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Question 1 of 5
1. Question
1. Identify the drainage pattern from the following characteristics:
1. The rocks are made of alternate layers of hard and soft rocks and tributaries tend to follow the pattern of this rock structure.
2. The primary tributaries of rivers flow parallel to each other, and secondary tributaries join them at right angles.
3. Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra exhibit this pattern in their upper reaches of Himalayas.
Select the correct answer from the following options:Correct
Answer: C
Explanation:
Trellis pattern of drainage has been described in the above statements.
● Drainage pattern means the forms (mainly geometric forms) of the drainage systems and the spatial arrangement of the streams in a particular region.
● The location, number and flow directions of different streams of a particular region depend on the nature of slope, structural control, tectonic factors, climatic conditions etc.
Generally, the drainage patterns are divided into the following types:
1. Trellised pattern 2. Dendritic pattern 3. Rectangular pattern 4. Parallel pattern 5. RRadial pattern 6. Centripetal pattern etc.
Trellised pattern:
● It is rectilinear pattern formed where two sets of structural controls occur at right angle.
● In a trellised pattern, the river forms a net-like system and the tributary stream of each class flows roughly parallel to each other.
● This pattern is developed in the areas where hard and soft rocks occur in roughly parallel bands.
● The main river follows the direction of general slope, while the tributary streams flow in the direction of strike, and meet the main stream at right angles.
● Example – The trellis pattern is well developed in the Appalachian region of the U.S.A. where hard and soft rocks are found in alternate bands.
Dendritic pattern:
● Derived from the latin word ‘dendron’ meaning tree.
● It is a type of drainage pattern which develops as an entirely random network because of the absence of structural controls.
● Thus, it is characterised with uniform lithology and where faulting and joining jointing are insignificant.
● The streams in this pattern follow the regional slope and tributaries do not meet the main stream at right angles.
Rectangular pattern:
● It is marked by right-angled bends and right angled junctions between tributaries and the mainstream.
● It is developed from the structural control imposed by the jointing or fault pattern of the underlying rocks.
● Differs from trellis pattern in so far as it is more irregular and its tributary streams are not as long or parallel as in trellis drainage.
Parallel pattern:
● This pattern consists of parallel master and tributary streams.
● Favourable conditions: Pronounced slopes, parallel faults and parallel topographic features such as drumlin and lateral moraines are favourable to the development of this type of drainage pattern.
● Example – Tributaries of Amazon, Mississippi and rivers of north-west Europe.
Incorrect
Answer: C
Explanation:
Trellis pattern of drainage has been described in the above statements.
● Drainage pattern means the forms (mainly geometric forms) of the drainage systems and the spatial arrangement of the streams in a particular region.
● The location, number and flow directions of different streams of a particular region depend on the nature of slope, structural control, tectonic factors, climatic conditions etc.
Generally, the drainage patterns are divided into the following types:
1. Trellised pattern 2. Dendritic pattern 3. Rectangular pattern 4. Parallel pattern 5. RRadial pattern 6. Centripetal pattern etc.
Trellised pattern:
● It is rectilinear pattern formed where two sets of structural controls occur at right angle.
● In a trellised pattern, the river forms a net-like system and the tributary stream of each class flows roughly parallel to each other.
● This pattern is developed in the areas where hard and soft rocks occur in roughly parallel bands.
● The main river follows the direction of general slope, while the tributary streams flow in the direction of strike, and meet the main stream at right angles.
● Example – The trellis pattern is well developed in the Appalachian region of the U.S.A. where hard and soft rocks are found in alternate bands.
Dendritic pattern:
● Derived from the latin word ‘dendron’ meaning tree.
● It is a type of drainage pattern which develops as an entirely random network because of the absence of structural controls.
● Thus, it is characterised with uniform lithology and where faulting and joining jointing are insignificant.
● The streams in this pattern follow the regional slope and tributaries do not meet the main stream at right angles.
Rectangular pattern:
● It is marked by right-angled bends and right angled junctions between tributaries and the mainstream.
● It is developed from the structural control imposed by the jointing or fault pattern of the underlying rocks.
● Differs from trellis pattern in so far as it is more irregular and its tributary streams are not as long or parallel as in trellis drainage.
