • The virus is categorized as a “cryptovirus” due to its requests for payment in cryptocurrency to decrypt files on the victim’s device.
  • The ransomware is therefore typically deployed against victims who feel hindered enough by the disruption to pay heavy sums in exchange for access to the files and can afford to do so.
  • The gang behind the LockBit ransomware reportedly maintains a dark web portal to recruit members and release data of victims who refuse to meet their demands, as part of their business model.
  • In the past, LockBit ransomware has been used to target enterprises and organizations in the U.S., China, India, Ukraine, and Indonesia.
  • Attacks have also been recorded throughout Europe, including France, Germany, and the U.K.

PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE

5. WHAT IS ZERO SHADOW DAY?

TAGS: PT PERSPECTIVE

THE CONTEXT: On 25th April Karnataka’s Bengaluru city briefly witnessed a rare celestial phenomenon called ‘Zero Shadow Day’, wherein the sun was directly over the head at around 12:17 pm. As part of this rare phenomenon, there was no shadow of all vertically placed objects.

About Zero Shadow Day:

  • Zero Shadow Day is a celestial phenomenon that takes place twice a year, where the position of the sun is directly overhead because of which no shadow gets cast on the surface of the Earth.
  • On Zero Shadow Day, the sun moves to its highest point in the sky which results in the reduction of the shadow’s length. When a person stands on this shadow, their own shadow becomes invisible, hence it’s called “Zero Shadow”.
  • ‘For people living between +23.5 and -23.5 degrees latitude, the Sun’s declination will be equal to their latitude twice – once during Uttarayan and once during Dakshinayan. On these two days, the Sun will be exactly overhead at noon and will not cast a shadow of an object on the ground’.
  • In 2022, Kolkata & Kolhapur witnessed the Zero Shadow day.
  • However, Bengaluru will observe the next Shadow Day on August 18, 2023. The dates when Zero Shadow Day will occur keep changing on the basis of the location and time zone.



TOP 5 TAKKAR NEWS OF THE DAY (20th APRIL 2023)

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. SEA CUCUMBER

TAGS: GS-III-ENVIRONMENT- PRELIMS

THE CONTEXT:Recently, 105 kilograms of sea cucumber was seized by the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) near Attangarai in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu.

About Sea Cucumber:

  • Sea cucumbers are echinoderms—like starfish and sea urchins. And they are marine invertebrates that live on the seafloor found generally in tropical regions. They’re named for their unusual oblong shape that resembles a fat cucumber.
  • There are some 1,250 known species, and many of these animals are indeed shaped like soft-bodied cucumbers.
  • They act like garbage collectors of the ocean world, and they recycle nutrients, thus playing an important role in keeping coral reefs in good condition.
  • They are an important constituent of the marine ecosystem as they play a significant role in maintaining the health of the ecosystem.
  • It has no limbs or eyes, or blood.

Demand:

  • Sea cucumbers are in high demand in China and Southeast Asia, where they are consumed as food and used in medicine.
  • This endangered species is primarily smuggled from Tamil Nadu to Sri Lanka.

Protection Status:

  • As per IUCN Red List, Brown Sea Cucumber has been listed as an
  • In India, it is listed under schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
  • In 2022, COP19 of CITES listed sea cucumbers as ‘threatened’.
  • Recently, Lakshadweep administration unveils world’s first sea cucumber conservation reserve.

2. ANIMAL BIRTH CONTROL RULES, 2023

TAGS: GS-III-ENVIRONMENT- PRELIMS

THE CONTEXT:The Central Government has notified the Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023 under Prevention of Cruelty to Animal Act, 1960 and after superseding the Animal Birth Control (Dog) Rules, 2001.

