1. EL-NINO

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY  

THE CONTEXT: According to the latest El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) update from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the ongoing El Nino event in the equatorial Pacific Ocean may continue into April 2024 and peak between November and January.

WHAT CAN BE ITS POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON GLOBAL WEATHER PATTERNS?

• Global Temperature Impact:
  • The El Nino event may contribute to a further rise in global average temperatures.
  • The world has already experienced warmer than normal temperatures in 2023, and it is on track to become the warmest year since pre-industrial times.
  • The El Nino’s impact on global temperatures typically plays out in the year following its development, in this case, in 2024.

• Extreme Weather Events:
  • El Nino is associated with disrupting major weather systems and causing extreme weather events such as heatwaves, wildfires, and droughts.
  • The potential continuation of El Nino may lead to more extreme weather events globally.

• Impact on India:
  • For India, the El Nino may result in a warmer-than-normal winter season in most regions and a stormier-than-normal pre-monsoon season for northwest India.
  • El Nino can disrupt the Indian summer monsoon, and its effects on India’s weather are closely monitored.

• Record-Breaking Temperatures:
  • The global average annual temperature may temporarily breach the 1.5°C mark set in the 2015 Paris Agreement.
  • Record-breaking temperatures have already been observed in July, August, September, and October of the current year.

• Regional Rainfall Patterns:
• • El Nino’s peak may bring above-normal rainfall to specific regions, including the Greater Horn of Africa, Parana/La Plata basin in South America, Southeast North America, and parts of central and eastern Asia.
  • Some regions, such as northern South America, Australia, Indonesia, Borneo, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines, may experience below-normal rainfall.

SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE:

• The El Nino developed quickly during July-August 2023 and reached moderate levels by September.
• Based on historical patterns and long-range predictions, it is anticipated to gradually diminish during the forthcoming boreal spring.
• Climate scientists emphasize the role of increasing concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases from human activities in contributing to rising temperatures.

• Monsoon Outlook:
  • There is an uncertainty about the next year’s monsoon, depending on whether the El Nino transitions to a La Nina and its strength.
  • A La Nina event in the Pacific could lead to normal to excess monsoon rainfall.

El Nino:

• El Nino was first recognized by Peruvian fishermen off the coast of Peru as the appearance of unusually warm water.
  • The Spanish immigrants called it El Nino, meaning “the little boy” in Spanish.
• The El Nino is the warmer-than-normal phase of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, during which there are generally warmer temperatures and less rainfall than normal in many regions of the world, including India.
• During an El Nino event, the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) in the equatorial Pacific Ocean off the northern coast of South America became at least 0.5 degrees Celsius warmer than the long-term average.
  • In the case of a strong El Nino event as occurred in 2015-2016, anomalies can reach as high as 3°C, which is a record.
• The El Nino event is not a regular cycle, they are not predictable and occur irregularly at two- to seven-year intervals.
  • Climatologists determined that El Nino occurs simultaneously with the Southern Oscillation.
  • The Southern Oscillation is a change in air pressure over the tropical Pacific Ocean.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/el-nino-may-remain-till-april-2024-may-push-temperatures-even-higher-wmo-92730

2. 2+2 MINISTERIAL DIALOGUE

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: U.S. Secretary of Defence Lloyd J. Austin is visiting India for the 2+2 Ministerial dialogue.

EXPLANATION:

• The visit is for the 2+2 Ministerial dialogue, involving the U.S. Secretary of Defence, U.S. Secretary of State, India’s Defence Minister, and Minister of External Affairs.
• The discussions are expected to cover various issues, with a particular focus on the recent attacks in Israel by Hamas and tensions in West Asia.
• Secretary Austin had previously visited India in June 2023 and held talks with Defence Minister.
• The current visit follows up on earlier discussions and demonstrates ongoing engagement between the two countries.

AGENDA OF THE DIALOGUE:

• The dialogue is expected to cover strategic, defence, and technology issues, reflecting the depth of the India-U.S. partnership.
• Two major defence deals are in progress:
  • the acquisition of 31 MQ-9B drones and
  • the manufacture of General Electric F-414 jet engines in India for the indigenous Light Combat Aircraft-MK2.
• The deals are anticipated to be concluded early next year.
• The dialogue will include discussions on contemporary regional issues and shared priorities for cooperation in multilateral platforms, including the Quad framework.

REVIEW OF COOPERATION:

• The 2+2 dialogue provides an opportunity for a high-level review of progress in defence and security cooperation, technology collaborations, and people-to-people ties.
• It aligns with the futuristic roadmap for the India-U.S. partnership discussed by Prime Minister of India and President of U.S. in their previous meetings.
• India has invited President Joe Biden as the chief guest for the Republic Day parade on January 26, and a decision on the invitation is awaited.

What is the 2+2 Dialogue?

• 2+2 Ministerial is the highest-level institutional mechanism between the two countries.
• It is a format of dialogue where the defence/foreign ministers or secretaries meet with their counterparts from another country.
• India has 2+2 dialogues with four key strategic partners: the US, Australia, Japan, and Russia.
• Besides Russia, the other three countries are also India’s partners in the Quad.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/us-secretary-of-defence-lloyd-austin-arrives-in-india-for-22-ministerial-dialogue/article67516828.ece/amp/

3. APPOINTMENT TO THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: With the recent appointments to the Supreme Court of India, the SC  attained its sanctioned capacity of 34 judges.

EXPLANATION:

• Delhi High Court Chief Justice Satish Chandra Sharma, Rajasthan High Court Chief Justice Augustine George Masih, and Gauhati High Court Chief Justice Sandeep Mehta have been appointed as Supreme Court judges.
• The appointments were made promptly, with the three judges sworn in within three days of the Supreme Court Collegium’s recommendation.
• With the addition of the three new judges, the Supreme Court has reached its sanctioned capacity of 34 judges.
• This development coincides with Chief Justice Chandrachud completing a year as the Chief Justice of India.

PENDENCY OF CASES:

• The National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) dashboard indicates that the pendency of cases in the Supreme Court is approaching 80,000.
• The Collegium, in its November 6 recommendation, expressed concerns about the perennial pendency.
• The collegium also emphasized the need to address the backlog by ensuring full working judge strength.
• The Collegium noted that the increasing pendency of cases has significantly increased the workload of judges.
• The resolution emphasized the necessity of maintaining full working judge strength to tackle the backlog effectively.
• Retirement and Future Judicial Strength:
  • The Supreme Court will function with 34 judges until Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul, the number two judge, retires on December 25, 2023.
  • Justice Kaul’s has been vocal about the government’s “delaying tactics and pick-and-choose policy” while making judicial appointments.

• Collegium’s Considerations for Appointments:
  • The appointments of the new judges reflect the Collegium’s consideration of both merit and seniority.
  • Each appointee’s parent High Court and their seniority ranking in the all-India High Court judges list were factors in the decision.

• Speedy Appointment and Judicial Proceedings:
• • The speedy appointment of the three judges followed closely after Justice Kaul’s reminder to the Attorney General about the Collegium’s recommendation.
  • Justice Kaul’s bench is repeatedly hearing a case related to government delays in the judicial appointment process.

COLLEGIUM SYSTEM:

• The Collegium system is a system for the appointment and transfer of judges in the Supreme Court and High Court.
• It is not rooted in the Constitution. Instead, it has evolved through judgments of the Supreme Court.
• Under the system, the Chief Justice of India (CJI), along with four senior-most Supreme Court judges, recommends the appointment and transfer of judges.
• A High Court Collegium, meanwhile, is led by the incumbent Chief Justice and the two seniormost judges of that court.
• The government can also raise objections and seek clarifications regarding the Collegium’s choices, but if the Collegium reiterates the same names, the government is bound to appoint them to the post.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS:

• Article 124: Supreme Court judges should be appointed by the President after consultation with such judges of the High Courts and the Supreme Court as the President may deem necessary. The CJI is to be consulted in all appointments except his or her own.
• Article 217: High Court judges should be appointed by the President after consultation with the CJI and the Governor of the state. The Chief Justice of the High Court concerned too should be consulted.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/3-judges-appointed-to-sc-top-court-to-now-function-with-full-strength-of-34/article67516412.ece/amp/

4. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (CBI)

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Union government asserted before the Supreme Court that the CBI is an independent agency, not a limb of the Centre.

BACKGROUND:

• The Union government presented its argument in response to a suit filed by the State of West Bengal against the Centre.
• West Bengal alleged that the CBI was investigating and registering FIRs in the state without obtaining prior consent from the state government.

INDEPENDENCE OF CBI:

• The Union government, represented by Solicitor General, emphasized that the CBI is an independent agency.
• It clarified that the CBI is not under the control of the Centre.
• It operates as a statutory body under the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act.

ARTICLE 131 SUIT:

• The Union government argued that the original suit filed by West Bengal under Article 131 of the Constitution, which deals with disputes between the Union and states, was not maintainable.
• It asserted that the Centre has no influence over the CBI’s decisions in investigative matters and that the suit should be dismissed.

CBI’s Autonomy:

• The Solicitor General stated that the CBI acts on its own terms, and the Centre does not control its decisions in the registration, investigation, and prosecution of cases.
• It was mentioned that even the Central Vigilance Commission, which has superintendence over the CBI, does not exert influence over the agency’s investigations.

Jurisdiction of CBI:

• A Senior advocate representing West Bengal, argued that the case was not about the Centre’s influence over the CBI but focused on the jurisdiction of the CBI to investigate cases in a state that has withdrawn consent.
• He called out the Centre’s contention that only a central agency could investigate offenses outlined in a Union law a “preposterous proposition.”

Withdrawal of Consent:

• West Bengal contended that the CBI’s power to investigate offenses in other states under Section 5 of the DSPE Act requires express consent from the state under Section 6.
• The state highlighted its withdrawal of consent through a specific notification issued in 2018.
• West Bengal argued that the state is not challenging the FIRs but questioning how the CBI could ignore the state’s specific notification withdrawing consent.

Post-Poll Violence Cases:

• The CBI has filed multiple FIRs related to post-poll violence in West Bengal.
• The Union government mentioned in an affidavit that these cases also involve offenses of corruption against Central government employees.
• The legal arguments have been presented by both the Union government and the State of West Bengal regarding the autonomy and jurisdiction of the CBI in the context of the ongoing legal dispute.

CBI:

• Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is the premier investigating police agency in India.
• It provides assistance to the Central Vigilance Commission and Lokpal.
• It functions under the superintendence of the Dept. of Personnel, Ministry of Personnel, Pension & Public Grievances, Government of India – which falls under the prime minister’s office.
• However, for investigations of offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act, its superintendence vests with the Central Vigilance Commission.
• It is also the nodal police agency in India which coordinates investigation on behalf of Interpol Member countries.
• Its conviction rate is as high as 65 to 70% and it is comparable to the best investigation agencies in the world.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-is-not-a-limb-of-centre-union-government-tells-supreme-court/article67518110.ece/amp/

5. FIVE-HUNDRED APERTURE SPHERICAL TELESCOPE (FAST)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, astronomers from China and Australia have discovered five new pulsars using the Five-hundred Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST).

FIVE-HUNDRED APERTURE SPHERICAL TELESCOPE (FAST)

• It is a radio telescope in China’s Guizhou Province.
• It is the world’s largest and most sensitive radio telescope, with a receiving area equivalent to 30 football fields.
• It measures 500 meters in diameter.

Scientific Goals:

• Detect neutral hydrogen at the edge of the universe; reconstruct the images of the early universe;
• Discover pulsars, establish a pulsar timing array, and participate in pulsar navigation and gravitational wave detection in the future;
• Join the International Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry Network to obtain hyperfine structures of celestial bodies;
• Perform high resolution radio spectral survey and detect weak space signals;
• Participate in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence;
• FAST uses a data system developed at ICRAR (International Center for Radio Astronomy) in Perth, Australia, and at ESO (European Southern Observatory) to manage the huge amounts of data it generates.

Pulsars:

• Pulsars are rapidly rotating neutron stars that blast out pulses of radiation at regular intervals ranging from seconds to milliseconds.
• Pulsars have strong magnetic fields that funnel particles along their magnetic poles, accelerating them to relativistic speeds, which produce two powerful beams of light, one from each pole.
• Because the poles of the magnetic field aren’t aligned with the axis of spin of the pulsar, the beams of particles and the light they produce are swept around as the pulsar rotates.
• The periodicity of pulsars is caused by these beams of light crossing the line of sight on Earth, with the pulsar appearing to ‘switch off’ at points when the light is facing away from us.
• The time between these pulses is the ‘period’ of the pulsar.

Neutron Star:

• When a massive star explodes as a supernova at the end of its life, its core can collapse into a tiny and superdense object with not much more than our sun’s mass.
• These small, incredibly dense cores of exploded stars are neutron stars.

SOURCE: https://phys.org/news/2023-11-pulsars-fast.html#:~:text=Using%20the%20Five%2Dhundred%20Aperture,on%20the%20preprint%20server%20arXiv.

1. CONCERNS RELATED TO THE GUIDELINES FOR GENETICALLY ENGINEERED INSECTS

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In April 2023, the Department of Biotechnology issued the ‘Guidelines for Genetically Engineered Insects’.

EXPLANATION:

• India’s bioeconomy contributes 2.6% to the GDP.
• In April 2023, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) released its ‘Bioeconomy Report 2022’ report, envisioning this contribution to be closer to 5% by 2030.
• This ambitious leap of $220 billion in eight years will require aggressive investment and policy support.
• But neither funding for the DBT nor its recent policies reflect any serious intention to uplift this sector.
• These guidelines are meant to provide procedural roadmaps for creating genetically engineered (GE) insects, but there are several key concerns.

UNCERTAINTY OF PURPOSE:

• The guidelines do not clearly specify the purposes for which GE insects may be approved in India.
• While they mention potential applications such as vector management in human and livestock health, crop pest management, environmental conservation, and healthcare protein production.
• But they lack a clear vision for how these insects can contribute to India’s broader bioeconomy goals.
• This lack of clarity hinders the alignment of biotechnology policies with the ambitious targets set in the “Bioeconomy Report 2022.”
• For instance, GE honeybees could be engineered to produce higher-quality or larger quantities of honey, potentially reducing imports and facilitating exports.
• Similarly, GE silkworms could be used to produce finer and cheaper silk, affecting prices and boosting sales.
• However, the guidelines and government policies do not provide a roadmap for how GE insects can directly benefit the bioeconomy or under what circumstances the government might approve their release.

UNCERTAINTY FOR RESEARCHERS:

• The guidelines are applicable only to research, not confined trials or deployment.
• Once GE insects are developed and tested in the laboratory, researchers can conduct trials with them.
• But this requires approval from the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) of the Union Environment Ministry.
• However, there is no clarity on whether the Environment Ministry will approve the deployment of GE insects or the criteria they would use to consider such proposals.
• This uncertainty creates a disincentive for researchers and investors to engage in research on GE insects.
• Furthermore, the guidelines define GE insects based on their risk group rather than the end product.
• This means that even insects modified for non-consumption purposes, such as silk or lac production, are subject to the same stringent checks.
• This lack of differentiation could impede research and development efforts for various insect-related industries.

UNCERTAINTY OF AMBIT:

• The guidelines provide standard operating procedures for GE mosquitoes, crop pests, and beneficial insects but do not clearly define what is meant by “beneficial” in the context of GE insects.
• This lack of clarity about which insects and modifications are considered “beneficial” can hinder funding and research efforts, particularly in a country with limited public and private funding.
• Additionally, the guidelines do not adequately account for more dangerous possibilities of genetic engineering, such as unintentionally generating malicious products.
• In the past, there have been concerns about the potential misuse of genetic engineering technology, which may pose risks to both human health and the environment.

CONCLUSION:

• The guidelines for genetically engineered insects in India are criticized for their lack of clarity regarding the purpose, deployment, and definition of “beneficial” insects.
• This uncertainty can deter researchers and investors from engaging in research on GE insects and hinder the development of a robust bioeconomy in India.
• To align with the goals outlined in the “Bioeconomy Report 2022,” it is suggested that these guidelines need revision and further clarification to promote innovation and industrial action in the biotechnology sector.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/genetically-engineered-insects-dbt-guidelines-problems-uncertainty/article67014161.ece

2. PRODUCTION GAP REPORT

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently a report titled the “Production Gap Report,” has been produced by several environmental organizations, including the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Climate Analytics, E3G, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP).

EXPLANATION:

• The report highlights a significant disparity between government commitments to combat climate change, particularly through the reduction of fossil fuel emissions, and their actual plans and projections for fossil fuel production.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• Climate Commitments vs. Fossil Fuel Production:
  • There has been a global consensus among 151 governments to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050-2070 as part of the Paris Agreement.
  • Despite the global consensus the report finds that these governments plan to produce significantly more fossil fuels than would be consistent with limiting global warming to 1.5°C or 2°C.
  • In essence, they are on track to produce twice as much fossil fuel in 2030 than would be compatible with the 1.5°C target and 69% more than the 2°C target.

• Widening Fossil Fuel Production Gap:
  • The report indicates that even though governments have pledged to peak global coal, oil, and gas demand this decade, their forecasts, if implemented without new policies, would lead to increased global coal production until 2030 and continued growth in global oil and gas production until at least 2050.
  • This creates an ever-widening gap between projected fossil fuel production and the emission reduction targets set by the Paris Agreement.

• Promotion of Fossil Gas as a Transition Fuel:
• • The report also highlights that many governments are promoting fossil gas as a transition fuel to a more sustainable energy future.
  • However, it raises concerns that there are no apparent plans to transition away from fossil gas in the future.
  • The report emphasizes that in order to achieve the 1.5°C goal set by the Paris Agreement, there is a pressing need to start reducing global coal, oil, and gas production.
  • Simultaneously scaling up clean energy, reducing methane emissions, and implementing other climate mitigation actions should be given appropriate attention.

UPCOMING CLIMATE CONFERENCE IN DUBAI:

• In the end of November, representatives from at least 190 countries are expected to gather in Dubai for the annual Conference of Parties (COP).
• The COP meetings are a crucial forum for discussing strategies to reduce fossil fuel emissions, accelerate the adoption of renewable energy, and provide support to vulnerable nations coping with the impacts of global warming.

CONCLUSION:

• The report underscores a significant inconsistency between the global climate commitments made under the Paris Agreement and governments’ actual plans and projections for fossil fuel production.
• This misalignment raises concerns about the ability to limit global warming to the agreed-upon targets.
• It also highlights the urgent need for governments to take more decisive actions to reduce fossil fuel production and transition to cleaner, renewable energy sources to combat climate change effectively.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/world-will-overshoot-2030-coal-limit-to-tame-warming-by-twice-over/article67513521.ece

3. ORGANIC FARMING MISSION

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Kerala Government has created an Organic Farming Mission to encourage the adoption of sustainable organic and climate-smart farming practices in the State.

ORGANIC FARMING MISSION:

• The primary objective of the Organic Farming Mission is to expand organic farming in Kerala.
• The mission sets a target of cultivating 5,000 hectares of land using organic farming practices within the next five years, with an annual target of 1,000 hectares.
• This demonstrates the government’s commitment to increasing the adoption of organic agriculture.
• The Kerala Agriculture Minister officially announced the formation of the mission.
• The government had issued formal orders related to the mission in October 2023 demonstrating political will and commitment to promoting organic farming.
• Mandates and Practices:
  • The mission mandates that at least 10% of the area in farms run by the State Agriculture Department be dedicated to organic farming practices.
  • This ensures that a significant portion of government-managed agricultural land will be used for organic farming.
  • Additionally, the mission aims to encourage farmers to continue organic farming for at least five years.

• Certification and Marketing:
  • The mission recognizes the importance of certification, branding, and marketing of organic agricultural products.
  • It plans to implement an organic farming protocol that aligns with national and international standards, indicating a commitment to ensuring the quality and marketability of organic products.

• Value Addition:
  • The mission highlights the importance of value addition for organic products.
  • This could involve processing, packaging, and marketing strategies to enhance the value of organic produce.
  • Value addition can lead to increased income for farmers and greater consumer acceptance.

• Access to Resources:
  • To support farmers, the mission aims to ensure that they have access to high-quality seeds and production equipment/materials.
  • This will be facilitated through various organizations and collectives, ensuring that farmers have the necessary resources to practice organic farming effectively.

• Local Initiatives and Governance:
  • The mission mentions the formation of organic farming schemes in every Assembly constituency in Kerala, which will involve collaboration with local collectives and farmer producer organizations.
  • This approach reflects a bottom-up, community-based approach to implementing organic farming initiatives.

• Management Structure:
• • The mission is set to be overseen by a governing council chaired by the Agriculture Minister, and an executive committee comprising members from government departments and farm sector institutions.
  • This structured governance ensures effective management and coordination of mission activities.

PREVIOUS INITIATIVES:

• The Kerala Government had previously announced the Organic Farming Policy in 2010.
• The Left Democratic Front (LDF) had also promised to institutionalize mechanisms for promoting organic farming in its election manifesto.
• There has been the continuation of efforts to promote sustainable farming practices in the state.
• The creation of the Poshaka Samriddhi Mission in September 2023, which focuses on increasing millet and vegetable production.
• Multiple aspects of sustainable and diversified agriculture have been simultaneously addressed by the government.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-government-forms-organic-farming-mission-to-boost-climate-smart-agriculture/article67512619.ece/amp/

4. PUSA 2090 AND STUBBLE BURNING

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT, AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Stubble burning in states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan remains an issue. A new rice variety named Pusa 2090 has been developed as a promising solution to the issue of stubble burning in North India.

EXPLANATION:

• The primary cause of stubble burning is the cultivation of long-duration paddy varieties like Pusa-44 and the Supreme Court has given the directives to stop this practice.
• A new rice variety has been developed called Pusa-2090 by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and it has the potential to replace Pusa-44.

PUSA-44 VARIETY:

• Pusa-44, bred by Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), is known for its high yield, producing 35-36 quintals per acre.
• However, it has a long maturation period of 155-160 days, leaving little time for farmers to prepare the fields for the next wheat crop.
• As a result, farmers resort to burning the remaining stubble after harvest.

PUSA-2090 – AN ALTERNATIVE:

• IARI has developed Pusa-2090, which is presented as an improved version of Pusa-44.
• This new variety is characterized by both high yield and a shorter maturation period of 120-125 days, making it more suitable for crop rotation.
• It’s a crossbreed of Pusa-44 and CB-501, an early-maturing Japonica rice line.
• Benefits of Pusa-2090:
  • Pusa-2090 is claimed to yield as much as Pusa-44 while maturing earlier.
  • It has been tested and officially identified for cultivation in Delhi and Odisha.
  • Farmers have shown interest in adopting this variety due to its potential to reduce the need for stubble burning.

• Crop Area and Stubble Burning:
  • Pusa-44 occupies a significant share of the crop area in Punjab, with 5.48 lakh hectares under cultivation in the current kharif season.
  • Stubble burning is a major concern in Punjab, and Pusa-44’s long maturation period contributes to this problem.

• Comparative Analysis:
  • Pusa-44 has been compared with another variety, PR-126, bred by the Punjab Agricultural University.
  • While PR-126 matures faster (125 days), it yields slightly less than Pusa-44.
  • It is emphasized that Pusa-2090 combines the best of both worlds, offering high yields and a shorter maturation period.

• Potential Adoption and Impact:
• • Farmers in Punjab have already started test-planting Pusa-2090, with initial results reported as very promising.
  • The potential adoption of Pusa-2090 could significantly reduce stubble burning in the region and contribute to improved air quality.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/possible-answer-to-farm-fires-new-rice-variety-can-replace-pusa-44-9019491/

5. ELECTORAL BONDS (EB) AND ELECTORAL TRUSTS (ET)

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Electoral Bonds are under challenge before the Supreme Court because they have become the primary route of political funding since they were launched in 2018.

EXPLANATION:

• After a three-day hearing, the Supreme Court on November 3 reserved its judgment on the challenge to the central government’s Electoral Bonds Scheme.

ELECTORAL TRUSTS:

• Electoral Trusts (ET) were introduced in 2013 by the UPA government.
• Unlike EBs, ETs have a higher degree of transparency, requiring trusts to report contributions and donations to the Election Commission of India.
• Under the ET scheme, any company registered under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956, can establish an electoral trust.
• Contributors to ETs include Indian citizens, Indian companies, firms, Hindu Undivided Families, or associations of persons living in India.
• Trusts are required to donate 95% of contributions to registered political parties under the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
• Contributors’ PAN or passport numbers are necessary for transparency.

ELECTORAL BONDS:

• Electoral Bonds (EB) were introduced in 2018 and have become the primary route of political funding.
• These bonds focus on ensuring donor anonymity.
• EBs are exempt from disclosure requirements, offering anonymity to donors.
• Parties inform the Election Commission of India (ECI) of the aggregate donations received through EBs but do not provide details of individual donors.
• The lack of transparency in EB donations is argued to protect donor privacy.

TRANSPARENCY IN FUNDING:

• The key difference between the two schemes is transparency.
• ETs provide details about contributors and beneficiaries, making it clear who funds which party.
• EBs, on the other hand, are not transparent regarding donors’ identities.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS:

• Data over nine financial years (2013-14 to 2021-22) show that political funding through both schemes increased after the introduction of EBs.
• The total amount donated through ETs over this period was Rs 2,269 crore, with significant growth over the years.
• In contrast, donations through EBs outstripped ET contributions, totaling Rs 9,208 crore between 2017-18 and 2021-22.
• The BJP received 72% of the total donations through ETs, a higher share than it received through EBs (57%).
• The Congress received 10% of EB funding and 9.7% of ET donations.
• The Trinamool Congress was the third-largest recipient of EBs (8.3%) but received only 0.11% of ET funds.
• The Biju Janata Dal (BJD) received about 1% of ET donations and reported its entire income in 2021-22 as coming from EBs.

OVERALL IMPACT:

• EBs have become the dominant source of political funding, with significant contributions compared to ETs.
• The lack of transparency in EBs has raised concerns, while ETs offer more insight into donor-party relationships.
• While EBs emphasize donor anonymity, ETs require greater disclosure, enabling the public to understand the relationships between contributors and political parties.
• A report by the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) earlier this year found that more than 55% of the funding for political parties came through electoral bonds.
• In fact, for some parties, these bonds have become the only source of contributions — the BJD declared to the ECI that its entire income from “grants, donations and contributions” in 2021-22 came from EBs.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/electoral-bonds-electoral-trusts-9018591/  

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. G7 appeals for humanitarian pauses in Gaza, seeks hostages’ release READ MORE
2. The problem with India’s new guidelines on genetically modified insects | Explained READ MORE
3. RBI to cut rates in 2024-25 if food inflation remains under control: S&P Global Ratings READ MORE
4. World will overshoot 2030 coal limit to tame warming by twice over READ MORE
5. Kerala Government forms Organic Farming Mission to boost climate-smart agriculture READ MORE
6. One year of Project Cheetah: Hits, misses and paradigm shift ahead READ MORE
7. Possible answer to farm fires: New rice variety can replace Pusa-44 READ MORE
8. India’s Energy Conservation Building Code, 2017: Why the IEA called it a ‘notable exception’ among developing countries READ MORE
9. Horn of Africa facing deadly floods due to El Nino-linked ‘above average’ rains READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Language: Emotional connect and more READ MORE
2. Bihar survey exposes disparities among OBCs READ MORE  
3. The role of caste and gender in determining science education in India READ MORE
4. Climate change made the multi-year drought 25 times more likely in Syria and Iraq, 16 times in Iran: Analysis READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Move towards e-FIR, but with caution READ MORE
2. Reviewing freedom READ MORE
3. Reserving poverty READ MORE
4. As our democracy matures, my role is becoming more vital READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Look beyond quota politics READ MORE
2. Mensural hygiene: Adolescents continue to use cloth, pads are rare READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Taiwan, a Malacca blockade and India’s options READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. How tech can make India a farming powerhouse READ MORE
2. Two-wheeler EV startups: The new growth engines READ MORE
3. Local products can boost exports READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Importance of ‘loss and damage’ funds READ MORE  
2. Douse the fires without enraging farmers READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. The perils of patent amendments READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Hurdles delaying formation of integrated theatre commands READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. How ignored landslide warnings led to Subansiri running dry READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Why purush and prakriti are gender-neutral READ MORE
2. Living with tempests READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. The CAG promotes good governance practices and helps governments streamline their operations, reduce inefficiencies and adhere to financial discipline. Critically examine.
2. The CAG plays a crucial role in this democratic framework by ensuring transparency, accountability, and financial integrity in the government’s functioning. Comment.
3. The CAG helps maintain the separation of powers between legislature and executive by ensuring that the government’s financial activities align with legislative intentions. Comment.
4. As India’s democracy matures, the role of CAG has become more vital in promoting good governance and safeguarding the people’s interests. Critically comment.
5. Leveraging technology and digital solutions make audit’s citizen engagement more effective and scalable. Examine.
6. Social audit is an effective tool for facilitating citizen oversight. How would you justify this statement?
7. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments marked a quantum leap in India’s democratic set-up in creating tiers of self-governance below the level of states. Critically examine.
8. Due to the envision of grassroots participation, Local bodies not only implement the schemes of governments but ensure transparency and visibility in these schemes. Justify with the help of relevant examples.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• The solution to crop stubble burning lies in turning waste into wealth by upcycling it.
• In peace, sons bury their fathers. In war, fathers bury their sons.
• The CAG promotes good governance practices and helps governments streamline their operations, reduce inefficiencies and adhere to financial discipline.
• As India’s democracy matures, the CAG’s role becomes even more vital in promoting good governance and safeguarding the people’s interests.
• The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) plays a crucial role in this democratic framework by ensuring transparency, accountability, and financial integrity in government’s functioning.
• CAG helps maintain the separation of powers between legislature and executive by ensuring that the government’s financial activities align with legislative intentions.
• India stands as the world’s largest democracy, with a vibrant political landscape, a diverse society, and ongoing efforts to overcome various socio-economic challenges.
• By placing the Indian citizen at the centre for implementation of government programmes and as ultimate beneficiaries, there is an onerous expectation of the CAG to assess the preparedness and planning, as well as to monitor and recommend corrective actions for realisation of these economic, social and environmental aspirations.
• To effectively discharge this responsibility, it is important for audit to actively work in tandem with citizens, appreciating their concerns and feedback.
• In India’s federal, multiparty democracy with both Union and state governments responsible for implementation of numerous schemes, projects and programmes, enhancing engagement with stakeholders is imperative for audit.
• Leveraging technology and digital solutions make audit’s citizen engagement more effective and scalable.
• Social audit is an interesting tool for facilitating citizen oversight.
• The 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments marked a quantum leap in India’s democratic set up, as they created tiers of self-governance below the level of states.
• Empowering PRIs and urban local bodies and municipalities, envisions people’s participation in the process of planning, decision-making, implementation and delivery of a set of functions to be devolved to local governments by state legislatures.
• Carrying forward this recognition of local self-governance as the true manifestation of democracy and the CAG’s responsibility for ensuring accountability, an international centre for local governance has been envisaged.
• Female labour force participation rates have, in the past, tended to rise during times of financial stress as women stepped out to augment their household incomes.
• While the CAG catalyses good governance, transparency and accountability, the responsibility to nurture and protect democratic principles falls not only on our institutions but on every citizen.
• The proposed changes in patent law will endanger access to affordable medicines and benefit global big pharma.
• Both Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir must strive to understand each other’s viewpoints, fostering mutual trust and loyalty within the community.
• By adopting the principles of sustainability, non-violence, and respect for all life forms, we can work towards a more harmonious relationship with nature.

ESSAY TOPIC

• Many worlds: Multipolarity in the new world order

50-WORD TALK

• In a transforming India, where education and technology act as levelling forces, caste-based affirmative action, refined through caste numbers, can drive more extensive dialogues on aspiration, ambition, freedom, opportunity, and the necessity for a system where citizens are not unfairly privileged or confined by their identities. If a robust methodology were to be used, this effort would be vital in identifying and addressing fault lines to promote gender justice.
• Extending free food for another 5 years is an acknowledgement that the poor continue to need ample support for years ahead. The move also rings the final death knell of farm laws. If government grain procurement is going to be so high, then that rules out entry of private sector.
• Indian envoy in Ottawa describing Canadian police probe into Nijjar killing as tainted and wiretapping of diplomats as illegal shows Delhi is doubling down. But Canada is being duplicitous in citing Vienna Convention on parity even as it illegally tapped diplomats. G7 and Five Eyes can’t play by different rules.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

1. ADITYA-L1 MISSION

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS) payload, onboard the Aditya-L1 spacecraft, has captured the first glimpse of solar flares.