Parallel pattern:
● This pattern consists of parallel master and tributary streams.
● Favourable conditions: Pronounced slopes, parallel faults and parallel topographic features such as drumlin and lateral moraines are favourable to the development of this type of drainage pattern.
● Example – Tributaries of Amazon, Mississippi and rivers of north-west Europe.
-
Question 2 of 5
2. Question
2. Fog formation may not happen in which one of the following?
Correct
Answer: D
Explanation:
Strong convective heating of a region does not result in formation of fog. Convective heating refers to the process by which the Earth’s surface absorbs solar radiation, causing the air in contact with it to warm up and rise, leading to vertical air motion known as convection. This process often occurs during the day, especially in sunny or hot conditions.
Fog formation, on the other hand, is primarily associated with cooling rather than heating. Fog typically forms when moist air cools to its dew point, leading to condensation of water vapor into tiny droplets or ice crystals. While convective heating can contribute to the overall moisture content of the air by increasing evaporation from surfaces like bodies of water or moist soil, it does not directly lead to the necessary cooling required for fog formation.
Fog formation is generally associated with atmospheric stability. Stable atmosphere is favorable for fog formation. The atmosphere is usually more stable in spring, and is relatively unstable in summer (when convective heating is strong). A stable atmosphere inhibits vertical air motions and allows the fog and haze to linger close to the ground.
While convective heating gives rise to atmospheric instability, it hinders the formation of fogs.
Atmospheric stability: A stable atmosphere is characterized by a tendency to resist vertical motion. Stable atmospheric conditions are associated with high pressure systems, which are typically associated with fair weather and clear skies.
Atmospheric instability: An unstable atmosphere is characterized by a tendency to rise and form clouds and precipitation. Unstable atmospheric conditions are associated with low pressure systems, which are typically associated with stormy weather and precipitation.About Fog:
● Fogs are a special type of thin cloud consisting of microscopically small water droplets which are kept in suspension in the air near the ground surface and reduce horizontal visibility.
● So, the fog is a cloud with its base at or very near to the ground.
Formation: With the land surface cooling down at night, the air close to the surface also cools down. Since cooler air cannot hold as much moisture as warm air, the water vapour in the air condenses to form fog. Fog begins to form in the early hours of the morning, when the temperature is at its lowest.
● Morning fog in mountain valleys: Dense fogs in mornings are common occurrences especially during winter season.
⮚ The inversion takes place in hills and mountains due to air drainage.
⮚ Cold air at the hills and mountains, produced during night, flows under the influence of gravity.
⮚ Being heavy and dense, the cold air acts almost like water and moves down the slope to pile up deeply in pockets and valley bottoms with warm air above.
⮚ This inversion commonly lasts for a few hours until the sun comes up and begins to warm the earth.
● Fog formation due to passing of moist warm air over cold ocean current: This type of fog is also known as the advection fog.
⮚ Advection fog forms when warm, moist air passes over a cool surface, causing water vapour to condense.
⮚ Advection fog mostly occurs where warm, tropical air meets cooler ocean water. If the wind blows in the right direction, sea fog can be transported over coastal land areas.
● Fog formation in temperate regions due to the cooling of the land surface by excess terrestrial radiation is a common phenomenon, especially during clear nights with calm winds.
⮚ In this process, the earth’s surface loses heat accumulated during the day through terrestrial radiation.
⮚ As the ground cools, it chills the air in contact with it, causing the air temperature to drop. When the air temperature reaches its dew point, which is the temperature at which it becomes saturated with moisture, water vapor in the air begins to condense into tiny droplets, forming fog.
⮚ This cooling effect is more pronounced in areas with high moisture content in the air, such as near bodies of water or moist soil.
⮚ In temperate regions, this type of fog often occurs during the late evening or early morning hours and can persist until the sun’s warmth dissipates it later in the day.Incorrect
Answer: D
Explanation:
Strong convective heating of a region does not result in formation of fog. Convective heating refers to the process by which the Earth’s surface absorbs solar radiation, causing the air in contact with it to warm up and rise, leading to vertical air motion known as convection. This process often occurs during the day, especially in sunny or hot conditions.
