TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court of India, in response to a miscellaneous application filed by the Foundation for Media Professionals, issued directives to the government regarding the publication of final decisions made by the committee responsible for reviewing internet suspension orders in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).

EXPLANATION:

• The hearing focused on compliance with a Supreme Court judgment from January 2020 in the Anuradha Bhasin case.

Background and Legal Context:

• The Anuradha Bhasin case judgment declared indefinite suspension of internet and telecom services as impermissible.
  • In 2019, journalist Anuradha Bhasin challenged the suspension of internet services in Jammu and Kashmir following the abrogation of Article 370.
  • She argued that the suspension violated her fundamental rights to freedom of speech and expression, and the right to carry on her profession as a journalist.
  • The Supreme Court of India, in 2020, ruled in favor of Bhasin.
  • The Court recognized access to the internet as a fundamental right and laid down detailed guidelines for issuing internet suspension orders. These guidelines, often referred to as the Anuradha Bhasin guidelines, include:
    • Necessity and proportionality: Shutdowns must be strictly necessary and not disproportionate to the threat.
    • Alternatives: Less restrictive measures should be explored before resorting to a shutdown.
    • Transparency and accountability: Orders must be published, specifying reasons and duration, and allowing legal challenges.
    • Review mechanism: A committee reviews the orders and recommends revocation if necessary.
  • The court outlined interim procedural safeguards to prevent misuse of powers under the Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Service) Rules, 2017 in J&K.
  • The judgment emphasized the need for a periodic review by the constituted committee within seven working days of the previous review.

Specifics of the Supreme Court Directive:

• The three-judge Bench, headed by Justice BR Gavai, directed the government to publish the final decisions of the review committee.
• However, the court agreed with the government that the internal deliberations of the review process need not be made public.
• Notably, the court did not address whether the reasons or findings of the review committee need to be published, leaving it open for individual petitioners to raise the issue in the appropriate forum.
• The Solicitor General representing the government, argued that the review process serves as an internal check into the proportionality of temporary suspension orders.
• He clarified that the government’s understanding was that only the suspension orders, not the review orders, needed to be published in line with the 2020 judgment.

Legal Implications and Safeguards:

• The 2020 judgment highlighted the importance of the review committee examining both the compliance with the Telegraph Act and the proportionality of the orders concerning internet suspension.
• It set forth the requirement for the publication of all orders under Section 144, Cr.P.C, and for the suspension of telecom services, including the internet.
• It allows affected individuals to challenge these orders before the High Court or an appropriate forum.

Comparison with Other States:

• During the hearing, the Foundation for Media Professionals pointed out that several other states, including Arunachal, Assam, Bihar, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, and Punjab, routinely publish their review orders.
• This raised questions about Jammu and Kashmir’s resistance to such publication.
• Solicitor General expressed the government’s willingness to publish review orders if the court deemed it necessary.
• He acknowledged that other states were following this practice.
• The court, in response, questioned the rationale behind Jammu and Kashmir’s resistance, emphasizing that the legal question needed exploration.

Internet Suspension rules in India:

• Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency & Public Safety) Rules, 2017: It allows authorities to suspend services in case of “public emergency” or “public safety” concerns.
• Section 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973: Also used to justify internet shutdowns, though its application for this purpose is contested.
• The Prevention of Internet Shutdown Bill, 2022: A proposed law awaiting approval, aims to establish a stricter framework with more oversight and limitations on internet suspension.

Conclusion and Future Implications:

• The Supreme Court’s directive represents a crucial step toward transparency in the government’s actions related to internet suspension orders. The distinction between publishing suspension orders and review orders underscores the need for clarity in legal procedures. The willingness of the government to comply, if deemed necessary by the court, hints at a potential positive shift in transparency practices, aligning with the broader legal principles established in the Anuradha Bhasin case.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-on-panel-reviewing-internet-suspensions-in-jammu-kashmir/article67878209.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The recent study on the plant biodiversity of the Mutha river bank reveals a significant decline in the number of plant species over the past 66 years.

EXPLANATION:

• The study, published in the Journal of Ecological Society in December 2023, sheds light on the impact of urbanization, channelization of the river, and other environmental factors on the plant diversity along the 22-kilometer stretch between Khadakwasla and Bund Garden.
• In 1958, botanist VD Vartak conducted a survey recording 400 plant species between Vitthalwadi and Yerawada.
• The recent study, however, found only 243 plant species along the same stretch, indicating a loss of over 200 plant species.
• The decline is particularly alarming as it includes a significant number of indigenous plants.
• The primary driver identified for the decline is urbanization.
• The expansion of Pune city has led to alterations in the landscape and waterscape of the Mutha riverbank.
• Urbanization is associated with environmental degradation, including habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation, all of which contribute to the decline in biodiversity.

Marshy Land Decrease and River Channelization:

• The research paper highlights a substantial decrease in marshy land due to river channelization.
• The channelization process has not only altered the natural flow of the river but has also adversely affected the plant biodiversity in the area.
• The loss of marshy land is a crucial aspect as it serves as a unique habitat for various plant species.

Endangered and Endemic Species:

• The study identified eight endemic species, including some assessed as endangered by the IUCN Red List.
• Eriocaulon dalzellii, classified as endangered, was found during the study at the Khadakwasla site.
• This underlines the urgency of conservation efforts to protect such vulnerable species from further decline.

Comparative Floristic Diversity:

• Comparison with Vartak’s 1958 study revealed the disappearance of plant species from various families.
• Invasive species, including eichornia crassipes and parthenium hysteophorus, have become more prevalent, replacing native species.

Recommendations and Solutions:

• The study concludes with recommendations to address the environmental degradation and biodiversity loss:
  • Ecological planning of the riverfront to facilitate natural regeneration and maintain microhabitat diversity.
  • Establishment of sewage treatment plants along the river stretch to mitigate pollution.
  • Avoidance of cement materials to preserve riparian microhabitats.
  • Removal of cement walls and development of buffer strips with native vegetation.
  • Protection of upstream forest cover to conserve vegetation in downstream areas.

Mutha river:

• The Mutha River is a river in western Maharashtra, India.
• It arises in the Western Ghats and flows eastward until it merges with the Mula River in the city of Pune.
• It has been dammed twice, first at the Panshet Dam (on the Ambi River), used as a source of drinking water and irrigation for Pune city.
• The water released here is dammed again at Khadakwasla and is an important source of drinking water for Pune.
• One more dam has been built later on the Mutha river at Temghar.
• After merging with the Mula River in Pune, the Mutha flows on as the Mula-Mutha River to join the Bhima River.

Conclusion:

• The findings of the study underscore the urgent need for proactive conservation measures to mitigate the adverse impacts of urbanization and river channelization on the Mutha river bank’s plant biodiversity. The loss of over 200 plant species, including endangered and endemic ones, emphasizes the critical role of human intervention in preserving and restoring natural habitats.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/mutha-river-bank-lost-over-200-plant-species-in-last-66-years-study-101708628799636.html

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Pune’s upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT) has facilitated a groundbreaking exploration of the galaxy cluster Abell 521, providing scientists with the most intricate image to date.

EXPLANATION:

• This achievement holds significance in unraveling the mysteries of galaxy cluster formation and evolution.

The uGMRT Advancement: Unlocking Galactic Secrets

• Description of uGMRT:
  • The uGMRT is an array of thirty 45-meter antennas situated over 25 km in Khodad village, Narayangaon, Pune.
  • Upgrades in uGMRT’s capabilities allow for unprecedented sensitivity, capturing faint signals from distant galaxy clusters.
• Galaxy Clusters: Gravitational Giants:
  • Galaxy clusters are the largest gravitationally bound systems in the Universe, comprising hundreds to thousands of galaxies tethered by gravity.
  • Understanding the formation and changes in clusters like Abell 521 provides insights into dark matter, magnetic fields, and cosmic rays.

Significance of Detailed Images: Unveiling Cluster Dynamics

• Study of Faint Emissions:
  • Detailed images aid in studying faint emissions from galaxy clusters, enabling scientists to delve into the intricacies of cluster dynamics.
  • The upgraded uGMRT’s sensitivity is crucial in capturing elusive details within the radio band.
• Abell 521: A Disturbed Galactic Giant:
  • Abell 521, located approximately 3 billion light years away, is renowned for its highly disturbed medium.
  • High-resolution uGMRT images offer a closer look at the structures within the cluster, shedding light on turbulence and shocks in the plasma.

International Collaborative Discoveries: Cutting-Edge Telescopes at Play

• Multinational Astronomy Collaboration:
  • The research involved astronomers from India, Italy, and the USA, leveraging cutting-edge telescopes, including uGMRT, Chandra, and XMM-Newton.
• Publication in The Astrophysical Journal:
  • Their findings, recently published in The Astrophysical Journal, highlight the collaborative efforts and the advancements made in galactic exploration.

Implications of uGMRT Observations: A New Dimension in Cluster Physics

• Extended Radio Emission Discovery:
  • uGMRT observations led to the discovery of new extended radio emissions at lower GHz frequencies, enabling the study of turbulence and shocks within the plasma.
• X-ray Correlation:
  • Correlation between uGMRT’s radio structures and X-ray emissions detected by the Chandra observatory reveals insights into high-velocity gas motions during the cluster merger.

Conclusion: Pushing Galactic Exploration Boundaries

• Pune’s uGMRT, with its enhanced capabilities, has opened new frontiers in understanding galaxy clusters, exemplified by the detailed exploration of Abell 521.
• This collaborative effort, employing cutting-edge technology, signifies a significant leap forward in unraveling the complexities of our cosmic neighborhood.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/punes-ugmrt-uncovers-a-complex-picture-of-a-galaxy-cluster-9174406/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: India’s Civilian Awards stand as symbols of appreciation and honor, acknowledging individuals for their outstanding achievements across diverse professions.