EXPLANATION:

• HEL1OS Payload:
  • The High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS) payload onboard Aditya-L1 is the instrument responsible for capturing the first glimpse of solar flares.
  • It marks an important milestone in India’s mission to study the Sun.
  • The information collected is expected to contribute to our understanding of solar activity and its impact on space weather.
  • The payload was developed by the Space Astronomy Group of the U. R. Rao Satellite Centre in Bengaluru, ISRO.

• Solar Flares:
  • During its first observation period on October 29, HEL1OS recorded the impulsive phase of solar flares.
  • Solar flares are sudden and intense bursts of energy and radiation from the Sun.
  • The data captured is consistent with X-ray light curves provided by NOAA’s GOES satellites.

• Scientific Value:
  • The HEL1OS instrument’s capabilities allow for monitoring the Sun’s high-energy X-ray activity with fast timing and high-resolution spectra.
  • This data is essential for researchers to study the explosive energy release and electron acceleration during the impulsive phases of solar flares.
  • Understanding these processes is crucial for space weather prediction and solar physics research.

• L1 Orbit:
  • Aditya-L1 is scheduled to arrive at the L1 point in January 2024.
  • Once there, the satellite will operate in an irregularly shaped orbit, allowing it to continuously monitor the Sun’s behavior from this vantage point.

• International Collaboration:
• • The collaboration with NOAA’s GOES [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites], indicating the valuable international partnerships in the field of space research and solar observations.

WHAT IS ADITYA L1 MISSION?

• Aditya L1 is the first space based Indian mission to study the Sun.
• The spacecraft shall be placed in a halo orbit around the Lagrange point 1 (L1) of the Sun-Earth system, which is about 1.5 million km from the Earth.
• A satellite placed in the halo orbit around the L1 point has the major advantage of continuously viewing the Sun without any occultation/eclipses.
• This will provide a greater advantage of observing the solar activities and its effect on space weather in real time.
• The spacecraft carries seven payloads to observe the photosphere, chromosphere, and the outermost layers of the Sun (the corona) using electromagnetic and particle and magnetic field detectors.
• Using the special vantage point L1, four payloads directly view the Sun, and the remaining three payloads carry out in-situ studies of particles and fields at the Lagrange point L1.
• It will provide important scientific studies of the propagatory effect of solar dynamics in the interplanetary medium.

WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF ADITYA-L1 MISSION?

The major objectives of Aditya-L1 mission are:

• Study of Solar upper atmospheric (chromosphere and corona) dynamics.
• Study of chromospheric and coronal heating, physics of the partially ionized plasma, initiation of the coronal mass ejections, and flares.
• Observe the in-situ particle and plasma environment providing data for the study of particle dynamics from the Sun.
• Physics of solar corona and its heating mechanism.
• Diagnostics of the coronal and coronal loops plasma’s temperature, velocity, and density.
• Development, dynamics, and origin of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).
• Identify the sequence of processes that occur at multiple layers (chromosphere, base, and extended corona) which eventually leads to solar eruptive events.
• Magnetic field topology and magnetic field measurements in the solar corona.
• Drivers for space weather (origin, composition, and dynamics of solar wind.

ADITYA-L1 PAYLOADS:

• The instruments of Aditya-L1 are tuned to observe the solar atmosphere mainly the chromosphere and corona.
• In-situ instruments will observe the local environment at L1.
• There are total seven payloads on-board with four of them carrying out remote sensing of the Sun and three of them carrying in-situ observation.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/aditya-l1-captures-first-glimpse-of-solar-flares/article67508968.ece

2. SEMICONDUCTORS

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Approximately $8 billion out of the $10 billion allocated for the semiconductor manufacturing scheme remains unused.

EXPLANATION:

• The funds have been allocated by the Union government of India for encouraging domestic production of semiconductors under the production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme.
• This underutilization of funds highlights a significant gap in the government’s efforts to promote semiconductor production in India.
• Incentives for Semiconductor Manufacturing:
  • The government is providing incentives, including financial support, in high-tech areas such as semiconductor manufacturing.
  • These incentives are intended to attract semiconductor makers to establish manufacturing facilities in India, with the goal of strengthening the country’s manufacturing base.

• Encouraging Korean Investors and Bilateral Trade Goals:
  • The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade Secretary, Rajesh Kumar Singh said that India and Korea must aim to enhance bilateral trade to $50 billion by 2030.
  • This goal suggests the desire for closer economic ties between the two countries.
  • Korean investors have invested $5.6 billion in India since April 2000 and they can take advantage of the semiconductor PLI along with upcoming opportunities for investments in battery storage solutions.
  • There is a call to upgrade and enhance the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) between India and Korea. Strengthening this economic partnership is seen as beneficial to both countries.
  • Korean investors have a history of investing in India, and there is a call for them to consider utilizing the untapped incentives provided under the scheme.
  • The importance of enhancing bilateral trade between India and Korea has been emphasized.

• Opportunities in Battery Storage Solutions:
• • In addition to semiconductor manufacturing, there are upcoming investment opportunities in battery storage solutions.
  • The Indian government is inviting investors, including Korean companies, to participate in the bid openings for over 20 gigawatt hours of storage and mobility battery capacity in India.

INDIA’S INITIATIVES IN SEMICONDUCTORS

1. INDIA SEMICONDUCTOR MISSION (ISM)

• India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) is a specialized and independent Business Division within the Digital India Corporation.
• It aims to build a vibrant semiconductor and display ecosystem.
• It aims to enable India’s emergence as a global hub for electronics manufacturing and design.
• The mission aims to serve as a focal point for the comprehensive and smooth development of Semiconductor in consultation with the Government ministries / departments / agencies, industry, and academia.

2. INDIA’S SEMICON PROGRAMME.

• The Union Cabinet had approved the comprehensive Semicon India programme with a financial outlay of INR 76,000 crore for the development of a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem in 2021.
• Semicon India Program aims to provide attractive incentive support to companies that are engaged in Silicon Semiconductor Fabs, Display Fabs, Compound Semiconductors, Silicon Photonics etc.
• The program will give an impetus to semiconductor and display manufacturing by facilitating capital support and technological collaborations.

3. CHIPS2 STARTUP (C2S) PROGRAMME

• An umbrella programme “Chips to Startup(C2S)” was in line with the objective and vision of National Policy on Electronics 2019 (NPE-2019).
• It aims at developing Specialized Manpower in VLSI/Embedded System Design domain.
• It also addresses each entity of the Electronics value chain via Specialized Manpower training, Creation of reusable IPs repository, Design of application-oriented Systems etc.
• The programme would be implemented at about 100 academic institutions/R&D organizations across the Country.
• Start-ups and MSMEs can also participate in the programme by submitting their proposals.
• Under the programme, the project would be initiated in following key areas:
  • Energy & Environment
  • Healthcare
  • Agriculture
  • Disaster Management
  • Intelligent Transport System
  • Emerging Technology etc.

CONCLUSION:

• There is a need for India to attract more investment in semiconductor manufacturing by utilizing the allocated funds effectively.
• The government is also actively seeking foreign investors, particularly from Korea, to participate in this scheme and tap into the incentives provided.
• The broader goal is to strengthen economic ties and bilateral trade between India and Korea and to encourage investment in high-tech sectors, including semiconductor manufacturing and battery storage solutions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/80-funds-allocated-for-semiconductor-manufacturing-scheme-remain-unused/article67509688.ece/amp/

3. LANDSLIDE AT THE SUBANSIRI HYDRO PROJECT

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY  

THE CONTEXT: A massive landslide occurred at the Subansiri hydro project on October 27, completely blocking the only functional diversion tunnel (DT).

EXPLANATION:

• This landslide at the NHPC’s 2,000-MW Subansiri hydro project, which is located along the Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border in India, has blocked the only operational diversion tunnel, affecting water flow in the river.
• The diversion tunnel number 1, which was the only one in use, was obstructed by the landslide, impacting water flow through the river.
• Fortunately, there have been no reports of human casualties resulting from the incident.

• Landslide warnings ignored:
  • In April 2022, the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) warned that the Subansiri Lower Project was at risk of landslides.
  • The CEA recommended that National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) Ltd., the company responsible for building the dam, conduct a study to assess the risk of landslides.
  • However, NHPC ignored this recommendation.

• Status of the Hydro Project:
  • The Subansiri Lower Hydro Electric Project has faced multiple delays and setbacks since its inception.
  • The project, with a capacity of 2,000 MW, has experienced revisions in its commissioning deadline and has been postponed several times.
  • As of today, more than 90% of the total work on the project has been completed.

• Impact on River Flow:
  • The main dam spillway is not yet ready, and the river was flowing through the diversion tunnel, making the landslide a critical issue.
  • The landslide has significantly reduced the flow of the river downstream.
  • The water level in the reservoir is gradually increasing due to the reduced flow, and measures are being taken to restore the normal river flow.

• Concerns for Aquatic Life:
  • The reduced river flow has caused the river bed to dry up, leading to concerns about aquatic life.
  • Locals report that people are walking on the dry river bed and catching fish, which poses a threat to aquatic life.
  • This drastic change in river flow is noted as unusual and potentially harmful to the environment.

• Project Details and Cost:
• • The Subansiri Lower Hydro Electric Project is a run-of-river scheme and is expected to generate approximately 7,500 million units of power annually.
  • The cost of the project has escalated significantly from the initial estimate, reaching around Rs 20,000 crore in January 2020, up from the initial estimate of Rs 6,285 crore.
  • NHPC began construction work on the project in January 2005 after obtaining forest clearance in October 2004.

CONCLUSION:

• The landslide at the Subansiri hydro project has caused a blockage in the diversion tunnel, affecting water flow in the river and raising concerns about its impact on aquatic life.
• The project has faced multiple delays and cost overruns, highlighting the challenges in implementing large-scale hydroelectric projects in the region.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/subansiri-hydroelectric-project-landslide-blocks-diversion/article67484442.ece

4. AIR QUALITY INDEX (AQI)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Air Quality Index (AQI) in North India, particularly in Delhi, has risen to “severe” levels.

POLLUTANTS, SOURCES, THEIR IMPACTS AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS:

• PM 10 and PM 2.5:
  • These are fine particulate matter (PM) particles with diameters smaller than 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.
  • Smaller particles (PM 2.5) can penetrate the circulatory system.
  • It can lead to serious health issues such as asthma, heart attacks, bronchitis, and other respiratory problems.
  • They are primarily emitted from factories, vehicles, construction activities, and road dust.

• Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2):
  • NO2 comes from the burning of fuel, especially from vehicles and power plants.
  • Short-term exposure to high levels of NO2 can worsen respiratory diseases like asthma and lead to coughing and breathing difficulties.
  • Long-term exposure can contribute to the development of asthma.

• Ozone (O3):
  • While ozone in the upper atmosphere protects from UV rays, ground-level ozone is a significant air pollutant.
  • It forms through the reaction of atmospheric pollutants in sunlight.
  • Increased surface ozone levels are associated with an increased risk of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases and cardiovascular deaths.

• Sulphur Dioxide (SO2):
  • SO2 primarily comes from the burning of fossil fuels by power plants and industrial facilities, as well as industrial processes and natural sources like volcanoes.
  • SO2 exposure is harmful to the cardiovascular system and can lead to respiratory illnesses.
  • High concentrations can harm plants and trees.

• Lead:
  • Lead is a toxic metal that can be naturally occurring but becomes dangerous in high quantities.
  • Environmental contamination primarily comes from mining, smelting, manufacturing, and recycling activities.
  • Young children are particularly vulnerable to lead poisoning, which can lead to intellectual disability and behavioral disorders.
• Carbon Monoxide (CO):
  • Carbon monoxide is a toxic, odorless, and colorless gas produced when carbon-containing fuels like wood, coal, and petrol are burned.
  • High levels can lead to unconsciousness and death, while long-term exposure is linked to an increased risk of heart disease.
• The sources of these pollutants are mainly industrial activities, vehicular emissions, power plants, and natural sources like volcanoes.
• Recommendations: While the article focuses on the concerning air quality, it doesn’t provide specific recommendations or actions being taken to address the issue. However, it emphasizes the need for awareness and action to mitigate the impact of air pollution on public health.
• Air Quality Index (AQI):
• • The AQI is a numerical measure used to convey the overall quality of air in a specific area.
  • In this context, it is used to assess air quality in North India, with a focus on Delhi, where the AQI has reached severe levels.

INITIATIVES TAKEN FOR CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION:

• System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR) Portal.
• Air Quality Index: AQI has been developed for eight pollutants viz. PM2.5, PM10, Ammonia, Lead, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide.
• Graded Response Action Plan (for Delhi).
• For Reducing Vehicular Pollution:
• BS-VI Vehicles,
• Push for Electric Vehicles (EVs),
• Odd-Even Policy as an emergency measure (for Delhi).
• New Commission for Air Quality Management
• Subsidy to farmers for buying Turbo Happy Seeder (THS) Machine for reducing stubble burning.
• National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP): Under NAMP, four air pollutants viz. SO2, NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 have been identified for regular monitoring at all locations.

WAY FORWARD

• Changing Approach:
  • India needs to change its approach and bring out effective policies in order to improve air quality and reduce pollutants to levels considered acceptable by the World Health Organisation (WHO).

• Close Coordination Required:
• • Curbing air pollution requires not only tackling its specific sources, but also close coordination across local and national jurisdictional boundaries.
  • Regional cooperation can help implement cost-effective joint strategies that leverage the interdependent nature of air quality.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/air-pollution-aqi-source-health-impact-explained-9016879/

5. GLOBAL LANDSCAPE OF CLIMATE FINANCE 2023

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per the Climate Policy Initiative’s (CPI) new report Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2023, Climate finance flows have doubled compared to previous years but have been unevenly distributed across geographies and sources.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• Global Climate Finance Growth:
  • According to the report, the average annual flow of climate finance in 2021 and 2022 reached $1.3 trillion.
  • This is a significant increase compared to the $653 billion recorded for 2019 and 2020.
  • The growth is primarily attributed to an escalation in mitigation finance, which saw an increase of $439 billion from the previous two years.

• Uneven Distribution of Climate Finance:
  • Climate finance has been unevenly distributed across sectors and geographies.
  • Mitigation finance has primarily gone to renewable energy (44%) and transport (29%), with a strong presence of private financing.
  • In contrast, sectors responsible for significant emissions like agriculture and industry received a smaller share of total mitigation and dual benefits finance.
  • Adaptation finance reached a new high of $63 billion but still falls short of the estimated needs, which are projected to be $212 billion per year by 2030 for developing nations.
  • Nearly all adaptation finance (98%) tracked in the report came from public sources.

• Geographic Concentration:
  • Developed countries mobilized the majority of climate finance, with a significant contribution from the private sector.
  • East Asia and the Pacific, the United States, Canada, and Western Europe accounted for 84% of all climate finance.
  • China led in domestic resource mobilization for climate finance, contributing 51% of all domestic climate finance globally.
  • Developing and low-income countries received a limited share of funds.
  • The report pointed out the disparities in climate finance distribution, with the 10 countries most affected by climate change receiving a very small portion of total climate finance.

• Private Sector Contribution:
  • Private actors contributed 49% of total climate finance, amounting to $625 billion.
  • The report highlighted the rapid growth in private finance, driven in part by household spending, particularly from the sales of electric vehicles, which doubled from 2020 to 2021.
  • Fiscal policies promoting low-carbon technologies played a role in this increase.

• Recommendations:
  • The report suggests measures to enhance the scale and quality of climate finance, focusing on four categories:
    • transforming the financial system,
    • bridging climate and development needs,
    • mobilizing domestic capital, and
    • improving climate finance data.
  • The report underscores the need to reduce the cost of capital barriers, particularly for developing and low-income countries, by reforming financial institutions and making concessional finance more accessible.

• Global Climate Finance Needs:
• • Despite the growth in climate finance, it is emphasized that the current scale represents only 1% of the global GDP.
  • The report’s projections indicate that average estimated annual climate finance needs will increase to $9 trillion by 2030.

WAY FORWARD:

• Transforming the Financial System:
  • This involves reducing the cost of capital barriers, particularly for developing and low-income countries.
  • There is a call for reforming financial institutions to make concessional finance more accessible.

• Bridging Climate and Development Needs:
  • The report highlights the need to bridge the gap between climate and development needs.
  • This could involve strategies to align climate investments with broader sustainable development goals, ensuring that climate finance addresses poverty reduction and other social objectives.

• Mobilizing Domestic Capital:
  • The report suggests mobilizing domestic capital for climate finance.
  • This could involve promoting domestic investment in climate-friendly projects and industries to reduce dependence on international funds.

• Improving Climate Finance Data:
• • Data collection and interpretation have improved over the years.
  • The report underscores the importance of continuing to enhance the quality of climate finance data and information.

Climate Policy Initiative’s (CPI):

• The Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) is an independent, non-profit, international research organization that works to support governments, businesses, and financial institutions in driving economic growth while addressing climate change.
• It was founded in 2009 to support nations building low carbon economies to develop and implement effective climate, energy and land use policies.
• CPI provides analysis, advice, and solutions in the areas of climate finance, climate policy, and low-carbon development.

CPI’s work is focused on the following areas:

• Enabling capital:
  • CPI helps to mobilize and allocate capital for low-carbon investments by developing innovative finance mechanisms, such as blended finance and risk management frameworks.

• Promoting green and sustainable finance:
  • CPI monitors and evaluates climate finance flows and investments, providing insights into the effectiveness of different approaches and identifying opportunities for improvement.

• Enabling a just transition:
• • CPI helps countries to develop and implement policies and strategies for a just transition to a low-carbon economy, ensuring that the transition is fair and equitable for all.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/global-climate-finance-increasing-but-scale-pace-not-enough-new-report-92671

1. WOLBACHIA BACTERIUM

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Scientists from the World Mosquito Program conducted research in which they introduced Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes into an Indonesian city.

EXPLANATION:

• This intervention resulted in a 77% reduction in dengue cases and an 86% reduction in hospitalizations among residents in areas with these infected mosquitoes.
• It is a promising development in the fight against mosquito-borne diseases, particularly dengue, by using a bacterium called Wolbachia.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE RESEARCH:

• Efficiency of Mosquitoes as Disease Transmitters:
  • Mosquitoes are highly efficient disease transmitters, responsible for causing over one million deaths annually due to diseases like dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever.

• Role of Wolbachia:
  • Wolbachia is a type of bacteria that, when introduced into mosquito populations, has shown to significantly reduce the transmission of various viruses.
  • It prevents these viruses from replicating in the mosquito’s body, thereby reducing their ability to transmit the diseases to humans.

• Method of Wolbachia Transfer:
  • The researchers worked on developing a method to introduce Wolbachia into the mosquito population that transmits these diseases.
  • Once introduced, the infected mosquitoes bred with wild mosquitoes, passing on Wolbachia naturally and maintaining its presence.

• Impact on Disease Transmission:
  • The introduction of Wolbachia into mosquito populations seems to be highly effective in reducing the transmission of diseases, with the potential for even greater impact than the measured reductions.

• Community Engagement:
• • The success of this intervention also involved engaging with and addressing the concerns of the local community.
  • Communities were generally supportive of the initiative due to the fear of dengue and its impact on public health.

LIMITATIONS AND COMPLEMENTARY APPROACHES:

• While Wolbachia shows promise, it may not be the sole solution to completely eliminate diseases like dengue.
• Combining multiple tools and concerted efforts will likely be necessary to make significant progress in reducing the burden of these diseases.
• Mosquito-borne diseases affect millions of people each year.
• The need for the scaling up of initiatives like the one using Wolbachia to benefit more communities. This will likely take many years due to the scope of the problem.

WOLBACHIA BACTERIUM:

• Wolbachia is a genus of intracellular bacteria that infects mainly arthropod species, including a high proportion of insects, and also some nematodes.
• It is one of the most common parasitic microbes and is possibly the most common reproductive parasite in the biosphere.

Wolbachia has a variety of effects on its hosts, including:

• Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI):
  • This is the most common effect of Wolbachia infection.
  • CI is a reproductive incompatibility that occurs when an infected male mates with an uninfected female, or when two males infected with different strains of Wolbachia mate with the same female.
  • CI can lead to embryonic death, female sterility, or male sterility.

• Feminization:
  • Wolbachia can feminize its hosts, meaning that it can cause males to develop into females. This has been observed in a number of insect species, including mosquitoes and butterflies.

• Increased resistance to pathogens:
• • Wolbachia can increase its hosts’ resistance to a variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. This has been observed in a number of insect species, including mosquitoes and fruit flies.

SOURCE: https://epaper.thehindu.com/reader?utm_source=Hindu&utm_medium=Menu&utm_campaign=Header

2. PRADHAN MANTRI GARIB KALYAN ANNA YOJANA (PMGKAY)

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Prime Minister has announced the extension of the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) for an additional five years.

EXPLANATION:

• The Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana was introduced in 2020 as a pandemic relief measure.
• It provided 5 kg of free food grains per beneficiary per month in addition to the 5 kg of subsidised food grain they were entitled to under the National Food Security Act, 2013.
• In December 2022, as PMGKAY came to an end after multiple extensions, the Union Cabinet decided to make NFSA rations free for one year.
• It will now be extended further for five years.

PRADHAN MANTRI GARIB KALYAN ANNA YOJANA (PM-GKAY):

• This scheme is part of Atmanirbhar Bharat to supply free food grains to migrants and poor.
• The program is operated by the Department of Food and Public Distribution under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution. But the nodal ministry is Ministry of Finance
• Phase-I and Phase-II of this scheme was operational from April to June, 2020 and July to November, 2020 respectively.
• Phase-III of the scheme was operational from May to June, 2021.
• Phase-IV of the scheme during July-November, 2021 and Phase V from December 2021 till March, 2022.
• The PMGKAY scheme for Phase VI was during April-September, 2022 with an estimated additional food subsidy of Rs. Rs. 80,000 Crore.

BENEFITS:

• More than 81.35 crore people will be provided 5 kg free wheat/rice per person / month along with 1 kg free whole chana to each family per month.
• Wheat has been allocated to 6 States/UTs, – Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Chandigarh, Delhi and Gujarat and rice has been provided to the remaining States/UTs.
• This is over and above the regular monthly entitlements under National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA).
• The primary aim of PMGKAY is to provide essential food grains to economically disadvantaged individuals.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly/pm-modi-attacks-chhattisgarh-cm-cong-over-betting-app-row-says-they-didnt-even-spare-name-of-mahadev/article67497413.ece/amp/

3. HELICOBACTER PYLORI

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Researchers from the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED) in Kolkata have developed a two-step PCR-based assay that allows for the rapid detection of H. pylori infection and the identification of clarithromycin-resistant and drug-sensitive strains.

EXPLANATION:

• It is a significant development in the field of diagnosing and addressing drug-resistant Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections.
• This method significantly reduces the time required for diagnosis and drug-sensitivity testing.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE RESEARCH:

• H. pylori:
  • pylori is a bacterium that can cause asymptomatic infections but is also linked to peptic ulcer disorders and stomach cancer.
  • In India, a significant portion of the population is affected by H. pylori infections, making effective diagnosis and treatment crucial.

• Drug Resistance Issue:
  • One of the challenges in treating H. pylori infections is the increasing trend of clarithromycin-resistant bacteria.
  • The use of clarithromycin for treatment is common, but resistance to this antibiotic is a major cause of treatment failure.

• Genomic Study:
  • The research team turned to genome sequencing to identify the root cause of clarithromycin resistance.
  • It was found to be a specific point mutation in the 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene of the bacteria.

• Molecular-Based Technique:
  • The researchers developed a molecular-based assay that amplifies and detects the presence of the point mutation associated with drug resistance.
  • This technique is capable of distinguishing between resistant and sensitive strains.

• Binding Affinity:
  • Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the drug-resistant strains had weaker binding affinity to clarithromycin compared to drug-sensitive strains.
  • This weaker binding results in the drug being less effective in killing the bacteria, confirming the role of the point mutation in resistance.

• PCR-Based Assay:
  • The developed assay involves a two-step PCR process, with the initial step amplifying the 617 base-pair segments containing the point mutation.
  • In the second step, allele-specific primer sets are used to differentiate between resistant and sensitive strains based on the presence of the point mutation.

• Validation and Sensitivity:
• • The two-step PCR method was validated against conventional drug sensitivity testing and sequencing analysis, demonstrating 100% sensitivity and specificity.

HELICOBACTER PYLORI:

• It is a common type of bacteria that grows in the digestive tract and tends to attack the stomach lining.
• It is adapted to live in the harsh, acidic environment of the stomach.
• This infection usually happens during childhood.
• Its infections are usually harmless, but they’re responsible for most ulcers in the stomach and small intestine.
• This bacterium can change the environment around it and reduce the acidity, so it can survive more easily.
• The spiral shape of H. pylori allows it to penetrate the stomach lining, where it’s protected by mucus and the body’s immune cells can’t reach it.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/niced-quick-detection-of-drug-resistant-h-pylori-now-possible/article67493768.ece/amp/

4. ZIKA GENOME

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In this article we will have a deep insight into the Zika genome, mutations, its evolution, genetic epidemiology, and molecular underpinnings of transmission.

EXPLANATION:

• The Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has been associated with outbreaks and health concerns.
• It’s known for its role in the 2015-2018 outbreak in the America, which saw an increase in microcephaly cases in newborns.
• The outbreak was characterised by an alarming increase in the number of microcephaly cases in newborns, prompting the World Health Organisation to declare it a public health emergency of international concern in early 2016.
• From Africa, the Zika virus has spread to Asia, Pacific islands, to the America, and beyond.
• The disease has of late been in the headlines with multiple outbreaks in the last few years in multiple Indian states, including, more recently, Kerala and Karnataka.
• The dengue virus and the Zika virus, together infect up to around 400 million people every year.

GENOMIC INSIGHTS:

• The Zika virus has an RNA genome with a high potential for mutations.
• Genomic studies have revealed that it has two lineages, African and Asian.
• Researchers have used genetic surveillance and sequencing to track the virus’s evolution and genetic epidemiology, which can aid in understanding and responding to outbreaks.
• Diagnosis and antibody cross-reactivity:
• Diagnosis of Zika virus infection relies on genetic testing.
  • Because antibody-based tests can be complicated due to cross-reactivity with antibodies from other related viruses like dengue, yellow fever, and West Nile.

ZIKA AND MICROCEPHALY:

• One of the major concerns related to Zika virus infection is the association with microcephaly in newborns.
• Researchers have been investigating the genetic factors responsible for this complication, including a mutation in one of the precursor membrane proteins (prM) of the virus.
• However, the relationship between Zika and microcephaly is complex.
• Factors like viral load and preexisting antibodies against dengue also play a role.
• Microcephaly:
  • Microcephaly is a condition where a baby’s head is much smaller than expected.
  • During pregnancy, a baby’s head grows because the baby’s brain grows. Microcephaly can occur because a baby’s brain has not developed properly during pregnancy or has stopped growing after birth, which results in a smaller head size.

ZIKA-DENGUE INTERACTIONS:

• Research has shown that Zika virus infection can increase the risk of severe dengue, and the presence of antibodies from prior Zika or dengue infections can enhance the severity of dengue.
• This finding has public health significance, especially since both Zika and dengue viruses are circulating globally.
• A study indicated that Zika and dengue infections can influence the growth of specific microbes on the skin, which produce volatile molecules attracting mosquitoes.
• This interplay between viruses, microbes, and mosquitoes can have implications for transmission and control.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND GENOMIC TECHNOLOGIES:

• As climate change contributes to the spread of vector-borne diseases and environmental conditions that favour them, genomic technologies and molecular pathogenesis insights become critical for understanding and combating these viruses in an evolving world.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/2023-11-06/th_chennai/articleGBUBVP99J-4780805.ece

5. AI REGULATION

TAG: GS 2: GOVERNANCE, GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Vice President Kamala Harris outlined the US plan for AI regulation, emphasizing the importance of protecting the public from potential harm and ensuring responsible AI development.

EXPLANATION:

• The US aims to establish itself as a global leader in AI, leveraging its dominance in AI innovation.
• The United States is taking a prominent role in shaping AI policy by emphasizing the importance of AI safety and responsible development.
• US Executive Order on AI:
  • The US government issued an executive order on AI, proposing new guardrails on advanced AI technologies.
  • The order focuses on AI safety and oversight, requiring AI companies to conduct safety tests, known as “red teaming,” before introducing new AI capabilities to consumers.
  • This approach aims to ensure that AI products do not pose threats to users.

• US AI Safety Institute:
  • The United States plans to launch an AI safety institute to evaluate risks associated with AI models.
  • This initiative could align with the UK’s efforts to establish a United Kingdom Safety Institute, suggesting potential collaboration between the two countries.

• EU AI Legislation:
  • The European Union has proposed the AI Act, which categorizes AI based on use cases and risk levels.
  • This regulatory approach emphasizes different requirements for AI systems, depending on their invasiveness and potential risks.
  • However, the EU has not yet reached an agreement on several aspects of the AI legislation.

• UK Light-Touch Approach:
  • The UK is adopting a “light-touch” approach to AI regulation, with a focus on fostering innovation in the field.
  • This approach aims to balance regulation with the promotion of AI development and adoption.

• Diverse AI Regulatory Responses:
• • Different jurisdictions are taking diverse approaches to AI regulation, reflecting their priorities and objectives.
  • While the EU seeks to create comprehensive AI legislation, the US is emphasizing safety and oversight, and the UK is aiming for a flexible and innovation-friendly approach.

CONCERNS DRIVING AI REGULATION:

• The concerns driving AI regulation include privacy issues, system bias, and violations of intellectual property rights.
• Policymakers are responding to these concerns by crafting regulations tailored to their regions’ needs and priorities.
• Global Impact of AI Regulation:
  • It underscores the importance of global action in regulating AI, as AI developed in one country can impact people worldwide.
  • This emphasizes the need for international cooperation and shared regulatory frameworks.

• Industry Engagement:
  • The US government has engaged extensively with leading AI companies to develop responsible AI practices.
  • This collaboration aims to establish a minimum baseline for responsible AI use and development.

• AI’s Existential Threat:
• • Many circumstances highlight the existential threats posed by AI, such as algorithmic discrimination, data privacy violations, deep fakes, and the potential harm caused by AI systems.
  • These challenges underscore the need for robust AI regulation.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/on-ai-regulation-the-us-steals-a-march-over-europe-amid-the-uks-showpiece-summit-9015032/

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. Atal Innovation Mission Opens Application for School Innovation Challenge ATL Marathon 2023-24 READ MORE
2. Delhi’s air quality worsens to ‘severe plus’ category; Centre defers stricter curbs, says AQI in region showing declining trend READ MORE
3. Seven years after it was first announced, India to open new consulate in Seattle READ MORE
4. Operation Cactus: When India prevented a coup in Maldives READ MORE
5. Farm fires and weather behind choke; respite likely in 4 days READ MORE
6. UN sounds warning on climate change health threat READ MORE
7. Work starts on shaping first national security strategy, long wait ends READ MORE
8. Asteroid Dinkinesh is actually two space rocks, finds NASA’s Lucy mission READ MORE
9. New Report Calls for GST Slab Rationalisation Amid High State Revenue Deficits, Subsidy Expenditures READ MORE
10. No legal identity for a billion people globally, says UN body READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. The world is getting older. Can India cope? READ MORE
2. Rescuing children from the clutches of mobile phones READ MORE
3. El Nino may be drying out the southern hemisphere — here’s how that affects the whole planet READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Action and authority: On Governors and implementation of decisions by elected regimes READ MORE
2. On government fact-checking units: A government panel to check facts is liable to be misused against critics READ MORE
3. On electoral bonds, Supreme Court must uphold Right to Information READ MORE
4. State regulation of film reviews is a risky business READ MORE
5. Governors need to rise above politics READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Widening welfare READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. India-US dialogue: No irritant should be allowed to affect ties READ MORE
2. US-China Dichotomy: Quietude of the Western Left READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. India’s labour scene is changing READ MORE
2. Create an ecosystem where all can participate in economic growth READ MORE
3. Traditional vs digital bank: Survival of the fittest READ MORE
4. The Evolving Energy Scenario READ MORE
5. Youth Employment in India: Dimensions and Challenges READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Late to action, lots to do READ MORE
2. Climate Change: Is White Hydrogen the New Saviour? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. AI and the issue of human-centricity in copyright law READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Malware malice: On the Apple cyberattack alert READ MORE
2. India’s Need for a National Security Strategy Cannot Be Ignored READ MORE
3. Is it Time to Call India a Digital Dystopia? READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Farm fires rage on: Stakeholders not doing enough to curb menace READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Ukraine, Gaza are our Kurukshetra now READ MORE
2. Humanity, not identity, defines morality READ MORE
3. All it takes: 1% god’s grace READ MORE
4. Entrepreneurship mirrors essence of dharma READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. Only virtues and standards of universal morality are applicable to clashing groups of inimical belief systems in times of distrust. And all-encompassing humanity is the sole criterion for drafting such standards of universal morality. Comment.
2. It is humanity, not identity, that defines morality. Comment.
3. Though Article 200 does not lay down a specific timeframe to give assent to the bill, but a constitutional authority should not circumvent a provision of the Constitution by taking advantage of an omission. Comment on the statement in the light of recent developments.
4. Dharma encompasses not only moral and ethical duties but also one’s responsibility towards society and the greater good. Comment.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• Those who say religion has nothing to do with politics do not know what religion is.
• By investing in cutting-edge technology and streamlining their operations, traditional banks can upgrade conventional banking to bring it at par with the digital banking.
• While the digital age offers learning and entertainment opportunities, it’s vital to safeguard our children from over indulging in it.
• Entrepreneurs who prioritise ethics, honesty, and integrity in their business dealings create a foundation of trust with customers, partners, and employees.
• A major issue is how social security can be effectively financed. There are three models to finance SS: contributory scheme, non-contributory scheme and a combination of both.
• Governments must urgently push greater awareness about the Good Samaritan Law.
• It is important to know which model of financing is more appropriate. International evidence suggests that SS coverage can be extended to all by increasing contributory coverage and non-contributory schemes by increasing tax revenue.
• Dharma encompasses not only moral and ethical duties but also one’s responsibility towards society and the greater good.
• Despite surging demand and larger carbon emissions, India can reduce its dependence on energy imports.
• A dignified life for the elderly population needs an urgent cultural, political and policy reimagination.
• The stance of the Western Left vis-à-vis Western imperialism is causing a shift of the entire political centre of gravity to the Right.