Fog formation, on the other hand, is primarily associated with cooling rather than heating. Fog typically forms when moist air cools to its dew point, leading to condensation of water vapor into tiny droplets or ice crystals. While convective heating can contribute to the overall moisture content of the air by increasing evaporation from surfaces like bodies of water or moist soil, it does not directly lead to the necessary cooling required for fog formation.
Fog formation is generally associated with atmospheric stability. Stable atmosphere is favorable for fog formation. The atmosphere is usually more stable in spring, and is relatively unstable in summer (when convective heating is strong). A stable atmosphere inhibits vertical air motions and allows the fog and haze to linger close to the ground.
While convective heating gives rise to atmospheric instability, it hinders the formation of fogs.
Atmospheric stability: A stable atmosphere is characterized by a tendency to resist vertical motion. Stable atmospheric conditions are associated with high pressure systems, which are typically associated with fair weather and clear skies.
Atmospheric instability: An unstable atmosphere is characterized by a tendency to rise and form clouds and precipitation. Unstable atmospheric conditions are associated with low pressure systems, which are typically associated with stormy weather and precipitation.About Fog:
● Fogs are a special type of thin cloud consisting of microscopically small water droplets which are kept in suspension in the air near the ground surface and reduce horizontal visibility.
● So, the fog is a cloud with its base at or very near to the ground.
Formation: With the land surface cooling down at night, the air close to the surface also cools down. Since cooler air cannot hold as much moisture as warm air, the water vapour in the air condenses to form fog. Fog begins to form in the early hours of the morning, when the temperature is at its lowest.
● Morning fog in mountain valleys: Dense fogs in mornings are common occurrences especially during winter season.
⮚ The inversion takes place in hills and mountains due to air drainage.
⮚ Cold air at the hills and mountains, produced during night, flows under the influence of gravity.
⮚ Being heavy and dense, the cold air acts almost like water and moves down the slope to pile up deeply in pockets and valley bottoms with warm air above.
⮚ This inversion commonly lasts for a few hours until the sun comes up and begins to warm the earth.
● Fog formation due to passing of moist warm air over cold ocean current: This type of fog is also known as the advection fog.
⮚ Advection fog forms when warm, moist air passes over a cool surface, causing water vapour to condense.
⮚ Advection fog mostly occurs where warm, tropical air meets cooler ocean water. If the wind blows in the right direction, sea fog can be transported over coastal land areas.
● Fog formation in temperate regions due to the cooling of the land surface by excess terrestrial radiation is a common phenomenon, especially during clear nights with calm winds.
⮚ In this process, the earth’s surface loses heat accumulated during the day through terrestrial radiation.
⮚ As the ground cools, it chills the air in contact with it, causing the air temperature to drop. When the air temperature reaches its dew point, which is the temperature at which it becomes saturated with moisture, water vapor in the air begins to condense into tiny droplets, forming fog.
⮚ This cooling effect is more pronounced in areas with high moisture content in the air, such as near bodies of water or moist soil.
⮚ In temperate regions, this type of fog often occurs during the late evening or early morning hours and can persist until the sun’s warmth dissipates it later in the day. -
Question 3 of 5
3. Question
3. This type of climate is experienced along the eastern coast of tropical lands. The regions receive steady rainfall from trade winds throughout the year. There is no month without any rainfall. These regions are highly prone to severe tropical cyclones, hurricanes or typhoons.
Which of the following types of climate is described in the above paragraph?Correct
Answer: A
Explanation:
The above paragraph describes the Tropical Marine Climate, which is explained as below:
About Tropical Marine Climate:
● This type of climate is experienced along the eastern coast of tropical lands.
● The regions receive steady rainfall from trade winds throughout the year.
● There is no month without any rainfall and tends to make a summer maximum.
● Type of rainfall: The rainfall is both orographic where the moist trades meet upland masses as in eastern Brazil and convectional due to intense heating during the day and in summer.
● Due to steady influence of trades, the Tropical Marine Climate is very favourable for habitations.
● However, these regions are highly prone to sever tropical cyclones, hurricanes or typhoons.
● Areas influenced: Such a climate is experienced in Central America, West Indies, north-eastern Australia, Philippines, parts of East Africa, Madagascar, the Guinea Coast and eastern Brazil.