EXPLANATION:

• Awards are symbols of appreciation and honour bestowed on individuals with notable achievements in diverse professions.
• Article 18 talks about the abolition of titles. It says: No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State. No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State.
  • But Bharat Ratna is not a title under Article 18. Clause 1 of article 18 covers exceptions like academic or military titles.
  • Awards like Padma Vibhushan, Padma Shri etc. can be given to the citizens for exceptional and distinguished services rendered in art, literature, science and other fields.
• Among the highest honours, India’s Civilian Awards, announced annually on January 26th, Republic Day, are presented to the respective recipients by the President of India.
• Civilian Awards are introduced in 1954, they recognize individuals for their exceptional service and contributions in various fields such as arts, literature, sports, medicine, social service, science, and public affairs.
• They are conferred to people with outstanding achievements in their field of work.
• Categorised as per the degree of honour, it includes the Bharat Ratna Award and the Padma Award.

Bharat Ratna: The Jewel of India

• The Bharat Ratna, also known as the ‘Jewel of India’ or ‘Gem of India’, is India’s highest civilian honour, bestowed upon individuals who have made exceptional contributions to the nation’s progress and prosperity.
• Established in 1954 by then-President Rajendra Prasad, it is made of bronze and designed in the shape of a peepal leaf, embossed with the sun.
• The reverse side bears India’s emblem, the ‘Ashok Chakra’, and the motto, ‘Satyameva Jayate’.
• Initially awarded for achievements in literature, science, the arts, and public services, the Indian government expanded the criteria in 2011, as it is a symbol of national gratitude and recognition, impacting India and its people through its contributions.
• This year Bharat Ratna award is to be conferred on:
• Karpoori Thakur: Prominent political leader in Bihar known for social justice efforts (Posthumous)
• Lal Krishna Advani: Veteran Indian politician instrumental in the growth of the Bharatiya Janata Party
• Chaudhary Charan Singh:Fifth Prime Minister of India, known for land reforms (Posthumous)
• PV Narasimha Rao: Former Prime Minister known for economic liberal reforms (Posthumous)
• Dr MS Swaminathan: Agricultural scientist, known as the ‘Father of Green Revolution’ in India (Posthumous)

Padma Vibhushan: The Second Degree of Honor

• The Padma Vibhushan (“Lotus Decoration”) is the second-highest civilian award of the Republic of India, after the Bharat Ratna.
• Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is given for “exceptional and distinguished service”.
• All persons without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex are eligible for these awards.
• However, government servants including those working with PSUs, except doctors and scientists, are not eligible for these Awards.

Padma Bhushan: The Third Degree of Honor

• Ranking third in the hierarchy of civilian awards, Padma Bhushan was instituted in 1954 as well.
• It is awarded for distinguished service of a high order to the nation in any field, including services rendered by government servants like doctors and scientists, excluding those working with public sector undertakings.
• Having a similar design to the Padma Vibhushan, however, the Padma Bhushan’s embossing is done in gold.

Padma Shri: The Fourth Degree of Honor

• The fourth-highest civilian award in the Republic of India, Padma Shri, was instituted in 1954.
• It is given to Indian citizens in recognition of their outstanding contributions in a variety of fields, including the services provided by government employees.
• Having the shape of a superimposition of a geometric pattern on the circle, the words “Padma” and “Shri” are inscribed in the award, above and below the lotus flower in the centre, done in stainless steel, with the periphery furnished in bronze.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-india-civilian-awards-9173005/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The recent pronouncement by the Supreme Court reinforces the foundational principle that judicial decisions, made by competent judges within their jurisdiction, cannot be challenged as violating fundamental rights.

EXPLANATION:

• The Court cited the precedent set in Naresh Shridhar Mirajkar Vs. State of Maharashtra, emphasizing the sanctity of judicial decisions in relation to matters brought before the court.

Background: Writ Petition Under Article 32

• Petitioner’s Grievance:
  • The petitioner, aggrieved by the delay in the hearing of his criminal appeal in the High Court, filed a writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution.
• Court’s Observations:
  • The Court noted that a judicial decision’s challenge based on infringement of fundamental rights is not permissible.
  • Emphasized that the delay in the listing of the case is part of the judicial process and cannot be challenged under Article 32.

Writ Petition Dismissed: Maintaining Judicial Process Integrity

• Maintainability of Article 32 Petition:
  • The Court asserted that a writ petition under Article 32 was not maintainable against the High Court’s order on case listing.
• Limited Scope of Writ Remedy:
  • If seeking bail pending the criminal appeal, the petitioner must resort to an application under Section 389(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
  • Dismissed the writ petition as “misconceived.”

Judicial Powers and Mutual Respect: Supreme Court vs. High Courts

• No Superintendence Powers Over High Courts:
  • The Court highlighted the absence of provisions conferring superintendence powers on the Supreme Court over High Courts in Chapter-IV of the Constitution.
• Reference to Constitutional Scheme:
  • Cited Tirupati Balaji Developers (P) Ltd. Vs. State of Bihar (2004) 5 SCC 1, emphasizing the clear division of jurisdiction between the Supreme Court and High Courts.
  • Stressed the importance of mutual respect between the two institutions in the constitutional scheme.

Inappropriate Exercise of Discretionary Jurisdiction: Court’s Verdict

• Dismissing the Petition:
  • The Court asserted that issuing the requested direction would be an inappropriate exercise of discretionary jurisdiction.
  • Emphasized that such action would show disrespect to another constitutional court.
• Role of Supreme Court in Such Matters:
  • Even if the Article 32 petition is deemed maintainable, the Court’s role is limited to requesting the High Court, not issuing directives.

ARTICLE 32:

• It is titled “Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part”.
• Article 32(1): The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed.
• Article 32(2): The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warrant and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part.
• Article 32(3): Without prejudice to the powers conferred on the Supreme Court by clauses (1) and (2), Parliament may by law empower any other court to exercise within the local limits of its jurisdiction ill or any of the powers exercisable by the Supreme Court under clause (2).
• Article 32(4): The right guaranteed by this article shall not be suspended except as otherwise provided for by this Constitution.

Conclusion: Upholding Judicial Integrity and Inter-Institutional Respect

• The Supreme Court’s decision reinforces the independence of judicial decisions and affirms the need for respect between constitutional courts.
• By dismissing the writ petition and underscoring the limited scope of intervention, the Court ensures the integrity of the judicial process and upholds the principles enshrined in the constitutional scheme.

SOURCE: https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/judicial-decision-does-not-infringe-fundamental-rights-supreme-court-250128?infinitescroll=1

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Comptroller Auditor General (CAG) of India has shed light on two projects initiated by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), amounting to a cost of Rs 4.47 crore to the public exchequer.

EXPLANATION:

• The report underscores significant procedural lapses leading to the failure of these projects.

Project 1: Development of Polyols from Plant-based Oils

• Background and Approval:
  • MoEFCC approved a two-year project in 2013, costing Rs 2.58 crore, for the development of polyols from plant-based non-edible oils.
  • Collaboration with the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, and an industrial partner.
• Procedural Lapses:
  • Lack of a signed memorandum of understanding (MoU) defining responsibilities.
  • Delay in signing the bipartite agreement between IICT and the industrial partner until November 2017.
  • Absence of intermediate milestones and deliverables.
  • No financial safeguards, despite recommendations from the project monitoring committee (PMC).
• Project Outcome:
  • IICT developed technology for polyols, but the industrial partner failed to install the pilot plant.
  • MoEFCC released payments despite non-completion, resulting in a total expenditure of Rs 1.04 crore.
• Ultimatum and Conclusion:
  • MoEFCC issued an ultimatum in January 2023 for project completion, leading to its failure.
  • Industrial partner’s inability to establish the plant resulted in the project’s non-commercialization.

Project 2: Plasma Technology for Waste Destruction

• Project Details and Approval:
  • MoEFCC approved a project in 2010 costing Rs 6.26 crore for plasma technology-based waste destruction in Gujarat.
  • Foreign collaboration, with Rs 3.71 crore as grants-in-aid from MoEFCC.
• Procedural Lapses:
  • Change of foreign partner in 2013.
  • Misuse of ministry funds (Rs 1.6 crore) for RF torch purchase by the project proponent.
  • PMC meetings not conducted for five years (2015-2020).
• Financial Mismanagement:
  • Expenditure of approximately Rs 2.42 crore on non-approved items such as building, land development, salary, etc.
  • Lack of monitoring by PMC and absence of legal agreements led to the project’s non-establishment.
• Project Failure and Ultimatum:
  • PMC and Central Pollution Control Board deemed the project in poor state during a trial run in September 2022.
  • MoEFCC issued an ultimatum in January 2023 for project completion, which remained unfulfilled.

Overall Implications: Financial Burden and Lack of Accountability

• Financial Impact:
  • Unnecessary expenses of Rs 3.43 crore due to the failure of both projects.
  • Specific mention of Rs 1.6 crore spent on the RF torch in the plasma technology project.
• Lack of Monitoring and Legal Agreements:
  • Highlighting the absence of clear responsibilities, penalty provisions, and legal agreements.
  • PMC’s failure to monitor and guide project progress contributed to the overall failure.

Comptroller Auditor General (CAG):

• CAG is an independent authority under the Constitution of India.
• He is the head of the Indian audit & account department and chief Guardian of public purse.
• It is the institution through which the accountability of the government and other public authorities (all those who spend public funds) to Parliament and State Legislatures and through them to the people is ensured.

Constitutional Provisions for Office of CAG:

• Article 148 broadly deals with the CAG appointment, oath and conditions of service.
• Article 149 deals with Duties and Powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
• Article 150 says that the accounts of the Union and of the States shall be kept in such form as the President may, on the advice of the CAG, prescribe.
• Article 151 says that the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India relating to the accounts of the Union shall be submitted to the president, who shall cause them to be laid before each House of Parliament.
• Article 279 –Calculation of “net proceeds” is ascertained and certified by the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, whose certificate is final.