ESSAY TOPIC

• The wise win before the fight, while the ignorant fight to win.

50-WORD TALK

• CJI Chandrachud’s ‘tareekh pe tareekh’ anguish over adjournment requests in the Supreme Court is valid. But as masters of their own court, judges should put an end to the growing trend and impose costs if such appeals are made on flimsy grounds. Lawyers must contribute to vitality of the judiciary.
• Xi Jinping wants Chinese women to focus on marriage and having babies. This desperate move to address a shrinking population is nothing but regressive. When India is making efforts to bring more women into the workforce, China’s slide back toward the middle ages is a knockout punch to gender equality.
• Governments of Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Kerala having to move Supreme Court to get governors to clear bills is another sign of politicisation of Raj Bhawans. Governors in many non-BJP-ruled states are making a mockery of democracy by obstructing elected governments’ functioning. SC must step in to check gubernatorial hyperdrive.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

1. ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGY COOPERATION AGREEMENT (ETCA)

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: India and Sri Lanka held the 12th round of negotiations on the Economic and Technology Cooperation Agreement (ETCA) in Colombo, Sri Lanka from 30th October 2023 to 1st November 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• The two countries had 11 rounds of bilateral talks from 2016 to 2018. Thereafter the negotiations were paused.
• During this round, both the sides took stock of the progress made till the 11th round.
• They engaged in discussions on various chapters including Trade in Goods, Technical Barriers to Trade, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Trade in Services, Custom Procedure & Trade Facilitation, Rules of Origin etc.
• Both sides identified the areas of convergence and areas where they need to find creative solutions.
• Issues such as the quota on apparel and pepper and the procurement of pharmaceuticals were also discussed and both sides decided to continue the discussion and explore new options for resolution of the matter.
• On the proposed ETCA, both sides agreed on the need to build on progress made in past, while revisiting their positions wherever possible to reflect new developments.
• The conclusion of the negotiations is expected to open new opportunities for trade and economic cooperation for both countries.
• The India-Sri Lanka ETCA will be a pivotal move to further enhance bilateral trade between the two countries.
• Both sides acknowledged the huge potential in India and Sri Lanka trade partnership and the possibilities for enhanced economic relations in areas of mutual interest.

ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGY COOPERATION AGREEMENT (ETCA):

• In 1998, the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement was established.
• Subsequently, efforts were made to negotiate a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) to liberalize trade in services and investment, starting in the mid-2000s.
• The CEPA negotiations faced significant opposition within Sri Lanka, particularly from the business community, and they dragged on for nearly a decade.
• In light of the challenges with CEPA, India is now advocating for a new trade pact known as the Economic and Technological Cooperation Agreement (ETCA).
• ETCA is being negotiated as an extension of the existing Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between India and Sri Lanka.
• The key focus of the ETCA is to establish an agreement on trade in services and technological exchange, an objective that was not fully realized under CEPA.
• ETCA aims to enhance cooperation in technical areas, scientific expertise, and research among institutions.
• It seeks to raise the standards of goods and services to enable them to compete in the global market, as well as to improve opportunities for manpower training and human resource development.
• Investments under ETCA would be directed towards sectors such as oil farms in Trincomalee, renewable energy, infrastructure, and other new areas of business.
• India views ETCA as a means to participate in Sri Lanka’s post-war economic development by making Indian investments in specific sectors.
• The Sri Lankan government intends to leverage ETCA to become part of the Indian supply chain and benefit from India’s “Make in India” initiative, which aims to boost India’s manufacturing sector.
• ETCA will enable Indian manufacturers to establish factories in Sri Lanka and export their products to countries with which Sri Lanka has existing or planned Free Trade Agreements.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1973859

2. AMENDMENTS IN THE GUIDELINES FOR THE APPOINTMENT OF STATE DGP

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) has recently amended its guidelines for the appointment of State Director General of Police (DGP).

EXPLANATION:

• The key changes include:
  • Setting a minimum service requirement of at least six months left before retirement for consideration,
  • Reducing the minimum service years requirement from 30 to 25 years, and
  • Limiting the number of shortlisted officers to three, except in “exceptional circumstances.

 AMENDMENTS AND THEIR ADVANTAGES:

PREVENTING FAVORITISM:

• The primary aim of these guideline amendments is to prevent States from appointing “favorite officers” who are on the verge of retirement in an attempt to extend their tenure.
• This is done to ensure that appointments are based on merit and not political considerations.

BYPASSING UPSC PROCESS:

• Several States have been appointing acting DGPs or officers with “full additional charge” rather than regular DGPs.
• This allows them to bypass the UPSC’s selection process.
• This has led to controversies and legal challenges in some cases, such as in Punjab.

IMPACT ON POLICE REFORMS:

• The issue of appointing DGPs is related to broader police reforms in the country.
• The Supreme Court’s 2006 verdict in the police reforms case led to the formulation of guidelines for DGP appointments by the UPSC.
• The recent guideline amendments seek to address loopholes and ensure that these reforms are effectively implemented.

CENTRAL DEPUTATION:

• Another significant change is that IPS officers on central deputation will not be considered for a State DGP’s post if the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) informs the State government that it cannot release the officers.
• This is a step to clarify and enforce the process.

EXPERIENCE AND QUALIFICATIONS:

• The revised guidelines also specify the required experience areas for an IPS officer to lead a State police department, which includes various aspects of policing and central deputation in key agencies.

STATES’ CONCERNS:

• Some States have expressed concerns about the lack of adequate officers available for central deputation.
• States have resisted the Union government’s attempts to depute officers to the Center without State consent.

COMMITTEE COMPOSITION:

• The appointment of State DGPs involves a committee headed by the UPSC Chairman and includes other high-ranking officials.
• This ensures a structured and unbiased approach to the selection process.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/state-dgp-appointees-must-have-at-least-six-months-to-retire-those-on-deputation-need-central-consent-amended-upsc-guidelines/article67485609.ece/amp/

3. NexCAR19

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Mumbai-based Immunoadoptive Cell Therapy Private Limited (ImmunoACT) announced the approval of India’s first chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy Called NexCAR19 by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO).

EXPLANATION:

• ImmunoACT is an IIT Bombay-incubated company founded in 2018 and works on converting research into pharmaceutical products.
• CAR-T cell therapy cost around $400,000 or over Rs 3.3 crore and patients could avail of it in the United States.
• With this development, the therapy will be accessible at 20 Indian government and private hospitals treating cancer across major cities at around Rs 30-35 lakh per patient,

NexCAR19:

• It is an indigenously developed CD19-targeted CAR-T cell therapy.
  • CD-19 is biomarker for B lymphocytes and can be utilised as a target for leukaemia immunotherapies.
• It will be used for treating relapsed-refractory B-cell lymphoma and leukaemia.

HOW DOES IT WORK?

• For CAR-T-cell therapy, a type of cancer immunotherapy treatment, blood is first drawn from the patient.
• Then, immune cells called T-cells are genetically modified in a laboratory and are injected back into the patient to enable the cells to locate and destroy cancer cells more effectively.
• Investigations were led by Dr Hasmukh Jain and Dr Gaurav Narula and their teams at Tata Memorial Hospital in Mumbai.
• It is a major breakthrough as the therapy is not available in India outside of clinical trials.
• The multi-centre Phase I and II clinical trials were conducted with 60 patients with r / r B-cell lymphomas and leukemia.
• The clinical data indicated a 70 per cent overall response rate.

• Availability:
  • The therapy is in the process of being introduced in various hospitals in India, including Tata Hospital, Nanavati, Fortis, and Jaslok, among others.
  • The availability of CAR-T therapy is expected in a matter of weeks to a few months, depending on government approvals.

• Cost:
  • Initially, the cost of CAR-T therapy in India is estimated to be in the range of Rs 30-40 lakh.
  • However, the aim is to reduce the cost to Rs 10-20 lakh as technology matures and manufacturing processes improve.
  • The cost of the therapy remains a concern for accessibility.

• Insurance Coverage:
• • Typically, when a therapy is approved by regulatory agencies like CDSCO or DCGI, it should be covered by national insurance schemes and private insurance companies.
  • However, the extent of coverage and accessibility to insurance may vary, and discussions with insurers and the government are planned to clarify this further.

SIDE EFFECTS:

• CAR T-cell therapy is generally accompanied by some side effects.
• One of them, according to the American Cancer Society, is cytokine release syndrome (CRS).
• It is when CAR T-cells multiply, they can release large amounts of chemicals called cytokines into the blood, which can ramp up the immune system.
• In comparison to other CAR T-cell therapies, the safety profile of CRS and the absence of neurotoxicity indicates a significant improvement.
• NexCAR19 has shown an excellent balance of efficacy and low toxicity, which is a significant advantage in clinical management (post-infusion) of the patients in our resource-constrained settings.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/indias-own-car-t-cell-therapy-what-is-it-when-will-it-be-available-and-at-what-cost-9009776/

4. UNESCO CREATIVE CITIES NETWORK (UCCN)

TAG: GS 2: ART AND CULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh and Kozhikode in Kerala are among the 55 new cities which have joined the UNESCO Creative Cities Network.

EXPLANATION:

• On World Cities Day, UNESCO announced the addition of 55 new cities to the Creative Cities Network. These cities join the existing network of creative cities across the globe.
• Gwalior is recognized in the ‘Music’ category, while Kozhikode has been designated in the ‘Literature’ category. This recognition highlights their contributions to the fields of music and literature.
• UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) acknowledged these cities for their commitment to harnessing culture and creativity as part of their development strategies.
• These cities also demonstrate innovative practices in human-centered urban planning.

SIGNIFICANCE OF ADDITION OF GWALIOR AND KOZHIKODE:

• Seven Creative Fields:
  • The UCCN comprises cities from seven creative fields, which include Crafts and Folk Art, Design, Film, Gastronomy, Literature, Media Arts, and Music.
  • The addition of Gwalior and Kozhikode expands the network’s diversity.

• Urban Resilience and Development:
  • UNESCO Director-General emphasized that cities in the Creative Cities Network are at the forefront of enhancing access to culture.
  • UCCN Cities will leverage the power of creativity for urban resilience and development.

• Upcoming Policy Paper:
  • UNESCO is set to release a policy paper titled “The added value of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network at local, national, and international level,”.
  • It will showcase the role cities play in achieving the 2030 Agenda.
  • The paper will demonstrate how UNESCO supports UCCN members through dialogue, peer-to-peer learning, and collaboration.

• Annual Conference:
• • The newly designated Creative Cities are invited to participate in the 2024 UCCN Annual Conference to be held in Braga, Portugal.
  • The theme for the conference is “Bringing Youth to the table for the next decade.”

UNESCO CREATIVE CITIES NETWORK (UCCN):

• It was created in 2004 to promote cooperation with and among cities that have identified creativity as a strategic factor for sustainable urban development.
• The cities which currently make up this network work together towards a common objective:
  • placing creativity and cultural industries at the heart of their development plans at the local level and cooperating actively at the international level.
• By joining the Network, cities commit to sharing their best practices and developing partnerships involving the public and private sectors as well as civil society in order to:
  • strengthen the creation, production, distribution and dissemination of cultural activities, goods and services;
  • develop hubs of creativity and innovation and broaden opportunities for creators and professionals in the cultural sector;
  • improve access to and participation in cultural life, in particular for marginalized or vulnerable groups and individuals;
  • fully integrate culture and creativity into sustainable development plans.

INDIAN CITIES ON UCCN:

• Srinagar – Crafts and Folk Arts (2021)
• Mumbai – Film (2019).
• Hyderabad – Gastronomy (2019).
• Chennai- Creative city of Music (2017).
• Jaipur- Crafts and Folk Arts (2015).
• Varanasi- Creative city of Music (2015).

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gwalior-kozhikode-unesco-creative-cities-network-9009592/

5. COMMITTEE OF PRIVILEGES

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: A meeting of the Rajya Sabha’s privileges committee scheduled to take place in November to review the pending cases of breach of privilege against lawmakers.

EXPLANATION:

• The primary focus of this meeting is to review the pending cases of breach of privilege against lawmakers, particularly those involving the suspension of certain Members of Parliament (MPs) such as Raghav Chadha, Sanjay Singh, and Derek O’Brien.
• Background on Suspensions:
  • Raghav Chadha, a 34-year-old AAP MP, was suspended during the monsoon session of Parliament over an alleged breach of privilege.
  • This suspension was related to his inclusion of five Rajya Sabha MPs’ names in a select committee without their consent.
  • Sanjay Singh was suspended for repeatedly violating the directives of the chair.
  • Derek O’Brien faces at least three pending privilege notices.

• Supreme Court’s Recent Concerns:
  • The timing of this meeting is significant as it comes shortly after the Supreme Court expressed concerns about the indefinite suspension of an MP, especially one from the Opposition.
  • The court emphasized the importance of having diverse voices and representation in Parliament, indicating that excluding members of the Opposition is a serious concern for the constitutional court.

• Pending Cases:
• • The meeting is expected to address cases involving suspended AAP lawmakers as well as Trinamool Congress (TMC) parliamentarian Derek O’Brien.
  • These cases have been under consideration by the privileges committee.

COMMITTEE OF PRIVILEGES:

• This committee consists of 15 members in Lok Sabha (10 in case of Rajya Sabha) nominated by the Speaker (Chairman in case of Rajya Sabha).
• In the Rajya Sabha, the deputy chairperson heads the committee of privileges.

Powers and Functions:

• The committee examines every question involving a breach of privilege of the House or of the members or of any Committee thereof referred to it by the House or by the Speaker/Chairman.
• It also determines with reference to the facts of each case whether a breach of privilege is involved and makes suitable recommendations in its report.
• It also states the procedure to be followed by the House in giving effect to its recommendations.
• When a question of privilege is referred to the Committee by the House, the report of the Committee is presented to the House by the Chairman or, in his absence, by any member of the Committee.
• Where a question of privilege is referred to the Committee by the Speaker, the report of the Committee is presented to the Speaker who may pass final orders thereon or direct that it be laid on the Table of the House.
• The Speaker/Chairman may refer to the Committee any petition regarding the disqualification of a member on the ground of defection for making a preliminary inquiry and submitting a report to him.
• The procedure to be followed by the Committee in these cases is so far as may be the same as in applicable to questions of breach of privilege.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-panel-to-hold-meeting-take-up-pending-cases-of-privilege-breach-101698864510127.html

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. India and Sri Lanka re-launch negotiations of the Economic and Technology Cooperation Agreement (ETCA) READ MORE
2. UPSC tightens guidelines for appointment of State DGPs READ MORE
3. Haemoglobin isn’t used only in blood, scientists find in major discovery READ MORE
4. Manufacturing PMI falls to an eight-month low READ MORE
5. Gwalior, Kozhikode now on Unesco list of creative cities READ MORE
6. Bangladesh PM Hasina’s daughter Saima Wazed voted as new WHO regional director READ MORE
7. India-born author Nandini Das wins 2023 British Academy Book Prize READ MORE
8. Rajya Sabha panel to hold meeting, take up pending cases of privilege breach READ MORE
9. India’s cotton yield may be lowest in 15 years, to drop by 20% READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Divorce: Changing attitudes and social mores READ MORE
2. WWF: 32 million acres of grasslands across US & Canadian Great Plains ploughed up since 2012 READ MORE
3. View from the Himalayas | The ‘Third Pole’ is drying up READ MORE
4. With El Nino around, the heat is on READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. The blueprint to develop India by 2047 must factor in critical governance reforms READ MORE
2. Impacting a woman’s freedom to reproductive choices READ MORE
3. Law doesn’t bar states from counting castes READ MORE
4. Small projects, big impact READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Challenges in equipping job seekers with skills READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Hope floats for a thaw in China-US relations READ MORE
2. US can help India become battery manufacturing powerhouse. And decouple from China READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. India is proud to be the biggest development partner of Bangladesh: PM READ MORE
2. Why GST collections surged sharply in October READ MORE
3. Supreme Court’s decision on tax treaties clarifies India’s Most Favoured Nation approach READ MORE
4. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation: India and global supply chains READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. India’s race to a green hydrogen future READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. AI and the issue of human-centricity in copyright law READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Malware malice: On the Apple cyberattack alert READ MORE
2. India’s Need for a National Security Strategy Cannot Be Ignored READ MORE
3. Is it Time to Call India a Digital Dystopia? READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Farm fires rage on: Stakeholders not doing enough to curb menace READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. The birth and death of Ego READ MORE
2. Essence of the Upanishads READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. One of the strengths of an effective administrator is the ability to retain equanimity and restraint in any situation and those in power do not act as the instruments of nemesis due to their inflamed egos. With the help of some real-life examples, justify this statement.
2. To address the challenges posed by rapid and mass urbanisation, policymakers must shift their focus to organic rural development that involves farmers and local communities. Do you think, in this regard, a bottom-up infrastructure development approach over a top-down approach would be an effective strategy?
3. Policymakers in India need to assume a more cautious approach against diluting the human-centricity in copyright law. Discuss why there is a need to have a cautious approach in extending existing IP protections to work generated by Artificial Intelligence?
4. Caste censuses are essential for addressing socioeconomic inequalities and informing policymaking. How far do you agree with this view? Justify your view.
5. India is deploying smart fencing, but there should be a balance between manned security and technologies. Comment on the statement in light of recent developments.
6. Recent data breach shows that digital India, in reality, is too far from the claim and India needs to renew its efforts to de-mystify technology with the aim of surveillance reforms. Comment.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind.
• One of the strengths of an effective administrator is the ability to retain equanimity and restraint in any situation and those in power do not act as the instruments of nemesis due to their inflamed egos.
• Policymakers and courts in India also need to assume a more cautious approach against diluting the human-centricity in copyright law.
• The popularity and importance of the right to a piece of information has been used to hold local governments accountable for lapses in the delivery of services and secure access to basic rights and entitlements.
• Aiming for a high 9% growth rate between 2030 and 2047 is laudable but factoring in alternative scenarios and changing course when warranted, is advisable.
• There needs to be cautious approach in extending existing IP protections to work generated by Artificial Intelligence.
• There is no place within our constitutional structure to see a foetus as anything but dependent on the mother. To see it as a separate, distinct personality would be tantamount to conferring a set of rights on it that the Constitution grants to no other class of person.
• As economic realities change, negotiated relations among countries must also adapt. There is a need for periodic review of tax treaties, especially with respect to their economic benefits.
• The Hamas attack on Israel and this colossal human crisis that is unfolding before our eyes has key lessons for India and the world.
• Engaging with research organisations and academic institutions that focus on education, skills, and labour markets is critical to building capability.
• India needs infrastructure, but the issue is that policymakers often prioritise large and impressive projects that often benefit only those directly connected to the larger economy.
• To address the challenges posed by rapid and mass urbanisation, policymakers must shift their focus to organic rural development that involves farmers and local communities.
• India is deploying smart fencing but the recent developments show that there needs to be a balance between manned security and technologies.
• It is time to renew efforts to de-mystify technology with the aim of surveillance reforms, before this Digital Dystopia becomes a permanent future.
• Digital India isn’t what it is being claimed, the reality is different on the ground. It is time to renew efforts to de-mystify technology with the aim of surveillance reforms, before this Digital Dystopia becomes a permanent future.

50-WORD TALK

• India’s major IT companies have laid off 21,000 people between June and September, largely citing operational efficiency. This data is important. While there is the social cost of such a move, this is how markets function. It’s important for IT giants to think long and hire responsibly, not on impulse.
• India is testing smart fencing in Kashmir using sensors by Magal, which developed systems in Gaza and US. But the Israel episode shows that there needs to be a balance between manned security and technologies that enable unmanned defence at borders. Reliance on such technologies can only go so far.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

1. DEEP OCEAN MISSION (DOM)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: India’s ambitious “Deep Ocean Mission” (DOM) is a program aimed at exploring and harnessing the depths of the ocean.

EXPLANATION:

• The mission has been approved by the Union Cabinet and has several pillars:
• Development of Technologies for Deep-Sea Mining:
  • It involves the creation of technologies for deep-sea mining and a crewed submersible capable of reaching a depth of 6,000 meters in the ocean.
  • The submersible will be equipped with scientific sensors, tools, and a system for mining polymetallic nodules.

• Ocean Climate Change Advisory Services:
  • It focuses on understanding and projecting future climate changes through ocean observations and models.

• Technological Innovations for Deep-Sea Biodiversity:
  • The mission aims to develop technologies for exploring and conserving deep-sea biodiversity.

• Deep-Ocean Survey and Exploration:
  • The objective here is to identify potential sites of multi-metal hydrothermal sulfides mineralization along the Indian Ocean mid-oceanic ridges.

• Harnessing Energy and Freshwater from the Ocean:
  • This pillar aims to utilize the ocean as a source of energy and freshwater.

• Establishing an Advanced Marine Station for Ocean Biology:
• • It seeks to create a hub for ocean biology research and blue biotechnology development.

INSIGHTS INTO THE PROGRESS OF THE DOM:

• The development of technologies for deep-sea mining and a crewed submersible, named Matsya6000, is led by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT).
• Matsya6000 is designed to reach a depth of 6,000 meters and has been through the initial design phase.
• Testing and experimentation will be conducted at a depth of 500 meters within a year, with the goal of realizing its full 6,000-meter capability within two to three years.
• The Ministry is also working on an integrated system to mine polymetallic nodules.
• The decision to target a depth of 6,000 meters is strategic, as it allows India to cater to both its Exclusive Economic Zone and the central Indian Ocean where valuable resources like polymetallic nodules are found.

CHALLENGES OF DEEP-OCEAN EXPLORATION:

• Deep-ocean exploration presents unique challenges due to high pressure, soft and muddy ocean bed surfaces, and the need to extract materials.
• Operating under high pressure requires specialized equipment.
• Visibility and communication are also significant hurdles in the deep oceans.

MATSYA6000:

• Matsya6000 is India’s deep-ocean submersible designed for exploration.
• It accommodates three crew members and is constructed from durable materials to withstand high pressures.
• It has an array of scientific tools, cameras, lights, and communication systems.
• Matsya6000 combines features of remote operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous remote vehicles (AUVs) and is designed to operate untethered.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/2023-11-01/th_chennai/articleGFJBV12S4-4729109.ece

2. FISCAL DEFICIT

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The fiscal deficit of the central government in the first half of the 2023-24 financial year has risen to the 39.3% of the annual budget.

EXPLANATION:

• Fiscal deficit of 2023-24 financial year is slightly higher than the 37.3% fiscal budget recorded in the same period in the previous year.
• In actual terms, the fiscal deficit at the end of September 2023 stood at ₹7.02 lakh crore. This indicates the budgetary gap between government spending and income during this period.
• The government had initially projected to reduce the fiscal deficit to 5.9% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in the 2023-24 financial year.
• In the previous financial year (2022-23), the fiscal deficit was 6.4% of the GDP, slightly lower than the initial estimate of 6.71%.
• Tax revenue reached ₹11.60 lakh crore, which is 49.8% of the annual target.
• The central government’s total expenditure for the first half of the 2023-24 financial year was ₹21.19 lakh crore, which is 47.1% of the budget estimate for the year.
• This expenditure figure is marginally higher than the corresponding period in the previous year.

FISCAL DEFICIT:

• It is the gap between the government’s expenditure requirements and its receipts.
• This equals the money the government needs to borrow during the year.
• A surplus arises if receipts are more than expenditure.
• Fiscal Deficit = Total expenditure – (Revenue receipts + Non-debt creating capital receipts).
• It indicates the total borrowing requirements of the government from all sources.
• Gross fiscal deficit = Net borrowing at home + Borrowing from RBI + Borrowing from abroad
• The gross fiscal deficit is a key variable in judging the financial health of the public sector and the stability of the economy.
• The government’s ability to achieve the projected fiscal deficit target for the year will depend on various economic factors, including revenue collection and expenditure control in the coming months.
• Fiscal deficits are important indicators of a government’s financial health and its ability to manage its budget effectively.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/govts-fiscal-deficit-rises-to-393-of-annual-target-in-first-half-of-fy24/article67480542.ece/amp/

3. BRAZZAVILLE SUMMIT OF THE THREE BASINS

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Brazzaville Summit of the Three Basins took place in the Republic of Congo, bringing together delegates from countries in the Amazon, Congo, and Borneo-Mekong-Southeast Asia basins.

EXPLANATION:

• The summit concluded with a declaration by the Heads of State and Government of States.
• It focused on biodiversity, tropical forests, and climate change.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE DECLARATION:

• The declaration emphasizes the importance of the three ecosystems of biodiversity and tropical forests, which provide essential ecosystem services for humankind and sustainable development in the regions they cover.
• It acknowledges the significance of protecting tropical forests, which occupy one-third of the world’s land surface.

The seven-point declaration urged nations to:

• Recognise the value of enhanced cooperation between the three basins.
• Recognise that sovereign management of biodiversity, forests and associated resources of the three basins is essential.
• Develop solutions together.
• Pool and capitalise on existing knowledge, experience, resources and achievements.
• Involve all states and national authorities, including indigenous peoples, youth, women, civil society, academia and the private sector.
• Encourage financial mobilisation and the development of traditional and innovative financing mechanisms.
• Establish a sustainable system of remuneration for the ecosystem services provided by the three basins.

Climate Change and Financial Commitments:

• The declaration also addresses climate change and calls for the creation of a fund to address loss and damage due to climate change.
• It urges developed countries to meet their commitments, including providing $200 billion per year by 2030 for biodiversity and $100 billion per year in climate finance to developing countries.
• These financial commitments are set out in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.

Disappointment with the Outcome:

• The civil society is disappointed, as the summit did not result in the formation of an Alliance of the three basins.
• Such an alliance would have served as a platform for joint initiatives and knowledge-sharing between the countries in these regions.

Importance of Protected Areas:

• The declaration acknowledges the significance of protected areas within these basins, which are home to a substantial portion of global biodiversity and forest cover.

Deforestation Concerns:

• A report by the Forest Declaration Assessment, indicates that 4.1 million hectares of tropical forest were lost to deforestation in 2022.
• It points out that the majority of global deforestation (96%) occurs in tropical regions, underscoring the ongoing challenges in forest conservation and sustainable management.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/brazzaville-summit-of-the-three-basins-ends-with-a-declaration-92565

4. MELTING OF THE WEST ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, a new study revealed that the melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet is now unavoidable.

MELTING OF THE WEST ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET:

• The melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet is inevitable due to warming waters around it.
• This melting is happening at an alarming rate and will continue, even if global carbon emissions are significantly reduced.
• The West Antarctic ice sheet’s complete loss could raise global mean sea levels by 5.3 meters (17.4 feet).
• The study considers various climate scenarios, including the best-case scenario of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
• However, even in this scenario, the West Antarctic ice sheet will continue to melt at an accelerated pace, with water warming three times faster than in the 20th century.

An illustration of most of Earth’s ice features, including the ice sheet.

CONSEQUENCES OF ICE SHEET MELTING:

• The melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet has serious implications for coastal regions around the world, including India.
• A sea-level rise of this magnitude could be devastating for millions of people living in vulnerable coastal cities.
• It can lead to increased risks of flooding, erosion, and displacement.

WHAT IS AN ICE SHEET?

• Ice sheets are the massive masses of glacial ice that cover more than 50,000 square kilometers of land.
• The two major ice sheets in the world today are the Greenland ice sheet and the Antarctica ice sheet.

    Antarctica ice mass variation since 2002

• Ice Sheet Impact on Sea Level:
  • When ice sheets lose mass, they contribute to a rise in global mean sea level.
  • Conversely, when they gain mass, they contribute to a fall in global mean sea level.
  • This provides context for understanding the significance of the West Antarctic ice sheet’s melting.

• How Ice Sheets Melt?
• • In the case of the West Antarctic ice sheet, warm ocean waters melt the ice shelves, which are the edges of the ice sheet floating on the ocean.
  • This can lead to the destabilization of land-based glaciers behind them, causing them to flow faster and discharge more ice into the ocean.

CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION:

• Despite the bleak findings, the study emphasizes that the melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet is just one contributor to sea-level rise and one impact of climate change.
• We have reached the point where some impacts of climate change can no longer be avoided, and substantial ice loss in West Antarctica is probably one of them.
• There are many other impacts which we can still avoid or limit: like the loss of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, or the severity of heatwaves, droughts, and extreme rainfall.
• It underscores the importance of continued efforts to mitigate the impacts of climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/ice-sheet-melt-west-antarctica-9006179/

5. WRIT PETITION AGAINST GOVERNOR

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Tamil Nadu government has moved a writ petition in the Supreme Court against Governor R.N. Ravi.

EXPLANATION:

• The petition alleges that the Governor’s actions, particularly the delay in clearing crucial bills and government orders, are creating a “constitutional deadlock”.
• Governor’s actions are disrupting the day-to-day governance of the state.
• The writ petition filed in the Supreme Court seeks to address the perceived delays and inactions by the Governor.
• The government requests the court to declare these actions as unconstitutional, illegal, arbitrary, and malafide exercise of power.

CONSTITUTIONAL CONFLICT:

• The Tamil Nadu government sees a growing conflict between the elected government and the Governor, leading to an impasse.
• The government contends that the Governor’s inactions have created a situation where he is positioned as a political rival to the elected government.
• Specific Issues Raised:
  • These issues include the delay in granting approval for prosecutions and investigations into corruption cases involving public servants.
  • The delayed approval of bills passed by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.
• The Tamil Nadu government is asking the Supreme Court to set a specific deadline or “outer time limit” within which the Governor should consider pending bills and government orders.

ALLEGATIONS OF POLITICALLY MOTIVATED CONDUCT:

• The petition accuses the Governor of engaging in “politically motivated conduct” by denying sanctions for investigations into corruption cases despite evidence.
• It cites instances where the Supreme Court and the Madras High Court have approved inquiries that the Governor allegedly obstructed.
• A delegation of elected representatives, led by the State Law Minister, met with the President to seek her intervention in directing the Governor to act in accordance with the Constitution.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO THE GOVERNOR

• Article 153 says that there shall be a Governor for each State. One person can be appointed as Governor for two or more States.
• A Governor is appointed by the President and is a nominee of the Central Government.
  • It is stated that the Governor has a dual role.
  • He is the constitutional head of the state, bound by the advice of his Council of Ministers (CoM).
• He functions as a vital link between the Union Government and the State Government.
• Articles 157 and 158 specify eligibility requirements for the post of governor. A governor must:
  • Be a citizen of India.
  • Be at least 35 years of age.
  • Not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature.
  • Not hold any office of profit.
• Governor has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, etc. (Article 161).
• There is a CoM with the CM at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except some conditions for discretion. (Article 163).
• The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other Ministers (Article 164).
• Governor assents, withholds assent, or reserves the bill for the consideration of the President passed by the Legislative Assembly (Article 200).
• Governors may promulgate the Ordinances under certain circumstances (Article 213).
• Governor’s role:
  • The Governor holds a constitutional position and is expected to perform specific functions, including granting assent to bills passed by the state legislature and ensuring the proper functioning of state administration.
  • The Governor’s actions are perceived as a hindrance to these responsibilities.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-government-moves-supreme-court-against-governor-rn-ravi-over-delay-in-clearing-bills-101698730657484.html

1. NASA-ISRO SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (NISAR)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The ‘NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar’ (NISAR), an Earth observation satellite, is ready to facilitate the exploration of how shifts in Earth’s forest and wetland ecosystems impact the global carbon cycle and influence climate change.