Incorrect
Answer: A
Explanation:
The above paragraph describes the Tropical Marine Climate, which is explained as below:
About Tropical Marine Climate:
● This type of climate is experienced along the eastern coast of tropical lands.
● The regions receive steady rainfall from trade winds throughout the year.
● There is no month without any rainfall and tends to make a summer maximum.
● Type of rainfall: The rainfall is both orographic where the moist trades meet upland masses as in eastern Brazil and convectional due to intense heating during the day and in summer.
● Due to steady influence of trades, the Tropical Marine Climate is very favourable for habitations.
● However, these regions are highly prone to sever tropical cyclones, hurricanes or typhoons.
● Areas influenced: Such a climate is experienced in Central America, West Indies, north-eastern Australia, Philippines, parts of East Africa, Madagascar, the Guinea Coast and eastern Brazil.
-
Question 4 of 5
4. Question
4. A group of adventure tourists visits the Valley of Flowers National Park. They must have witnessed which of the following vegetation types?
Correct
Answer: B
Explanation:
About Valley of Flowers National Park:
● Spread over an area of 87 sq. km in the Chamoli district, Uttarakhand.
● The Valley of Flowers National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (in 2005) and forms one of the two core zones (the other being the Nanda Devi National Park) of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve.
Vegetations found:
● Alpine meadows: These are open areas dominated by grasses, herbs, and wildflowers. In the Valley of Flowers, these meadows are filled with a vibrant array of flowers during the monsoon season, including species like Himalayan Blue Poppy, Brahma Kamal, and Cobra Lily.
● Coniferous forests: Surrounding the valley are forests of coniferous trees such as pine, fir, and spruce. These trees provide habitat for various bird species and small mammals.
● Subalpine scrub: At higher elevations, you might encounter scrub vegetation characterized by hardy shrubs and dwarfed trees adapted to the harsh mountain environment.Incorrect
Answer: B
Explanation:
About Valley of Flowers National Park:
● Spread over an area of 87 sq. km in the Chamoli district, Uttarakhand.
● The Valley of Flowers National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (in 2005) and forms one of the two core zones (the other being the Nanda Devi National Park) of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve.
Vegetations found:
● Alpine meadows: These are open areas dominated by grasses, herbs, and wildflowers. In the Valley of Flowers, these meadows are filled with a vibrant array of flowers during the monsoon season, including species like Himalayan Blue Poppy, Brahma Kamal, and Cobra Lily.
● Coniferous forests: Surrounding the valley are forests of coniferous trees such as pine, fir, and spruce. These trees provide habitat for various bird species and small mammals.
● Subalpine scrub: At higher elevations, you might encounter scrub vegetation characterized by hardy shrubs and dwarfed trees adapted to the harsh mountain environment. -
Question 5 of 5
5. Question
5. Consider the following pairs:
Mines in India – Minerals
1. Badampahar – Bauxite
2. Katni – Coal
3. Jhunjhunu – Copper
4. Jaduguda – Uranium
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?Correct
Answer: B
Explanation:
Mines in India – Minerals
Badampahar – Iron
Katni – Limestone
Jhunjhunu – Copper
Jaduguda UraniumPair 1 is matched incorrectly:
Iron sources in India:
● India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore.
● About 95 per cent of total reserves of iron ore is located in the states of Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goa, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
● In Odisha, iron ore occurs in a series of hill ranges in Sundergarh, Mayurbhanj and Jhar.
⮚ The important mines are Gurumahisani, Sulaipet, Badampahar (Mayurbhaj), Kiruburu (Kendujhar) and Bonai (Sundergarh).
Pair 2 is matched incorrectly:
About Katni mines:
● Katni mines are located in the Katni town of Madhya Pradesh.
● Katni is also known as the city of lime, because it is rich in reserve of limestone.
● Katni is a major player in producing marbles. There are many numbers of marble mining sites where high quality marbles are getting mined. The marbles of Katni is getting exported to all over India.
Pair 3 is matched correctly:
Copper sources in India:
● Copper is an indispensable metal in the electrical industry for making wires, electric motors, transformers and generators.
● The Copper deposits mainly occur in Singhbhum district in Jharkhand, Balaghat district in Madhya Pradesh and Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts in Rajasthan.