Annual audit plan as approved by CAG’s office is implemented in the field offices. The office conducts three types of audit viz., Compliance Audit, Performance/Theme Audit & Financial Attest Audit.

• Compliance Audit: Compliance audit is an assessment as to whether the provisions of the applicable laws, rules and regulations made there under and various orders and instructions issued by the competent authority are being complied with.
• Performance Audit: Performance audit is an independent assessment or examination of te extent to which an organization, programme or scheme operates economically, efficiently and effectively.
• Financial Attest Audit: Financial attest audit is primarily concerned with expression of audit opinion on a set of financial statements. Financial attest audits are designed to reduce the possibility of a material misstatement in a financial statement and, therefore, assure credibility to such statements.

Conclusion: Urgent Need for Improved Oversight and Accountability

• The CAG report emphasizes the urgent need for enhanced oversight, legal agreements, and meticulous monitoring to prevent procedural lapses, ensuring the efficient utilization of public funds in future projects initiated by MoEFCC.
• The lack of these critical elements has resulted in financial losses and the failure of projects with potential environmental and technological benefits.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/cag-flags-moefcc-projects-costing-rs-4-47-crore-for-procedural-lapses-94593

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Astronomers have recently achieved a breakthrough in their quest to locate a unique class of stars – hot, helium-covered orbs that had eluded discovery for over a decade.

EXPLANATION:

• Led by Assistant Professor of the University of Toronto, a dedicated research team successfully confirmed a crucial prediction related to the evolution of binary stars.

Illustration of a kilonova explosion following the merger of two neutron stars

Theoretical Background: Gravity, Fusion, and Equilibrium

• To appreciate this discovery, one must understand the delicate interplay between gravity and nuclear fusion within stars.
• Despite Newton’s law of gravity suggesting the Sun should collapse onto itself, nuclear fusion in its core counteracts gravitational pull, maintaining the Sun’s equilibrium.
  • Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation states that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with force directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
• This equilibrium, known as the main sequence, is crucial for the stability of stars over billions of years.
• The study further delves into the phenomenon of binary star systems, where the gravitational influence of one star can strip away the hydrogen layer of its companion, leaving a hot helium star with strong surface gravity.
• Despite expectations of numerous such stars in the universe, only one binary system in the mass range of eight to 25 solar masses had been identified before this discovery.

Research Approach: Seven Years of Systematic Exploration

• The research team, committed to validating existing astrophysical theories, spent seven years cataloging thousands of stars, employing a meticulous working hypothesis.
• Their focus was on binary systems that initially comprised two main sequence stars, with one eventually becoming a helium star due to the stripping mechanism.

Ultraviolet Light Detection and speed analysis:

• Helium stars emit more ultraviolet radiation than main sequence stars.
• The researchers strategically used a telescope capable of detecting ultraviolet light to catalog around half a million stars in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds.
• Bright outliers in the data were identified as potential helium stars.
• Studying the speeds of the identified stars revealed variations, indicating potential binary systems.
• This meticulous process led to a shortlist of 25 stars, which became the focus of the final test involving optical spectra analysis.

Spectral Analysis: Confirming Hydrogen-Stripped Helium Stars

• Optical spectra analysis, akin to deciphering a star’s fingerprint, revealed two distinct classes – Class 1 stars with a strong presence of helium and an absence of hydrogen, and Class 2 and Class 3 stars with varying hydrogen content.
• The team concluded that Class 1 stars are helium-rich and hydrogen-depleted, with companions being low-mass main sequence stars or compact objects such as neutron stars or black holes.

Computer Modeling: Unveiling the Characteristics of Class 1 Stars

• To further understand Class 1 stars, the researchers employed computer modeling.
• The surface temperature of these stars was estimated to be approximately 20 times that of the Sun, with a surface gravity around 1,000 times that of Earth.
• These findings painted a vivid picture of hot, strongly gravitating, helium-rich stars in binary systems.
• The research team predicts that Class 1 stars, once reaching the end of their lifecycle, will culminate in hydrogen-poor supernovae, leaving behind ultra-dense neutron stars.
• Furthermore, these neutron stars may eventually collide in powerful kilonova explosions, emitting gravitational waves.

Helium star:

• A helium star is a class O or B star (blue), which has extraordinarily strong helium lines and weaker than normal hydrogen lines, indicating strong stellar winds and a mass loss of the outer envelope.
• Extreme helium stars (EHe) entirely lack hydrogen in their spectra.
• Pure helium stars lie on or near a helium main sequence, analogous to the main sequence formed by the more common hydrogen stars.

Nuclear fusion:

• Nuclear fusion is defined as the combining of several small nuclei into one large nucleus with the subsequent release of huge amounts of energy.
• It is the opposite reaction of fission, where heavy isotopes are split apart.
• Nuclear fusion reaction involves combining two atomic nuclei to form a single heavier one, releasing an enormous amount of energy.
• Such reactions do not occur at room temperature and large amounts of energy are required to create conditions conducive to generating fusion-powered energy.
• It is the same fundamental reaction that powers the sun and other stars.

Conclusion: Bridging the Gap in Astrophysical Knowledge

• The discovery of hydrogen-stripped helium stars fills a significant gap in our understanding of stellar evolution. By confirming theoretical predictions, this research not only expands our knowledge of the cosmos but also opens avenues for exploring the diverse influences of stars on the universe, from the creation of heavy elements to the generation of gravitational waves.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/binary-stripped-helium-stars-neutron-stars-kilonovae/article67870333.ece

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The recent surge of protests and political turmoil in Senegal has brought the West African nation into the global spotlight.

EXPLANATION:

• Triggered by the postponement of Presidential elections and subsequent clashes between opposition leaders and riot police, the crisis raises questions about the nation’s democratic legacy.

Background to the Crisis

• President’s decision to postpone the Presidential elections scheduled for February 25 has been met with widespread discontent.
• The grounds for the delay revolve around a dispute between the National Assembly and the Constitutional Council regarding the selection of candidates.
• The contentious decision has effectively granted President an additional 10 months in office, resetting the election date to December 15.
• Opposition legislators, expressing their fury over the deferred elections, were physically removed from the National Assembly by riot police.
• The manner in which the government-packed house facilitated the postponement intensified the opposition’s grievances, leading to heightened tensions across the country.

Current Unrest and Recent History

• The ongoing unrest mirrors the violent clashes witnessed in Dakar in the preceding year, deemed the worst in decades.
• Amnesty International reported over 20 lives lost and hundreds injured during the 2021 protests.
• The violence erupted following the imprisonment of leading opposition candidate, known for his anti-corruption stance and resistance against French influence.
• In January of the current year, the Constitutional Council barred a leading opposition candidate from participating in the Presidential race, intensifying the opposition’s dissatisfaction.
• President’s claim of eligibility for a third term, based on a reinterpretation of constitutional timelines, has further fueled speculation about his political maneuvering.

Senegal’s Democratic Record

• Historical Democratic Stability
  • Senegal, until recent events, held a distinguished record as the only coup-free West African nation.
  • Since gaining independence in 1960, the country has experienced smooth transfers of power under a multi-party democratic system, distinguishing it from its neighbors.
• Regional Leadership in Democracy
  • President, instrumental in ECOWAS missions for democratic transitions, played a crucial role in the Gambia’s 2017 intervention to remove Yahya Jammeh.
  • Senegal’s historic commitment to promoting democratic values in the region has faced a significant setback with the current crisis.

Implications and Regional Context

• A Break from Regional Stability
  • Senegal’s decision to delay elections and the subsequent unrest marks a departure from the country’s traditional role in promoting regional stability.
  • As military takeovers grip neighboring nations, Senegal’s deviation raises concerns about the potential regression of democratic values in the region.
• Call for International Reconsideration
  • The return of military dictatorships in African countries during the 2020s prompts a reconsideration of the traditional role of global powers in the region.
  • Senegal’s pivotal position in advocating for democracy in West Africa is now under scrutiny.

Senegal:

• Senegal is a West African country that shares its northern border with Mauritania, its eastern border with Mali, its southern border with Guinea and Guinea-Bissau, and its western border with the Atlantic Ocean.
• To the northwest, it surrounds the small country of The Gambia, creating an enclave around the Gambia River.
• Senegal spans an area of approximately 196,712 km2 (75,951 mi2).

Conclusion

• The unfolding crisis in Senegal, characterized by political postponement, protests, and the erosion of democratic norms, poses a formidable challenge to the nation’s historical legacy.
• As the international community observes, the outcome of this crisis may not only impact Senegal’s democratic standing but also reverberate across a region grappling with the resurgence of authoritarian rule.
• The need for a nuanced and strategic approach to address the complexities of the situation is paramount.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/why-have-fresh-protests-erupted-in-senegal-explained/article67861530.ece

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The recent overturning of the Chandigarh mayoral poll results by the Supreme Court, invoking Article 142 of the Constitution, has sparked discussions about the nature and scope of this extraordinary legal provision.

EXPLANATION:

• BJP candidate Manoj Sonkar won the election with 16 votes, defeating AAP-Congress alliance candidate Kuldeep Kumar who received 12 votes.
• Eight votes cast for Kumar were declared invalid by the returning officer citing “marks” on them.
• AAP alleged foul play and accused the officer of manipulating the process.
• Sonkar, however, resigned subsequently, while three AAP councillors defected to the BJP.

Understanding Article 142

• Article 142 grants the Supreme Court unique and extraordinary powers to ensure “complete justice” between parties when legal remedies are lacking.
• This power becomes relevant when the law or statutes fall short in providing a remedy for a particular situation.
• In the Chandigarh mayoral poll case, the Supreme Court invoked Article 142 to overturn the election results.
• The court asserted that it is duty-bound, under Article 142, to uphold the integrity of the electoral process.