EXPLANATION:

• It will measure Earth’s changing ecosystems, dynamic surfaces, and ice masses, providing information about biomass, natural hazards, sea level rise, and groundwater.
• NISAR will observe Earth’s land and ice-covered surfaces globally with 12-day regularity on ascending and descending passes.

ABOUT NISAR:

• The NISAR Observatory will be launched from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota on the southeast coast of the Indian peninsula.
• It will be launched on the GSLV expendable launch vehicle contributed by ISRO.
• The target launch readiness date is January 2024.
• NISAR is a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) observatory jointly developed by NASA and ISRO.
• It is an SUV-size satellite weighing 2,800 kilograms.
• It consists of both L-band and S-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instruments, which makes it a dual-frequency imaging radar satellite.
• NISAR will be the first satellite mission to use two different radar frequencies (L-band and S-band) to measure changes in our planet’s surface.
• NASA has provided the L-band radar, GPS, a high-capacity solid-state recorder to store data, and a payload data subsystem. ISRO has provided the S-band radar, the GSLV launch system, and spacecraft.
• It also consists of a large 39-foot stationary antenna reflector made of a gold-plated wire mesh which will be used to focus “the radar signals emitted and received by the upward-facing feed on the instrument structure.
• Key facts:

SOURCE: https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/nasa-isro-radar-satellite-to-offer-detailed-insights-into-forests-and-wetlands-know-all-about-nisar-403665-2023-10-28

2. KOYNA DAM

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: An earthquake of 2.9 magnitude on the Richter Scale was recorded on 28^th October, 2023 around 9.6 kilometres from the Koyna dam in Satara district.

EXPLANATION:

• The epicentre was seven kilometres deep near Goptewadi village, making it the nearest to the dam so far in recent months.
• This earthquake is a reminder of the seismic hazard posed to the Koyna dam, which is one of the largest dams in India.
• The dam has been affected by earthquakes in the past, including a 6.5 magnitude earthquake in 1967 that caused significant damage to the dam and the surrounding area.
• The Koyna dam is equipped with earthquake measuring devices, which recorded the 2.9 magnitude earthquake on October 28.
• These devices are used to monitor the dam’s structural integrity and to provide early warning of any potential damage.

KOYNA DAM:

• Situated in the Satara district of Koyna Nagar, this rubble-concrete dam is one of the biggest in the state of Maharashtra.
• It was built on the Koyna River.
• One of the most important civil engineering projects in India after the country’s independence, the Koyna Hydroelectric Project was completed in 1963.
• It serves primarily as a source of hydroelectricity with some irrigation in surrounding areas.
• With a total installed capacity of 1,920 MW, it is the largest hydroelectric power plant in the country.
• The dam’s catchment area blocks the Koyna River, creating the roughly 50 km-long Shivsagar Lake.
• It is located in a seismically active region.
• The Koyna Seismic Zone (KSZ) is a region of high seismic activity that is located around the Koyna dam. The KSZ has been the site of several earthquakes in the past, including the 6.5 magnitude earthquake in 1967.
• Finally, the dam is essential for controlling flooding during the monsoon season.

WAY FORWARD:

• The 2.9 magnitude earthquake on October 28 is a reminder of the importance of monitoring the Koyna dam for seismic activity.
• Steps must be taken to mitigate the risk of earthquake damage.
• The Koyna dam is a critical infrastructure asset, and its failure would have devastating consequences for the surrounding region.
• The Koyna dam must be monitored closely for seismic activity.
• The Koyna Earthquake Monitoring Center (KEMC) is a dedicated facility that monitors the dam and the surrounding area for earthquakes.
• So, the KEMC can provide early warning of any potential damage to the dam from seismic activity.

SOURCE: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/tremors-felt-near-koyna-dam-in-satara/articleshow/104811312.cms

3. INSTALLATION OF DNA SYSTEMS IN POLICE STATIONS

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY, GS 2: GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The installation of DNA systems in police stations is part of the broader effort to modernize and enhance the capabilities of law enforcement agencies in India.

EXPLANATION:

• The Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act (CrPI), passed in April 2022, repealed the British-era Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920.
• It introduced provisions for using modern techniques to capture and record appropriate body measurements, including DNA samples and facial recognition.

THE KEY ASPECTS RELATED TO DNA SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT:

• Modernization and Improved Crime Solving:
  • The introduction of DNA systems allows law enforcement agencies to employ advanced forensic techniques for crime-solving.
  • DNA analysis can be crucial in identifying suspects, confirming or excluding individuals as potential perpetrators, and linking evidence to unsolved cases.

• Repealing Outdated Legislation:
  • The CrPI Act replaced an archaic law from the colonial era, which was limited in scope and didn’t account for modern forensic technology.
  • The new Act seeks to align with contemporary crime investigation practices.

• Centralized Database and Common Standards:
• • The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) plays a crucial role in maintaining a centralized database of measurements.
  • It ensures common standards for collecting, storing, and handling measurements.
  • This can streamline data sharing and access among authorized police and prison officials across the country.

WHAT ARE THE CONCERNS AND CHALLENGES?

• Privacy and Data Protection:
  • The legislation has raised concerns about individual privacy and data protection, particularly with the inclusion of DNA samples and facial recognition technology.
  • Safeguards need to be in place to prevent misuse of this sensitive data.

• Awareness and Implementation:
  • There appears to be a gap in awareness and implementation of the rules among police officers.
  • Ensuring that measurements are only recorded for specific cases and that records are destroyed when necessary as it is crucial to protect individual rights.

• Destruction of Data:
  • The provision that individuals are responsible for requesting the destruction of their data after 75 years has raised concerns, especially for those who may not have easy access to the legal system.

• Training and Infrastructure:
  • Proper training is required for handling DNA samples, and adequate storage infrastructure must be in place to ensure the integrity of the samples.

• Scope and Application:
  • Clarity is needed regarding the scope of DNA sample collection.
  • Currently, it is compulsory in cases registered under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, but its application in other types of crimes is yet to be defined.

• Connectivity Issues:
• • In some smaller states, limited connectivity and inadequate internet infrastructure may hinder the secure transfer of data and access to the centralized database.

SAFEGUARDS AND ACCOUNTABILITY:

• To address these concerns, it is essential to implement robust safeguards, including strict access controls, encryption, and audit trails to prevent unauthorized access to the database.
• Accountability mechanisms should be in place for data handling, storage, and disposal.

CONCLUSION:

• The introduction of DNA systems in police stations is a significant step in modernizing law enforcement and improving crime-solving capabilities.
• However, it is essential to balance these benefits with privacy protections, awareness and training for law enforcement personnel, and the establishment of safeguards to prevent misuse and maintain data integrity.
• Additionally, addressing infrastructure and connectivity challenges is critical for the successful implementation of the system.

EXPLANATION:

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/why-will-police-stations-install-dna-systems-explained/article67470936.ece/amp/

4. THE GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Stephan Schlamminger, a prominent expert in gravity experiments, intentionally introduced an undisclosed error into his experiment to obscure his measurement of Newton’s gravitational constant. The code is not disclosed yet.

EXPLANATION:

• It pertains to the gravitational constant (often denoted as ‘G’) and its significance in the realm of physics, particularly in the context of gravitational theories proposed by Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.

GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT:

• G is a fundamental physical constant that plays a pivotal role in both classical Newtonian mechanics and Einstein’s theory of general relativity.
• It quantifies the strength of the gravitational force between two objects.

NEWTON’S THEORY:

• In Newton’s theory, the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
• G is the proportionality constant that makes this law precise.
• This law was revolutionary in explaining how celestial bodies are attracted to each other due to gravity.

EINSTEIN’S THEORY:

• In Einstein’s theory, G appears in the equations that describe the curvature of spacetime caused by the presence of mass and energy.
• This theory supersedes Newton’s law of gravitation and provides a more accurate description of gravitation, especially in the vicinity of massive celestial objects like black holes or neutron stars.

HOW DOES THE VALUE OF G IS DETERMINED?

• The value of G was first accurately determined by Henry Cavendish in 1797 through a famous experiment known as the Cavendish experiment.
• However, despite its historical significance, the precise value of G is still not known with absolute certainty.
• The value of G has been determined with an uncertainty of about 22 parts per million, which means there is still some degree of uncertainty associated with this fundamental constant.
• Ongoing research in the field of experimental physics aims to further refine the measurement of G.
• As it is crucial for understanding celestial mechanics, determining the mass of celestial bodies, and conducting experiments related to gravity.

WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PRECISE G VALUE?

• A more accurate determination of G is essential for various applications in physics, astronomy, and cosmology.
• It affects our understanding of the behaviour of celestial objects, the orbits of planets, and the study of astrophysical phenomena.
• Furthermore, it is significant in the context of high-precision experiments, such as those seeking to detect gravitational waves, as well as in testing the predictions of general relativity.
• It is a fundamental constant that underpins our understanding of gravity in both classical and modern physics.
• Its accurate determination is crucial for advancing our knowledge of the universe, and ongoing research continues to refine its value to improve the precision of gravitational theories and their application in various scientific disciplines.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/2023-10-30/th_chennai/articleGFGBUN3UT-4707782.ece

5. BAN ON THE EXPORT OF THE RICE

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Recently, India has banned the export of non-basmati white rice amid depleting public stock in the Central pool, elevated cereal prices, and looming threat of the uneven monsoon.

EXPLANATION:

• India is the biggest exporter of rice in the world.
• As per the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), India accounted for about 40 per cent of the total rice exports (56 million tonnes) in the world during calendar year 2022.

EFFECT OF INDIA’S RESTRICTIONS ACROSS THE GLOBE?

• Soon after India banned the export of non-basmati white rice, there was a sharp jump in the price of rice across markets.
• In the following months, prices have come down, but are still higher than the pre-ban period.
• As per the Rice Outlook of the Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture:
  • Over the past month, quotes for trading prices for most grades of regular (neither parboiled nor aromatic) whole-grain milled rice from Thailand decreased 5−6 percent, mostly due to a weaker baht.
  • Thailand’s price rose rapidly from late July through mid-August, primarily in response to India’s July export ban on regular-milled white rice.”

IMPACT ON THE DOMESTIC PRICES OF RICE:

• There has been no respite from the increase in the prices of rice despite the export ban.
• As per the data available on the Agriculture Ministry’s portal, the daily average wholesale price of rice was recorded at 18.42 per cent higher compared with the price (Rs 4,731.32 per quintal) when the government announced the Open Market Sale Scheme (OMSS) in January 2023.
• The retail prices are also higher than last year.
• For instance, the daily average retail price of rice was recorded at Rs 42.80 per kg on October 24, which is 12.59 per cent higher than a year ago.
• On July 20, the day India banned the export of non-basmati white rice, the all-India daily average retail price of rice was recorded 11.42 per cent higher than a year ago.

HOW DOES INDIA EXPORT RICE? WHAT IS BANNED AND WHAT IS NOT?

• India’s rice exports are broadly categorised into basmati and non-basmati rice.
• The non-basmati rice category includes 6 sub-categories— rice in husk of seed quality; other rice in husk; husked (brown) rice; rice parboiled; non-basmati white rice; and broken rice.
• While the government has banned export of two sub-categories of broken rice and non-basmati white rice, there is no ban on the remaining four sub-categories.

BASMATI RICE:

• Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, UAE, and Yemen were the top 5 destinations of Indian basmati during 2022-23.
• In all, India exported basmati to 149 countries during the last financial year.
• During the first five months (April-August) of the current financial year (2023-24), the basmati rice export has reached 20 lakh metric tonnes.

NON-BASMATI RICE:

• The non-basmati rice includes varieties like Sona Masuri and Jeera rice.
• In financial year 2022-23 (April-March), India exported 177.91 lakh metric tonnes of non-basmati rice.
• The other three categories accounted for a lower quantity: other rice in husk; rice in husk of seed quality; and husked (brown) rice.

NON-BASMATI WHITE RICE:

• Benin, Madagascar, Kenya, Cote D’ Ivoire, Mozambique, Togo and Nepal were among the top 10 buyers of India’s non-basmati white rice.
• In all, India exported the non-basmati white rice to 142 countries during 2022-23. Most of these countries were poor, and were located in Africa.
• When exports got banned exports, the quantity of grain shipped out marginally declined.
• The number of countries importing Indian non-basmati white rice declined to 25.

BROKEN RICE:

• Before India banned export of broken rice, every month 40 countries imported over 4 lakh tonnes of broken rice from India.
• After New Delhi banned the export of broken rice, the number of countries declined to 21 in September, and to 6 in October.
• In the financial year 2022-23, India’s broken export stood at 30.49 lakh metric tonnes, of which a maximum 12.80 lakh metric tonnes was exported to China, followed by Senegal (10.26 lakh metric tonnes), and Indonesia (1.94 lakh metric tonnes).

PAR-BOILED RICE:

• There is no ban on export of this category of rice from India.
• In the current financial year, Benin, Guinea, Togo, Somalia and Vietnam are the top five buyers of Indian par-boiled rice.

HUSKED (BROWN) RICE:

• The husked (brown) rice is the type of rice from which only the husk has been removed, while the brown rice is unpolished rice.
• Netherlands, UK, USA, Saudi Arabia, and Canada were top 5 buyers of this category of rice during the last financial year.
• In the first five months of the current financial year, only 7,146 metric tonnes of husked (brown) rice have been exported.

RICE IN HUSK OF SEED QUALITY:

• In the financial year 2022-23, a quantity of 19,681 metric tonnes of ‘rice in husk of seed quality’ was exported.
• In the first five months of the current financial year, the export of this category of rice stood at 10,697 metric tonnes.

OTHER RICE IN HUSK:

• India exported a quantity of 4.61 lakh metric tonnes of ‘Other Rice in Husk’ during 2022-23, of which almost 99 per cent went to Nepal.
• In the current financial year, a quantity of 2.02 lakh metric tonnes of this category of rice during the first five months.
• Of this, almost the entire quantity has been exported to Nepal.

RICE PROCUREMENT, REQUIREMENT:

• Total production of rice during 2022-23 is estimated to be at a record 1357.55 lakh tonnes.
• It is higher by 62.84 lakh tonnes than previous year’s Rice production of 1294.71 lakh tonnes and by 153.65 lakh tonnes than the last five years’ average production of 1203.90 lakh tonnes.
• Procurement is on for the kharif marketing season (KMS) 2023-24.
• A quantity of 56.04 lakh metric tonnes of paddy has been procured from 8 states—Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal.
• Under the National Food Security Act, 2013, the monthly requirement (allocation) of rice is about 32 lakh tonnes.
• Taking into consideration other welfare schemes including ICDS, PM-Poshan, the monthly requirement is 35 lakh metric tonnes.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/india-bans-exports-of-some-rice-explained-9004685/lite/

1. TECTONIC PLATES ON VENUS

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: As per a new study, Venus, often referred to as Earth’s sister planet, may have experienced tectonic activity about 4.5 billion to 3.5 billion years ago.

EXPLANATION:

• This tectonic movement is believed to have played a crucial role in shaping Venus’s carbon dioxide- and nitrogen-rich atmosphere.
• The research raises the possibility that ancient Venus could have supported microbial life, indicating that Earth and Venus might have shared similar conditions in the distant past.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE STUDY:

• Tectonic Activity on Venus:
  • The study explores the idea that plate tectonics, a geological process responsible for shaping Earth’s surface, may have also operated on Venus billions of years ago.
  • Plate tectonics involves the movement of large pieces of a planet’s outer shell, leading to the formation of continents, oceans, and mountains.

• Impact on Venus’s Atmosphere:
  • The researchers suggest that this ancient tectonic activity could have influenced Venus’s atmosphere.
  • Today, Venus’s atmosphere is primarily composed of carbon dioxide (96.5%) and nitrogen (less than 3.5%).
  • The study proposes that these tectonic processes contributed to the planet’s unique atmospheric composition.

• Potential for Ancient Life:
  • The presence of tectonic activity on Venus in the distant past opens the possibility that microbial life could have existed there.
  • This finding underscores the similarities between Earth and Venus in terms of geological processes and conditions conducive to life.

• Changes Over Time:
  • While Venus and Earth share many similarities in terms of size, mass, density, and volume, they have evolved differently.
  • The study suggests that Venus may have transitioned from early tectonic activity to a “stagnant lid” model where the planet’s surface has a single, largely immobile plate, limiting gas release into the atmosphere.

• Planetary Transitions:
  • The research challenges the notion that planets maintain a single tectonic state throughout their existence.
  • It suggests that planets, including Earth and Venus, may transition between different tectonic states, which could impact their habitability.

• Future Exploration:
• • The upcoming NASA mission to Venus, DAVINCI, is expected to provide further insights and potentially confirm the findings of this study.
  • Researchers are also interested in understanding how and why Venus lost its plate tectonics over time.

CONCLUSION:

• In essence, this study highlights the intriguing possibility of tectonic activity on ancient Venus and its role in shaping the planet’s atmosphere and habitability.
• It underscores the dynamic nature of planets and how they can transition between different geological states.
• The upcoming mission to Venus offers an opportunity to gather more data and expand our understanding of Earth’s enigmatic sister planet.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/science-technology/earth-like-tectonic-plates-on-ancient-venus-may-explain-its-carbon-dioxide-nitrogen-rich-atmosphere-92513

2. DRAFT OF BILLS REPLACING CRIMINAL LAWS

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs postponed its adoption of a draft report on three Bills seeking to replace the existing criminal laws.

EXPLANATION:

• The panel has scheduled its next meeting for November 6, which gives members an additional week to review the draft report and offer their suggestions.
• The committee aims to have the report ready for the Winter Session of Parliament.

WHY THE DELAY?

• Late Release of Draft Report:
  • The English version of the draft report was shared one week before and the Hindi version was given to members of the Parliamentary panel only hours before it was set to be adopted.
  • This short notice didn’t sit well with some members.

• Opposition’s Discontent:
  • Three members have registered their objections.
  • They’re calling for various alterations in the proposed Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, meant to replace the Indian Penal Code, and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, which is set to replace the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC).
  • More objections are anticipated.

• Dispute Over Hindi Nomenclature:
  • The use of Hindi names for the Bills has been a source of disagreement.
  • The panel’s draft report argues that since the text of the Bill is in English, it doesn’t go against the provisions of the Constitution, which specify that English should be used in the Supreme Court and High Courts, as well as for Acts, Bills, and legal documents.

• Inadequate Consultation:
  • The Opposition members have expressed concerns about the limited consultations on the proposed bills.
  • They believe that given the extensive changes in the criminal laws, it’s vital to have more talks with state governments and concerned parties.

• Request for More Time:
• • Opposition members have requested an extension of at least three months to finalize the committee’s report on the bills.
  • They’re worried that rushing through these laws for short-term political gains could undermine the legislative scrutiny process.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliamentary-panel-on-home-affairs-withholds-draft-report-on-bills-replacing-criminal-laws/article67466923.ece/amp/

3. AVAIN FLU

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Scientists have detected the presence of avian flu for the first time in the Antarctic region, raising concerns for remote populations of penguins and seals.

EXPLANATION:

• Scientists from the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) have identified the presence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), commonly known as avian flu, in the Antarctic region for the first time.
• This discovery raises concerns for the welfare of remote populations of penguins and seals.
• The virus, which affects birds and can be deadly, was detected in brown skua (a predatory seabird) populations on Bird Island, South Georgia.
• It is suspected that it might have reached the region from South America.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE FINDINGS:

• The virus may have been introduced to the Antarctic region from South America.
• Scientists have observed HPAI outbreaks in Europe, North America, South Africa, and South America, heightening concerns about its spread to vulnerable Antarctic wildlife.
• Threat to Wildlife:
  • Avian flu primarily affects birds, and highly pathogenic strains like H5 and H7 can cause high mortality in wild bird populations.
  • The virus can also be transmitted to mammals, particularly through predators and scavengers that feed on infected birds.

• Previous Outbreaks:
  • In 2022 and 2023, HPAI H5N1 rapidly spread in South America, impacting seabird populations.
  • It travelled southward, affecting 500,000 seabirds and causing significant outbreaks in marine mammals, resulting in the deaths of 20,000 South American sea lions.

• Response:
  • The BAS and the Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) are closely monitoring the situation and have implemented enhanced biosecurity measures.
  • They are working together to manage the outbreak.

• Most Vulnerable Species:
  • According to the researchers’ risk assessment, gulls, skuas, birds of prey, terns, shorebirds, fur seals, sea lions, and other marine mammals are considered the most vulnerable species to avian flu.

• High-Risk Regions:
• • The sub-Antarctic islands located between the southern tip of South America and the Antarctic Peninsula, including the Falkland Islands, are identified as high-risk regions due to the presence of various vulnerable wildlife groups.

AVIAN FLU:

• Avian influenza or bird flu refers to the disease caused by infection with avian (bird) influenza (flu) Type A viruses.
• These viruses naturally spread among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species.
• Bird flu viruses do not normally infect humans.
• However, sporadic human infections with bird flu viruses have occurred.

CONCLUSION:

• The detection of avian flu in the Antarctic region raises concerns for the well-being of penguins, seals, and other wildlife.
• The virus’s potential impact on these vulnerable species highlights the importance of ongoing monitoring, research, and biosecurity measures to mitigate the spread of this disease.
• Steps should be taken to avoid the consequences on the unique ecosystems of the Antarctic region.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/first-cases-of-avian-flu-found-in-antarctic-region-92514

4. INDIA AND QATAR’S ENERGY SHARE

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The death sentence given to eight former personnel of the Indian Navy by a court in Qatar presents the biggest challenge yet to New Delhi’s historically friendly ties with Doha.

EXPLANATION:

• In the relationship between nations, trade relations play a significant role.
• In the case of India and Qatar, the balance of trade is tilted heavily in the Qatar’s favour — which means imports from Qatar far outweigh India’s exports.
• The nature of the trade, which is dominated by a commodity that is very important to India, now and for the foreseeable future, also provides Qatar significant influence.
• It is India’s largest source of liquefied natural gas (LNG) — gas that has been super cooled to liquid form so that it can be transported by sea — accounting for more than half of overall import volumes of the fuel.
• Indeed, LNG is at the heart of the trade relationship, it makes up almost 50% of overall Indian imports (by value) from Qatar.

GAS IMPORT DEPENDENCY:

• India’s import dependency in natural gas is around 50%.
• Given the government’s concerted push to increase natural gas consumption, imports are only likely to rise in the coming years, even if domestic production of natural gas increases.
• Government-owned Petronet LNG, India’s largest LNG importer, has a long-term contract with Qatar for the import of 8.5 million tonnes per annum (mtpa) of LNG.
• India has set itself an ambitious target to increase the share of natural gas in the primary energy mix to 15% by 2030 from a little more than 6% at present.
• This is bound to result in a rapid increase in LNG imports over the next few years.
• Natural gas is seen as a significantly cleaner alternative to conventional petroleum fuels like diesel and petrol, and is usually cheaper than crude oil.
• For India, which has an import dependency of over 85% in crude, gas is both more affordable and a better transition fuel in the energy transition pathway.
• Given this situation with India’s energy security concerns and ambitions, the case of the retired Navy personnel presents a sensitive challenge for Indian diplomacy.

INDIA, QATAR, AND LNG:

• India’s total imports from Qatar in FY2022-23 were valued at $16.81 billion, of which LNG imports alone were worth $8.32 billion, or 49.5%.
• India’s other major imports from Qatar are also fossil fuel-linked commodities and products, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), plastics, and other petrochemicals.
• On the other hand, India’s exports to Qatar were valued at just $1.97 billion in FY2022-23.
• The major exports include cereals, copper articles, iron and steel articles, vegetables, fruits, spices, and processed food products.
• India imported a total 19.85 million tonnes of LNG in FY23, of which 10.74 million tonnes, or 54%, came from Qatar.
• This means that apart from the 8.5 million tonnes of LNG that Qatar supplied as part of the Petronet LNG term contract, nearly 2.25 million tonnes of additional gas was purchased from Qatar.
• While Indian LNG importers, predominantly the public sector oil and gas companies continue to make efforts to diversify sourcing, it could be years before the high reliance on Qatar can be reduced to a meaningful extent.

THE GLOBAL LNG MARKET:

• The global LNG market is a seller’s market after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the sanctions that have disrupted Russian natural gas supplies to Europe.
• After the war broke out, prices, particularly of LNG spot cargoes, surged globally.
• The war has put Qatar, the world’s largest exporter of LNG, in a unique position of strength.
• According to industry experts, the extreme price volatility of the past couple of years in global LNG markets has established that term contracts, and not spot purchases.
• This has pushed LNG importers all over the world, including India, to scout for long-term contracts with major suppliers, of whom Qatar is the foremost.
• Over the past few weeks, Doha has announced 27-year LNG supply deals with French, Dutch, and Italian energy majors.
• In the preceding months, it had signed long-term contracts to supply LNG to China and Germany.
• Petronet’s term contract runs out in 2028, and negotiations for an extension are currently under way. India is also looking to sign more long-term LNG contracts.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/natural-gas-lng-india-qatar-relations-9002396/lite/

5. ISRAEL AND PALESTINIAN TRUCE

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the United Nations General Assembly called for an immediate humanitarian truce between Israel and Palestinian militants Hamas and demanded aid access to the besieged Gaza Strip and protection of civilians.

EXPLANATION:

• The resolution drafted by the Arab states is not legally binding, but politically significant.
• It passed to a round of applause with 120 votes in favour, while 45 abstained including India and 14 including Israel and the United States voted against.
• The General Assembly voted after the Security Council failed four times in the past two weeks to take action.
• A two-thirds majority was needed for the resolution to pass, in which abstentions do not count.

ASSEMBLY STRESSES PREVENTING WIDER WAR:

• The assembly stressed the “importance of preventing further destabilization and escalation of violence in the region”.
• It called on “all parties to exercise maximum restraint and work toward this objective.”
• The General Assembly asked Israel to rescind its order for civilians in Gaza to move to the south of the enclave.
• Israel ordered some 1.1 million people in Gaza – almost half the population to move south on Oct. 12.
• The General Assembly also “firmly rejects any attempts at the forced transfer of the Palestinian civilian population.”
• Israel has vowed to wipe out Hamas, which rules Gaza, after the militants killed 1,400 people and took hundreds of hostages in the attack three weeks ago that surprised and shocked Israelis.
• Israel has struck Gaza from the air, imposed a siege and is preparing a ground invasion. Palestinian authorities say more than 7,000 have been killed.
• The General Assembly called for “the immediate and unconditional release of all civilians who are being illegally held captive.”
• The initial draft of the resolution put forward by Arab states called for an immediate ceasefire. The resolution adopted “calls for an immediate, durable and sustained humanitarian truce leading to a cessation of hostilities.”
• Israel has rejected calls for a ceasefire because it says Hamas would benefit.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, PLEASE REFER TO THE ISRAEL AND HAMAS NEWS IN THE DNA OF OCTOBER 2023.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/un-overwhelmingly-calls-for-aid-truce-between-israel-and-hamas/article67467892.ece

1. THE GIR COW

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Under the Rashtriya Gokul Mission, only the Gir indigenous cow breed is being promoted.

WHY GIR IS BEING PROMOTED UNDER RGM:

• There are a number of reasons why only the Gir indigenous cow breed is being promoted under the Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM).
• High milk yield:
  • The Gir cow is known for its high milk yield, which can reach up to 18-20 liters per day.
  • It one of the most productive indigenous cow breeds in India.

• Hardiness:
  • The Gir cow is a very hardy breed and is well-suited to the harsh climatic conditions of India.
  • It is also resistant to a number of diseases.

• Adaptability:
  • The Gir cow is also very adaptable to different climates and feed conditions.
  • This makes it a good choice for farmers in different parts of India.

• Demand:
• • There is a high demand for Gir milk and Gir cattle in India and abroad.
  • So, it a profitable breed for farmers to raise.
  • The RGM is focused on increasing milk production and improving the income of farmers.
  • The promotion of the Gir cow breed is seen as one of the most effective ways to achieve these goals.

DRAWBACKS OF PROMOTING ONLY GIR COW UNDER RGM:

• Reduced adaptability:
  • The Gir cow is a breed that is well-suited to the climate of Gujarat, but it may not be as well-suited to other parts of India.
  • This could lead to problems for farmers who raise Gir cows in areas where the climate is different.

• Increased susceptibility to diseases:
  • The Gir cow is more susceptible to certain diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease and lumpy skin disease.
  • This could increase the cost of raising Gir cows and make farmers more vulnerable to losses.

• Reduced genetic diversity:
• • The promotion of a single breed of cow can lead to a decrease in genetic diversity.
  • It will make the cattle population more vulnerable to diseases and pests.

RASHTRIYA GOKUL MISSION (RGM):

• It is under the ambit of Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying.
• RGM is being implemented for development and conservation of indigenous bovine breeds since December 2014.
• The scheme is important in enhancing milk production and productivity of bovines to meet growing demand of milk and making dairying more remunerative to the rural farmers of the country.
• The scheme is also continued under umbrella scheme Rashtriya Pashudhan Vikas Yojna from 2021 to 2026 with a budget outlay of Rs.2400 crore.
• The RGM will result in enhanced productivity and benefit of the programme, percolating to all cattle and buffaloes of India especially with small and marginal farmers.
• This programme will also benefit women in particular since over 70% of the work involved in livestock farming is undertaken by women.

OBJECTIVES OF THE RGM:

• To enhance productivity of bovines and increasing milk production in a sustainable manner using advance technologies.
• To propagate use of high genetic merit bulls for breeding purposes.
• To enhance Artificial insemination coverage through strengthening breeding network and delivery of Artificial insemination services at farmers doorstep.
• To promote indigenous cattle & buffalo rearing and conservation in a scientific and holistic manner.

COMPONENTS OF RGM:

• Availability of High genetic Merit Germplasm
  • Bull Production Programme
  • Support to semen stations: Strengthening of existing semen stations.
  • Implementation of IVF Technology
  • Breed Multiplication Farms
• Extension of Artificial Insemination Network
  • Nationwide AI programme
  • Using sex sorted semen for getting assured pregnancy
  • Implementation of National Digital Livestock Mission (Livestack)

• Skill Development
• Farmers Awareness
• Research Development and Innovation in Bovine Breeding
• Development and Conservation of indigenous Breeds
  • Assistance to Gaushalas, Gosadans and Pinjarapoles
  • Administrative expenditure/ operation of Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/only-the-gir-indigenous-cow-breed-is-being-promoted-under-rashtriya-gokul-mission-here-is-why-92366

2. AUTOMATED PERMANENT ACADEMIC ACCOUNT REGISTRY (APAAR)

TAG: GS 2: GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: To create the Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry (APAAR), a new student identity card, state governments requested schools to seek parental consent.

EXPLANATION:

• It is a part of the ‘One nation, One Student ID’ initiative of the Union government, stemming from the new National Education Policy of 2020.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF APAAR?

• It is envisioned as a special ID system for all students in India, starting from childhood.
• Under the initiative, each student would get a lifelong APAAR ID, making it easy for the learners, schools, and governments to track academic progress from pre-primary education to higher education.
• It would also serve as a gateway to Digilocker, a digital system where students can store their important documents and achievements, and use them in the future for, say, pursuing higher education or finding a job.

WHAT IS THE NEED TO INTRODUCE?

• The goal behind introducing APAAR is to make education hassle-free and reduce the need for students to carry physical documents.
• This initiative was launched as part of the National Education Policy 2020 by the Education Ministry.
• The vision is to create a positive change, allowing state governments to track literacy rates, dropout rates, and more, helping them make improvements.
• APAAR also aims to reduce fraud and duplicate educational certificates by providing a single, trusted reference for educational institutions.
• Only first party sources that issue certificates will be allowed to deposit credits into the system, ensuring authenticity.

HOW DOES THE GOVERNMENT ENVISION APAAR ID TO WORK?