THE EXPLANATION:

  • As per the extant Rules, Animal Birth Control programme for the sterilization and immunization of the stray dogs are to be carried out by the respective local bodies/municipalities/Municipal Corporations and Panchayats.
  • Also, the Cruelty involved for carrying out of ABC programme need to be addressed. By effective implementation of these Rules, the Animal Birth Control programme can be conducted by the local bodies which will help in reducing the stray dog population addressing the animal welfare issues.
  • The Municipal Corporations need to implement the ABC and Anti Rabies Program jointly. The Rules also provides the guidelines how to deal with the human and stray dog conflicts without relocating the dogs in an area.
  • One of the requirements under the Rule is that the Animal Birth Control Programme needs to be carried out by Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) recognized organization specifically recognised for Animal Birth Control programme.
  • The list of such Organizations will be made available on the website of the Board which will also be updated time to time. The Central Government has already issued letters to all the State Chief Secretaries, Principal Secretaries of Animal Husbandry Department and Urban Development Department.
  • Therefore, the local bodies are requested to implement the Rules in letter and spirit and not to permit any Organizations to carry out ABC programme which are not recognized by AWBI and approved for ABC programme or otherwise elaborated in the Rules.

Connect the dots:

  • Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI)
  • Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 (PCA), 1960

3. TRIPEDALIA MALIPOENSIS

TAGS: GS-III-ENVIRONMENT- PRELIMS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Hong Kong scientists have discovered a new species of box jellyfish in Mai Po Nature Reserve in northern Hong Kong, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU).

THE EXPLANATION:

  • It was the first discovery of a new box jellyfish species from the waters of China. A paper describing the new species was published in the international academic journal Zoological Studies in March 2023.
  • The new jellyfish species was named Tripedaliamaipoensis, or Mai Po Tripedalia, by the research team.
  • Box jellyfish are a small group with only 49 species reported worldwide, and are even poorly known in Chinese marine waters.
  • The new species, as most other species of box jellyfish, has a transparent, colorless body and three tentacles at each of its four corners. A flat pedal-shaped structure at the base of each tentacle that looks like a boat paddle, allows box jellyfish to produce strong thrusts when contracting bodies, thus making them swim faster than other kinds of jellyfish.
  • Named for its cube-shaped body, the box jellyfish, or scientifically known as class Cubozoa, includes some of the highly venomous marine animals that are widely known in the tropical waters.
  • The newly discovered Tripedalia malipoensis belongs to the family Tripedaliidae of the class Cubozoa and is the fourth described species of Tripedaliidae around the world.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

4. NATIONAL QUANTUM MISSION (NQM)

TAGS: GS-III-SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT:The Union Cabinet, chaired by the  Prime Minister recently approved the National Quantum Mission (NQM) at a total cost of Rs.6003.65 crore from 2023-24 to 2030-31, aiming to seed, nurture and scale up scientific and industrial R&D and create a vibrant & innovative ecosystem in Quantum Technology (QT).

THE EXPLANATION:

Objectives:

  • The new mission targets developing intermediate scale quantum computers with 50-1000 physical qubits in 8 years in various platforms like superconducting and photonic technology.
  • Satellite based secure quantum communications between ground stations over a range of 2000 kilometres within India, long distance secure quantum communications with other countries, inter-city quantum key distribution over 2000 km as well as multi-node Quantum network with quantum memories are also some of the deliverables of the Mission.
  • The mission will help develop magnetometers with high sensitivity in atomic systems and Atomic Clocks for precision timing, communications and navigation. It will also support design and synthesis of quantum materials such as superconductors, novel semiconductor structures and topological materials for fabrication of quantum devices.
  • Single photon sources/detectors, entangled photon sources will also be developed for quantum communications, sensing and metrological applications.
  • Four Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs) will be set up in top academic and National R&D institutes on the domains – Quantum Computing, Quantum Communication, Quantum Sensing & Metrology and Quantum Materials & Devices.
  • The hubs which will focus on generation of new knowledge through basic and applied research as well as promote R&D in areas that are mandated to them.
  • NQM can take the technology development eco-system in the country to a globally competitive level. The mission would greatly benefit communication, health, financial and energy sectors as well as drug design, and space applications.
  • It will provide a huge boost to National priorities like digital India, Make in India, Skill India and Stand-up India, Start-up India, Self-reliant India and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS

5. LIMITED PURPOSE CLEARING CORPORATION (LPCC)

TAGS: GS-III- ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) released a circular announcing a dispute resolution mechanism for Limited Purpose Clearing Corporation (LPCC). The mechanism will be placed for the settlement of disputes or claims arising out of transactions cleared and settled by the regulator, in the manner specified by SEBI in consultation with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

THE EXPLANATION:

  • LPCC is an organization that has been created to manage the process of clearing and settling repo transactions. An efficient repo market enhances the growth of the debt securities market by increasing the liquidity of the underlying debt securities.
  • Additionally, it enables market players to obtain funds temporarily by monetizing their debt holdings without disposing of the underlying assets.
  • According to the circular, an LPCC shall adopt the dispute resolution mechanism prescribed by the market regulator.
  • If there are any disagreements that arise among the clearing members of LPCC, they will be resolved through the process of conciliation or by an arbitration panel made up of three clearing members who are not involved in the dispute. The ruling of the arbitration panel would be considered final and binding for the parties involved.
  • Moreover, SEBI has announced that any disputes between a clearing member and the LPCC will be settled following the prescribed dispute resolution mechanism.
  • If either the LPCC or a clearing member is not content with the decision made through SEBI’s mechanism, then any disputes between them will be resolved using the procedure outlined in the Payment and Settlement Systems Act of 2007, along with the corresponding rules and directions that have been notified.

Connect the Dots:

  • SEBI
  • Payment and Settlement Systems Act of 2007



TOP 5 TAKKAR NEWS OF THE DAY (19th APRIL 2023)

1. UNFPA’S STATE OF WORLD POPULATION (SOWP) REPORT

TAGS:GS-II- SOCIAL ISSUES

THE CONTEXT: According to the latest edition of the UNFPA’s State of World Population (SOWP) report, India’s population has grown by 1.56 per cent in the past year and is estimated to be 1,428,600,000 million (142.86 crore), and more than two-thirds of its population or 68 per cent comprises people between the ages of 15 and 64, considered the working population of a country.

THE EXPLANATION:

  • China has a population of 142.57 crore, according to the UN world population dashboard. The United States is a distant third, with an estimated population of 340 million.
  • The population demographics of India vary from state to state. Kerala and Punjab have an ageing population while Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have a young population.
  • The latest report also shows that India’s total fertility rate (births per woman in the reproductive age) is estimated at 2.0. The average life expectancy for an Indian male stands at 71 and for females at 74, states the report which has been published annually since 1978.
  • The report also states that 44 per cent of partnered women and girls in 68 reporting countries do not have the right to make informed decisions about their bodies when it comes to having sex, using contraception and seeking health care. An estimated 257 million women worldwide have an unmet need for safe, reliable contraception, it states.
  • Although India and China will account for more than one-third of the estimated global population of 8.045 billion, the population growth in both Asian giants has been slowing, at a much faster pace in China than in India.
  • Last year, China’s population fell for the first time in six decades, a historic turn that is expected to mark the start of a long period of decline in its citizen numbers with profound implications for its economy and the world.
  • India’s annual population growth has averaged 1.2% since 2011, compared with 1.7% in the 10 years previously, according to government data.

VALUE ADDITION:

  • The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), formerly the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, is a UN agency aimed at improving reproductive and maternal health worldwide.
  • Its work includes developing national healthcare strategies and protocols, increasing access to birth control, and leading campaigns against child marriage, gender-based violence, obstetric fistula, and female genital mutilation.
  • Headquarters: New York City, United States

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

2. SEA CUCUMBER

TAGS: GS-III- ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT:Recently, 105 kilograms of sea cucumber was seized by the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) near Attangarai in Ramanathapuram district.