Historical Exercise of Article 142

• Scope Defined by Judgments
  • Over time, the Supreme Court has defined the scope and limitations of Article 142 through various judgments.
  • Notably, in the Prem Chand Garg case, the court emphasized that its powers must align with constitutional rights and not contravene statutory laws.
  • The Bhopal gas tragedy case highlighted the wide scope of Article 142, stating it operates at a different level and quality.
• Criticism and Counterarguments
  • The sweeping powers of Article 142 have faced criticism for being arbitrary and ambiguous.
  • Critics argue that the lack of a standard definition for “complete justice” grants the court excessive discretion, potentially leading to misuse.
  • In response, the court, in the Supreme Court Bar Association vs Union of India case (1998), clarified that Article 142 powers are supplementary and should not supplant substantive laws.
  • The court imposed self-checks to prevent misuse.

Controversies Surrounding Article 142

• Separation of Powers Concerns
  • One of the criticisms against Article 142 revolves around concerns regarding the separation of powers doctrine.
  • Critics argue that judicial overreach may occur when the judiciary ventures into lawmaking, a domain traditionally reserved for the legislature and executive.
  • However, the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution intended to limit the use of Article 142 to exceptional situations where existing laws fail.
• Accountability and Judicial Overreach
  • Another critique questions the lack of accountability for judicial actions under Article 142.
  • The judiciary’s exercise of these powers has been scrutinized in the context of potential judicial overreach.
  • However, the Supreme Court, in the State of Karnataka vs Umadevi case (2006), emphasized that “complete justice” means justice according to law, not sympathy, and should not perpetuate illegality.

Article 142:

• Article 142 titled ‘Enforcement of decrees and orders of the Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.’ has two clauses:
• Article 142(1)
  • The Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it.
  • Any decree so passed or order so made shall be enforceable throughout the territory of India.
  • It may be in such manner as may be prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament and, until provision in that behalf is so made, in such manner as the President may by order prescribe.
• Article 142(2)
  • The Supreme Court shall have all and every power to make any order for the purpose of securing the attendance of any person, the discovery or production of any documents, or the investigation or punishment of any contempt of itself.

Conclusion

• The recent use of Article 142 in the Chandigarh mayoral poll case showcases the court’s commitment to ensuring fairness and justice.
• While the provision’s broad powers have sparked debates and criticisms, the judiciary’s efforts to define its scope and impose checks on its exercise highlight a nuanced approach.
• The ongoing dialogue surrounding Article 142 underscores the delicate balance between safeguarding justice and avoiding arbitrary use of extraordinary powers by the judiciary.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/what-is-article-142-chandigarh-mayoral-poll-results-9171621/

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The Raisina Dialogue, an annual conference on geopolitics and geoeconomics, is set to kick off its ninth edition from today until February 23 in New Delhi.

EXPLANATION:

• With a focus on addressing the most pressing global issues, the conference is a multi-stakeholder platform that brings together leaders from political, business, media, and civil society backgrounds.
• We will delve into the key aspects of the Raisina Dialogue 2024, covering its purpose, theme, participants, and more.

Purpose and Background

• It is hosted by the Observer Research Foundation in collaboration with the Ministry of External Affairs.
• The Raisina Dialogue serves as a crucial forum for global leaders to engage in cross-sectoral discussions.
• Designed to facilitate conversations among heads of state, cabinet ministers, local government officials, and thought leaders, the conference aims to tackle complex geopolitical and geoeconomic challenges.
• The conference will be inaugurated by Prime Minister, emphasizing India’s commitment to fostering international dialogue.
• Greece’s Prime Minister will join the inaugural session as the chief guest, highlighting the global significance of the event.
• The 2024 edition of the Raisina Dialogue is themed “Chaturanga: Conflict, Contest, Cooperate, Create.”
• This theme underscores the dynamic and multifaceted nature of global challenges, encapsulating the need for strategic thinking and collaboration.
• The theme is structured around six thematic pillars, guiding discussions over the three-day conference.

Thematic Pillars

• Tech Frontiers: Regulations & Realities: Exploring the challenges and opportunities at the intersection of technology and international regulations.
• Peace with the Planet: Invest & Innovate: Addressing environmental concerns and sustainable practices, emphasizing investment and innovation.
• War & Peace: Armouries & Asymmetries: Analyzing global security dynamics, focusing on military strategies and asymmetrical threats.
• Decolonising Multilateralism: Institutions & Inclusion: Examining the evolution of multilateral institutions and promoting inclusive approaches.
• The Post 2030 Agenda: People & Progress: Discussing the global agenda beyond 2030, with a focus on societal progress and well-being.
• Defending Democracy: Society & Sovereignty: Exploring challenges and strategies to defend democratic values, emphasizing societal and sovereign aspects.

Participants and Global Reach

• More than 2,500 participants from approximately 115 countries will physically attend the conference, while millions are expected to engage through various digital platforms.
• The diverse participants include ministers, former prime ministers, presidents, military commanders, technology leaders, academics, journalists, scholars on strategic affairs, and experts from leading think tanks.

Conclusion

• The Raisina Dialogue 2024 emerges as a pivotal moment for global leaders to collaboratively navigate the complexities of the contemporary world.
• With its diverse participants and comprehensive thematic pillars, the conference is poised to foster meaningful dialogue and strategic solutions to address the multifaceted challenges facing the global community.
• As the international community tunes in, the Raisina Dialogue stands as a testament to the importance of inclusive and informed discussions in shaping a better future.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-raisina-dialogue-9171750/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In a groundbreaking discovery reported in Nature Astronomy, astronomers have identified J0529-4351, a black hole surrounded by the largest and brightest accretion disc ever found.

EXPLANATION:

• This celestial object stands out as the brightest entity in the universe, emitting light that surpasses anything observed before.
• We will delve into the characteristics of J0529-4351, shedding light on its enormity and the technological advancements that facilitated its recent detection.

The Enormity of J0529-4351

• J0529-4351’s accretion disc spans a staggering seven light years across, making it a colossal structure in the cosmic landscape.
• This disc serves as a captivating gateway to a place of no return.
• It is a domain where the gravitational forces are so intense that nothing, not even light, can escape.

The Brightest Object in the Universe

• The intensity of light emitted from J0529-4351’s accretion disc is awe-inspiring, registering at a mind-boggling 500 trillion times brighter than the Sun.
• This luminosity implies a voracious appetite, as the black hole engulfs material equivalent to the mass of our Sun every day.
• With a mass estimated to be between 15 to 20 billion times that of our Sun, J0529-4351 stands as the brightest known object in the universe.

Black Hole Feeding Frenzy

• J0529-4351’s brilliance is a remnant of a bygone era in the universe when black holes engaged in a feeding frenzy.
• Rapidly growing supermassive black holes, like J0529-4351, were once more common, as they attracted stars and gas clouds into their gravitational clutches.
• However, in the present universe, such feeding frenzies are waning, as the available gas has largely transformed into stars and settled into orderly orbits around dormant black holes.

The Age of Sleeping Giants

• Supermassive black holes in the current universe are mostly dormant, resembling sleeping giants.
• The once chaotic cosmic environment, where collisions between stars and black holes were frequent, has transitioned into a more stable state.
• Even if a star were to approach a black hole today, it would likely execute a slingshot maneuver, evading capture.

Accretion Discs: Unfriendly Territories

• Accretion discs, such as the one around J0529-4351, are not only gateways to the point of no return but also hostile environments.
• These discs resemble colossal storm cells, with clouds glowing at temperatures reaching several tens of thousands of degrees Celsius.
• The rapid movement of these clouds, reaching speeds of up to 100,000 kilometers per second, makes accretion discs inhospitable and perilous for any form of life.

Technological Advances and Discovery

• The discovery of J0529-4351 was made possible through a massive astronomical survey of the entire sky, facilitated by advanced telescopes and a ten-year partnership between Australia and the European Southern Observatory.
• Traditional search methods, avoiding the limitations of machine learning, were employed to identify extreme objects like J0529-4351, which might be overlooked by automated algorithms.

Black Hole:

• Black holes are points in space that are so dense they create deep gravity sinks. Beyond a certain region, not even light can escape the powerful tug of a black hole’s gravity.
• In other words, Black holes are regions in space where an enormous amount of mass is packed into a tiny volume.

Supernova:

• A supernova is what happens when a star has reached the end of its life and explodes in a brilliant burst of light.
• Supernovas can briefly outshine entire galaxies and radiate more energy than our sun will in its entire lifetime.
• They’re also the primary source of heavy elements in the universe.
• According to NASA, supernovas are “the largest explosion that takes place in space.”

Conclusion

• J0529-4351 stands as a testament to the vastness and complexity of the universe. Its discovery not only adds a dazzling entry to the cosmic record but also underscores the advancements in astronomical technology and international collaborations that enable humanity to unravel the mysteries of the cosmos. As we continue to explore the depths of space, J0529-4351 serves as a beacon, guiding our quest for understanding the most extreme phenomena in the universe.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/science-technology/the-brightest-object-in-the-universe-is-a-black-hole-that-eats-a-star-a-day-94557

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The United States’ veto of a U.N. Security Council resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza has sparked international criticism.

EXPLANATION:

• The move comes amid escalating conflict between Israel and Palestinian militant group Hamas, leading to a surge in casualties and displacement.
• The U.S. circulated its own resolution, noteworthy for including the term “cease-fire” but without an immediate implementation clause.
• Ambassador justified the veto, citing potential harm to delicate negotiations related to freeing hostages in Gaza.

International Reactions

• Allied Criticism: Traditional U.S. allies such as France, Malta, and Slovenia, joined China and Russia in criticizing the U.S. stance.
• Humanitarian Appeal: Slovenia emphasized the intolerable human toll in Gaza, while France called for an end to Israeli operations for the sake of humanitarian concerns.