• Every individual will have a unique APAAR ID, which will be linked to the Academic Bank Credit (ABC), which is a digital storehouse that contains information of the credits earned by students throughout their learning journey.
• With the APAAR ID, students would be able to store all their certificates and credits, whether they come from formal education or informal learning.
• When a student completes a course or achieves something, it’s digitally certified and securely stored in her account by authorised institutions.
• If the student changes schools, whether within the state or to another state, all her data in the ABC gets transferred to her new school just by sharing the APAAR ID. No need to provide physical documents or transfer certificates.

CONCERNS REGARDING APAAR:

• Parents and students have concerns about sharing their Aadhar details because they worry that their personal information could be leaked to outside parties.
• The government says that the information shared by students will be kept confidential.
• It will not be shared with any third party except for entities engaged in educational activities, such as the Unified District Information System for Education Plus or the UDISE+ database.
  • It is the government’s catalogue that contains data related to schools, teachers and students, scholarships, maintenance academic records, educational institutions and recruitment agencies.
• At any given time, students have the option to stop sharing their information with the mentioned parties, and their data processing will be halted.
• However, any personal data already processed will remain unaffected if consent is withdrawn.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/one-nation-one-student-id-apaar-explained-9000086/

3. ANAMALAI TIGER RESERVE (ATR)

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: A committee headed by Anamalai Tiger Reserve (ATR) field director visited the enclosure at the Manthirimattam reserve forest area of the Manamobolly forest range to assess the progress of the rewilding of a sub-adult tiger.

EXPLANATION:

• The committee assessed the health of the tiger and analysed CCTV footage to know the hunting talents of the sub-adult tiger.
• The committee also discussed:
  • The selection of sites where the tiger could be released in future,
  • The fixing of a radio-collar during the release of the tiger, and
  • Constituting a squad to monitor the animal after its release.
• The tiger was rescued from a tea estate near Valparai in September 2021.
• It is claimed that the committee would submit a detailed report to the Chief Wildlife Warden, after which a decision will be taken on releasing the animal into the wild.

WHAT IS REWILDING?

• Rewilding is a conservation strategy used to promote biodiversity in ecosystems by reintroducing plant and animal species that have been driven out, largely due to humans.
• Bringing these species back into a certain environment can help struggling ecosystems self-regulate and return to their natural processes.
• For many conservationists, or those who work to protect and preserve the natural environment, rewilding is as much an activity of the heart as of the land.

ANAMALAI TIGER RESERVE (ATR):

• Anamalai Tiger Reserve was declared as a Tiger reserve in the year 2007.
• There are two Divisions and six ranges in this Reserve.
• The ranges found in this reserve include Amaravathi and Udumalpet falling in Thiruppur Division and Pollachi, Ulandy, Valparai and Manamboli in Pollachi Division.
• It is located on the southern side of the South Western Ghat landscape.
• It is surrounded by Parambikulum Tiger Reserve on the East, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary and Eravikulum National Park on the South Western side.
• The reserve is also surrounded by Nenmara, Vazhachal, Malayattur and Marayur reserved forests of Kerala.
• The Kariyan shola, Grass hills and Manjampatti of Anamalai Tiger Reserve has been identified as a world heritage site by the UNESCO.

FLORA:

• Around 2500 species of angiosperms are found in the Anamalai Tiger Reserve, with several species of Balsam, Crotalaria, Orchids and Kurinchi.
• The reserve is rich in wild relatives of cultivated species like mango, jackfruit, wild plantain etc.

FAUNA:

• The reserve supports several species of endangered wild animals.
• There are 70 species of fishes, more than 70 species of amphibians, 120 species of reptiles, 300 species of birds and 80 species of mammals.
• The important mammals include: Asiatic elephant, Sambar, Spotted deer, Barking deer, Mouse deer, Gaur, Nilgiri tahr etc.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/committee-assesses-progress-of-tamil-nadus-first-tiger-rewilding-programme/article67462247.ece/amp/

4. GREEN HYDROGEN

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: As per a study by environmental and energy think-tank, Climate Risk Horizons (CRH), India’s plans to produce ‘green hydrogen’ might end up worsening pollution if proper checks and balances are not in place.

EXPLANATION:

• India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission, piloted by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) expects to manufacture five million tonnes by 2030.
• It would require the installation of renewable energy capacity worth 125 GW and the use of 250,000 gigawatt-hr units of power, equivalent to about 13% of India’s present electricity generation.
• As of August 2023, India’s total renewable energy (RE) capacity (excluding hydropower dams bigger than 25 MW) stood at 131 GW; the 2030 green hydrogen plan thus envisages adding an equivalent RE capacity by 2030.
• This is over and above the 500 GW of RE capacity that India has committed to install by 2030 as part of its Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement.
• India installed only 15 GW of new solar and wind capacity in 2023, against the 45 GW per year needed to reach the 2030 target.

COAL-BASED POWER USAGE:

• The MNRE has defined green hydrogen as hydrogen produced in a way that emits no more than 2 kg of carbon dioxide per kg of such hydrogen.
• Currently, producing 1 kg of ‘grey hydrogen’ ends up emitting 9 kg of carbon dioxide.
• The main concern is that if electrolysers, which split water to produce hydrogen and oxygen, were run 24×7, they would be expected to operate even at night when no solar power is available.
• This would then mean tapping into conventional coal-fired electricity.
• If electricity comes from India’s coal-powered grid in general, it will increase carbon emissions, since about 70% of the electricity on the grid is coal.
• Most projects have not disclosed their source of electricity. It is also not clear if those few projects that have committed to meet 100% of their requirement from these sources.

COSTLY DIVERSION:

• Another challenge is that India’s standards allow the use of biomass which also results in carbon emissions when burnt for the production of green hydrogen.
• Moreover, diverting scarce renewable energy capacity towards the production of green hydrogen might mean inadequate clean electricity being made available for consumers.
• India’s ambitious renewable energy target of 450 GW by 2030 already requires huge investment.
• The green hydrogen mission will require an additional 125 GW of RE.
• The MNRE needs to guard against the risk that finance for RE projects that would otherwise decarbonise the electricity grid will instead be diverted to produce green hydrogen.
• This would delay India’s journey to net zero, undermine a nascent industry, and deny States and electricity consumers the cost benefits that cheap renewable energy has to offer.
• Several large power utilities in India have announced ambitious plans to scale up green hydrogen production.
• The Centre’s green hydrogen mission has committed nearly ₹20,000 crore to develop and expand the industry.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/indias-green-hydrogen-mission-runs-risk-of-pollution-sans-accounting-study/article67462156.ece

5. REFERENCE FUEL

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY, GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Indian Oil launches country’s first reference fuel.

EXPLANATION:

• The Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) launched India’s first gasoline and diesel reference fuels to meet the demand of the country.
• These fuels have higher specifications, are critical for calibrating and testing by automobile manufacturers and testing agencies like the International Centre for Automotive Technology (ICAT) and the Automotive Research Association of India.
• These reference fuels are used by automobile manufacturers for testing vehicles and ensuring their operability under various global climatic conditions.
• These are essential for the development of engines and the assessment of vehicle performance.
• These reference fuels are required by automobile manufacturers to meet international benchmarks.

REDUCING DEPENDENCE ON IMPORTS: 

• India has relied on imports for decades to meet the demand for these specialized fuels. These indigenously developed products will replace imports ensuring a reliable supply at lower cost for vehicle manufacturers and testing agencies.
• The production of these specialized reference fuels by Indian Oil aims to reduce India’s dependence on imports from European and US companies.

DOMESTIC DEMAND AND EXPORT POTENTIAL: 

• The current demand for gasoline reference fuel in India is approximately 120 kilo litre (KL) per annum, while the demand for diesel reference fuel is around 15 KL per annum.
• Indian Oil intends to fully meet the domestic demand and also explore the possibility of exporting these fuels in the future by expanding its production capacity.

GOVERNMENT’S VISION:

• The production of these reference fuels aligns with the Indian government’s vision of “AtmaNirbhar Bharat” or self-reliant India, as promoted by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
• It signifies a step toward reducing reliance on imports and enhancing domestic capabilities.

SOURCE: https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/indian-oil-launches-countrys-first-reference-fuel-to-fully-meet-domestic-demand-11604911.html

1. EVOLUTION OF UNITED NATIONS

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The Charter of the United Nations is the founding document of the United Nations. It was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945.

EXPLANATION:

• The United Nations was founded amid a period of turmoil in international relations. The Second World War (1939-45) had just ended, coming a few years after the devastation caused by the First World War (1914-18).

THE BIRTH OF THE UNITED NATIONS:

• The United Nations (UN) was born on October 24, 1945, in the wake of World War II.
• The war had devastated much of the world and left millions of people dead. The leaders of the Allied powers were determined to prevent such a catastrophe from happening again.
• On August 14, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter, which set out the principles of a post-war world order based on peace, security, and cooperation.
• In 1942, 26 countries signed the Declaration by United Nations, which pledged to fight together against the Axis powers and to establish a new international organization to maintain peace and security.
• In 1944, representatives of 50 nations attended the founding conference in San Francisco, where they drafted the UN charter.
• The required number of nations ratified the charter on October 24, 1945 (officially United Nations Day).
• The Charter was finalized at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco, California, in 1945.
• The Charter was signed by 51 countries on June 26, 1945, and came into force on October 24, 1945.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE UN:

• While at the time of its formation, the UN consisted of only 51 member states.
• Independence movements and de-colonisation in the subsequent years led to an expansion of its membership. At present, 193 countries are members of the UN.
• The UN boasts of several significant achievements in the last 75 years.
• It has also expanded its scope to cover a large number of global issues such as health, environment, women empowerment, among others.
• Soon after its formation, it passed a resolution to commit to the elimination of nuclear weapons in 1946.
• In 1948, it created the World Health Organisation (WHO) to deal with communicable diseases like smallpox, malaria, HIV.
• At present the WHO is the apex organisation dealing with the coronavirus pandemic.
• In 1950, the UN created the High Commissioner for Refugees to take care of the millions who had been displaced due to World War II.
• It continues to be on the frontlines of crises faced by refugees from countries across the world.
• In 1972, the UN environment programme was created.

FAILURES OF THE UN:

• The UN has also met with its share of criticisms.
• In 1994 the organisation failed to stop the Rwandan genocide.
• In 2005, UN peacekeeping missions were accused of sexual misconduct in the Republic of Congo, and similar allegations have also come from Cambodia and Haiti.
• In 2011, the UN peacekeeping mission in South Sudan was unsuccessful in eliminating the bloodshed caused by the civil war that broke out in 2013.
• Further, the UN has been seen as unrepresentative of its members, particularly countries in the Global South.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/united-nations-founded-history-1945-evolution-explained-8997530/

2. MIGRATION TO OECD COUNTRIES

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: As per the ‘International Migration Outlook 2023, India saw the highest migration flows to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in 2021 and 2022.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• India replaced China as the main country of origin of new migrants to OECD countries in 2020.
• In 2021, for the second consecutive year, India, with 0.41 million new migrants, was the top country of origin.
• China, with 0.23 million new migrants, was at a distant second, followed by Romania with around 200,000 new migrants.
• In terms of nationalities, 0.13 million Indian citizens acquired the nationality of an OECD country in 2021.
• As in previous years, these acquisitions took place mostly in the United States (56,000), Australia (24,000) and Canada (21,000).
• Mexico again ranked second in 2021, with 0.19 million Mexicans granted nationality of another OECD country, virtually all of them becoming US citizens.
• Inflows of refugees from Ukraine reached the highest level on record, OECD-wide, due to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war.
• In terms of workers, migration flows from India (+172 per cent), Uzbekistan (+122 per cent) and Turkey (+240 per cent) rose sharply, making them primary countries of origin after Ukraine.
• It pointed out that policy responses to displacement directly and indirectly impacted by climate change have been gaining interest from policy makers and the international community.
• Few OECD countries have introduced explicit policies to respond to climate-induced displacement.
  • In April 2023, Colombia’s Congress began discussing a bill to recognise climate-induced displacement, the first of its kind in Latin America.
  • Adopting a broad definition of climate-displaced people, it sought to prioritise access to housing, health services and education and to establish a national register of climate-displaced people.
  • The bill has received approval in the first of four rounds of discussion required to pass.

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OUTLOOK 2023:

• It is published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
• The 2023 edition of International Migration Outlook analyses recent developments in migration movements and the labour market inclusion of immigrants in OECD countries.
• It also analysed recent policy changes in migration governance and integration in OECD countries.
• This edition includes two special chapters on the labour market integration of migrant mothers and on fertility patterns among migrant populations in OECD countries.
• The Outlook also includes country notes and a detailed statistical annex.

ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD):

• It is a group of 38 member countries that discuss and develop economic and social policy.
• The most recent country to join the OECD is Costa Rica, which became a member on May 25, 2021.
• Members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) are typically democratic countries that support free-market economies.
• The stated goal of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is to shape policies that foster prosperity, equality, opportunity and well-being for all.
• The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was established on Dec. 14, 1960, by 18 European nations, plus the United States and Canada.
• The organization is headquartered in the Chateau de la Muette in Paris, France.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/nearly-half-a-million-indians-migrated-to-oecd-countries-in-2021-report-92454

3. GHOST PARTICLE DETECTOR

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: China is building an enormous telescope called “Trident” in the western Pacific Ocean to detect “ghost particles”, also known as neutrinos.

GHOST PARTICLES/ NEUTRINOS:

• To understand what a ghost particle or neutrino is, firstly, understand the importance of atoms.
• Atoms make up our universe. Anything that has mass is made up of atoms.
• For a long time, scientists thought atoms were the smallest particle in existence before discovering “subatomic” particles: protons (which have a positive charge), electrons (negative charge) and neutrons (no charge).
• Neutrinos are a type of electron but, like neutrons, they do not have any charge.
• They are among the most abundant and tiniest particles in our universe with trillions of neutrinos passing through you at any given second.
• Neutrinos were long believed to be massless, until scientists found evidence that they do have a very small mass.
• Neutrinos’ weak charge and almost non-existent mass have made them notoriously difficult for scientists to observe. They can only be “seen” when they interact with other particles.
• The rarity of interactions with other particles makes them almost impossible to track. That’s why they’re called ghost particles.

HOW DO SCIENTISTS DETECT GHOST PARTICLES?

• Ghost particles rarely interact with other particles.
• China is building its ghost molecule telescope underwater because they interact with water molecules.
• Scientists have observed ghost particles in fleeting instances when the particles create byproducts after traveling through water or ice.
• These “muons” create flashes of light that can be detected by sophisticated underwater telescopes and offer one of the few ways to study the energy and source of neutrinos.
  • Muons are similar to electrons but weigh more than 207 times as much. The muon is part of the lepton group.
• The largest neutrino-detecting telescope is the University of Madison-Wisconson’s “IceCube” telescope.
• Situated deep in the Antarctic, the telescope’s sensors span around 1 cubic kilometer. Whereas China telescope will span 7.5 cubic kilometers in the South China Sea.
• Scientists say that its size will allow it to detect more neutrinos and make it “10,000 times more sensitive” than existing underwater telescopes.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/china-largest-ghost-particle-detector-neutrinos-explained-8997219/

4. DOKLAM CONFLICT

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: India has cautioned Bhutan against compromising on the Doklam corridor under Chinese pressure as talks between Bhutan and China to settle their boundary disputes gain momentum.

EXPLANATION:

• Bhutan and China held their 25th round of boundary talks on August 18-19, 2023, in Beijing, China. The talks were the first in seven years, after the previous round was held in 2016.
• The talks were led by Bhutan’s Foreign Minister and China’s Vice Foreign Minister.
• Both sides agreed to expedite the boundary demarcation process and to work towards a comprehensive settlement of the boundary dispute.
• China also pushed for full diplomatic ties with Bhutan during the talks. However, Bhutan has so far resisted Chinese pressure to establish formal diplomatic relations.

BACKGROUND:

• The Kingdom of Bhutan and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) have never formally demarcated their 470-kilometre (292 mi) border, which has been disputed since the 17th century.
• Since 1984, both sides have held 24 rounds of formal talks in an attempt to resolve the dispute, but no solution has been reached.
• The Chinese government claims the Doklam Plateau as its territory, while the Bhutanese and Indian government’s claim it as a part of Bhutan.
• In June 2017, a Chinese construction team began building a road near Bhutan’s Doklam Plateau.
• The Bhutanese government objected to the construction, stating that it was violating Bhutan’s sovereignty.
• The Indian government also objected to the construction, stating that it was a violation of the trijunction agreement between India, China, and Bhutan.
• The two sides engaged in a standoff for over two months, before the Chinese government withdrew its troops in August 2017.
• The Doklam issue remains unresolved, and both sides continue to assert their claims to the territory.
• The issue is sensitive because it involves the strategic Siliguri Corridor, which connects India’s northeast to the rest of the country.
• The Chinese government could potentially use its control of Doklam to threaten the Siliguri Corridor and cut off India’s northeast from the rest of the country.

INDIA’S INVOLVEMENT

• India has a long history of supporting Bhutan’s territorial integrity.
• India also has a strategic interest in the Doklam Plateau, as it overlooks the Siliguri Corridor.
• In 2017, India intervened in support of Bhutan when China began building a road near the Doklam Plateau.
• India sent troops to deter China from continuing the construction.
• The Indian government has stated that it is committed to upholding the trijunction agreement between India, China, and Bhutan.

Doklam is important to India for a number of reasons:

• First, it provides India with a strategic advantage over China.
• The Doklam plateau overlooks the Siliguri Corridor, a narrow strip of land that connects India’s northeast with the rest of the country.
• China could potentially use its control of Doklam to threaten the Siliguri Corridor and cut off India’s northeast from the rest of the country.
• Second, Doklam is a key transit point for trade between India and Bhutan.
• India is Bhutan’s largest trading partner, and Doklam is a major route for goods that travel from India to Bhutan.
• If China were to control Doklam, it could disrupt this trade and damage the Bhutanese economy.

CHINA’S INVOLVEMENT

• The Chinese government claims the Doklam Plateau as its territory.
• China has stated that it is willing to negotiate with Bhutan to resolve the boundary dispute, but China has also stated that it will not give up its claims to the Doklam Plateau.
• The Chinese government has accused India of interfering in the boundary dispute between China and Bhutan.
• China has also stated that India’s presence in the Doklam Plateau is a violation of Chinese sovereignty.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bhutan-china-want-deal-on-boundaries-soon/article67455065.ece

5. FAST RADIO BURSTS (FRB)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT:  Scientists have measured the most distant fast radio burst named “FRB 20220610A” ever detected: an 8-billion-year-old pulse that has been travelling for more than half the lifetime of the universe.

FAST RADIO BURSTS (FRB):

• FRBs are enigmatic millisecond-duration bursts of radio waves that originate from galaxies billions of light-years away.
• Their origin is still a mystery, but scientists believe that they may be produced by neutron star mergers, supernovae, or other cataclysmic events.
• FRB 20220610A was discovered using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope.
• ASKAP’s wide field of view allowed the astronomers to pinpoint the location of the burst to within a few arcseconds.
• Follow-up observations with the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile revealed that the source of FRB 20220610A is a faint galaxy that is 8 billion light-years away.
• This makes FRB 20220610A the most distant FRB ever detected, and the oldest FRB ever seen.

IMPLICATIONS OF THE DISCOVERY OF FRB 20220610A:

• FRBs can occur in a wide range of environments.
  • FRB 20220610A was detected in a faint galaxy, which is different from the majority of FRBs that have been detected so far.
  • This suggests that FRBs can occur in a wider range of environments than previously thought.

• FRBs may be more common than previously thought.
  • This is because FRB 20220610A is the most distant FRB ever detected, and therefore the hardest to see.
  • The fact that astronomers were able to detect FRB 20220610A suggests that there could be many more FRBs out there that have not yet been detected.

• FRBs can provide new insights into the early universe.
• • FRB 20220610A is estimated to be 8 billion light-years away, which means that the light from the burst began traveling to Earth when the universe was only half its current age.
  • This makes FRB 20220610A the oldest FRB ever seen.
  • By studying FRBs like FRB 20220610A, astronomers can learn more about the early universe and the conditions that existed at that time.

FUTURE RESEARCH ON FRBS:

• Astronomers are now continuing to study FRBs using a variety of telescopes and instruments. It is hoped that more can be known about the origin of FRBs, their evolution, and their role in the universe.
• One of the key goals of future FRB research is to identify the specific objects that produce FRBs. This will help scientists to better understand the physics of FRBs and their role in the universe.
• Another key goal of future FRB research is to use FRBs to probe the interstellar medium and the intergalactic medium.
• FRBs can travel through space relatively unhindered, so they can be used to study the distribution of matter in the universe.
• FRBs are a new and exciting area of research. By studying FRBs, astronomers can learn more about the universe and the objects that exist within it.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/scientists-trace-powerful-radio-signal-to-most-distant-galaxy-yet/article67453491.ece

1. VIENNA CONVENTION

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Canada asked India to uphold its obligations under the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.

EXPLANATION:

• The Canadian government recalled 41 diplomats posted in India.
• As the tension between the two countries began with Canada accusing India of having a role in murder of the Khalistan leader Hardeep Singh Nijjar in Canada.

What is the Vienna Convention?

• The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations is an international treaty signed by 61 countries in 1961. At present 193 countries are party to the document.
• It puts forth a framework for diplomatic interactions between independent nations and aims to ensure the development of friendly relations among nations.
• The Vienna Convention provides special rules (privileges and immunities) for diplomats, which allows them to act without fear or harassment through enforcement of local laws and to communicate securely with their sending Governments.
• The Vienna Convention also has rules laid out for a withdrawal of a mission. It could take place on grounds of economic or physical security and breach of diplomatic relations.

• Diplomats are granted exemption from certain laws and taxes in the country they are posted.
  • The agents enjoy immunity from the criminal jurisdiction of the receiving State.
  • They are also provided with immunity from its civil and administrative jurisdiction.

Article 29 of the Vienna Convention:

• According to article 29 of the Convention, the person of a diplomatic agent shall be inviolable.
• The person shall not be liable to any form of arrest or detention.
• The receiving State shall treat him with due respect and shall take all appropriate steps to prevent any attack on his person, freedom, or dignity.

What is Article 11.1 of the Vienna Convention?

• Article 11.1 of the Vienna Convention is related to the size of international missions within other countries.
• According to the Article 11.1, In the absence of specific agreement as to the size of the mission, the receiving State may require that the size of a mission be kept within limits considered by it to be reasonable and normal.

Challenges related to Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations: 

• Misuse of diplomatic immunity: Diplomats have been known to take advantage of “diplomatic immunity” to cover up crimes like molestation, sexual assault, and human trafficking. Ex-Bahrainian Consul General used “diplomatic immunity” in 2013 to evade being arrested in connection with a Mumbai molestation case.
• Use of the Convention’s privileges for espionage: The Convention offers undercover intelligence operatives stationed in embassies, who are primarily engaged in espionage within the borders of their host countries, a safety net.
• The convention contains no definition for household or family:  Each country has its own official definition of what constitutes a family. When Western nations use their official definition of a family, many ambassadors from developing nations who have dependent college-bound children or elderly single parents encounter difficulties.

Source:https://www.livemint.com/news/india/explained-what-are-the-vienna-conventions-cited-by-canada-amid-diplomatic-row-with-india-11697809841429.html

2. GAGANYAAN MISSION

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 

THE CONTEXT: Gaganyaan’s first Flight Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1 (TV-D1) is successfully accomplished.

EXPLANATION:

• ISRO announced that the TV-D1 Mission is fully achieved, and the Crew Escape System performed as intended.
• The mission, launched using a special test vehicle (TV), saw the vehicle and Crew Escape System (CES), which enabled the CM to get to a safe distance before it began its drop to splashdown before recovery, sinking in the sea.

• TV-D1 Vehicle: The Liquid propelled single stage Test Vehicle uses a modified VIKAS engine with Crew Module (CM) and Crew Escape System (CES) mounted at its fore end.

Gaganyaan Mission: 

• Under the Gaganyaan Mission, ISRO will be sending three humans to an orbit of 400 km for a 3-day mission and bring them back safely to Earth.
• It is named after the Sanskrit word for craft or vehicle to the sky.
• If it succeeds, India will become only the fourth country to send a human into space after the Soviet Union, the US, and China.
• The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is developing a spacecraft called the Orbital Module, which is made up of a crew module and a service module.
• Orbital Module (OM): OM that will be Orbiting Earth. OM is equipped with state-of-the-art avionics systems with adequate redundancy considering human safety.
• Crew module (CM): It is a habitable space with Earth like environment in space for the crew. It is of double walled construction consisting of pressurized metallic Inner Structure and unpressurised External Structure with Thermal Protection System (TPS). It houses the crew interfaces, human centric products, life support system, avionics and deceleration systems. It is also designed for re-entry to ensure safety of the crew during descent till touchdown.
• Service module (SM): It will be used for providing necessary support to CM while in orbit. It is an unpressurized structure containing thermal system, propulsion system, power systems, avionics systems and deployment mechanisms.

Launch vehicle M3(LVM3) rocket:  The well proven and reliable heavy lift launcher of ISRO, is identified as the launch vehicle for Gaganyaan mission. It consists of solid stage, liquid stage and cryogenic stage. All systems in the LVM3 launch vehicle are re-configured to meet human rating requirements and christened Human Rated LVM3.

Significance of Gaganyaan mission: 

• The initiative would promote national research and development in specialized fields of science and technology.
• Certain vital technologies, such as the capacity to conduct re-entry missions, the crew escape system, the configuration of the crew module, the thermal protection system, the deceleration and flotation system, and the subsystems of the life support system needed for Mission Gaganyaan, have been created by ISRO.
• A unique microgravity platform in space for conducting research and serving as a test bed for upcoming innovations will be made available by the human spaceflight program.
• There is potential for technological spin offs in a number of fields, including waste management, water and food resource management, pollution, industrial safety, medicine, and agriculture.

Source:https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/gaganyaan-mission-isro-launch-test-vehicle/article67445115.ece/amp/

3. TENSIONS BETWEEN SERBIA AND KOSOVO.

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 

THE CONTEXT: EU and U.S. envoys urge Kosovo and Serbia to resume dialogue to ease soaring tension.

EXPLANATION:

• The envoys of the United States and the European Union have urged Serbia and Kosovo to start talking in order to reduce the escalating hostilities between the two countries.
• This visit follows a violent event that occurred recently in which approximately thirty Serb militants entered northern Kosovo, killing a police officer and causing a conflict with Kosovo police.
• The envoys stressed the need for de-escalation and normalization in order to settle their disputes and pave the way for both nations’ eventual EU membership.

Background of the tension:

• After the break-up of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Kosovo sought independence.
• Kosovo is a mainly ethnic Albanian populated territory that was formerly a province of Serbia. It declared independence in 2008.
• Kosovo’s majority ethnic Albanians view Kosovo as their own country and accuse Serbia of occupation and repression.
• Serbia has refused to recognize Kosovo’s statehood and still considers it part of Serbia, even though it has no formal control there.
• Kosovo’s independence has been recognized by about 100 countries, including the United States.
• Russia, China and five EU countries, most of them with separatist regions of their own, have sided with Serbia.
• The deadlock has kept tensions simmering and prevented full stabilization of the Balkan region after the bloody wars in the 1990s.

Source:https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/eu-and-us-envoys-urge-kosovo-and-serbia-to-resume-dialogue-to-ease-soaring-tension/article67446725.ece

4. PAINTBRUSH SWIFT BUTTERFLY

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY 

THE CONTEXT: Paintbrush swift butterfly is seen for the first time in Himachal Pradesh.

EXPLANATION:

• Paintbrush swift butterfly that is rare in the western Himalayas, has been seen for the first time in Himachal Pradesh’s Chamba district.
• The State is home to around 430 butterfly species or about 25% of the total number of butterfly species found in India.
• The butterfly species was seen during a field study carried out as part of the Wild Bhattiyat Project, which was started by the Himachal Pradesh Forest Department’s Bhattiyat Forest Range.

About Paintbrush swift butterfly: 

• The scientific name of the Paintbrush swift butterfly is Baoris farri. It belongs to the species of the Hesperiidae family.
• The species has never been seen in Himachal Pradesh since its discovery in 1878.
• It is seen for the first time in the lower hills of the Dhauladhar mountain range.
• The paintbrush swift is identified based on two separated spots in the upper forewing cell. Other closely related species like the blank swift have no cell spot while the figure-of-eight swift has two conjoined cell spots.
• The species’ larvae feed on bamboo and some other grass species.

Habitat: Habitat distribution is common in northeast, central and south India, and rare in Uttarakhand.

Threats:  

• Butterflies depend on wild host and nectar plants which makes them particularly vulnerable to changes in their environment.
• Habitat loss and scarcity of larval host plants are major causes of the decline in the butterfly population.
• An increase in pesticide use, deforestation, and climate change are some of the other causes of habitat loss of butterflies.

Source:https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/paintbrush-swift-butterfly-is-photographed-for-the-first-time-in-himachal-pradesh/article67445928.ece

5. DAM SAFETY ACT (DSA)

TAG: GS 3: DISASTER MANAGEMENT 

THE CONTEXT: A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) in North Sikkim’s South Lhonak Lake washed away one of the biggest hydropower projects in India.

EXPLANATION:

About Dam Safety Act (DSA): 

• India has almost 6,000 large dams and almost 80% of them are more than 25 years old and carry safety risks.
• A new Dam Safety Act (DSA) was passed in late 2021 for proper surveillance, inspection, operation and maintenance of the specified dams.
• The Act aims for preventing dam failure related disasters and provides for institutional mechanisms to ensure their safe functioning.
• The Act has provision for setting up an empowered institutional framework for dam safety both at the Central and State level.
• At national level, the Central Government has constituted the National Committee on Dam Safety which discharges functions to prevent dam failure related disasters and maintain standards of dam safety and evolve dam safety policies and recommend necessary regulations.
• The Central Government has also established the National Dam Safety Authority as a regulatory body for ensuring the nationwide implementation of dam safety policies and standards.
• At the State level, the Act provides for the constitution of the State Committee on Dam Safety (SCDS) and the establishment of the State Dam Safety Organization (SDSO) to ensure proper surveillance, inspection, operation and maintenance of all specified dams in that State and also to ensure their safe functioning.

What do the States need to do?

States are required to:

• classify dams based on hazard risk.
• conduct regular inspections.
• create emergency action plans.
• institute emergency flood warning systems.
• undertake safety reviews and period risk assessment studies.
• report and record incidents of dam failures.

Punitive provisions:

• Failure to comply with any provision of the Act is punishable with imprisonment and/or fines.
•  If such obstruction or refusal to comply with directions results in loss of lives or imminent danger, then the entity shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years.
• For example, in February 2023, the Sikkim High Court ordered the Gati Hydropower Project company to pay ₹70 lakh to two widowed mothers, for non-compliance with the Dam Safety Act.

Challenges: 

• The DSA does not promote risk-based decision-making and fails to incentivise transparency.
• Periodic reviews are either not carried out very regularly or, when they are, the results are not readily accessible to the general public.
• There is no standardization in the analysis and reporting of failures, despite the Act requiring dam builders to do thorough dam safety evaluations.
• There is no single agency that was tasked with tracking the data of Dam failure.
• A robust DSA should allow different stakeholders to access information easily, but India’s framework falls short in this field.

Source:https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/does-india-need-to-relook-the-dam-safety-act-explained/article67447034.ece

1. THE SIENA GALAXY ATLAS (SGA)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, astronomers have created a stunning atlas of nearly 400,000 galaxies in the cosmic neighbourhood of the Milky Way, aptly named the Siena Galaxy Atlas (SGA).

THE SIENA GALAXY ATLAS (SGA):

• This remarkable feat was achieved using data from three astronomical surveys conducted between 2014 and 2017 at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) and Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO), collectively known as the DESI Legacy Surveys.
• The cosmic atlas is a digital atlas that was created to get to know our universe better through several of the known galaxies.
• NGC 520 is one of the largest and brightest galaxies in the Siena Galaxy Atlas. It is made of two disk galaxies that will eventually merge together to form one massive system.
• A selection of 42 galaxies from the Siena Galaxy Atlas illustrates the tremendous range of galaxy types, sizes, colours and surface brightness profiles, internal structure, and environments of the galaxies in the SGA.
• IC 4212 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Virgo. It is situated close to the celestial equator, meaning it is at least partly visible from both hemispheres in certain times of the year.

HOW IS IT DIFFERENT FROM OTHER ATLASES?