About Sea Cucumber:

  • They are marine invertebrates that live on the seafloor found generally in tropical regions. They’re named for their unusual oblong shape that resembles a fat cucumber.
  • They act like garbage collectors of the ocean world, and they recycle nutrients, thus playing an important role in keeping coral reefs in good condition.
  • They are an important constituent of the marine ecosystem as they play an important role in maintaining the health of the ecosystem.
  • It has no limbs or eyes, or blood.
  • In India is treated as an endangered species listed under schedule I of Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
  • As per IUCN Red List Brown Sea Cucumber has been listed as
  • Demand: Sea cucumbers are in high demand in China and Southeast Asia, where they are consumed as food and used in medicine.
  • This endangered species is primarily smuggled from Tamil Nadu to Sri Lanka.
  • Recently, Lakshadweep has created the world’s first conservation area for sea cucumbers.

3. ONE WORD A DAY: MAGNAPORTHE ORYZAE

THE CONTEXT: Scientists have warned that the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, which is destroying South American wheat crops, could spread worldwide. The pathogen affects the crop in a disease known as ‘wheat blast’.

THE EXPLANATION:

  • The seriousness of the disease is indicated by the fact that crops are burnt to avoid this disease. Magnaporthe oryzae originated in South America, but cases of infection have also been reported in Asia in 2016 and Africa in 2018.
  • Genomic analysis of fungus samples from all three continents showed that these fungi are part of the same family.
  • Wheat crops around the world are susceptible to the fungus. pathogen is also resistant to fungicides. The biggest concern is that this fungus has the potential to affect not only wheat but also other major food crops.

How wheat blast destroys crops

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

4. WHAT IS SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE?

TAGS:GS-III- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT:Recently, researchers from IIT Madras come up with the best way to neutralise carbon dioxide emissions in depleted oil and gas reservoirs.

THE EXPLANATION:

  • Researchers found that supercritical carbon dioxide can be a good agent for simultaneous carbon dioxide sequestration and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) from depleted reservoirs when the gas is used along with surfactants in a ‘surfactant-alternating gas (SAG) injection’ approach.

What is Supercritical carbon dioxide?

·         Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) is a fluid state of CO2 where it is heated and held at or above its critical temperature and pressure. In this supercritical phase, CO2 exhibits properties and behaviors between that of a liquid and a gas. In particular, supercritical CO2 possesses liquid-like densities with gas-like diffusivity, surface tension and viscosity.

·         When CO2 exceeds temperatures of 87.9°F (31.1°C) and is subjected to pressures above 1071 psi (7.39 MPa), it enters the supercritical phase. This phase of CO2 is commonly used as a solvent in chemical extraction processes due to its high solubility, low toxicity and minimal net effect on the environment.

  • In this process, carbon dioxide gas is injected in the reservoir, where it becomes supercritical, followed by injection of water or surfactant solution.
  • The study shows that the use of supercritical carbon dioxide for EOR resulted in greater storage of carbon dioxide for both water-alternating gas (WAG) and SAG approaches.
  • However, SAG performed better at all pressures and temperatures as surfactant solution alters the interfacial tension between the oil and water phases, leading to a higher oil recovery percentage and more effective storage of carbon dioxide. The researchers also found that the reservoir pressure and temperature had a strong effect on the flow dynamics.
  • This method not only promises improved recovery of oil but also safe, enhanced, and permanent storage of carbon dioxide gas emitted from human and other anthropological activities, for both WAG and SAG approaches.
  • The use of supercritical carbon dioxide reduces oil viscosity, induces in situ swelling of the oil, and reduces the interfacial tension of the in-situ fluid system.

PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE

5. SUDAN‘S CONFLICT

TAGS: PRELIMS -PLACES IN NEWS

THE CONTEXT: Amid the intensified fighting between the army and paramilitaries in Sudan has killed around 200 people and wounded 1,800, damaging hospitals and hampering aid after three days of urban warfare.

Background:

  • A weeks-long power struggle exploded into deadly violence between the forces of two generals who seized power in a 2021 coup: Sudan’s army chief Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and his deputy, Mohamed Hamdan Daglo, who commands the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF).

In this context from Prelims point of view, we may expect a Map based question on Sudan bordering countries.