Global Disapproval

• Failure of the Resolution: Algeria’s envoy expressed disappointment in the Security Council’s failure to send a strong message to Palestinians.
• Historical Judgment: Algeria’s representative urged Security Council members to examine their consciences, questioning how history would judge them.
• Imminent Ground Incursion: Israel’s planned move into the southern Gaza Strip raised concerns, with the U.S. denying accusations of covering for an imminent ground incursion.
• Retaliatory Campaign: The death toll in Gaza surged, prompting increased pressure on Israel, including from the U.S., to exercise restraint.

Diplomatic Dynamics

• Russian Critique: Russia’s envoy accused the U.S. of attempting to divert attention from its veto exercise, emphasizing the unacceptability of Algeria’s text.
• Intentions Questioned: Some diplomats raised eyebrows, speculating on whether the U.S. truly seeks the resolution or aims to prompt a Russian veto.
• Potential Unease: The mere introduction of a U.S. counter-resolution is seen as likely to “make Israel nervous,” reflecting concerns about the evolving diplomatic landscape.

U.N. Security Council:

• The United Nations Charter established six main organs of the United Nations, including the Security Council.
• Under the United Nations Charter, the functions and powers of the Security Council are:
  • to maintain international peace and security;
  • to develop friendly relations among nations;
  • to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights;
  • to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
• It has 15 Members, and each Member has one vote.
• Under the Charter of the United Nations, all Member States are obligated to comply with Council decisions.
• The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression.
• It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means and recommends methods of adjustment or terms of settlement.
• In some cases, the Security Council can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security.
• The Security Council held its first session on 17 January 1946 at Church House, Westminster, London. Since its first meeting, the Security Council has taken permanent residence at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City.
• It also travelled to many cities, holding sessions in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 1972, in Panama City, Panama, and in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1990.
• Veto power is a special power given to the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), namely China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
• Essentially, it gives these countries the ability to reject or veto any action by the UNSC that does not align with their national interests or foreign policy objectives.
• In the United Nations Security Council, decisions are made with a majority of 9 votes of the 15 Council members’ votes. All decision is rejected if one of the five permanent members of the Security Council makes use of its veto

Conclusion

• The U.S. veto on the Gaza cease-fire resolution has generated intense international debate, highlighting the complexities of diplomatic efforts in the context of the Israel-Palestine conflict.
• The alternative U.S. resolution reflects a nuanced approach, attempting to balance concerns for an immediate cease-fire with ongoing negotiations and broader geopolitical considerations.

SOURCE: https://www.courthousenews.com/us-vetoes-security-council-vote-on-gaza-cease-fire-pushes-alternative/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A groundbreaking study led by Gokce Ustunisik and her team at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology reveals the potential of certain bacteria to accelerate the mineralization of carbon dioxide (CO2) under extreme conditions.

EXPLANATION:

• The application of these microbes could revolutionize the storage of CO2 in deep underground sites, offering a more rapid and durable solution to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.

Isolation of Geobacillus Bacteria:

• The researchers isolated Geobacillus bacteria species from a compost pile in Washington state known for their resilience to high temperatures and pressures.
• Geobacillus bacteria were chosen for their ability to thrive under extreme conditions, making them suitable candidates for underground CO2 storage.

Laboratory Tests and Findings:

• Laboratory tests compared the rate of CO2 mineralization with and without the presence of these microbes under conditions resembling those found deep underground.
• The absence of microbes resulted in negligible CO2 mineralization, a process that typically takes years under natural geological conditions.
• With the Geobacillus bacteria, mineral crystals formed within a remarkable 10 days at 80°C (176°F) and pressures 500 times that of sea level.

Role of Carbonic Anhydrase Enzyme:

• The key to the rapid mineralization rate is attributed to an enzyme produced by the bacteria, known as carbonic anhydrase.
• This enzyme efficiently reduces the acidity of the CO2 solution, facilitating the formation of carbonate minerals from released magnesium and calcium in the rock.

Potential Storage Sites:

• The accelerated mineralization process opens up possibilities for using depleted oil and gas reservoirs as deep underground storage sites for CO2.
• The speed at which CO2 can be converted into mineral crystals under extreme conditions enhances the feasibility and efficiency of long-term storage.

Challenges and Future Steps:

• The researchers have not disclosed the exact species of bacteria due to pending patent issues.
• Further testing will involve Bacillus bacteria from a former mine shaft in South Dakota and genetically modified strains to identify the most effective microbes.
• The next phase includes evaluating the performance of these microbes in an actual storage well.

Concerns and Criticisms:

• Outside researchers emphasize the need for addressing concerns about the resilience, food source, turnover rates, and adaptability of these organisms to various alkaline environments.
• The introduction of nutrients along with the microbes to sustain them raises practical challenges.
• The potential spread of introduced or genetically modified microbes in subsurface environments poses ecological and regulatory concerns.

Conclusion:

• The study signifies a significant step towards developing a novel approach to carbon sequestration by leveraging bacteria to expedite CO2 mineralization under extreme conditions. While challenges and uncertainties persist, the promise of accelerating the process to a mere 10 days could have substantial implications for mitigating climate change by securely storing CO2 in underground reservoirs.

SOURCE: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2416727-bacteria-could-help-turn-co2-to-rock-under-extreme-conditions/?_ptid=%7Bkpdx%7DAAAA118tASrzgwoKcmJhNGYxWmNwZRIQbHN1N2F4ZnBjeXdhNjh2aBoMRVhHSjk1VU5XWDAyIiUxODIzMGw4MDlzLTAwMDAzM2U1dmNjajZvcWN0bmlmNmlzdXEwKhpzaG93VGVtcGxhdGVYVkMxNVhCQlFEVUoyNDABOgxPVENPMkM2VzY0SEZCDU9UVlpPN0dSVFNONU1SEnYthADwL3p1MzJ2bnB1cVokMjQwNToyMDE6NDAwYTo4Yzo0ZGEwOmQ1NzQ6N2M0NDozZDA1YgNkd2NooJbXrgZwKngE

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The leaders of Ladakh’s civil society groups have decided to call off an indefinite hunger strike following a meeting with officials from the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) recently.

EXPLANATION:

• This decision comes after the Centre agreed to engage in discussions on their demands, which primarily include Statehood for Ladakh, tribal status through inclusion in the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution, and the establishment of a Public Service Commission for the region.
• On February 3, Ladakh witnessed a complete shutdown as thousands gathered in Leh to voice concerns about protecting cultural identity, preserving the environment, ensuring job reservations for locals, and advocating for separate parliamentary seats for Leh and Kargil.
• The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) had invited civil society leaders for the second round of a high-powered committee dialogue, scheduled on Monday, with the committee headed by Minister of State for Home, Nityanand Rai.

Key Demands and Committee Formation:

• Ladakh’s demands included Statehood, tribal status under the Sixth Schedule, and the establishment of a Public Service Commission.
• The high-powered committee, comprising members of the Leh Apex Body (LAB) and Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA), announced the formation of a joint sub-committee.
• This sub-committee will include representatives from both LAB and KDA and is tasked with advancing the dialogue.

MHA’s Initial Response:

• During the meeting, MHA officials reportedly hesitated to commit to discussing Statehood and constitutional safeguards.
• Instead, they proposed enhancing the financial powers of hill councils in Leh and Kargil.
• The civil society leaders insisted on time-bound assurance for addressing their demands.

Postponement of Hunger Strike:

• A sub-committee member confirmed that the MHA has agreed to discuss the demand for Statehood and other issues in the upcoming meeting on February 24.
• The decision to call off the hunger strike is temporary, indicating a willingness to engage in dialogue and find a resolution.

Historical Context:

• After the reorganization of Jammu and Kashmir on August 5, 2019, Ladakh became a Union Territory without a Legislative Assembly.
• The MHA formed a high-powered committee last year to address the grievances and demands of the people of Ladakh.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ladakh-leaders-call-off-hunger-strike-as-mha-agrees-to-discuss-statehood-constitutional-safeguards/article67864124.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court, in an interim order on February 19, 2024, addressed concerns raised in a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) challenging the constitutionality of the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• The apex court, led by Chief Justice DY Chandrachud and Justices JB Pardiwala and Manoj Misra, emphasized adherence to the landmark TN Godavarman Thirumalpad v. Union of India judgement of 1996 in defining ‘forest.’
• The interim order aimed to maintain the principles outlined in the Godavarman judgement until the completion of the process of identifying ‘forest’ lands recorded in government records.

Controversy Surrounding the Amendment:

• The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023, amended by the Union government, faced constitutional scrutiny in the PIL.
• The contentious Section 1A, introduced by the amendment, narrowed the expansive definition of ‘forest’ provided in the Godavarman judgement.
• According to the amendment, land must either be notified as a forest or specifically recorded as a forest in government records to qualify, deviating from the Godavarman judgement, which interpreted ‘forest’ based on its dictionary meaning.

Interim Order and Godavarman Judgement:

• The Supreme Court’s interim order directed states and Union territories to adhere to the Godavarman judgement’s definition of ‘forest’ until the completion of the land identification process.
• The court acknowledged concerns raised by petitioners about potential diversion of lands deemed as ‘forests’ under the Godavarman judgement for non-forest use during this interim period.
• The order underscored the importance of Rule 16 of the Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Rules, 2023, requiring state and UT administrations to prepare records on forest land within a year from the notification of the 2023 amendment.

Financial Implications and Exclusion of Forest Lands:

• Petitioners highlighted that the amended definition could exclude approximately 1.99 lakh square km of forest land from protection.
• The court emphasized the importance of compliance with the Godavarman judgement’s interpretation of ‘forest’ during the ongoing land identification process, urging states and UTs to ensure the conservation of areas falling within the ambit of the Godavarman definition.

Role of Expert Committees and Reporting:

• The Supreme Court instructed the Union government to issue circulars to all states and UTs, communicating the order and directing compliance.
• Furthermore, it mandated the submission of a comprehensive record of land registered as ‘forest’ by expert committees formed by states and UTs under the guidelines of the Godavarman judgement within two weeks.
• All states and UTs were required to submit expert committee reports by March 31, 2024, with digitized records available on official websites by April 15, 2024.