• It is dependent on state-of-the-art digital images captured by advanced technology, unlike previous atlases which relied on antiquated equipment and photographic plates.
• As it is built on the images captured with highly sensitive instruments, it boasts of having the most accurate data.
• It is also the first cosmic atlas to feature the light profiles of galaxies - a curve that describes how the brightness of the galaxy changes from its brightest point to its dimmest.

HOW DOES IT CONTRIBUTE TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE?

• Comprehensive and detailed view of nearby galaxies:
  • The SGA provides a comprehensive and detailed view of nearly 400,000 galaxies in the cosmic neighbourhood of the Milky Way.
  • This is a significant increase over previous atlases, which typically included only a few thousand galaxies.
  • The SGA’s large sample size allows astronomers to study the statistical properties of galaxies in more detail, and to identify rare or unusual objects.

• High-quality data:
  • The SGA is based on high-quality digital images captured with highly sensitive instruments.
  • This results in much higher data quality than previous atlases, which were often based on photographic plates.
  • The SGA’s high-quality data allows astronomers to make more accurate measurements of the sizes, shapes, colours, and luminosities of galaxies.

• Publicly available data:
• • The SGA is freely available to the public online, anyone can access and use the data for their own research or educational purposes.
  • The SGA’s public availability will help to democratize astronomy and encourage more people to participate in the scientific process.

SOURCE: https://www.universetoday.com/163807/astronomers-release-a-cosmic-atlas-of-380000-galaxies-in-our-neighborhood/

2. MANUAL SCAVENGING

TAG: GS 2: GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court has issued a landmark ruling ordering the central and state governments to completely eradicate manual scavenging, a dehumanizing practice that has trapped individuals in inhumane conditions for generations.

EXPLANATION:

• The ruling comes in response to a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) against manual scavenging and underscores the need for a comprehensive effort to eradicate this deplorable practice.
• The petition has highlighted that people were still dying in sewers though the practice was banned with the introduction of the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993 and the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013.
• The court’s decision stipulates significant compensation for the families of those who lose their lives while cleaning sewers.
• Under the new guidelines, the next of kin of individuals who die during sewer cleaning operations will receive Rs 30 lakh in compensation.
• Those who sustain permanent disabilities while engaging in sewer cleaning will be awarded a minimum compensation of Rs 20 lakh, and up to Rs 10 lakh can be provided for other injuries.
• The court has issued a total of 14 directives to both central and state governments, focusing on the effective implementation of the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act of 2013.
• In its ruling, the court emphasized the importance of rehabilitating victims of manual scavenging and their families.
• The court directed the government to provide scholarships and skill development training to help victims transition to new livelihoods.
• The Supreme Court also reminded the Union and State governments of their duty to eliminate manual scavenging, as discrimination based on factors such as caste, race, or religion is strictly prohibited under the Constitution.
• The court asserted that genuine fraternity and dignity are fundamental values crucial to the well-being of society.
• To prevent sewer-related deaths, the government agencies must collaborate and coordinate their efforts.
• The high courts have been encouraged to monitor such cases closely. The Supreme Court has scheduled further monitoring of this matter for February 1, 2024.

PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT AS MANUAL SCAVENGERS AND THEIR REHABILITATION ACT, 2013:

• It is wider in scope and importance, acknowledging the urgency of rehabilitating manual scavengers.
• The act seeks to prohibiting manual scavenging in all forms and ensures the rehabilitation of manual scavengers to be identified through a mandatory survey.

KEY FEATURES OF THE ACT:

• Prohibits the construction or maintenance of insanitary toilets.
• Prohibits the engagement or employment of anyone as a manual scavenger and violations could result in a years’ imprisonment or a fine of INR 50,000 or both.
• Prohibits a person from being engaged or employed for hazardous cleaning of a sewer or a septic tank.
• Offences under the Act are cognizable and non-bailable.
• Calls for a survey of manual scavengers in urban and rural areas within a time-bound framework.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/union-states-duty-bound-to-the-pledge-to-completely-eradicate-manual-scavenging-sc/article67443328.ece

3. SUBSIDIARY BODY ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE (SBSTTA)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the 25th meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA-25) in Nairobi, Kenya came with recommendations that would help Parties move from “agreement to action” after the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) in Dec 2022.

EXPLANATION:

• The outcome is important considering that only six years remain to ensure that the targets of the Framework are achieved.
• The major agenda of the meeting was to develop a monitoring mechanism for progress, and the implication of the recently completed assessments of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES); and the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  • The latest IPBES report pointed out the role invasive species play in extinction of plants and animals.
  • The Methodological Assessment Report on the Diverse Values and Valuation of Nature; and the Thematic Assessment Report on the Sustainable Use of Wild Species by IPBES were also discussed.
  • Findings from IPCC AR6, suggested that climate change is the main driver of the loss of biodiversity.
  • The biodiversity provides capacity to nature to support climate adaptation, resilience, mitigation and disaster risk reduction were discussed too.

FINDINGS OF THE MEETING:

• Need for urgent action to address the biodiversity crisis:
  • The meeting noted that the current rate of biodiversity loss is unprecedented in human history, and that this loss is having a significant impact on human well-being and the economy.

• The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) provides a clear roadmap for action:
  • The meeting welcomed the adoption of the KMGBF and noted that the Framework provides a comprehensive set of goals and targets for addressing the biodiversity crisis.
  • The meeting recommended to develop and implement robust monitoring and reporting systems to track progress towards the goals and targets of the KMGBF.

• Increasing financial and technical support for biodiversity conservation:
  • Current levels of funding for biodiversity conservation are far below what is needed to achieve the goals of the KMGBF.
  • Increasing financial and technical support for biodiversity conservation is recommended by the COP.

• Building the capacity of stakeholders to implement the KMGBF:
  • Many stakeholders, including government officials, local communities, and the private sector, will need support to implement the KMGBF.
  • Mainstreaming biodiversity into all relevant sectors, such as agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and energy.

• Raising public awareness about the importance of biodiversity:
• • Public awareness of the biodiversity crisis is low, and that this needs to be addressed in order to build support for conservation efforts.

SUBSIDIARY BODY ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE (SBSTTA):

• It is established as an open-ended intergovernmental scientific advisory body as per the Article 25 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
• It is a committee of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
• The COP is the highest decision-making body of the CBD, and it is composed of representatives of all Parties to the Convention.
• SBSTTA is responsible for providing scientific and technical advice to the COP on matters relating to the implementation of the CBD.
• In 1994, India along with other countries adopted the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
  • It is an international treaty which focuses on three main goals:
  • conservation of biological diversity,
  • sustainable use of its components, and
  • the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/sbstta-25-delegates-move-forward-on-recommendations-to-implement-kunming-montreal-global-biodiversity-framework-92409

4. INS IMPHAL

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY

THE CONTEXT: Yard 12706 (Imphal), the third Project 15B stealth guided missile destroyer was delivered to the Indian Navy on 20 October, 2023.

INS IMPHAL:

• The Project is a follow-on of the Kolkata class (Project 15A) destroyers commissioned in the last decade.
• It is designed by the Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau (WDB) and built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd, Mumbai.
• This ship is a hallmark of indigenous shipbuilding and is amongst the most technologically advanced warships in the world.
• The ship was constructed using indigenous steel DMR 249A.
• It is a guided missile destroyer with a displacement of 7,400 tons and an overall length of 164 meters.
• Imphal is a potent and versatile platform equipped with state-of-the-art weapons and sensors, including surface-to-air missiles, anti-ship missiles and torpedoes.
• Powered by a Combined Gas and Gas Propulsion Plant (COGAG), comprising four gas turbines, she is capable of achieving speeds in excess of 30 knots (56 km/h).
• The ship boasts of a high indigenous content of approximately 75% that includes Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missiles (BEL, Bangalore), BrahMos Surface-to-Surface Missiles (BrahMos Aerospace, New Delhi), Indigenous Torpedo Tube Launchers (Larsen & Toubro, Mumbai), Anti-Submarine Indigenous Rocket Launchers (Larsen & Toubro, Mumbai) and 76mm Super Rapid Gun Mount (BHEL, Haridwar).
• The delivery of Imphal is an affirmation of the impetus being given by the Government of India and the Indian Navy towards ‘Aatma Nirbhar Bharat’.
• The induction of the destroyer is a tribute to the collaborative efforts of large number of stake holders and would enhance the maritime prowess of the country in the Indian Ocean Region.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-imphal-indias-first-warship-with-accommodation-for-women-staff-delivered-4-months-ahead-of-schedule/article67442738.ece

5. REGIONAL RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM (RRTS)

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Prime Minister recently inaugurated the priority section of the Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS Corridor at Sahibabad RapidX Station in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

EXPLANATION:

REGIONAL RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM (RRTS):

• It will be known as NaMo Bharat.
• It is India’s first semi-high-speed regional rail service project.
• It is constructed by the National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC), which is a joint venture company of the Central government and the governments of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
• It is indigenously manufactured with a designed speed potential of 180 kmph and operational speed potential of 160 kmph.
• It is a new rail-based, semi-high-speed, high-frequency commuter transit system with a design speed of 180 kmph.
• A total of eight RRTS corridors have been identified for development in the National Capital Region, out of which three corridors have been prioritised to be implemented in Phase-I — Delhi Ghaziabad Meerut, Delhi-Gurugram-SNB-Alwar and Delhi-Panipat.
• The priority section of the RRTS Corridor between Sahibabad and Duhai Depot has five stations — Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Guldhar, Duhai and Duhai Depot.
  • The foundation stone for the Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut corridor was laid by Prime Minister Modi on March 8, 2019.
  • The Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS being developed at a cost of more than Rs 30,000 crore.
  • It will connect Delhi to Meerut in less than an hour of travel time going through the urban centres of Ghaziabad, Muradnagar, and Modinagar.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RRTS:

• RRTS being developed in the country, is a state-of-the-art regional mobility solution and is comparable to the best in the world.
• It will provide safe, reliable and modern intercity commuting solutions in the country.
• In line with PM GatiShakti National Master Plan, the RRTS network will have extensive multi-modal integration with Railway stations, Metro stations, Bus services etc.
• Such transformative regional mobility solutions will
  • Boost economic activity in the region;
  • Provide improved access to employment, education &
  • Healthcare opportunities; and
  • Help in the significant reduction of vehicular congestion & air pollution.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-rrts-trains-to-be-known-as-namo-bharat/article67441377.ece

1. PINK BOLLWORM

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The devastating impact of the pink bollworm on Bt cotton crops is a grave concern for farmers across India. The widespread infestation has resulted in significant yield losses, pushing farmers to the brink of despair.

EXPLANATION:

• Cotton crops across North Indian states, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan, have reported a severe pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) attack.
  • In Haryana and Punjab, the losses are estimated to be around 65 per cent while Rajasthan is far worse.
  • The Rajasthan government has claimed the losses extend up to 90 per cent of damage.
• Genetically modified pest-resistant variety called Bt Cotton (Bollgard II seed) is falling prey to the pest it was created to resist.
• However, the insect invasion is claiming more than just the crops the losses are pushing farmers to the brink of suicide.
  • Because the severe infestation has resulted in heavy losses to farmers, burdening them with increasing debt.
• The reasons for the resurgence of pink bollworm attacks on Bt cotton in the North Zone are complex.

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF PINK BOLLWORM ATTACKS:

• The widespread cultivation of Bt cotton varieties that express only a single Bt toxin (Cry1Ac).
• This has allowed pink bollworm populations to develop resistance to the toxin.
• The lack of effective non-Bt pest management practices which resulted in pink bollworm populations to build up in the absence of Bt cotton.
• The use of sub-optimal insecticide dosages and spray intervals. This has allowed pink bollworm larvae to survive and complete their development.

PINK BOLLWORM:

• It is a major pest of cotton, causing significant yield losses worldwide.
• It is originally native to India but now it is recorded in nearly all the cotton-growing countries of the world.
• The larvae of the pink bollworm bore into cotton bolls, feeding on the developing seeds. This can result in significant yield losses, as well as reduced seed quality.
• It is one of the most destructive pests of cotton.
• Pectinophora gossypiella is its scientific name.

DESCRIPTION:

• The adults are small moths about 3/8 inch long and are dark brown with markings on the fore wing.
• The larval stage is the destructive and identifiable stage.
• The larvae have distinctive pink bands and can reach a length of ½ inches right before they pupate.

ECOLOGICAL THREAT:

• Pink bollworms are major pests of cotton.
• Adults only last for 2 weeks, but females will lay 200 or more eggs.
• Adults lay eggs on cotton bolls; once hatched, the larvae eat the seeds and damage the fibers of the cotton, reducing the yield and quality.
• When the larvae mature, they cut out the boll and drop to the ground and cocoon near the soil surface.
• It has also been observed to attack hibiscus, okra, and hollyhock plants.

BT COTTON:

• Bt cotton has been genetically modified by the insertion of one or more genes from a common soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis.
• These genes encode for the production of insecticidal proteins, and thus, genetically transformed plants produce one or more toxins as they grow.
• The genes that have been inserted into cotton produce toxins that are limited in activity almost exclusively to caterpillar pests (Lepidoptera).
• However, other strains of Bacillus thuringiensis have genes that encode for toxins with insecticidal activity on some beetles (Coleoptera) and flies (Diptera).
• Some of these genes are being used to control pests in other crops, such as corn.

BENEFITS OF BT COTTON:

• Increased yields
• Reduced insecticide use
• Improved fiber quality
• Reduced environmental impact
• Increased farmer income

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/cotton-curse-bt-cotton-losses-by-pink-bollworm-pushing-farmers-to-brink-of-suicide-92400

2. ORIONID METEOR SHOWER

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Orionid meteor shower peak will occur on October 20–21 and it is active from September 26 to November 22.

ORIONID METEOR SHOWER:

• It occurs in October each year, appear to be originating near the constellation Orion the Hunter.
• Orionids are caused by the debris of a comet that once crossed Earth’s path.
• In this case, the shower is caused by debris from Halley’s Comet, also known as comet 1P/Halley.
• The comet’s 76-year orbit brings it close enough to Earth to have been seen in the night skies for centuries.
• It last passed close to Earth in 1986 and will return in 2061.
• The Orionid meteor shower typically peaks between October 20 and 22.
• During the peak, observers can expect to see up to 20 meteors per hour. The meteors are known for their speed and brightness, and they can often leave persistent trains in the sky.
• Halley’s Comet, measuring about five by nine miles in size, loses between three to ten feet of material on each passage through the inner solar system.
• The Orionids are visible in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres during the hours after midnight.

METEOR:

• When meteoroids enter Earth’s atmosphere at high speed and burn up, the fireballs or “shooting stars” are called meteors.
• Meteor showers occur annually or at regular intervals as the Earth passes through the trail of dusty debris left by a comet.
• Meteor showers are usually named after a star or constellation that is close to where the meteors appear in the sky.

SOURCE: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/orionid-meteor-shower-to-return-due-to-halleys-comet-all-about-it-here/articleshow/104552675.cms?from=mdr

3. NIEMANN-PICK

TAG: GS 2: GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: Parents of children with Niemann-Pick disease have recently sent a request to the Union government requesting it to notify the disease under the National Policy for Rare Diseases.

EXPLANATION:

Niemann-Pick Disease:

• This rare genetic illness causes sphingomyelin to build up in cell lysosomes and is caused by a malfunction in the metabolism of sphingolipids.
  • The three most widely known varieties are Types A, B, and C of Niemann-Pick.
  • The liver, spleen, bone marrow, brain, nerves, and, in extreme situations, the lungs can all be impacted by this illness.
• People with this condition experience symptoms related to progressive loss of function of nerves, the brain and other organs.
• Although it can happen to anyone at any age, children are the ones who are most affected.

CAUSES:

• It is inherited in a c pattern, which means both copies of the gene must be defective to cause the disease.
• Most often, the parents of a child with an autosomal recessive disorder are carriers: they have one copy of the altered gene but are not affected because the other copy produces the enzyme.
• If both parents are carriers, each pregnancy has a 25% chance of producing an affected child.

SYMPTOMS:

• Enlargement of the liver and spleen (Hepatosplenomegaly)
• Low levels of platelets in the blood (Thrombocytopenia)
• Slurring of speech (dysarthria)
• Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia)
• Abnormal posturing of the limbs, trunk, and face (dystonia).
• Voluntary rapid eye movements (supranuclear gaze palsy).
• Gradual loss of intellectual abilities, causing dementia and seizures

CLASSIFICATION:

• Types A and B:
  • Mutations in the SMPD1 Gene cause types A and B.
  • They produce a deficiency in the activity of the lysosomal enzyme acid sphingomyelinase that breaks down the lipid sphingomyelin.

• Types C:
• • Mutations in NPC1 or NPC2 cause Niemann–Pick disease, type C (NPC), which affects a protein used to transport lipids. It is the most common form of the disease including types C1 (95% of type C) and C2.

TREATMENT:

• No specific treatment is known for type A and B, but symptoms are treated.

NATIONAL POLICY FOR RARE DISEASES:

• The Government has launched National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD), 2021 in March, 2021 for the treatment of rare disease patients.
• The salient features of NPRD, 2021 are as under:
  • The rare diseases have been identified and categorized into 3 groups namely Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3.
  • Group 1: Disorders amenable to one-time curative treatment.
  • Group-2: Diseases requiring long term/lifelong treatment having relatively lower cost of treatment and benefit has been documented in literature and annual or more frequent surveillance is required.
  • Group 3: Diseases for which definitive treatment is available but challenges are to make optimal patient selection for benefit, very high cost and lifelong therapy.

PROVISIONS UNDER THE POLICY:

• It provides the provision for financial support of up to Rs. 50 lakhs to the patients suffering from any category of the Rare Diseases and for treatment in any of the Centre of Excellence (CoE) mentioned in NPRD-2021, outside the Umbrella Scheme of Rashtriya Arogaya Nidhi.
• To receive financial assistance for treatment of rare disease, the patient of the nearby area may approach the nearest Centre of Excellence to get him assessed and avail the benefits.
• Eight (08) Centres of Excellence (CoEs) have been identified for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of rare diseases.
• Five Nidan Kendras have been set up for genetic testing and counselling services.
• It also facilitate promotion of research and development for diagnosis and treatment of rare diseases; promotion of local development and manufacture of drugs and creation of conducive environment for indigenous manufacturing of drugs for rare diseases at affordable prices.

SOURCE: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/list-niemann-pick-as-rare-disease-parents-of-young-patients-urge-govt/articleshow/104539755.cms

4. POSH (PREVENTION OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT) ACT, 2013

TAG: GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court issued a series of directions to the Centre, states and Union Territories, flagging gaps and lack of uniformity in the implementation of the POSH (Prevention of Sexual Harassment) Act, 2013 by various state governments.

EXPLANATION:

• The judgement came on a petition by an NGO, Initiatives for Inclusion Foundation, seeking directions for implementation of the Act.
• Among others, the petitioner also urged the court to direct the different governments to ensure that the annual compliance reports collected by the district officers are consolidated and the reports are published in the public domain.

KEY DIRECTIONS ISSUED BY THE SUPREME COURT:

• The court ordered the Principal Secretaries of the Women and Child Ministries in the States to ensure appointment of a district officer in each district within their jurisdiction within four weeks from the date of this judgment as contemplated under Section 5 of the POSH Act.
• The undertaking of efforts to spread awareness about the existence of Local Committees (LCs) among workers in the unorganized sector.
• The ensuring of compliance with the provisions of the Act by all employers.
• The providing of training for Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) on the proper conduct of inquiries into complaints of sexual harassment.
• The ensuring of transparency in the disposal of complaints of sexual harassment.

POSH Act, 2013:

• The POSH Act is a legislation enacted by the Government of India in 2013 to address the issue of sexual harassment faced by women in the workplace.
• The Act aims to create a safe and conducive work environment for women and provide protection against sexual harassment.
• The POSH Act defines sexual harassment to include unwelcome acts such as
  • physical contact and sexual advances,
  • a demand or request for sexual favours,
  • making sexually coloured remarks,
  • showing pornography, and
  • any other unwelcome physical, verbal, or non-verbal conduct of a sexual nature.
• The Supreme Court in a landmark judgment in the Vishakha and others v State of Rajasthan 1997 case gave ‘Vishakha guidelines’.
• These guidelines formed the basis for the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.
• The SC also drew its strength from several provisions of the Constitution including:
  • Article 15 (against discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, and place of birth),
  • Relevant International Conventions and norms such as the General Recommendations of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), which India ratified in 1993.

KEY PROVISIONS:

• Prevention and Prohibition:
  • The Act places a legal obligation on employers to prevent and prohibit sexual harassment in the workplace.

• Internal Complaints Committee (ICC):
  • Employers are required to constitute an ICC at each workplace with 10 or more employees to receive and address complaints of sexual harassment.
  • The Complaints Committees have the powers of civil courts for gathering evidence.

• Duties of Employers:
  • Employers must undertake awareness programs, provide a safe working environment, and display information about the POSH Act at the workplace.

• Complaint Mechanism:
  • The Act lays down a procedure for filing complaints, conducting inquiries, and providing a fair opportunity to the parties involved.

• Penalties:
• • Non-compliance with the Act’s provisions can result in penalties, including fines and cancellation of business licenses.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-directs-centre-states-to-immediately-appoint-district-officers-under-posh-act-101697744155584.html

5. SOUTHWEST MONSOON

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: As per the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the southwest monsoon has ended, and the northeast monsoon is likely to set in the end of the October.

EXPLANATION:

• The 2023 southwest monsoon season was not only the weakest in five years but was also marked by erratic distribution of rains.
• June received 9% below normal rainfall, while July brought torrential downpour and floods across man regions in northern India.
• August was the driest month on record in 100 years, with 36% below normal rainfall.
• September saw some recovery with showers 13% above normal, but the four-month monsoon season ended with 6% below normal rainfall.
• Rains in the June-September season drives the bulk of India’s $3 trillion economy.
• It accounts for nearly 75% of the country’s annual rainfall, which plays a crucial role the agriculture, replenishes reservoirs and aquifers, and helps meet power demand.
• Over half of India’s arable land is rain-fed and agriculture remains among the biggest employment generators.
• The southwest monsoon is also crucial as ensures soil moisture when farmers begin planting rabi, or winter, crops such as wheat, the main crop of the season, chana (gram), mustard, among others.

SOUTHWEST MONSOON:

• The southwest monsoon is a seasonal wind system that brings rainfall to India and other parts of South Asia.
• It originates in the southern hemisphere, where it is known as the trade winds.
• As the trade winds cross the equator, they are deflected to the left by the Coriolis force, becoming the southwest monsoon.
• The southwest monsoon typically arrives in India in early June and lasts until September.
• It is responsible for about 80% of the country’s annual rainfall. The monsoon is vital for India’s agriculture, as it provides the water needed for crops to grow.
• The southwest monsoon is a complex weather system that is influenced by a number of factors, including the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
• ENSO is a climate pattern that involves changes in sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean.
• When ENSO is in its El Niño phase, the southwest monsoon is typically weaker than usual. This can lead to drought conditions in India.
• The southwest monsoon is a vital part of India’s climate and economy.
• The monsoon provides the water needed for agriculture, which is the backbone of the Indian economy. The monsoon also helps to regulate temperatures and reduce the risk of heatwaves.

NORTHEAST MONSOON:

• It is a comparatively small-scale monsoon, which is confined to the Southern peninsula.
• It is called the winter monsoon. It occurs during October to December.
• After the complete withdrawal of the Southwest monsoon from the country takes place by mid-October, the wind pattern rapidly changes from the south-westerly to the north-easterly direction.
• The period after the Southwest monsoon season, from October to December, is the peak time for cyclonic activity in the North Indian Ocean region covering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
• The winds associated with the formation of low pressure systems, depressions, or cyclones influence this monsoon, and therefore, the rainfall.
• Its rainfall is influenced by global climate parameters such as ENSO (El Nino/La Nina & Southern Oscillation Index – SOI), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO).
• El Nino, positive IOD and MJO in phase 2-4 with amplitude greater than one are generally associated with good NEM rainfall.
• Also, La Nina & positive SOI during the second half of the season is also favourable for good NEM activity.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/news/india/southwest-monsoon-withdraws-from-india-winter-rains-likely-in-3-days-imd/amp-11697705099396.html

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. Cabinet approves Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for Rabi Crops for Marketing Season 2024-25 READ MORE
2. How quantum algorithms solve problems that classical computers can’t READ MORE
3. Parliamentary Panel examining Bill to increase minimum age of marriage for women gets another extension READ MORE  
4. Centre notifies transfer of 16 High Court judges, appointment of 17 READ MORE
5. OBCs and subcategories: Why this has been a hot-button issue for long READ MORE
6. Severe drought grips the Amazon rainforest: The impact, cause and grim future READ MORE
7. Israel using white phosphorus in Gaza? 5 things about the controversial weapon READ MORE
8. Flash floods in Kerala: A junked breakwater plan may have been Achilles’ heel READ MORE
9. Microalgae are adapting to warming climate, declining nutrient levels in seas with novel strategy READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. In India, reproductive autonomy remains a pipedream READ MORE
2. Why Supreme Court’s same-sex marriage verdict opens no doors for queer people READ MORE
3. Same-Sex Marriage: An opportunity lost, hope not forever READ MORE
4. Holes in the green cover READ MORE
5. Is climate change the reason for Sikkim flash floods? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Revamp governance to make cities liveable READ MORE
2. Limits to women’s reproductive rights READ MORE
3. Same-Sex Marriage : Onus on legislature to initiate reforms READ MORE
4. Two decades on, India plans to strengthen diplomatic corps READ MORE
5. Federalism puzzle READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. India Improve nutrition delivery and don’t bristle at low rank READ MORE
2. Global Hunger Index a stark reminder to address hunger, poverty READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. The BRI at 10, some hits, many misses READ MORE
2. The old Middle East is not back READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. The measure of the working woman READ MORE
2. Fear factor: On the inflation battle READ MORE
3. Going beyond the International Year of Millets to achieve decade-long action READ MORE
4. Tackling urban poverty READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Accelerating green innovation through EVs READ MORE
2. India’s energy transition: Who will lead the way? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. The explosion of digital uncertainty READ MORE
2. The final frontier READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Localise strategies to build climate resilience READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Cybercrime surge: Focus on persistent vigil, collaborative efforts READ MORE
2. Beyond ‘Black Mirror’s’ fiction – Impact of Generative AI on policing, security READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Consciousness chronicles, from duality to bliss READ MORE
2. Happy greetings READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. As the threat of climate change grows stark in the Himalayan regions, the Early Warning System should be deployed to avoid numerous disasters. Comment.
2. Despite the emergence of numerous education policies in the post-independence period, India has yet to generate an indigenous system of education that is propelled by rationality, scientific temper and empathy. Do you agree that transforming education into the practice of freedom is an effective way forward?
3. The Electoral Bonds scheme not only creates an uneven playing field for political parties but is a danger to our democracy. Comment.
4. The SHG federations with the existing panchayat-level committees have opportunities to contribute to the development process of the village to upgrade education, health, sanitation and infrastructure facilities. Comment.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• You cannot continue to victimise someone else just because you yourself were a victim once.
• Our real enemies are not men and women but suspicion, fear, hatred, violence and feeling of revenge and these enemies cannot be eliminated by military means.
• Discoms will be profitable only when they are unshackled from state controls and electricity distribution is deregulated.
• The goal should be to create more employers than employees, and it is hoped that “PM Vishwakarma” will help make this a reality.
• The SHG federations can work with the existing panchayat-level committees to contribute to the development process of the village to upgrade education, health, sanitation and infrastructure facilities.
• The SHG model is a flexible and comprehensive tool to steer holistic development services as opposed to only providing financial and livelihood services to SHG women.
• While women-led federations role in promoting empowerment and livelihoods promotion is well known, not much has been highlighted about the SHG federation’s work in providing non-financial and development services in their communities.
• As the threat of climate change grows stark in the Himalayan regions the Early Warning System should be deployed to avoid numerous disasters.
• The biggest concern for India right now is the decline in both merchandise exports and imports over the past eight months.
• If the Indian government remains convinced about not joining the RCEP, it must have strategic reasons, which is fine. But it must nevertheless address the ongoing outcomes of such a decision, and that’s where agility in policymaking comes in.
• Despite the emergence of numerous education policies in the post-Independence period, India is yet to generate an indigenous system of education that is propelled by rationality, scientific temper and empathy.
• Education has to set its epistemic and moral worth and the goals of education should be quality, equity and efficiency in learning outcomes.
• A level playing field in terms of educational opportunities and competition, coupled with affirmative action, can enhance classroom accountability.
• To integrate critical thinking, educational reform has to assimilate the willingness to be rationally critiqued and learning must inculcate the ability to question from different vantage points.
• One is the legalisation of anonymous donations, and the other is the violation of citizens’ right to information about the funding of parties.
• The legalisation of anonymous donations would amount to facilitation and legitimisation of corruption.
• In a democracy, the public have the right to know who funds parties because the funding may be used to influence policies.

50-WORD TALK

• While arguments on who bombed al-Ahli Hospital rage, it underlines the horrors ahead if war grinds on in densely-populated Gaza. The killing of innocent civilians is empowering extremists and defeating the international peacemaking crisis. Leaders on all sides must refrain from stoking a fire threatening to spread beyond the region.
• As the threat of climate change grows stark, events like the recent glacial lake outburst flood that caused death and devastation in Sikkim are becoming frequent. This underlines the urgency of installing early warning systems in the fragile Himalayan range. Governments can no longer afford to ignore such red flags.
• Faced with a moral, legal and ethical dilemma, the Supreme Court walked on eggshells to reject a 26-week-old pregnant woman’s plea to abort her foetus on the ground that it risked her psychologically. The issue will be debated in the coming days as a prudent balance between competing fundamental rights.
• GIFT City has many infrastructural marvels, and attractive tax incentives. But, it’s nowhere near being the next Singapore. It needs to come out of Gujarat government’s shadows and allow a restriction-free, socially liberal lifestyle that youthful, global workforce thrives on. Relax prohibition, improve connectivity, housing, open spas, and golf courses.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED. Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

1. PROHIBITION OF CHILD MARRIAGE (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2021

TAG: GS 2: POLITY, GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: The Parliamentary Panel examining the Prohibition of Child Marriage (Amendment) Bill, 2021 gets another extension.

EXPLANATION:

• The Prohibition of Child Marriage (Amendment) Bill, 2021 was introduced in the Lok Sabha in December 2021.
• Later, it was referred to the Standing Committee on Education, Women, Children, Youth and Sports.
• The panel has received multiple extensions since it began its deliberations.
• The last meeting that the panel held on the Bill was on May 17, 2022. The 31-member committee has only three women MPs.
• Three-month extension has been granted to the panel till January 24, 2024 to examine and present its report on the Bill.
• The Bill seeks to bring parity in the minimum age of marriage for men and women overriding all existing laws, including any custom, usage, or practice governing the parties in relation to marriage.

THE PROHIBITION OF CHILD MARRIAGE (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2021:

• The Bill amends the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 to increase the minimum age of marriage of females to 21 years.
• Further, the Bill will override any other law, custom, or practice.
• Under the 2006 Act, a person married below the minimum age may apply for annulment within two years of attaining majority (i.e., before 20 years of age). The Bill increases this to five years (i.e., 23 years of age).

KEY ISSUES AND ANALYSIS:

• The minimum age of marriage at 21 years is higher than the minimum age of majority (18 years). The Supreme Court has ruled that marriage between adults is a fundamental right.
• The question is whether prohibiting marriage for persons between 18 and 21 years is a reasonable restriction on their right to marry.
• About a quarter of 20–24 year-old women are married before the age of 18 years, despite that being the minimum age of marriage since 1978.
• The limited success of the current law raises the question whether an increase in minimum age would have any significant impact on reducing the incidence of child marriage.
• In 2018, the Supreme Court, while reading down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, ruled that consensual sex between consenting adults is a fundamental right under Articles 14, 15, 19 and 21 of the Constitution.
  • If this Bill were passed, it would be legal to have sexual relations but illegal to marry for those between the ages of 18 and 21 years.
• The Bill increases the minimum age of marriage for females to 21 years, bringing it on par with that for males. However, the age of attaining majority is 18 years under the Majority Act, 1875.
  • This difference may have consequences regarding the rights and responsibilities of persons between 18 and 21 years of age.

RECOMMENDATIONS OF VARIOUS COMMITTEES:

• The table below provides recommendations by various national and international Committees and Conventions on age of marriage.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-panel-examining-bill-on-increasing-age-of-marriage-of-women-gets-fresh-extension-to-submit-report/article67433519.ece/amp/

2. MICROALGAE AND GLOBAL WARMING

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per a new study, microalgae, which form the base of the food chain in the ocean and capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, appear to rely on a novel strategy to cope with global warming.