Prelims Perspective:

  • Sudan is a country in North Africa. It is bounded on the north by Egypt, on the east by the Red Sea, Eritrea, and Ethiopia, on the south by South Sudan, on the west by the Central African Republic and Chad, and on the northwest by Libya.
  • Sudan’s capital Khartoum, which is located in the central part of the country where the White Nile and the Blue Nile rivers meet.
  • The country is mainly composed of vast plains and plateaus that are drained by Nile river and its tributaries.
  • Deriba Caldera is part of the volcanoes of the Marra mountains. It is considered to be the highest point in the whole of Sudan.
  • Also, Sudan is part of the Great Green Wall Project, along with Burkina Faso, Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal.




TOP 5 TAKKAR NEWS OF THE DAY (15th APRIL 2023)

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. PREVENTIVE DETENTION LAW

TAGS:GS-II-POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT:Recently, the supreme court said that preventive detention laws in India are a colonial legacy with great potential to be abused and must be used only in the rarest of rare cases.

THE EXPLANATION:

What is preventive detention?

  • Preventive detention is when a person is held in police custody only on the basis of a suspicion that they would conduct a criminal act or cause harm to society. The police have the authority to hold anyone they suspect of committing a criminal offence.
  • The police have the ability to make arrests without a warrant or a magistrate’s authorization in certain cases. Preventive detention was undoubtedly an important part of the colonial legal system in India.
  • Surprisingly, the framers of the Indian Constitution, who had been the most oppressed by the preventive detention legislation, did not fail to provide the statutory validity to the same in independent India.
  • The word detention simply means when any person is arrested or taken into custody. It can be legal as well as illegal. But when it comes to the security of the state and benefit of the society, there comes a new term which is Preventive Detention.

There are commonly two types of detentions:

  • Punitive detention, which means detention as a punishment for the criminal offence. It occurs after an offence is actually committed, or an attempt has been made towards the commission of that crime.
  • On the other hand, preventive detention means a person’s incarceration in advance to prevent any further possibility of the commitment of crime or its engagement. Preventive detention is, therefore, an action taken on the basis of apprehension that the person in question might do some wrongful act.

HEALTH ISSUES

2. CHAGAS DISEASE

TAGS:GS-II-HEALTH ISSUES- PRELIMS

THE CONTEXT: The World Health Organization (WHO) is observing World Chagas Disease Day April 14, 2023 to raise awareness about this little-known disease that affects millions every year, especially the poor population and people in Latin America.

THE EXPLANATION:

  • In 2019, the 72nd World Health Assembly dedicated this day to the disease. This year’s theme is “time to integrate Chagas disease into primary health care”.

What is Chagas disease?

  • Chagas disease, also called American trypanosomiasis, is a communicable parasitic disease that has infected 6-7 million people and claims around 12,000 lives every year across the globe.
  • It is caused by the parasite protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The parasites are mainly transmitted by a family of bugs called ‘triatomines’, also known as the ‘kissing bug’. These blood-sucking bugs transmit the disease from infected to healthy individuals through bites and by defecating on them.
  • The systemic, chronic disease manifests as fever, headaches, rashes and inflammatory nodules, nausea or diarrhoea and muscle or abdominal pain. A majority of the patients (70-80 per cent) show an asymptomatic clinical course throughout their lives, making early detection challenging. It is often referred to as the “silent and silenced disease”.
  • An individual can also contract this disease through congenital transmission (pregnant woman to their baby), blood transfusions, organ transplantation, consumption of uncooked food contaminated with faecal matter of infected bugs or even accidental laboratory exposure. The disease, however, cannot propagate by casual contact with infected humans or animals.
  • The disease is named after physician Carlos Chagas who first detected it in a Brazillian child in 1909.

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

3. NEW FROG SPECIES FOUND IN MEGHALAYA SIJU CAVE

TAGS: GS-III- ENVIRONMENT- SPECIES IN NEWS

THE CONTEXT: Researchers from the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) have discovered a new species of frogs from deep within the Siju cave in the South Garo Hills district of Meghalaya.