Expansion of Protection and Direction on Zoos and Safaris:

• While acknowledging the role of expert committees formed under the 2023 Rules, the court allowed them to expand the ambit of forest lands worthy of protection.
• Additionally, the court issued directions regarding proposals for establishing zoos and safaris, stipulating that such proposals in forest areas, excluding protected areas, require prior approval from the Supreme Court to ensure environmental safeguards.

Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023:

• The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023 amends the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 to make it applicable to certain types of land.
• These include land notified as a forest under the Indian Forest Act, 1927 or in government records after the 1980 Act came into effect. The Act will not be applicable for land converted to non-forest use before December 12, 1996.
• It also exempts certain types of land from the purview of the Act.
• These include land within 100 km of India’s border needed for national security projects, small roadside amenities, and public roads leading to a habitation.
• The state government requires prior approval of the central government to assign any forest land to a private entity.
• The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023 extends this to all entities, and allows the assignment to be made on terms and conditions specified by the central government.
• The Act specifies some activities that can be carried out in forests, such as establishing check posts, fencing, and bridges. The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023 also allows running zoos, safaris and eco-tourism facilities.

Conclusion:

• The Supreme Court’s interim order seeks to strike a balance between the legal amendments introduced by the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023, and the established principles of forest conservation enshrined in the Godavarman judgement. As the legal battle unfolds, the court’s directives aim to prevent potential environmental consequences during the transitional period and ensure the preservation of forested lands according to the precedents set by the Godavarman judgement.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/forests/forest-conservation-amendment-act-2023-states-uts-must-act-as-per-definition-in-tn-godavarman-judgement-says-sc-94543

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: In January 2024, a comprehensive study conducted by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), a Finnish research organization, unveiled concerning findings regarding air quality in Indian cities.

EXPLANATION:

• While only 32 cities out of 131 covered by the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) had clean air, Delhi emerged as the most polluted.
• The report, published on February 14, 2024, sheds light on the alarming levels of air pollution and the challenges faced by the nation in combating this pervasive issue.

NCAP and Air Quality Standards:

• The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) has been initiated by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change in 2019.
• It aimed at reducing particulate matter (PM) pollution in 131 non-attainment cities across 24 states and Union territories.
• It also aims to attain a decrease in PM10 (particulate matter with a diameter ranging from 10 to 2.5 micrometers) and PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller) concentrations by 20% to 30% by the year 2024, with 2017 serving as the reference year for concentration comparison.
• It is a long-term, time-bound, national-level strategy to address the air pollution problem in India comprehensively.
• However, the recent study highlighted that in January 2024, 98 cities exceeded the World Health Organization’s (WHO) daily guideline for PM2.5 levels.
• Only 32 cities met India’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), emphasizing the severity of the air quality crisis.

Pervasive Pollution Levels:

• Among the 66 cities failing to meet NAAQS, 15 recorded PM2.5 levels more than double the prescribed standard of 60 microgrammes per cubic meter.
• Delhi, the national capital, stood out with a monthly average PM2.5 concentration of 206 µg/m³, surpassing the daily NAAQS.
• Following closely, Bhagalpur in Bihar shared the dubious distinction, with other cities like Saharsa, Byrnihat, Greater Noida, Hanumangarh, Noida, Baddi, Sri Ganganagar, and Faridabad completing the list of the top 10 most polluted cities.

Geographical Distribution of Pollution:

• The analysis revealed that among the 10 most polluted cities, Bihar, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Delhi each had representation.
• On the other hand, Chamarajanagar, Vijayapura, Kalaburgi, and Bagalkot in Karnataka, Aizawl in Mizoram, and Silchar and Sivasagar in Assam were recognized among the 10 cleanest cities in January 2024.

Environmental Conditions and Impact:

• The study highlighted those unfavorable atmospheric conditions, characterized by low wind speed and cooler temperatures in northern India, contributed to stable atmospheric conditions.
• This hindered the rapid dispersion of emissions, leading to the accumulation of pollutants near the earth’s surface and exacerbating ambient air pollution levels.
• While recognizing the influence of natural atmospheric conditions, the report emphasized that baseline emissions significantly contribute to hazardous air pollution levels in any region.

Financial Implications and Proposed Solutions:

• As the government grapples with the severity of air pollution, the report underscored the potential financial cost.
• It estimated that a complete boycott of Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) markets by traders, as part of legal guarantees, could cost the government approximately Rs 6 lakh crore.
• However, the report suggested that this expenditure could be recovered within a year through the sale of agricultural produce in open markets, providing a potential economic incentive for addressing air quality concerns.

Conclusion:

• The findings of the CREA study present a stark reality of air quality in Indian cities, emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive and effective measures to combat pollution. As the government grapples with the financial implications, it becomes imperative to strike a balance between economic considerations and the health and well-being of the population.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/pollution/only-32-indian-cities-had-clean-air-this-january-delhi-bhagalpur-most-polluted-94534

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Satyendra Nath Bose, a brilliant physicist born in Calcutta in 1894, made a profound impact on the field of physics exactly a century ago.

EXPLANATION:

• His contribution, often likened to a comet in its brilliance, emerged during a crucial period in the evolution of quantum theory in 1924.
• Despite a relatively sparse publication record, Bose’s work on quantum statistics, particularly the derivation of Planck’s law of black-body radiation, changed the course of physics.

Background and Early Collaborations:

• Bose’s early academic journey at Presidency College in Calcutta marked the beginning of a lifelong friendship with Meghnad Saha.
• Together, they navigated the transformative landscape of physics, grappling with the revolutionary ideas introduced by Einstein, Planck, and Bohr.
• Their collaboration extended to translating Einstein’s papers on general relativity into English, showcasing their early adaptability to emerging quantum concepts.

Challenges in Teaching and Research:

• As faculty members at Rajabazar Science College, Bose and Saha faced the challenge of teaching the intricacies of the new physics, compounded by the language barrier posed by the dominance of German publications.
• Undeterred, they delved into the depths of quantum theory, with Bose later joining Dhaka University as a lecturer.

Crucial Problem of Black-Body Radiation:

• The study of black-body radiation, encapsulated by Planck’s law, was a pivotal topic in 19th-century physics.
• Bose, struggling to satisfactorily explain Planck’s law to his students, embarked on a journey to derive it himself.
• Planck’s formula, while successful, violated known laws of physics, prompting Bose to explore a novel approach.

Bose’s Groundbreaking Derivation:

• Bose’s unique contribution lay in eliminating classical physics from the derivation of Planck’s law.
• Leveraging the results of Einstein and Compton, Bose demonstrated that the law was independent of the mechanism producing it.
• His groundbreaking insight established Planck’s law as a statistical property of quanta of radiation, introducing the concept of photons.

Pioneering Quantum Statistics:

• Bose’s work pioneered quantum statistics, revealing that the total number of photons was not conserved.
• This profound realization, implicit in his methods, laid the foundation for understanding the behavior of fundamental particles.
• Years later, Paul Dirac formalized Bose’s statistics into distinct categories—bosons and fermions—clarifying the rules governing these particles.

Legacy and Comparative Silence:

• Despite the monumental impact of Bose’s work, he remained relatively silent in terms of publications, describing himself as a comet that only appeared once.
• His legacy, however, endures through the foundational nature of his contribution to quantum theory, forever altering the trajectory of physics.
• Satyendra Nath Bose’s appearance on the physics scene in 1924 left an indelible mark, filling a critical gap in the emerging quantum theory.
• His work not only solved the enigma of black-body radiation but also laid the groundwork for quantum statistics, shaping the understanding of fundamental particles.
• Bose’s brilliance, though brief, continues to illuminate the path for future generations of physicists.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/satyendra-nath-bose-einstein-statistics-centenary/article67863141.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The recently concluded Fourteenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS COP 14) witnessed a landmark development with the adoption of the Initiative for the Central Asian Flyway.

EXPLANATION:

• Propelled by India and supported by BirdLife International and 30 other nations spanning from Russian Siberia to the Maldives, this initiative marks a crucial step towards the conservation of over 600 migratory bird species.

India’s Leadership in Conservation:

• Introduced by India during CMS COP 14, the Initiative for the Central Asian Flyway showcases India’s commitment to environmental conservation.
• Led by the Inspector General of Forests, Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, the initiative garnered widespread support as a comprehensive effort to protect the diverse migratory bird populations traversing the Central Asian Flyway.

Objectives of the Initiative:

• Central Asian Flyway (CAF) covers a large area of Eurasia between the Arctic and Indian Oceans.
• This flyway comprises several important migration routes of birds.
• Including India, there are 30 countries under the Central Asian Flyway.
• The primary goal of the Central Asian Flyway initiative is to restore and maintain the favorable conservation status of migratory species populations and facilitate their ecological connectivity within the flyway.
• The ambitious initiative aims to address the alarming decline in populations of over 240 migratory bird species within the Central Asian Flyway.
• Notably, 48 of these species are classified as Globally Threatened or Near Threatened.

Key Threats to Migratory Birds:

• BirdLife International highlighted critical threats faced by migratory birds, including severe habitat loss, overexploitation, and illegal killing.
• Additionally, the rapid development of energy infrastructure poses a significant risk, leading to collisions and electrocutions.
• These threats make coordinated conservation efforts imperative to safeguard both the ecological balance and the cultural significance of migratory birds to local communities.

Scope of the Central Asian Flyway:

• Encompassing a vast geographical range, the Central Asian Flyway includes countries from Russian Siberia to the Maldives.
• The list comprises Afghanistan, India, China, Iran, Kazakhstan, the Maldives, and 25 other nations.
• The migratory bird species relying on this flyway connect various ecosystems and contribute to the cultural heritage of communities that have coexisted with them for centuries.