EXPLANATION:

• As climate change reduces the availability of nutrients in the sea, marine microalgae or eukaryotic phytoplankton fire up a protein called rhodopsin.
• It is related to the protein in the human eye responsible for vision in dim light.
• This light-responsive protein is helping the microalgae flourish with the help of sunlight in place of traditional chlorophyll.
• As per the study, Microbial rhodopsins are proposed to be major light capturers in the ocean.
• Estimates suggested they may absorb as much light as chlorophyll-based photosynthesis in the sea, which also captures light to generate energy and food.
• However, their biological role in these organisms was unclear before the study.

DEFICIENCY OF NUTRIENTS IN OCEAN:

• Global warming is increasing drought on land and the same thing happens in the ocean. The warmer the surface water gets, the lower are the nutrients in these surface water layers.
• There is less mixing between the surface waters and nutrient-rich deeper waters as the oceans warm. So, nutrients become scarce at the surface, impacting the primary producers such as microalgae that are present in the top layer.
• Algae starve and, therefore, produce less food and capture less carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
• In these areas, the capacity of algae to make food and take up carbon dioxide reduces further.

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT:

• To understand the role of rhodopsins, researchers cloned them in the lab and confirmed that they capture light to generate energy (ATP).
  • Adenosine triphosphate or ATP is the energy currency of all cells.
• They also tested the abundances of rhodopsin transcripts (a molecule of ribonucleic acid or RNA that contains genetic information copied from deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA).
• Rhodopsins were found to be more concentrated in low latitudes, where there is less mixing of ocean waters and lower concentrations of nutrients, including dissolved iron.
• For algae to produce food and to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, they need sunlight.
• To harness sunlight, the microalgae require a lot of iron. However, 35 per cent of the surface of the ocean does not have enough iron to support the growth of algae, he explained.
• g., Southern Ocean, which is the largest iron-limited aquatic ecosystem. But they are home to the largest populations of consumers such as krill, fish, penguins and whales, which depend on primary producers such as microalgae.

WAY FORWARD:

• These findings have the potential to reduce the negative effects of changing environmental conditions, such as ocean warming and even the reduction in the productivity of crops.
• The same mechanism could be deployed to enhance the activity of microbes that cannot use light, such as yeast.
• We can modify them so that they can use light for growth, which is desirable in biotechnology, such as the production of insulin, antibiotics, enzymes, antivirals and even biofuel.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/microalgae-are-adapting-to-warming-climate-declining-nutrient-levels-in-seas-with-novel-strategy-92379

3. QUANTUM ALGORITHMS

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Research in quantum algorithms is highly interdisciplinary, involving computer science, mathematics, and physics. The field is also still evolving, and there are plenty of opportunities to make significant contributions.

EXPLANATION:

• We often hear that quantum computers efficiently solve problems that are very difficult to solve with a classical computer.
• But even if the hardware is available to build a quantum computer, exploiting its quantum features requires us to write smart algorithms.
  • An algorithm is a sequence of logically connected mathematical steps that solve a problem.
  • For example, an algorithm to add three numbers can have two steps: add the first two numbers in the first step and the result to the third number in the second step.

QUANTUM ALGORITHMS:

• Quantum algorithms solve problems that classical computers can’t by exploiting two unique properties of quantum mechanics: superposition and entanglement.
• Superposition:
  • It allows a quantum bit, or qubit, to be in multiple states at the same time.
  • This is unlike a classical bit, which can only be in one of two states at a time, either 0 or 1.

• Entanglement:
  • It allows two or more qubits to be linked together in such a way that they share the same fate.
  • This means that if you measure the state of one qubit, you will instantly know the state of the other qubits, even if they are physically separated.

• Quantum algorithms use superposition and entanglement to perform calculations that are impossible for classical computers.
• For example, Shor’s algorithm can factor a large number into its prime factors much faster than any known classical algorithm.
  • This could have implications for cryptography, as many encryption algorithms rely on the difficulty of factoring large numbers.
• Another example is Grover’s algorithm, which can search an unsorted database much faster than any known classical algorithm.
  • This could have applications in drug discovery and other fields where it is necessary to search through large databases.
• Quantum algorithms are still in their early stages of development, but they have the potential to solve some of the most challenging problems facing humanity today.
• For example, quantum algorithms could be used to develop new drugs and materials, design more efficient algorithms, and break modern encryption algorithms.

EXAMPLES OF THE QUANTUM ALGORITHMS:

• Shor’s algorithm:
  • One of the earliest quantum algorithms is the factorisation algorithm developed by Peter Shor. It requires fewer steps to factorise a number than one that operates with classical principles.
  • The efficiency of an algorithm is related to the number of steps required as the size of the input increases. An algorithm is more efficient if it requires fewer steps (and thus less time). From this perspective, Shor’s algorithm is far more efficient than any known classical algorithm for factorisation.
  • Modern cryptography – which is used to secure user accounts on the internet, for example – depends on the fact that there are no efficient classical algorithms that can factorise large integers. This is the source of the claim that the availability of quantum computers (with an adequate number of qubits) will challenge the safety of classical cryptography.

• Grover’s and Deutsch-Jozsa algorithms:
  • Another popular quantum algorithm is the quantum search algorithm developed by Lov Grover.
  • It looks for a numerical pattern in a large list of numbers. A deterministic classical algorithm requires almost half the number of steps as there are patterns in the list.
  • That is, to identify a pattern from a list of one-million patterns, the classical approach may need half a million steps. The quantum algorithm will require only a thousand steps.
  • In fact, for every 100x increase in the list’s size, Grover’s algorithm will need only 10x more steps. This is the kind of speed-up this quantum algorithm achieves.
  • Yet another scheme that showcases the exponential speed-up is the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm.
  • Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm can determine the mapping with one computation independent of the size of the input.
  • We just need to make sure there are enough qubits available to represent the number of digits in the input.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/how-quantum-algorithms-solve-intractable-problems-explained/article67417104.ece/amp/

4. RABI CROPS

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved the increase in the Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for all mandated Rabi Crops for Marketing Season 2024-25.

EXPLANATION:

• Government has increased the MSP of Rabi Crops for Marketing Season 2024-25, to ensure remunerative prices to the growers for their produce and incentivise crop diversification.
• The absolute highest increase in MSP has been approved for lentil (masur) at Rs.425 per quintal followed by rapeseed & mustard at Rs.200 per quintal.
• For wheat and safflower, an increase of Rs.150 per quintal each has been approved.
• For barley and gram an increase of Rs.115 per quintal and Rs.105 per quintal respectively, has been approved.
• The increase in MSP is in line with the Union Budget 2018-19 announcement of fixing the MSP at a level of at least 1.5 times of the All-India weighted average Cost of Production.
• The expected margin over All-India weighted average Cost of Production is 102 percent for wheat, followed by 98 percent for rapeseed & mustard; 89 per cent for lentil; 60 per cent for gram; 60 percent for barley; and 52 percent for safflower.

OTHER INITIATIVES OF THE GOVERNMENT:

• The Government is promoting crop diversification towards oilseeds, pulses and shree anna/millets to enhance food security, increase farmers’ income, and reduce dependence on imports.
• Besides the Price Policy, the Government has undertaken various initiatives such as the National Food Security Mission (NFSM), Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), and the National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP).
  • Its objective is to provide financial support, quality seeds to encourage farmers to cultivate oilseeds and pulses.
• To extend the benefits of the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme to every farmer across the nation, Government has launched the Kisan Rin Portal (KRP), KCC Ghar Ghar Abhiyaan, and Weather Information Network Data Systems (WINDS).
  • It aimed to provide timely and accurate weather information to empower farmers in making timely decisions regarding their crops.
• These initiatives aim to revolutionize agriculture, enhance financial inclusion, optimize data utilization, and improve the lives of farmers across the nation.

RABI CROPS:

• Rabi crops are sown in mid-November, preferably after the monsoon rains have ended, and harvested in April or May.
• Rabi crops are sown in the winter and harvested in the spring.
• A good winter rain is helpful for Kharif crops but bad for Rabi crops.
• The crops are grown either with rainwater that has percolated into the ground or using irrigation.
• Major Rabi crops are wheat, gram, peas, barley etc.
• A warm climate is required for seed germination and cold climate for the growth of crops.

CHALLENGES FACED BY RABI CROPS:

• Climate change is leading to more extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods. This can damage rabi crops and reduce yields.
• Rabi crops are susceptible to a number of pests and diseases. This can also reduce yields and increase costs for farmers.
• Farmers often receive low prices for their rabi crops. This can make it difficult for them to make a profit.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1968729

5. DIPHTHERIA

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: According to a recent announcement from the World Health Organisation (WHO), the Guinean Health Ministry has declared a diphtheria outbreak.

EXPLANATION:

• According to the World Health Organisation, from 4 July to 13 October 2023, a total of 538 cases of diphtheria, were reported in the Kankan region, in the east-central part of Guinea.
• The 1-4 years age group accounted for the largest proportion of reported cases.

DIPHTHERIA:

• Diphtheria is a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae that make toxin.
• It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart rhythm problems, and even death.
• CDC recommends vaccines for infants, children, teens, and adults to prevent diphtheria.

TRANSMISSION:

• Diphtheria bacteria spread from person to person, usually through respiratory droplets, like from coughing or sneezing.
• People can also get sick from touching infected open sores or ulcers.
• Those at increased risk of getting sick include:
  • People in the same household
  • People with a history of frequent, close contact with the patient
  • People directly exposed to secretions from the suspected infection site (e.g., mouth, skin) of the patient.

TREATMENT:

• Using diphtheria antitoxin to stop the bacteria toxin from damaging the body.
• This treatment is very important for respiratory diphtheria infections, but it is rarely used for diphtheria skin infections.
• Using antibiotics to kill and get rid of the bacteria. This is important for diphtheria infections in the respiratory system and on the skin and other parts of the body (e.g., eyes, blood).

COMPLICATIONS:

• Complications from respiratory diphtheria may include:
  • Airway blockage
  • Myocarditis (damage to the heart muscle)
  • Polyneuropathy (nerve damage)
  • Kidney failure
• For some people, respiratory diphtheria can lead to death.
• Even with treatment, about 1 in 10 patients with respiratory diphtheria die. Without treatment, up to half of patients can die from the disease.

SOURCE: https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142512

1. GLOBAL MARITIME INDIA SUMMIT 2023

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY, GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Prime Minister has virtually inaugurated the third edition of the Global Maritime India Summit 2023 on 17^th October 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• The summit is the biggest Maritime Event in the country and will witness the participation of Ministers from across the globe representing countries from Europe, Africa, South America, and Asia (including central Asia, Middle East and BIMSTEC region).
• The summit is also to be attended by Global CEOs, Business leaders, Investors, Officials, and other stakeholders worldwide.
• Further, several Indian states will also be represented at the summit by the Ministers and other dignitaries.
• The three-day summit will discuss and deliberate key issues of the maritime sector:
  • Ports of the future
  • Decarbonisation
  • Coastal shipping and inland waterways
  • Shipbuilding, repair, and recycling
  • Finance, insurance, and arbitration
  • Maritime clusters
  • Innovation and technology
  • Maritime safety and security
• The first Maritime India summit was held in 2016 in Mumbai while the Second Maritime Summit was held virtually in 2021.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SUMMIT:

• ‘Amrit Kaal Vision 2047’, a blueprint for the Indian maritime blue economy was unveiled.
• The blueprint outlines strategic initiatives aimed at enhancing port facilities, promoting sustainable practices, and facilitating international collaboration.
• In line with this futuristic plan the foundation stone for projects worth more than Rs 23,000 crores was laid that are aligned with the ‘Amrit Kaal Vision 2047’ for the Indian maritime blue economy.
• The summit provides an excellent platform for attracting investment in the country’s maritime sector.
• The Prime Minister laid the foundation stone of Tuna Tekra all-weather deep draft terminal, to be built at a cost of more than Rs 4,500 crores at Deendayal Port Authority in Gujarat.
• This state-of-the-art greenfield terminal will be developed in Public–Private Partnership (PPP) mode.
• The terminal, which is likely to emerge as an international trade hub, will handle next-gen vessels exceeding 18,000 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs).
• It will act as a gateway for Indian trade via the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC).
• The Prime Minister also dedicated more than 300 Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) worth more than 7 lakh crore for global and national partnerships in the maritime sector.

ABOUT THE SUMMIT:

• Global Maritime India Summit (GMIS) 2023 is a flagship event aimed at propelling the Indian maritime economy by promoting global and regional partnerships and facilitating investments.
• It is an annual meet of the Indian and international maritime community to address key industry issues and exchange ideas to bring the sector forward.
• Driven by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, GMIS 2023 brings together global maritime players, policy makers and regulators, key opinion leaders and industry leaders.
• The event includes an investor summit and an international exhibition to facilitate interaction and collaboration among the Indian and international maritime companies, policy makers, investors, and other stakeholders.
• To encourage dialogue and cooperation among key industry leaders, the event features a Global CEOs’ Forum.
• Further, to recognize partners that have made outstanding contributions to India’s development as a leading maritime center, the event will host Maritime Excellence Achievers’ ceremony.
• The 3-day event will be inaugurated by the Hon’ble Prime Minister of India and expected to be attended by the globally renowned industry players.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1968331

2. SAME SEX MARRIAGE

TAG: GS 2: POLITY, GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court upheld constitutionality of Special Marriage Act in present form and entrusts legislature to debate, decide on providing legal status to same-sex relationships.

EXPLANATION:

• The Constitution Bench ruled that courts cannot intervene in the matter as there is no fundamental right to marry.
• It held that only the legislature can recognise or regulate queer marriage.
• All five judges on the Bench unanimously accepting that laws and society discriminate against same-sex couples.
• But they failed to reach a consensus to provide even long-abiding relationships between queer couples the status of a legally recognised “civil union”.

OPINION OF THE MINORITY OF THE BENCH:

• Minority of the bench hold the view that queer people have a fundamental right to form a relationship, and the state should not fail to give such unions a legal status so that same-sex couples could avail the material benefits provided under the law.
• The right to enter into a union cannot be restricted on the basis of sexual orientation. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is violative of Article 15 of the Constitution.
  • Right to form a union was a feature of the fundamental right to choose partners and lead a dignified, meaningful life.
  • Equality cannot be denied to same-sex couples on the basis of their sexual orientation. Queer persons have a right to form abiding relationships.
• Legal recognition to same-sex relationships was a step forward towards “marriage equality”.
• They held that constitutional authorities should carve out a regulatory framework to recognise the civil union of adults in a same-sex relationship.
• The majority views of Justices disagreed on the point, holding that it was for the legislature, and not the Court, to formally recognise and grant legal status to non-heterosexual relationships.
• But all the five judges on the Bench agreed that the Special Marriage Act of 1954 was not unconstitutional for excluding same-sex marriages.
• They said that tinkering with the Special Marriage Act of 1954 to bring same-sex unions within its ambit would not be advisable. It is Parliament and State legislature to enact laws on marriage.

FORMATION OF THE COMMITTEE:

• The Bench nevertheless unanimously agreed that same sex couples face discrimination and harassment in their daily lives.
• The court urged the government to form a high-powered committee chaired by the Union Cabinet Committee to expeditiously look into genuine human concerns faced by same-sex partners.
• The Chief Justice suggested that the committee should look into whether queer couples could be treated as members of the same family for the purpose of ration card; succession; maintenance; opening of a joint bank account; arrangement of last rites of partners; access benefits of rights and benefits of employment, etc.

LEGAL BATTLE OF THE SAME SEX MARRIAGE:

• The legal battle for same-sex marriage in India began in 2001, when Naz Foundation (India) Trust filed a petition in the Delhi High Court challenging the constitutionality of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which criminalized “carnal intercourse against the order of nature”.
• In 2009, the Delhi High Court ruled that Section 377 was unconstitutional in so far as it applied to consensual sexual activity between adults.
• However, the Supreme Court of India overturned the Delhi High Court’s ruling in 2013 and held that the decision to decriminalise homosexuality could only be made by Parliament and not the Court.
• In 2014, a group of LGBTQ+ activists filed a petition in the Supreme Court challenging the constitutionality of Section 377 once again.
• In 2018, the Supreme Court ruled that Section 377 was unconstitutional in its entirety.
• The Supreme Court’s ruling was a major victory for the LGBTQ+ community in India, and it paved the way for the legalization of same-sex marriage.
• In 2019, a group of LGBTQ+ activists filed a petition in the Supreme Court seeking the legalization of same-sex marriage.
• The legal battle for same-sex marriage in India has been long and arduous However significant progress has been made in recent years.
• The Supreme Court’s ruling decriminalizing homosexuality and the Supreme Court’s recent judgement are both signs of progress.
• It is important to note that the legal battle for same-sex marriage is not just about the right to marry but right to equality and the right to be free from discrimination.
• The LGBTQ+ community in India faces discrimination in many areas of life, including employment, housing, and healthcare. The legalization of same-sex marriage would send a powerful message that the LGBTQ+ community is equal to any other community in India.
• The legal battle for same-sex marriage in India is a complex issue with many different perspectives. It is important to be respectful of all perspectives and to engage in civil discourse.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/sc-declines-to-legalise-same-sex-marriage-says-legislature-to-decide/article67431746.ece

3. LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS (LF)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Lao People’s Democratic Republic has eliminated lymphatic filariasis (LF), a disease that cripples and has significant social and economic impact on the affected communities according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

EXPLANATION:

• This is the country’s second neglected tropical disease (NTD) to be eliminated in six years, following the elimination of trachoma as a public health hazard in 2017.
• The WHO attributed the success to decades of hard effort by the Lao government, health-care workers, communities, and national and international partners.
• Lao PDR is now the second country after Bangladesh to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF) in 2023.
• Nineteen countries have been able to eliminate LF, according to the WHO progress report on the disease released on October 13, 2023.

LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS (LF):

• Lymphatic filariasis, commonly known as elephantiasis, is a neglected tropical disease.
• Over 882 million people in 44 countries worldwide remain threatened by lymphatic filariasis and require preventive chemotherapy to stop the spread of this parasitic infection.

CAUSE, TRANSMISSION AND SYMPTOMS:

• Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with parasites classified as nematodes (roundworms) of the family Filariodidea.
• There are 3 types of these thread-like filarial worms:
  • Wuchereria bancrofti, which is responsible for 90% of the cases.
  • Brugia malayi, which causes most of the remainder of the cases.
  • Brugia timori, which also causes the disease.
• Infection occurs when filarial parasites are transmitted to humans through mosquitoes.
• Infection is usually acquired in childhood and causes hidden damage to the lymphatic system.
• Lymphatic filariasis impairs the lymphatic system and can lead to the abnormal enlargement of body parts, causing pain, severe disability and social stigma.

ELIMINATION:

• Lymphatic filariasis can be eliminated by stopping the spread of infection through preventive chemotherapy with safe medicine combinations repeated annually.
• More than 9 billion cumulative treatments have been delivered to stop the spread of infection since 2000.
• As of 2018, 51 million people were infected – a 74% decline since the start of WHO’s Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis in 2000.
• Due to successful implementation of WHO strategies, 740 million people no longer require preventive chemotherapy.
• An essential, recommended package of care can alleviate suffering and prevent further disability among people living with disease caused by lymphatic filariasis.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/lao-pdr-becomes-second-country-in-2023-after-bangladesh-to-eliminate-lymphatic-filariasis-92355

4. BRIGHT TRANSIENT SURVEY BOT (BTSBOT)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: For the first time, artificial intelligence (AI) has searched for, detected, confirmed, classified, and announced a supernova discovery without any human intervention.

EXPLANATION:

• This new AI tool called Bright Transient Survey Bot (BTSbot) has been developed by an international team of scientists, using over 1.4 million images from nearly 16,000 sources to train its machine-learning algorithm.
• It is reported that the new system allows automation of the entire star explosion discovery process, which not only eliminates human error but also dramatically increases speed.
• Removing humans from the loop provides more time for the research team to analyze their observations and develop new hypotheses to explain the origin of the cosmic explosions that we observe.
• This significantly streamlines large studies of supernovae and help to better understand the life cycles of stars and the origin of elements supernovae create, like carbon, iron and gold.

BRIGHT TRANSIENT SURVEY BOT:

• It is a machine-learning algorithm which has been trained by using over 1.4 million images from nearly 16,000 sources.
• It detected the newly discovered supernova named SN2023tyk in data from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) which is believed to be a Type Ia supernova located around 760 million light-years from Earth.

WORKING MECHANISM:

• It automatically requested the potential supernova’s spectrum from Palomar Observatory – where another robotic telescope, the Spectral Energy Distribution Machine (SEDM) performed an in-depth observation to obtain the source’s spectrum.
• This new system not only allows automation of the entire search for new supernovae across the night sky but also eliminates human error and dramatically increases speed.
• It searched, detected, confirmed, classified, and announced the findings without any human intervention.

WHY IS IT COMPARATIVELY DIFFICULT FOR HUMANS TO DETECT?

• The current process of detecting and analysing supernovae involves humans working hand in hand with robotic systems.
• Though supernovae are bright and energetic events, they are not that common, and certainly not easy to spot.
• The traditional method involves relying on robotic telescopes repeatedly taking images of the same sections of the night sky to detect new sources of light after which humans take over.
• Subsequently, astronomers have to visually inspect large volumes of data.
• This time-consuming process is believed to be the reason why astronomers have only discovered a small fraction of all supernovae that occur in the universe.
• But automated software presents a list of candidate explosions to humans, who spend time verifying the candidates and executing spectroscopic observations.

SOURCE: https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/ai-finds-supernova-the-biggest-explosion-in-universe-first-without-human-help-2450230-2023-10-17

5. RICE FORTIFICATION

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court on October 14, 2023, directed the Centre to respond to concerns regarding the government’s iron fortified rice programme and its indiscriminate distribution to even those suffering from thalassemia and sickle cell disease.

EXPLANATION:

• The Supreme Court asked the government to apprise it in four weeks about the steps taken to comply with a provision of the regulations.
• Provision of the Food Safety and Standards (Fortification of Foods) Regulations, 2018 provides that labels on bags containing fortified rice should carry an advisory that it is harmful for people suffering from thalassemia and sickle cell anaemia.
• The 2018 regulations provided that every package of food fortified with iron shall carry a statement, “People with thalassemia may take under medical supervision and persons with Sickle Cell Anaemia are advised not to consume iron fortified food-products”.
• The directions were given in response to a public interest litigation filed by Rajesh Krishnan and others, challenging the government’s iron fortified rice programme.

ISSUES WITH THE IRON FORTIFIED FOOD:

• Food Safety and Standards Authority of India’s statutory regulations has warned patients with thalassemia and sickle cell anaemia against consuming iron-fortified food or about using it only under strict medical supervision.
• Patients of haemoglobinopathies (a group of blood disorders that affect red blood cells) like thalassemia and sickle cell disease are contraindicated to eat iron, according to clause 7 (4) of the Food Safety and Standards (Fortification of Foods) Regulation, 2018 and also based on global scientific evidence.
• Consuming iron could lead to adverse outcomes like organ failure for people with such conditions.
• This means that giving iron-fortified rice indiscriminately, without any screening for such patients, is a non-compliance of the government with their own warnings.
• A fact-finding visit by Alliance for Sustainable and Holistic Agriculture and Right to Food Campaign in the two states of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
• It revealed that the labelling requirements and the operational guidelines were not being followed; importantly, in food schemes where the food distribution is unpackaged or even cooked, there were no written or verbal warnings.

FOOD FORTIFICATION:

• Food fortification refers to the addition of chemical / synthetic vitamins and minerals (like iron, folic acid, iodine, zinc, vitamins B12, A, D) that are not available naturally in particular foods and is used as a strategy to address malnutrition in India.

HOW IS RICE FORTIFIED WITH IRON?

• Under the fortification scheme, milled broken rice is ground to dust and a premix of vitamins and minerals is added to it.
• Thereafter, an extruder machine is used to produce fortified rice kernels (FRK) resembling rice grains.
• The kernels are then mixed in a 1:100 ratio with regular rice to produce fortified rice.
• The cost to the consumer is estimated to be less than 50 paisa per kg.
• According to the food ministry, the fortification programme aims to cover 291 aspirational and high burden (nutrient deficient) districts across the country by March 2023, for which 9 million tonnes of fortified rice has been produced.

FORTIFIED RICE PROGRAMME:

• Prime Minister in his Independence Day address in 2021, said the government aims to distribute fortified rice via the government schemes by 2024.
• Thereafter, a scheme for the distribution of fortified rice, containing prescribed micronutrients (Iron, Folic Acid, Vitamin B12) was launched in October 2021 in a phased manner in order to address the problem of anaemia in children and women.
• In April 2022, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved the supply of fortified rice throughout the Public Distribution System (PDS), Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman-PM POSHAN (erstwhile Mid-Day Meal Scheme) and other welfare schemes in all states and Union Territories (UTs) by 2024 in a phased manner.
• The entire cost of rice fortification, which is around Rs 2,700 crore per annum, would be borne by the Centre as part of the food subsidy till its full implementation up to June 2024.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/food/no-health-warnings-on-iron-fortified-rice-sc-directs-govt-to-respond-in-4-weeks-92348

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. PM inaugurates Global Maritime India Summit 2023 READ MORE
2. SC declines to legalise same-sex marriage, says legislature to decide READ MORE
3. Kerala mulls planting bamboo along Munnar’s Gap Road to avert landslips READ MORE  
4. ST status for Meiteis was considered and rejected in 1982 and 2001, government records show READ MORE
5. How synergistic barriers are affecting progress on SDGs READ MORE
6. AI finds supernova, the biggest explosion in universe, first without human help READ MORE
7. India-Sri Lanka ferry service restarted after 40 yrs: Opportunities, challenges READ MORE
8. Scientists using AI to decode secrets of ancient Pompeii scroll READ MORE
9. Amazon forests threatened: 10% more wildfires than last year, environmental gains may be undone READ MORE
10. No health warnings on iron fortified rice: SC directs govt to respond in 4 weeks READ MORE  

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Why Supreme Court’s same-sex marriage verdict opens no doors for queer people READ MORE
2. Solve water woes to save TN growth target READ MORE
3. Is climate change the reason for Sikkim flash floods? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Demolishing the frame from outside the Constitution READ MORE
2. Centralised procurement as a powerful health idea READ MORE
3. Law and custom: On the Supreme Court’s verdict on same-sex marriage READ MORE
4. Invoking the spectre of judicial legislation READ MORE
5. Empowered CAG: Guardian of public purse must stay independent READ MORE
6. Providing non-financial services to rural communities READ MORE
7. Electoral Bonds must be scrapped READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Food deprivation & hunger remain widespread in India READ MORE
2. Higher education at crossroads READ MORE
3. Transform learning READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. A ferry tale from the neighbourhood READ MORE
2. Building bridges READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. How to read India’s latest employment data READ MORE
2. Role of banks in a knowledge economy READ MORE
3. Gig workers law deepens industrial democracy READ MORE
4. Watch out for global headwinds READ MORE
5. Farm to fork: An overview of millet supply chains in India READ MORE
6. GM crops need more research READ MORE
7. Indian Agriculture has a problem. We farm too much for too little READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Climate lessons from G20 for Dubai COP28 READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. AI could redefine police techniques READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Localise strategies to build climate resilience READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Cybercrime surge: Focus on persistent vigil, collaborative efforts READ MORE
2. Beyond ‘Black Mirror’s’ fiction – Impact of Generative AI on policing, security READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. This Quote Means: ‘Women… are fuelled by a will to survive’, from Iran’s Nobel Peace Prize winner READ MORE
2. The Buddha’s wisdom can help to heal the mind READ MORE
3. Supreme intelligence READ MORE
4. Civil servants who say no to scams are national icons READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. As the threat of climate change grows stark in the Himalayan regions, the Early Warning System should be deployed to avoid numerous disasters. Comment.
2. Despite the emergence of numerous education policies in the post-independence period, India has yet to generate an indigenous system of education that is propelled by rationality, scientific temper and empathy. Do you agree that transforming education into the practice of freedom is an effective way forward?
3. The Electoral Bonds scheme not only creates an uneven playing field for political parties but is a danger to our democracy. Comment.
4. The SHG federations with the existing panchayat-level committees has opportunities to contribute to the development process of the village to upgrade education, health, sanitation and infrastructure facilities. Comment.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• The Constitution’s identity is endangered not just by a textual transformation but also in the subversion of its liberal, democratic environment.
• Our real enemies are not men and women but suspicion, fear, hatred, violence and feeling of revenge and these enemies cannot be eliminated by military means.
• Discoms will be profitable only when they are unshackled from state controls and electricity distribution is deregulated.
• The goal should be to create more employers than employees, and it is hoped that “PM Vishwakarma” will help make this a reality.
• The SHG federations can work with the existing panchayat-level committees to contribute to the development process of the village to upgrade education, health, sanitation and infrastructure facilities.
• The SHG model is a flexible and comprehensive tool to steer holistic development services as opposed to only providing financial and livelihood services to SHG women.
• While women-led federations role in promoting empowerment and livelihoods promotion is well known, not much has been highlighted about the SHG federation’s work in providing non-financial and development services in their communities.
• As the threat of climate change grows stark in the Himalayan regions the Early Warning System should be deployed to avoid numerous disasters.
• The biggest concern for India right now is the decline in both merchandise exports and imports over the past eight months.
• If the Indian government remains convinced about not joining the RCEP, it must have strategic reasons, which is fine. But it must nevertheless address the ongoing outcomes of such a decision, and that’s where agility in policymaking comes in.
• Despite the emergence of numerous education policies in the post-Independence period, India is yet to generate an indigenous system of education that is propelled by rationality, scientific temper and empathy.
• Education has to set its epistemic and moral worth and the goals of education should be quality, equity and efficiency in learning outcomes.
• A level playing field in terms of educational opportunities and competition, coupled with affirmative action, can enhance classroom accountability.
• To integrate critical thinking, educational reform has to assimilate the willingness to be rationally critiqued and learning must inculcate the ability to question from different vantage points.
• One is the legalisation of anonymous donations, and the other is the violation of citizens’ right to information about the funding of parties.
• The legalisation of anonymous donations would amount to facilitation and legitimisation of corruption.
• In a democracy, the public have the right to know who funds parties because the funding may be used to influence policies.

50-WORD TALK

• As the threat of climate change grows stark, events like the recent glacial lake outburst flood that caused death and devastation in Sikkim are becoming frequent. This underlines the urgency of installing early warning systems in the fragile Himalayan range. Governments can no longer afford to ignore such red flags.
• Faced with a moral, legal and ethical dilemma, the Supreme Court walked on eggshells to reject a 26-week-old pregnant woman’s plea to abort her foetus on the ground that it risked her psychologically. The issue will be debated in the coming days as a prudent balance between competing fundamental rights.
• GIFT City has many infrastructural marvels, and attractive tax incentives. But, it’s nowhere near being the next Singapore. It needs to come out of Gujarat government’s shadows and allow a restriction-free, socially liberal lifestyle that youthful, global workforce thrives on. Relax prohibition, improve connectivity, housing, open spas, and golf courses.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED. Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

1. THE HIGH COST OF CHEAP WATER REPORT

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The report, titled “The High Cost of Cheap Water” was released on the occasion of World Food Day October 16 by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).

EXPLANATION:

• The world has lost a third of its remaining wetlands since 1970, while freshwater wildlife populations have, on average, dropped by 83 per cent.
• This has contributed to growing numbers of people facing water shortages and food insecurity, with rivers and lakes drying up, increasing pollution and food sources such as freshwater fisheries dwindling.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• The Global water crisis has threatened $58 trillion in economic value, food security and sustainability.
• The report elaborated that the amount — $58 trillion — is the first ever annual estimate of economic value of water and freshwater ecosystems.
• It is equivalent to 60 per cent of global gross domestic product.
• Water and freshwater ecosystems offer several direct and indirect benefits.
• Direct economic benefits, such as water consumption for households, irrigated agriculture and industries, amount to a minimum of $7.5 trillion annually.
• Purifying water, enhancing soil health, storing carbon, and protecting communities from extreme floods and droughts are seven times higher at around $50 trillion annually.
• The document gave the example of Europe’s Danube basin.
  • Eighty per cent of the floodplains along the Danube and tributaries — essential for flood and drought risk mitigation, groundwater recharge and water filtration — have been lost.
  • Today, a mere 16 per cent of the rivers in the Danube basin retain their natural or near-natural state and less than 20 per cent are near-natural to slightly altered.
  • The Danube is the second longest river of Europe, after the Volga.