THE EXPLANATION:

  • The ZSI team named the new cascade species Amolops siju after the cave from where this discovery was made, according to a press note by the researchers. Siju is a four-kilometre-long natural limestone cave.
  • Cascade Frogs are named so because of their preference for small waterfalls or cascades in flowing hill streams.
  • The genus Amolops is one of the largest groups of ranid frogs (family Ranidae) with currently over 70 known species that are widely distributed across northeast and north India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, through Indochina, to the Malaya Peninsula.
  • The discovery of new species from a cave is very rare. This is the second time such a discovery has been made in India — the first being the discovery of the Micrixalus spelunca in 2014 from a cave in Tamil Nadu
  • The specimens of Amolops siju were collected in January 2020 during a cave expedition by the ZSI team. The tissue samples of the specimen were subjected to molecular studies to ascertain their specific identity from the other known species of cascade Amolops frogs.
  • Based on the morphological, molecular and spatial data, the team concluded this frog from the Siju cave was new to science and decided to name the new species after the cave.
  • Although the specimens were collected 60-100 metres from the cave entrance and the dark zones beyond 100 m of the cave entrance, the team did not find any troglobitic or cave-adapted modification, suggesting that this species of frog is not a permanent resident of the shelter.

4. WHAT IS CRAB NEBULA?

TAGS: GS-III- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY- PRELIMS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, scientists have mapped the iconic Crab Nebula’s magnetic field in greater detail than ever before using NASA’s latest X-ray telescope.

THE EXPLANATION:

  • The Crab Nebula is the remnant of a massive stellar explosion, or supernova, that occurred in the year 1054 and left behind a dense object called the Crab Pulsar with a mass about twice that of Earth’s sun. This nebula is one of the most thoroughly studied cosmic objects, but new observations suggest that it’s far more complex than scientists had thought.
  • In the 1970s, Weisskopf, now an emeritus astronomer at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, and his colleagues measured X-ray polarization from the Crab Nebula to understand its extreme environment and found that Crab has an average polarization of about 20%.
  • The findings indicate that the X-rays in the Crab Nebula originate from the outer magnetic field region, known as the “wind” region. However, the exact location and mechanism of this process are yet to be determined.

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES IN NEWS

5. A-HELP(ACCREDITED AGENT FOR HEALTH AND EXTENSION OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION) PROGRAMME

TAGS: GS-II-GOVERNMENT SCHEMES AND INTERVENTIONS

THE CONTEXT:Recently, the ‘A-HELP’ (Accredited Agent for Health and Extension of Livestock Production) programme was launched in the State of Uttarakhand. It is an initiative of the Union Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying and the Ministry of Rural Development.

THE EXPLANATION:

  • ‘A-Help’ are community-based women activist groups who do tasks like assisting veterinarians in local departmental activities, helping cattle rearers to get loans for entrepreneurship development, filling applications.
  • Under the A-Help scheme envisaged by the Government of India, women have been selected to strengthen livestock related activities in remote rural areas. They help in implementing various schemes and providing information to the farmers at the ground level.
  • Under this,trained A-Help workers will contribute significantly in prevention of various infectious diseases in animals, artificial insemination, animal tagging and animal insurance under Rashtriya Gokul Mission.

VALUE ADDITION:

About Rashtriya Gokul Mission

  • The “Rashtriya Gokul Mission” aims to conserve and develop indigenous breeds in a focused and scientific manner.
  • The potential to enhance the productivity of the indigenous breeds of India through professional farm management and superior nutrition is immense, for this it is essential to promote conservation and development of indigenous breeds.
  • The Rashtriya Gokul Mission is a focussed project under National Programme for Bovine Breeding and Dairy Development.
  • The Mission will be implemented with the objectives to:
  • Development and conservation of indigenous breeds
  • Undertake breed improvement programme for indigenous cattle breeds so as to improve the genetic makeup and increase the stock;
  • Enhance milk production and productivity;
  • Upgrade non descript cattle using elite indigenous breeds like Gir, Sahiwal, Rathi, Deoni, Tharparkar, Red Sindhi
  • Distribute disease-free high genetic merit bulls for natural service.