Capacity Building and Collaborative Conservation:

• The Central Asian Flyway initiative is envisioned as a platform for capacity building, knowledge sharing, research, and coordination among all participating countries.
• The initiative seeks to foster collaboration to address the diverse challenges faced by migratory bird populations, emphasizing the importance of joint efforts in conservation.

Programme of Work and Future Outlook:

• The initiative commits to developing and enforcing a Programme of Work aligned with CMS resolutions, decisions, and plans.
• As it progresses, the initiative aims to provide a robust framework for coordinated action, ensuring the sustainable conservation of the 600+ species of migratory birds utilizing the Central Asian Flyway.

CMS:

• It is an intergovernmental treaty under the UNEP- popularly known as Bonn Convention.
• It aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout their range.
• It lays the legal foundation to conduct conservation measures on a global scale.
• It was signed in 1979 and in force since 1983.
• As of 1 March 2022, the CMS has 133 Parties.
• India is also a party to CMS since 1983.
• The Fourteenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (COP14) was hosted by the Government of Uzbekistan, in Samarkand from 12-17 February 2024.

Birdlife International:

• It is a global partnership of conservation organisations that strives to conserve birds, their habitats and global biodiversity, working with people towards sustainability in the use of natural resources
• It is world’s largest conservation partnerships for conservation of birds and their habitats.
• It was earlier known as International Committee for Bird Preservation.

Conclusion:

• India’s leadership in championing the Central Asian Flyway initiative reflects a shared commitment to protecting biodiversity and preserving the invaluable contributions of migratory birds. As nations collaborate under this initiative, it not only addresses the immediate threats faced by these birds but also lays the foundation for a sustainable and harmonious coexistence between migratory species and the diverse landscapes they traverse. The Central Asian Flyway initiative is a testament to the global community’s recognition of the urgency to protect and conserve our interconnected ecosystems.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/central-asian-flyway-recognised-to-protect-over-600-migratory-bird-species-94513

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In the rapidly evolving landscape of artificial intelligence, Google’s latest revelation, the Gemini 1.5 Pro, has garnered significant attention.

EXPLANATION:

• Positioned as a pioneering model within the Gemini 1.5 line, this AI marvel introduces advancements that set it apart from its predecessors.
• We will look into the intricacies of Gemini 1.5 Pro and its groundbreaking features.

Gemini 1.5 Pro: A Leap Ahead in AI Technology

• Google’s Gemini 1.5 Pro is the latest addition to its repertoire of AI models, boasting advancements built on the Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture.
• This mid-size multimodal model, optimized for scalability, marks a significant leap forward in the realm of artificial intelligence.

Contextual Understanding and Token Processing:

• One standout feature of Gemini 1.5 Pro is its unparalleled long-context understanding across modalities.
• The model achieves comparable results to the previously launched Gemini 1.0 Ultra but with notably less computing power.
• What sets it apart is its ability to process a staggering one million tokens consistently—a remarkable feat in the domain of large-scale foundation models.
• To contextualize, Gemini 1.0 models handle up to 32,000 tokens, GPT-4 Turbo manages 1,28,000 tokens, and Claude 2.1 operates with 2,00,000 tokens.

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Architecture:

• The underlying technology of Gemini 1.5 Pro is the MoE architecture, a collective approach dividing complex problems into sub-tasks.
• These sub-tasks are then trained by clusters of experts, providing a comprehensive coverage of different input data with distinct learners.
• Google emphasizes that this architectural shift enhances the efficiency of training and serving the Gemini 1.5 Pro model.

Use Cases and Multimodal Capabilities:

• Gemini 1.5 Pro showcases impressive capabilities across various applications. It can process up to 7,00,000 words or approximately 30,000 lines of code—35 times more than Gemini 1.0 Pro.
• Furthermore, the model can handle up to 11 hours of audio and 1 hour of video in multiple languages.
• Demonstrations on Google’s official YouTube channel exhibit the model’s adeptness in understanding extensive context, including a 402-page PDF, a 44-minute video, and interactions with 100,633 lines of code through multimodal prompts.

Preview, Pricing, and Availability:

• During the preview phase, Google offers the Gemini 1.5 Pro with a one million-token context window for free.
• While Google has not introduced pricing tiers yet, future plans may include different tiers starting at 1,28,000 context windows and scaling up to one million tokens.

Gemini Series: A Continuum of Excellence:

• Gemini 1.5 Pro follows the introduction of Google’s Gemini 1.0 series in December.
• Comprising Gemini Ultra, Gemini Pro, and Gemini Nano, these models showcase state-of-the-art performances on diverse benchmarks, encompassing coding and text.
• The Gemini series, known for its multimodal capabilities, represents a new frontier in Google’s AI endeavors.

Conclusion:

• The unveiling of Gemini 1.5 Pro underscores Google’s commitment to advancing AI technology.
• With its extended context understanding, token processing capabilities, and innovative MoE architecture, Gemini 1.5 Pro positions itself as a frontrunner in the evolving landscape of artificial intelligence.
• As developers explore its potential through Google’s AI Studio and Vertex AI, Gemini 1.5 Pro paves the way for a new era of sophisticated reasoning and multimodal AI applications.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/google-gemini-pro-1-5-1-million-tokens-9166398/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The recent launch of the INSAT-3DS satellite by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) marked a significant achievement, not just for the satellite but also for the GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) rocket.

EXPLANATION:

• Despite its previous struggles, GSLV successfully delivered the satellite into its intended orbit, showcasing a momentous accomplishment for ISRO.
• The GSLV rocket, a vital component of ISRO’s launch fleet, has earned the nickname ‘naughty boy’ due to its track record, characterized by a high failure rate compared to its counterparts.
• Out of 15 previous launches, four ended unsuccessfully, raising concerns about its reliability.
• The recent success, however, has shifted the narrative around GSLV.

Comparative Performance with PSLV and LVM3:

• GSLV’s historical performance stands in contrast to the PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle), which, despite its 60 launches, has only faced two failures since its inaugural flight in 1993.
• LVM3, also known as GSLV-MkIII, with seven successful launches, further emphasizes the contrast, having never encountered a failure.

Cryogenic Engine Challenges:

• GSLV’s challenges stem primarily from its cryogenic engine, located in the third and final stage of the rocket.
• This engine utilizes liquid hydrogen, known for its efficiency as a rocket fuel, but requires handling at extremely low temperatures.
• The GSLV’s cryogenic engine is a reverse-engineered version of a Russian design, initially part of a deal disrupted by U.S. objections under the Missile Technology Control Regime.

Indigenous Cryogenic Technology Success:

• In the pursuit of self-reliance, ISRO developed its indigenous cryogenic engine, distinct from the GSLV’s.
• This engine, employed in the LVM3 rocket, has showcased remarkable reliability and successful launches, including missions like Chandrayaan-2 and Chandrayaan-3.
• The indigenously developed cryogenic technology reflects ISRO’s mastery in rocketry.

The GSLV’s Road to Redemption:

• Despite past setbacks, GSLV’s recent flawless flight has bolstered confidence in its capabilities.
• The successful launch of INSAT-3DS, emphasizing GSLV’s prowess, marks a pivotal moment in its journey.
• The rocket’s upcoming mission, carrying the NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) satellite, presents a crucial test that could solidify GSLV’s reputation as a reliable vehicle for ambitious collaborative endeavors.

INSAT-3DS:

• INSAT-3DS, is an exclusive meteorological satellite realized by ISRO.
• Its primary objective is to provide continuity of services to the existing in-orbit INSAT-3D and 3DR satellites and significantly enhancing the capabilities of INSAT system is flagged off to SDSC-SHAR launch port on January 25, 2024 for the launch onboard GSLV F14.
• The Satellite had successfully completed Satellite Assembly, Integration & Testing activities at U R Rao Satellite Centre, Bengaluru.
• Pre-Shipment Review (PSR) was held with the participation of members from user community on January 25, 2024.
• The satellite is a user funded project with Ministry of Earth Science (MoES), configured around ISRO’s well proven I-2k bus platform with a Lift-Off Mass of 2275 kg. Indian Industries have significantly contributed in the making of the Satellite.

GSLV:

• The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) is a remarkable class of expendable launch systems operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
• Since its inception in 2001, GSLV has been involved in fifteen launches.
• The project was initiated in 1990 with the goal of establishing an Indian launch capability for geosynchronous satellites.
• GSLV utilizes components that have already proven successful in the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), including the S125/S139 solid rocket booster and the liquid-fueled Vikas engine.

NISAR:

• NISAR has been built by space agencies of the US and India under a partnership agreement signed in 2014. The 2,800 kilograms satellite consists of both L-band and S-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instruments, which makes it a dual-frequency imaging radar satellite.
• While NASA has provided the L-band radar, GPS, a high-capacity solid-state recorder to store data, and a payload data subsystem, ISRO has provided the S-band radar, the GSLV launch system and spacecraft.
• According to NASA, another important component of the satellite is its large 39-foot stationary antenna reflector. Made of a gold-plated wire mesh, the reflector will be used to focus “the radar signals emitted and received by the upward-facing feed on the instrument structure”.

Conclusion:

• ISRO’s resilience and commitment to advancing rocket technology are evident in GSLV’s evolving narrative. From being dubbed the ‘naughty boy’ to overcoming challenges and delivering successful missions, GSLV stands as a testament to India’s space exploration capabilities. As it prepares for the significant NISAR mission, GSLV’s journey exemplifies the triumphs and learnings in the dynamic field of space exploration.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/gslv-rocket-naughty-boy-why-9166963/

TAG: GS:1 ART AND CULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The prestigious Jnanpith Award, India’s highest literary honor, has been conferred upon celebrated Urdu poet and Bollywood filmmaker Gulzar (Sampooran Singh Kalra) and distinguished Sanskrit scholar Jagadguru Rambhadracharya.

EXPLANATION:

• The 58th edition of the award, presented by Bharatiya Jnanpith, acknowledges outstanding contributions to Indian literature, marking the second time it honors Sanskrit and the fifth time Urdu.