ANTHROPOGENIC REASONS:

• The report noted that unsustainable agricultural practices were among the primary threats to rivers and floodplains.
• Agriculture currently accounts for over 70 per cent of the freshwater used by humanity, according to data from the World Bank.
  • Over-extraction of water for crop irrigation also reduces its availability for other uses, such as natural flows that support fisheries.
  • Agricultural fields now occupy floodplains. This has reduced the purification, flood and drought risk capacities of river systems.
• Excessive fertiliser use creates diffuse pollution affecting surface and groundwater.
• Threats to river systems are threats to food security.
• Our current food production practices are not only harming freshwater ecosystems but are also identified as the primary contributors to biodiversity loss and climate change.
• They are causing land erosion and reducing the capacity of landscapes to deal with water scarcity and droughts.

WAY FORWARD:

• Only by protecting and restoring rivers and their active and former floodplains, keeping water in the landscape with natural water retention measures can we hope to maintain the productivity of agricultural systems into the future.
• Countries must support nature-positive food production and maintain free-flowing rivers for agricultural productivity.
• The world must also apply sustainable land use practices to facilitate natural water retention and adopt diets that reduce demand for products that strain freshwater.
• Food industry can drive a positive change by embracing leading sustainability practices.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/food/world-food-day-2023-water-crisis-threatens-58-trillion-in-economic-value-food-security-says-wwf-report-92326

2. FLIGHT TEST VEHICLE ABORT MISSION-1 (TV-D1)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is about to commence unmanned flight tests for the Gaganyaan mission’s Flight Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1 (TV-D1), in Sriharikota.

EXPLANATION:

• TV-D1 will demonstrate the performance of the Crew Escape System.
• The Department of Space presented a comprehensive overview of the Gaganyaan Mission, including various technologies developed so far such as human-rated launch vehicles and system qualification.
• Around 20 major tests, including 3 uncrewed missions of the Human Rated Launch Vehicle (HLVM3) are planned.
• First demonstration flight of the Crew Escape System Test Vehicle is scheduled on 21 October.
• The meeting evaluated the mission’s readiness, affirming its launch in 2025.

CREW MODULE (CM):

• Crew Module (CM) is where the astronauts are contained in a pressurized earth like atmospheric condition during the Gaganyaan mission.
• The CM for the Gaganyaan mission is in different stages of development.
• For the Test Vehicle Abort mission-1 (TV-D1), the CM is an unpressurised version that has completed its integration and testing and is ready to be shipped to the launch complex.
• This unpressurised CM version has to have an overall size and mass of actual Gaganyaan CM.
• It houses all the systems for the deceleration and recovery.
• With its complete set of parachutes, recovery aids actuation systems and pyros.
• The avionics systems in CM are in a dual redundant mode configuration for navigation, sequencing, telemetry, instrumentation and power.
• The CM in this mission is extensively instrumented to capture the flight data for evaluation of the performance of various systems.
• The Crew Module will be recovered after touchdown in the Bay of Bengal, using a dedicated vessel and diving team from the Indian Navy.

TEST VEHICLE (TV-D1):

• The first development flight Test Vehicle (TV-D1) is in the final stages of preparation.
• The Test Vehicle is a single-stage liquid rocket developed for this abort mission.
• The payloads consist of the Crew Module (CM) and Crew Escape Systems (CES) with their fast-acting solid motors, along with CM fairing (CMF) and Interface Adapters.
• This flight will simulate the abort condition during the ascent trajectory corresponding to a Mach number of 1.2 encountered in the Gaganyaan mission.
• CES with CM will be separated from the Test Vehicle at an altitude of about 17 km.
• Subsequently, the abort sequence will be executed autonomously commencing with the separation of CES and deployment of the series of parachutes, finally culminating in the safe touchdown of CM in the sea, about 10 km from the coast of Sriharikota.

SOURCE: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/gaganyaan-crew-escape-systems-first-test-flight-on-oct-21-isro/articleshow/104476363.cms?from=mdr

3. FAST RADIO BURSTS (FRBS)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: A recent study by the astronomers from the University of Tokyo has bolstered support for a starquake source for fast radio bursts (FRBs).

EXPLANATION:

• The study was published in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
• It found that the patterns of FRBs resemble those of earthquakes on Earth.
• Findings suggest that FRBs are caused by a localized event, such as a starquake.
• Starquakes are thought to occur when the crust of a neutron star ruptures due to the intense gravitational forces inside the star.

An illustration of a neutron star undergoing a “starquake,” a violent event that could cause mysterious fast radio bursts.

FAST RADIO BURSTS:

• A fast radio burst is a bright and brief burst of electromagnetic radiation (light) seen in radio-wave frequencies.
• They usually last for very short period of time.
• Some FRBs repeat, but the vast majority happen once and disappear forever.
• They reach earth from faraway galaxies, emitting as much energy in a millisecond as the sun does over weeks.
• Scientists don’t know for sure what causes fast radio bursts.
• However, the current prevailing theory is that at least some FRBs are emitted by neutron stars.
• These stars form when a supergiant star collapses, going from eight times the mass of our sun (on average) to a superdense core only 20–40 kilometers across.
• Magnetars are neutron stars with extremely strong magnetic fields, and these have been observed to emit FRBs.

SOURCE: https://www.wionews.com/science/fast-radio-bursts-in-space-occur-due-to-starquakes-study-647154

4. TILAPIA PARVOVIRUS (TIPV)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The occurrence of tilapia parvovirus (TiPV) has been reported for the first time in India at ponds in Walajah in Ranipet district of Tamil Nadu.

EXPLANATION:

• Fish samples were collected from 10 ponds in the farm and fish from eight ponds showed TiPV-positive by PCR.
• This DNA virus caused mortality ranging from 30 to 50% in the farm and 100% mortality in the laboratory.

TILAPIA:

• Tilapia is a common name used for certain species of fishes belonging to the family Cich lidae (order Perciformes).
• These are freshwater species native to Africa.
• It is easily raised and harvested food fish.
• Mozambique tilapia was introduced to Indian fresh water bodies in the 1950s and it is called Jilabi in Tamil Nadu.
• Capable of surviving in low-oxygen levels in water, the fish has turned invasive across the country.
• Nile tilapia introduced in the 1970s is a little bigger and is cultured on a large-scale.
• Among the tilapia species, the Indian government had authorized import of only Oreochromis niloticus in 1970 and red hybrids because of their fast growth and market demand.
• In India, tilapia farming is being carried out in different parts of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, and is sold in domestic markets as whole fish.
• In 2022, the tilapia production was estimated at about 70,000 tonnes, of which 30,000 tonnes come from aquaculture.
• While screening the fish for viral pathogens in the months of February and March 2023, the research team reported the occurrence of Tilapia parvovirus.

TILAPIA PARVOVIRUS (TIPV):

• It is a small, nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus.
• It was first reported in China in 2019 and Thailand in 2021. India is the third country to report the occurrence of TiPV.
• This virus was localized in the gills, heart, brain, liver, pancreas, spleen, intestine, kidney, eyes, and muscles of tilapia.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/first-tilapia-parvovirus-reported-in-tamil-nadu/article67423521.ece

5. PALLIKARANAI MARSHLAND

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Despite threats of new infrastructure and encroachments, winged visitors continue to arrive at the Pallikaranai marshland, where 196 species including 72 migratory birds have been documented over two decades.

EXPLANATION:

• With over 150 garganeys, and several other species, including waders and raptors, flocking the Pallikaranai marshland, the curtain for the migratory season has been raised.
• Garganey, northern pintail, northern shoveler, common teal, western yellow wagtail, grey-headed lapwing, common sandpiper, and wood sandpiper have arrived.
• Raptors, such as red-necked falcon, osprey, and greater-spotted eagle were also sighted.
• It has been observed that the western yellow wagtail arrives from northern latitudes at the marshland every first week of September.
• The grey-headed lapwing comes between September 28 and October 2.

Common teal                                                      

Western yellow wagtail

Grey-headed lapwing

PALLIKARANAI MARSHLAND:

• It is a freshwater marsh and partly saline wetland situated about 20 kilometres south of the city of Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
• On its eastern periphery, the Marsh is flanked by the Buckingham Canal.
• The diverse ecosystem of the marshland supports some 115 bird species, ten mammals, 21 reptiles, ten amphibians, 46 fish, nine molluscs, five crustaceans, and seven butterfly species.
• These include notable species such as Russell’s viper (Daboia siamensis) and birds such as the glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), grey-headed lapwings (Vanellus cinereus) and Pheasant-tailed jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus).
• Apart from its biodiversity value, the wetland also plays a vital role in the prevention of flooding for the city of Chennai, soaking up water during wet periods and releasing it during dry spells.
• The site is threatened by invasive and non-native species, household sewage, urban wastewater and droughts.
• It is one of the Ramsar sites from India.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/first-set-of-migratory-birds-flock-pallikaranai/article67424097.ece

1. QUANTUM ENGINE

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT:A team of physicists in Germany has developed a new type of quantum engine that works by flipping the identity of atoms.

EXPLANATION:

• The engine is still in its early stages of development, but it could have far-reaching implications for the future of energy production and computing.
• The new quantum engine is based on a theoretical concept called the Pauli engine, which was first proposed in 2003.
• The Pauli engine is a type of heat engine that converts the energy difference between two quantum states of a group of atoms into work.

HOW IT WORKS:

• The engine works by exploiting a fundamental difference between two types of subatomic particles: fermions and bosons.
• Fermions are particles that obey the Pauli exclusion principle.
  • It means that no two fermions can occupy the same quantum state at the same time.
• Bosons, on the other hand, do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle, which means that they can all occupy the same quantum state.
• The engine works by starting with a group of fermions that are cooled to very low temperatures.
• At these temperatures, the fermions will all occupy the lowest energy level possible.
• However, if the fermions are then exposed to a strong magnetic field, their energy levels will change, and they will be forced to occupy higher energy levels.
• This process is known as a Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC).
• Once the fermions have been converted to bosons, they can be used to power the engine.
• The engine works by exploiting the fact that bosons have a lower energy than fermions.
• By flipping the identity of the atoms back and forth between fermions and bosons, the engine can release energy.

POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS:

• The new quantum engine could have a wide range of potential applications.
• For example, it could be used to develop new types of batteries and fuel cells that are more efficient and have a higher energy density than current technologies.
• It could also be used to develop new types of quantum computers that are more powerful and faster than current computers.

CHALLENGES:

• One of the main challenges facing the development of the new quantum engine is that it is still very inefficient.
• The current prototype engine has an efficiency of only about 25%.
• However, the researchers believe that they can improve the efficiency of the engine significantly in the future.
• Another challenge is that the engine is very sensitive to temperature.
• It only works at very low temperatures, close to absolute zero.
• This means that the engine would need to be cooled using a cryogenic system, which would be expensive and complex.

CONCLUSION:

• The new quantum engine is a promising new technology with the potential to revolutionize energy production and computing.
• However, there are still a number of challenges that need to be overcome before the engine can be commercialized.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pauli-engine-bec-bcs-crossover-quantum-thermodynamics/article67410557.ece/amp/

2. INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOCIATION

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT:The Indian Ocean Rim Association’s (IORA) Council of Ministers (COM) held in Colombo on October 11 was attended by foreign ministers and senior officials of the 23-nation grouping of countries with the theme “Reinforcing Indian Ocean Identity”.

WHAT IS THE IORA AND HOW WAS IT FORMED?

• The Indian Ocean Rim Association includes 23 countries from Africa, West Asia, South Asia, South East Asia, Australia and littoral states situated in and around the Indian Ocean.
• Its apex body is the Council of Foreign Ministers which meet annually.
• The grouping moves by rotation through members every two years.
• Sri Lanka took charge as Chair 2023 from Bangladesh, and India is Vice-Chair, meaning that the troika of IORA is within the South Asian region.
• IORA’s membership includes 23 countries: Australia, Bangladesh, the Comoros, France, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, the Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Seychelles, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, the UAE and Yemen.
• It also has 11 dialogue partners: China, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Russia, Türkiye, the U.K. and the U.S.
• The IORA was formed in 1997 (then called the Indian Ocean Region-Association for Regional Cooperation) in Mauritius.
• Itsgenesis came from a speech Nelson Mandela gave in Delhi in 1995.

IMPORTANCE OF THE INDIAN OCEAN REGION:

• A third of the world’s population (2.6 billion people) live in the region.
• 80% of global oil trade, 50% of the world’s containerised cargo and 33% of its bulk cargo passes through it.
• The region produces a combined total of $1 trillion in goods and services and intra-IORA trade is billed at around $800 billion.
• IORA, remains a “safe space” for India and other countries of the region that wish to keep out the constant challenge of big-power rivalries.
  • India’s other regional organisations, like SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) and BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation), face their own challenges.
  • While the QUAD (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue), has made progress, it remains U.S.-led, along with military allies Australia and Japan.
  • Meanwhile, China is actively trying to rope in India’s neighbours with groupings like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China-Indian Ocean Region Forum on Development Cooperation, China-South Asian Countries Poverty Alleviation and Cooperative Development Centre, which exclude India.
• IORA membership is based on consensus, and Pakistan has not been admitted to the grouping since it first applied in 2001.
  • Because it has not extended MFN (most favoured nation) status to India, making the IORA a less contentious space for India as well, compared to groupings like the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO).

IORA’s FOCUS:

• According to its charter, the IORA’s seven priority areas are
  • Maritimesafety and security;
  • Tradeand investment facilitation;
  • Fisheriesmanagement;
  • Disasterrisk management;
  • Academic;
  • Science and technology;
  • Tourism and cultural exchanges; and
  • Gender empowerment.
• The IORA also runs a special fund in addition, disbursing $80,000-$150,000 for project grants to members, and has a particular focus on climate change.
• Strategic issues and the importance of keeping a free and open sea lane, guarding against piracy, have become an integral part of the discussions.
• Speaking at the conference this year, External Affairs Minister of India stressed the importance of maintaining the Indian Ocean as a “free, open and inclusive space” where there was “respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity”.

SOURCE:https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.thehindu.com/news/national/how-is-the-indian-ocean-rim-association-a-key-bloc-for-india-explained/article67421544.ece/amp/

3. AMUR FALCONS

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT:The Manipur Forest Department will carry out a head count of Amur falcons-the world’s longest travelling raptors- in Tamenglong district.

EXPLANATION:

• The district’s forest unit as well as Tamenglong based Rainforest Club Tamenglong (RCT) are all set to hold a series of programmes jointly to spread awareness among the villages.
• Tamenglong’s district magistrate also released an order, banning on hunting, catching, killing and selling of the birds and using of air guns during the raptors’ roosting period.

IMPORTANCE OF THE HEAD COUNT:

• The head count will provide valuable data on the population of Amur falcons in Manipur, which is essential for developing effective conservation strategies.
• The data will also help to identify any new or emerging threats to the birds.
• The head count is an opportunity to raise awareness about the importance of Amur falcons and the need to protect them.
• The head count is also a sign of the Manipur Forest Department’s commitment to conserving Amur falcons and other wildlife in the state.

THREATS TO THE AMUR FALCON:

• Habitat loss:
  • Amur falcons rely on a variety of habitats during their migration, including grasslands, woodlands, and wetlands.
  • However, these habitats are increasingly being lost to development, agriculture, and other human activities.

• Hunting:
  • Amur falcons are hunted for food and for sport in some parts of their range.
  • This is a major threat to the species, especially in areas where populations are already declining.

• Pesticide poisoning:
  • Amur falcons can be poisoned by pesticides that are used in agriculture.
  • This is a particular threat to the birds during their wintering grounds in Africa, where pesticides are often used intensively.

• Climate change:
• • Climate change is also a threat to Amur falcons.
  • As the climate warms, the birds are forced to change their migration patterns and habitats.
  • This can make it more difficult for them to find food and nesting sites.

AMUR FALCONS:

• The Amur falcons are locally known as Akhuaipuina.
• They usually arrive in Manipur in thousands, mostly in Tamenglong in mid-October from their breeding grounds in South Eastern Siberia and Northern China.
• Feeds on dragonflies that follow a similar migration path over Arabian Sea.
• These pigeon-sized birds undertake a yearly journey covering up to 22,000 km(longest sea crossing of any raptor).
• They leave the region at November-end after having enough food for their non-stop flight to Africa, where they spend their winters.
• They also cross over the Indian Ocean between Western India and tropical East Africa, a journey of more than 4,000 km, which also includes nocturnal flight.
• This bird is protected under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
• Migrates west through India and across the Arabian Sea to Southern Africa
• Flyway: East-Asian Australasian and African Eurasian
• Population of more than 1,000,000 breeding individuals.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/manipur-to-conduct-census-of-amur-falcon-world-s-longest-travelling-raptors-101697291617259.html

4. DECLINE IN POLLINATION IN TROPICAL AREAS

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT:According to a new study led by researchers from the University College London and the Natural History Museum, tropical crops like coffee, cocoa, watermelon and mango, face a potential crisis due to the loss of insect pollinators.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE STUDY:

• According to the United States Department of Agriculture, three-fourths of the world’s flowering plants and about 35 per cent of the world’s food crops depended on animal pollinators to reproduce.
• Using a dataset containing 2,673 sites and 3,080 insect pollinator species, the researchers showed that the combined pressures of climate change and agricultural activities have led to large reductions in insect pollinators.
• The researchers looked at which pollination-dependent crops were most at threat till 2050.
• The number of insects that pollinate those plants declined by 61 per cent.
• The highest risk to crop production from pollinator losses will be in the tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa, South America and Southeast Asia.
• In terms of total production potentially at risk, China, India, Indonesia, Brazil and the Philippines emerged as being most at risk.
• Among crops, cocoa was estimated to be at the highest risk, by a large margin, especially in Africa, followed by mango, particularly in India, and watermelon in China.
• The main factors driving this decline were identified to be destruction of habitat, improper land-use such as grazing, fertilisers and crop monoculture of farming, along with high pesticide use.

FACTORS DRIVING THE DECLINE OF INSECTS POLLINATION:

• Altered climate and change in land-use have reduced the number of insects pollinating key tropical crops.
• Destruction of habitat,
• Improper land-use such as grazing
• Fertilisers
• Crop monoculture of farming, along with high pesticide use.

WAYS TO PROTECT INSECT POLLINATORS:

• Protect and restore natural habitats, such as forests, grasslands, and wetlands.
• Reduce the use of pesticides, especially systemic pesticides, which can harm insect pollinators even at low doses.
• Plant pollinator-friendly plants in gardens and other urban areas.
• Support sustainable agricultural practices that promote biodiversity.
• Educate the public about the importance of insect pollinators and how to protect them.

POLLINATION:

• Pollination is the process of transferring pollen from the male part of a flower to the female part of a flower.
• This is essential for the reproduction of many plants, including many of the crops that we rely on for food.

POLLINATION PROCESS:

• There are two main types of pollination: self-pollination and cross-pollination.
• Self-pollination:
• • This is when pollen from the male part of a flower is transferred to the female part of the same flower. Self-pollination is common in some plants, such as beans and peas.

• Cross-pollination:
• • This is when pollen from the male part of one flower is transferred to the female part of another flower. Cross-pollination is common in many plants, such as fruits, vegetables, and nuts.

IMPORTANCE OF POLLINATION:

• Cross-pollination is important for crop production because it can lead to higher yields and better-quality crops.
• For example, cross-pollinated tomato plants produce more fruit and larger fruit than self-pollinated tomato plants.
• Insect pollinators, such as bees, butterflies, and moths, play a vital role in the cross-pollination of crops.
• When insects visit flowers to feed on nectar, they pick up pollen on their bodies.
• When they visit another flower, they transfer the pollen to the female part of that flower.
• The loss of insect pollinators is a serious threat to global food security.
• It is estimated that insect pollination contributes over €153 billion to the global economy each year.
• The loss of insect pollinators could lead to higher food prices and reduced food availability, especially for poor and vulnerable populations.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/tropical-crops-at-risk-from-pollinator-loss-due-to-climate-change-shift-in-land-use-finds-study-92306

5. INDIAN RAILWAYS UNLIKELY TO MEET ASSET MONETISATION TARGET

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: As per reports, the Indian Railways is unlikely to meet the asset monetisation targets given to it for the four-year period ending 2024-25.

EXPLANATION:

The National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP), proposed a monetisation target of Rs 1.52 lakh crore for the railways till FY25 but it has been able to achieve only a lower single-digit percentage of this goal.

Figures:

• During the FY22- FY25 period Indian Railways had the second largest target under the NMP which is 26% of the total value over 4 year period.
• It has managed to achieve asset monetisation of around Rs 30,000 crore against the target of Rs 57,222 crore in FY23.

Reasons for the skewed response to NMP in Indian Railways:

• The station redevelopment projects which were initially proposed in a public-private partnership (PPP) mode are now implemented under engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) mode.
• Attempts to privatise train operations have also not seen the success as envisaged owing to the pandemic and also due to risky nature of contracts skewed towards the interest of
• Higher premiums being the deciding factor for the winning bid and restrictions on routes and train timings etc are some reasons
• Indian Railways is a monopsony which also enhances the risk perception.

National Monetisation Pipeline:

• Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs in August 2021 launched the asset monetisation pipeline of Central ministries and public sector entities as ‘National Monetisation Pipeline’.
• Under the ambitious NMP, the government identified 13 sectors – including airports, railways, roads, shipping, gas pipeline among others to be privatised as the government aims to monetise its brown-field infrastructure assets.
• It is considered as one of the key factors in fulfilling the government’s goal of providing universal access to high-quality and affordable infrastructure to its citizens.
• The NMP estimated aggregate monetisation potential of Rs 6 lakh crores through core assets of the Central Government, over a four-year period, from FY 2022 to FY 2025.

SOURCE: https://www.deccanherald.com/business/indian-railways-unlikely-to-meet-rs-1-52-lcr-asset-monetisation-target-2727924

1. GREEN CREDIT PROGRAM (GCP) AND THE ECOMARK SCHEME INITIATIVES

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Green Credit Program (GCP) and the Ecomark Scheme initiatives have been introduced by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

EXPLANATION:

• It seeks to encourage environmentally friendly practices rooted in tradition and conservation, reflecting the ideas of LiFE concept.
• These two pioneering initiatives indicates the country’s pro-active approach to climate change, sustainability and promotion eco-conscious practices.

GREEN CREDIT PROGRAM (GCP): INCENTIVIZING ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONS:

• Green Credit Program (GCP) has been notified on 13th October, 2023.
• It is an innovative market-based mechanism designed to incentivize voluntary environmental actions across diverse sectors, by various stakeholders like individuals, communities, companies etc.
• The GCP’s governance framework is supported by an inter-ministerial Steering Committee.
• The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) serves as the GCP Administrator, responsible for program implementation, management, monitoring, and operation.
• In its initial phase, the GCP focuses on two key activities:
  • Water conservation and
  • Afforestation
• Draft methodologies for awarding Green Credits have been developed and will be notified for stakeholder consultation.
• These methodologies set benchmarks for each activity/process, to ensure environmental impact and fungibility across sectors.
• The Green Credit Registry and trading platform, being developed by ICFRE along with experts, would facilitate the registration and thereafter, the buying and selling of Green Credits.
• The Administrator will grant a Green Credit certificate which will be tradable on the green credit platform.

ECOMARK SCHEME: PROMOTING ECO-FRIENDLY PRODUCTS:

• The philosophy behind LiFE, (Lifestyle for Environment) is nudging individual choices and behaviour towards sustainability.
• In line with this approach, the MoEF&CC has released its Ecomark notification on 13th October 2023 replaces the previous Notification.
• It will help consumers to make choices among products that are eco-friendly in their design, process etc.
• It provides accreditation and labelling for household and consumer products that meet specific environmental criteria while maintaining quality standards as per Indian norms.
• Products accredited under the Ecomark Scheme will adhere to specific environmental criteria, ensuring minimal environmental impact.
• It will build consumer awareness of environmental issues and encourage eco-conscious choices.
• It will also motivate manufacturers to shift towards environmentally friendly production.
• The scheme seeks to ensure accurate labelling and prevent misleading information about products.
• The Central Pollution Control Board administers the Ecomark Scheme in partnership with Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), which is the national body for standards and certification.

FOR MORE INFORMATION ON LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment), PLEASE REFER TO THE SEPTEMBER CURRENT AFFAIRS MAGAZINE.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1967476

2. STATE INFORMATION COMMISSIONS

TAG: GS 2: POLITY 

THE CONTEXT: Recently, a report is released by Satark Nagrik Sangathan (SNS) regarding the performance of Information Commissions in India.

EXPLANATION:

• According to the report released by the SNS (an organisation trying to hold the government accountable vis-a-vis the Right to Information Act, 2005), 29 information commissions in India are completely defunct.
• Jharkhand, Telangana, Mizoram and Tripura have had no information commission with the incumbents retiring.
• Manipur has been functioning without a chief for more than 2 years and another officer has been made acting commissioner, though no such provision exists in the act or law.
• There are now vacant leadership positions in six information commissions, including the Central Information Commission and those of Manipur, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Bihar, and Punjab.
• The 2022 assessment has found that more than 3 lakhs appeals and complaints are pending in the 26 information commissions.
• The report found that the commissions did not impose penalties in 91% of the cases where penalties were potentially imposable.

STATE INFORMATION COMMISSION:

• The State Information Commission was constituted under the Right to Information Act of 2005.
• The State Information Commission is a high-powered independent body which interalia looks into the complaints made to it and decides the appeals.
• It entertains complaints and appeals pertaining to offices, financial institutions, public sector undertakings, etc
• The Commission consists of a State Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten State Information Commissioners.
• They are appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of a committee consisting of the Chief Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of Opposition in the Legislative Assembly and a State Cabinet Minister nominated by the Chief Minister.
• The State Chief Information Commissioner and a State Information Commissioner shall hold office for such term as prescribed by the Central Government or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.

CHALLENGES FACED BY STATE INFORMATION COMMISSION: 

• High Appeal and Complaint Pendency: Hearings are delayed and commissioners are overworked when seats go vacant. A slow resolution process is frequently the result of insufficient staffing and resources.
• Delay in Commissioner Appointment: Political influences in the appointment process can hamper impartial appointments. The commission’s operation is hampered by failure to make appointments on schedule.
• Decrease in autonomy and independence: The independence of information commissions may be threatened by efforts to weaken the Act. The independence and effectiveness of commissioners are compromised when their status or authority are reduced.

ACTIONS TAKEN TO IMPROVE THE FUNCTIONING OF INFORMATION COMMISSIONS:

• Giving the commissions a sufficient amount of financial resources and infrastructure support.
• Appointing commissioners with diversity, and filling vacancies as soon as possible.
• Streamlining the processes for submitting and resolving complaints and appeals.
• Establishing online platforms where people may submit applications, appeals, complaints, and check on the progress of those submissions.
• Providing staff and commissioners with frequent training and capacity-building programs.

SOURCE: https://m.thewire.in/article/government/satark-nagrik-sangathan-report-card-information-commission-rti/amp

3. CHERIYAPANI

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, an international, high-speed passenger ferry service Cheriyapani between Nagapattinam on the eastern coast of Tamil Nadu and Kankesanthurai in the northern province of Sri Lanka, has been resumed after a gap of nearly four decades.

EXPLANATION:

• The high-speed craft (HSC) Cheriyapani, embarked on its journey around 8.15 a.m. with 50 passengers and 12 crew members.
• Ferry service will help strengthen cultural, commercial, and civilisational ties between the two nations.

CHERIYAPANI:

• The high-speed ferry operated by the Shipping Corporation of India has a capacity of 150 pax.
• The distance of about 60 nm (110 Km) between Nagapattinam and KKS will be covered in approx. 3.5 hours depending on sea conditions.
• To commence the service, the Government of India supported the Tamil Nadu Maritime Board in upgrading facilities at the Nagapattinam port.
• Similarly, the Government of Sri Lanka has created necessary infrastructure at the port of KKS.
• The Government of India’s efforts to start the ferry service are in line with the Government’s priority to enhance connectivity with neighbours and in the wider Indian Ocean Region.

IMPORTANCE OF THE FERRY SERVICES:

• A direct passenger ferry between Sri Lanka and India will provide an efficient and cost-effective means of travel for the people of the two countries, boost tourism and trade links and strengthen ties.
• The ferry will also enhance economic activity around the two ports and invigorate local economies.
• It may be recalled that direct air connectivity between Chennai and Jaffna, which was suspended during the Covid pandemic, was resumed in December 2022.
• Enhancing direct connectivity with the Northern Province of Sri Lanka complements Government of India’s other ongoing development initiatives in the region.
• The Governments of India and Sri Lanka will continue to work towards commencement of ferry services between other ports, including the traditional route between Rameswaram- Talaimannar.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-sri-lanka-ferry-service-set-to-begin-tuesday-8972757/

4. NexCAR19

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Mumbai-based Immunoadoptive Cell Therapy Private Limited (ImmunoACT) announced the approval of India’s first chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy Called NexCAR19 by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO).

EXPLANATION:

• ImmunoACT is an IIT Bombay-incubated company founded in 2018 and works on converting research into pharmaceutical products.
• CAR-T cell therapy cost around $400,000 or over Rs 3.3 crore and patients could avail of it in the United States.
• With this development, the therapy will be accessible at 20 Indian government and private hospitals treating cancer across major cities at around Rs 30-35 lakh per patient,

NexCAR19:

• It is an indigenously developed CD19-targeted CAR-T cell therapy.
  • CD-19 is biomarker for B lymphocytes and can be utilised as a target for leukaemia immunotherapies.
• It will be used for treating relapsed-refractory B-cell lymphoma and leukaemia.

HOW DOES IT WORK?

• For CAR-T-cell therapy, a type of cancer immunotherapy treatment, blood is first drawn from the patient.
• Then, immune cells called T-cells are genetically modified in a laboratory and are injected back into the patient to enable the cells to locate and destroy cancer cells more effectively.
• Investigations were led by Dr Hasmukh Jain and Dr Gaurav Narula and their teams at Tata Memorial Hospital in Mumbai.
• It is a major breakthrough as the therapy is not available in India outside of clinical trials.
• The multi-centre Phase I and II clinical trials were conducted with 60 patients with r / r B-cell lymphomas and leukemia.
• The clinical data indicated a 70 per cent overall response rate.

SIDE EFFECTS:

• CAR T-cell therapy is generally accompanied by some side effects.
• One of them, according to the American Cancer Society, is cytokine release syndrome (CRS).
• It is when CAR T-cells multiply, they can release large amounts of chemicals called cytokines into the blood, which can ramp up the immune system.
• In comparison to other CAR T-cell therapies, the safety profile of CRS and the absence of neurotoxicity indicates a significant improvement.
• NexCAR19 has shown an excellent balance of efficacy and low toxicity, which is a significant advantage in clinical management (post-infusion) of the patients in our resource-constrained settings.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/cancer-treatment-breakthrough-india-s-homegrown-car-t-cell-therapy-a-form-of-immunotherapy-gets-market-authorisation-92302

5. ASTEROID BENNU SAMPLE

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: According to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Samples collected from 4.5-billion-year-old asteroid Bennu could indicate the building blocks of life on Earth.

EXPLANATION:

• Initial studies on the samples collected in space and recently brought back on earth have shown evidence of high-carbon content and water-bearing clay minerals.

BENNU:

• Bennu is a small near-Earth asteroid that passes close to Earth every six years.
• It is 4.5 billion-year-old relic of our solar system.
• Bennu’s current composition was established within 10 million years of the formation of our solar system.
• The material collected from the asteroid acts as a time capsule from the earliest days of our solar system and can help us answer big questions about the origins of life and the nature of asteroids.
• The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer, better known as OSIRIS-REx, is the first United States mission to collect a sample from an asteroid.
• The spacecraft was launched on September 8, 2016 and the sample was collected three years ago.
• OSIRIS-REx returned to Earth on September 24, 2023 to drop off material from asteroid Bennu.
  • The mission has provided an “abundance” of samples.
  • The goal of the OSIRIS-REx sample collection was to collect 60 grams of asteroid material.
  • But scientists disassembling the sample return hardware found bonus particles covering the outside of the collector head, canister lid and base. The total sample weight has been estimated at around 250 gms.
• After dropping off the sample, it continued on to a new mission to explore the asteroid Apophis.

FOR MORE INFORMATION ON BENNU AND OSIRIS-Rex, PLEASE REFER TO THE SEPTEMBER CURRENT AFFAIRS MAGAZINE.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/water/nasa-finds-proof-of-carbon-water-in-asteroid-bennu-samples-92276