● Minor producers of copper are Agnigundala in Guntur District (Andhra Pradesh), Chitradurg and Hasan districts (Karnataka) and South Arcot district (Tamil Nadu).
Pair 4 is matched correctly:
Uranium deposits in India:
In Jharkhand:
● Jaduguda in Singhbhum Thrust Belt (in the state of Jharkhand, formerly part of Bihar) is the first uranium deposit to be discovered in the country in 1951. It extends in the shape of an arc for a length of about 160 km.
⮚ Some of other deposits like Bhatin, Narwapahar and Turamdih are well known uranium mines of the country.
⮚ Other deposits like Bagjata, Banduhurang and Mohuldih are being taken up for commercial mining operations.
⮚ Some of the other areas like Garadih, Kanyaluka, Nimdih and Nandup in this belt are also known to contain limited reserves with poor grades.
● Apart from discoveries in the Singhbhum Thrust Belt, several uranium occurrences have also been found in Cuddapah basin of Andhra Pradesh.
⮚ These include Lambapur-Peddagattu, Chitrial, Kuppunuru, Tumallapalle, Rachakuntapalle which have significantly contributed towards the uranium reserve base of India.
● In the Mahadek basin of Meghalaya in Northeastern part of the country, sandstone type uranium deposits like Domiasiat, Wahkhyn, Mawsynram provide near-surface flat ore bodies amenable to commercial operations.
● Other areas in Rajsthan, Karnataka and Chattishgarh hold promise for developing into some major deposits.
Incorrect
Answer: B
Explanation:
Mines in India – Minerals
Badampahar – Iron
Katni – Limestone
Jhunjhunu – Copper
Jaduguda UraniumPair 1 is matched incorrectly:
Iron sources in India:
● India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore.
● About 95 per cent of total reserves of iron ore is located in the states of Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goa, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
● In Odisha, iron ore occurs in a series of hill ranges in Sundergarh, Mayurbhanj and Jhar.
⮚ The important mines are Gurumahisani, Sulaipet, Badampahar (Mayurbhaj), Kiruburu (Kendujhar) and Bonai (Sundergarh).
Pair 2 is matched incorrectly:
About Katni mines:
● Katni mines are located in the Katni town of Madhya Pradesh.
● Katni is also known as the city of lime, because it is rich in reserve of limestone.
● Katni is a major player in producing marbles. There are many numbers of marble mining sites where high quality marbles are getting mined. The marbles of Katni is getting exported to all over India.
Pair 3 is matched correctly:
Copper sources in India:
● Copper is an indispensable metal in the electrical industry for making wires, electric motors, transformers and generators.
● The Copper deposits mainly occur in Singhbhum district in Jharkhand, Balaghat district in Madhya Pradesh and Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts in Rajasthan.
● Minor producers of copper are Agnigundala in Guntur District (Andhra Pradesh), Chitradurg and Hasan districts (Karnataka) and South Arcot district (Tamil Nadu).
Pair 4 is matched correctly:
Uranium deposits in India:
In Jharkhand:
● Jaduguda in Singhbhum Thrust Belt (in the state of Jharkhand, formerly part of Bihar) is the first uranium deposit to be discovered in the country in 1951. It extends in the shape of an arc for a length of about 160 km.
⮚ Some of other deposits like Bhatin, Narwapahar and Turamdih are well known uranium mines of the country.
⮚ Other deposits like Bagjata, Banduhurang and Mohuldih are being taken up for commercial mining operations.
⮚ Some of the other areas like Garadih, Kanyaluka, Nimdih and Nandup in this belt are also known to contain limited reserves with poor grades.
● Apart from discoveries in the Singhbhum Thrust Belt, several uranium occurrences have also been found in Cuddapah basin of Andhra Pradesh.
⮚ These include Lambapur-Peddagattu, Chitrial, Kuppunuru, Tumallapalle, Rachakuntapalle which have significantly contributed towards the uranium reserve base of India.
● In the Mahadek basin of Meghalaya in Northeastern part of the country, sandstone type uranium deposits like Domiasiat, Wahkhyn, Mawsynram provide near-surface flat ore bodies amenable to commercial operations.
● Other areas in Rajsthan, Karnataka and Chattishgarh hold promise for developing into some major deposits.