Gulzar’s Contribution to Literature and Film:

• Gulzar, born in 1934, has garnered numerous accolades throughout his illustrious career.
• These include the Sahitya Akademi Award for Urdu (2002), the Dadasaheb Phalke Award (2013), Padma Bhushan (2004), and multiple National Film Awards.
• His song “Jai Ho” from the film Slumdog Millionaire earned him an Oscar in 2009 and a Grammy in 2010.
• The Jnanpith Award, with a cash component of ₹11 lakh, a Vagdevi statue, and a citation, adds another jewel to Gulzar’s impressive collection of honors.
• Apart from his acclaimed film career, Gulzar has made significant literary contributions.
• Known for his pioneering work in Urdu poetry, he introduced the ‘Triveni’ genre—a non-mukaffa poem of three lines.
• The maestro’s versatility extends to children’s poetry, reflecting his commitment to exploring diverse literary realms.

Jagadguru Rambhadracharya’s Multifaceted Achievements:

• Jagadguru Rambhadracharya, a polyglot fluent in 22 languages, stands out as a Hindu spiritual leader, educator, and prolific author with over 240 books and texts to his credit, including four epics.
• Leading the Tulsi Peeth in Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh, he has been a prominent figure in the Ramananda sect since 1982. His linguistic prowess spans Sanskrit, Hindi, Awadhi, Maithili, and more.
• The Padma Vibhushan recipient (2015) adds the Jnanpith Award to his distinguished achievements.

Jnanpith Award:

• Jnanpith Award is an Indian literary award presented annually by the BharatiyaJnanpith to an author for their “outstanding contribution towards literature”.
• The Jnanpith Award was established in 1944.
• It acknowledges the literary prowess of individuals who have left an indelible mark on Indian literature.
• The award’s cash component, a Vagdevi statue, and a citation make it a symbol of literary excellence.
• The award is bestowed only on Indian writers writing in Indian languages included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and English, with no posthumous conferral.
• The selection committee, headed by Odia writer Pratibha Rai, made the decision to honor writers from two languages—Sanskrit and Urdu.
• It is sponsored by the cultural organization Bharatiya Jnanpith.

Conclusion:

• The Jnanpith Award’s recognition of Gulzar and Jagadguru Rambhadracharya underscores the diversity and richness of Indian literature. It celebrates not only the literary achievements of these eminent personalities but also the cultural and linguistic tapestry that defines India’s literary landscape. As the nation applauds their contributions, the Jnanpith Award continues to stand as a beacon of honor for those who illuminate the world through the power of words.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gulzar-sanskrit-scholar-rambhadracharya-selected-for-jnanpith-award/article67857170.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: In the winter season of 2022-23, India experienced an anomalous air quality trend, attributed to a rare “triple-dip” La Niña phenomenon, as revealed by a recent study led by Chair Professor Gufran Beig and his team at the National Institute of Advanced Studies.

EXPLANATION:

• The study, published in the Elsevier Journal, sheds light on the intricate interplay of climate change and local emissions in influencing air quality across the subcontinent.

Triple-Dip La Niña Phenomenon:

• The study highlights the occurrence of three consecutive years (2020-23) of La Niña conditions, a rare “triple-dip” event.
• ‘Triple Dip’ La Niña is a period where the La Niña period extends for up to three consecutive winters and results in multiyear cooling of the surface temperature of the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
• For example, the current La Niña episode was started in September 2020, prevailed for the last 24 months, and looks set to continue for another six months, and has thus been classified as a ‘triple dip’ La Niña.
• La Niña, known for impacting ocean and climate patterns globally, took an unprecedented turn, leading to diverse consequences in India’s air quality during the winter season.
• Contrasting Trends in North and Peninsular India: Contrary to the established trends of air quality in recent decades, the 2022-23 winter season witnessed a unique phenomenon where northern India experienced improved air quality, while peninsular India faced escalating pollution levels.

North India’s Air Quality Improvement:

• Among the northern cities, Ghaziabad exhibited the most significant progress with a remarkable 33 percent reduction in 5 levels.
• Rohtak and Noida followed closely with reductions of 30 percent and 28 percent, respectively.
• Even the capital city, Delhi, displayed a positive shift with a 10 percent gain.

Peninsular India’s Deteriorating Air Quality:

• In stark contrast, peninsular Indian cities experienced a deterioration in air quality during the same period.
• Mumbai led the unfortunate trend with a substantial 30 percent increase in PM2.5 levels.
• Other cities like Coimbatore, Bengaluru, and Chennai witnessed rises of 28 percent, 20 percent, and 12 percent, respectively.

Meteorological Factors Influencing Air Quality:

• The study identifies meteorological factors as crucial contributors to these divergent trends.
• Higher northerly winds at the transport level in peninsular India led to the trapping of pollutants, causing an increase in PM2.5 concentration.
• This condition was exacerbated by slower winds near the surface in peninsular regions.
• Conversely, north India experienced improved air quality due to weak western disturbances, unusual wind patterns, and the absence of rain and clouds, facilitating faster ventilation.

Climate Change as a Significant Factor:

• The research underscores the role of rapidly changing climate as a significant factor influencing air quality.
• The triple-dip La Niña event, exacerbated by climate change, created a complex interplay of meteorological conditions, impacting pollution levels in distinct ways across the country.

La Nina:

• La Niña is the opposite of El Niño.
• La Niña sees cooler than average sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial Pacific region.
• Trade winds are stronger than usual, pushing warmer water towards Asia.
• On the American west coast, upwelling increases, bringing nutrient-rich water to the surface.
• Pacific cold waters close to the Americas push jet streams — narrow bands of strong winds in the upper atmosphere — northwards.
• This leads to drier conditions in Southern U.S., and heavy rainfall in Canada.
• La Niña has also been associated with heavy floods in Australia.
• Two successive La Niña events in the last two years caused intense flooding in Australia, resulting in significant damage.

Conclusion:

• The findings of this study not only unravel the intricate dynamics of a rare triple-dip La Niña event but also emphasize the need for a comprehensive understanding of local emissions and global climate patterns to predict and manage air quality in the face of a changing climate. The anomalous trends observed in the 2022-23 winter season serve as a stark reminder of the interconnectedness of natural phenomena and human-induced factors in shaping environmental conditions.

SOURCE: https://www.financialexpress.com/life/science-rare-triple-dip-la-nina-phenomenon-behind-unusual-air-quality-trend-in-india-in-2022-23-finds-a-study-3397692/lite/#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17082686188916&csi=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Enforcement Directorate (ED) has concluded its inquiry into Paytm Payments Bank Limited (PPBL) transactions, stating that there were no violations under the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA).

EXPLANATION:

• However, concerns related to Know Your Customer (KYC) compliance and other issues have been identified, prompting potential action by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
• On January 31, the RBI issued a circular prohibiting PPBL from accepting further deposits, top-ups, or conducting credit transactions into customer accounts, wallets, FASTags, and National Common Mobility Cards (NCMC) after February 29.
• The action was based on the Comprehensive System Audit report and compliance validation reports, indicating persistent non-compliance and supervisory concerns.

ED’s Investigation and Findings:

• FEMA Violation:
  • The ED found no FEMA violations during its inquiry into PPBL transactions.
• PMLA Exclusion:
  • As no scheduled offences under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) were identified, money laundering investigations were deemed unnecessary.
• KYC Compliance Concerns:
  • The investigation focused on KYC compliance, revealing areas of concern related to user and merchant onboarding processes, document collection and authentication, anti-money laundering measures, merchant category code assignment, and National Payments Corporation of India’s regulatory compliance.
• Observations Submitted to RBI:
  • ED findings, along with certain observations regarding other payment banks, third-party application providers, and payment aggregators, have been reported to the RBI for potential regulatory action.

Key Areas of Concern Identified:

• KYC Processes:
  • Slackness in adherence to KYC norms, particularly in user and merchant onboarding.
• Anti-Money Laundering Measures:
  • Lack of robust measures to prevent money laundering.
• Regulatory Compliance:
  • Issues related to the assignment of merchant category codes and adherence to regulatory requirements by the National Payments Corporation of India.
• Ownership Identification:
  • Inadequacies in processes for identifying ultimate beneficial ownership and politically exposed persons.
• Virtual Account KYC:
  • Lack of KYC adherence related to the setup of virtual accounts.
• Monitoring and Reporting:
  • Inefficient monitoring and periodic reporting of suspect transactions to authorized agencies.

Recommendations for Improvement:

• IT Audit Framework Adoption:
  • The ED recommends the full-fledged adoption of the Information Technology audit framework as prescribed by relevant authorities.
• Mitigating Vulnerabilities:
  • Addressing vulnerabilities, including the possible misuse of Application Programming Interfaces (API) keys and URL spoofing to prevent financial fraud.

Enforcement Directorate (ED):

• The Directorate of Enforcement is a multi-disciplinary organization mandated with an investigation of offenses of money laundering and violations of foreign exchange laws.
• The statutory functions of the Directorate include the enforcement of the following Acts:
  • The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA)
  • The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA)
  • The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA)

The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA):

• It is a civil law enacted to consolidate and amend the laws relating to facilitate external trade and payments and to and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India.
• ED has been given the responsibility to conduct investigation into suspected contraventions of foreign exchange laws and regulations.

The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA):

• It is a criminal law enacted to prevent money laundering and to provide for confiscation of property derived from, or involved in, money-laundering.
• ED has been given the responsibility to enforce the provisions of the PMLA by conducting investigation to trace the assets derived from proceeds of crime.

Conclusion:

• While the ED found no FEMA violations in the case of PPBL, the identified concerns related to KYC compliance underscore the need for regulatory vigilance.
• The RBI is expected to take appropriate action based on the findings, emphasizing the importance of adherence to financial regulations and consumer protection in the digital payment sector.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/ed-finds-no-fema-violation-in-paytm-payments-bank-case/article67854556.ece