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Question 1 of 5
1. Question
2 points1. With reference to stem cells, consider the following statements:
1. They develop into different types of specialized cells in the human body.
2. They are only found inside an embryo.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?Correct
Answer: A
Explanation:
Context: Over the past decades, stem cell banking has garnered attention from the general public for the benefits it stands to offer. Parents are coming forward to educate themselves about preserving their newborn’s stem cells for a secure future.
● A stem cell is essentially the building block of the human body. Stem cells are capable of dividing for long periods of time, are unspecialized, but can develop into specialized cells. Statement 1 is correct.
● The earliest stem cells in the human body are those found in the human embryo. The stem cells inside an embryo will eventually give rise to every cell, tissue and organ in the fetus’s body.
● Unlike a regular cell, which can only replicate to create more of its own kind of cell, a stem cell is pluripotent. When it divides, it can make any one of the 220 different cells in the human body. Stem cells also have the capability to self-renew; they can reproduce themselves many times over.
● However, stem cells are not only found in human embryos.Hematopoietic stem cells are a type of adult stem cell found in the bone marrow of an adult human being. They make new red blood cells, white blood cells, and other types of blood cells. Doctors have been performing stem cell transplants, also known as bone marrow transplants, for decades using hematopoietic stem cells in order to treat certain types of cancer. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Source:https://indianexpress.com/article/parenting/health-fitness/four-myths-about-stem-cell-banking-new-parents-should-know-8109245/Incorrect
Answer: A
Explanation:
Context: Over the past decades, stem cell banking has garnered attention from the general public for the benefits it stands to offer. Parents are coming forward to educate themselves about preserving their newborn’s stem cells for a secure future.
● A stem cell is essentially the building block of the human body. Stem cells are capable of dividing for long periods of time, are unspecialized, but can develop into specialized cells. Statement 1 is correct.
● The earliest stem cells in the human body are those found in the human embryo. The stem cells inside an embryo will eventually give rise to every cell, tissue and organ in the fetus’s body.
● Unlike a regular cell, which can only replicate to create more of its own kind of cell, a stem cell is pluripotent. When it divides, it can make any one of the 220 different cells in the human body. Stem cells also have the capability to self-renew; they can reproduce themselves many times over.
● However, stem cells are not only found in human embryos.Hematopoietic stem cells are a type of adult stem cell found in the bone marrow of an adult human being. They make new red blood cells, white blood cells, and other types of blood cells. Doctors have been performing stem cell transplants, also known as bone marrow transplants, for decades using hematopoietic stem cells in order to treat certain types of cancer. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Source:https://indianexpress.com/article/parenting/health-fitness/four-myths-about-stem-cell-banking-new-parents-should-know-8109245/ -
Question 2 of 5
2. Question
2 points2. With reference to the Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system, consider the following statements:
1. It is the communication satellite system of India under which satellites are placed in the Low Earth orbit.
2. It is used to provide services to telecommunications, weather forecasting, disaster warning and search and rescue operations.
3. HAMSAT, EDUSAT and KALPANA-1 are satellites launched under this system.
Which of the statements given above are correct?Correct
Answer: B
Explanation:
Context: An image from the INSAT-3DR satellite, recently showed a blanket of fog lying over a large part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
● Statement 1 is not correct: The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in the Asia-Pacific region with most of the operational communication satellites placed in Geo-stationary orbit/Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit. Established in 1983 with commission of INSAT-1B, the latest satellite in this constellation was launched in January 2020 called the GSAT-30 in the Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) from Kourou launch base, French Guiana by Ariane-5 VA-251.
● Statement 2 is correct: The INSAT system with more than 200 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, satellite news gathering societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations. GSAT-19 and GSAT-29 in the series were launched by GSLV-Mk III, which is a three-stage vehicle with two solid motor strap-ons, a liquid propellant core stage and a cryogenic stage. It is capable of launching a 4 ton class of satellite to Geosynchronous Transfer orbit (GTO).
● Statement 3 is correct: HAMSAT is a Micro-satellite for providing satellite based Amateur Radio services to the national as well as the international community of Amateur Radio Operators (HAM). METSAT (renamed as Kalpana – 1 on February 5, 2003 after the Indian born American
Astronaut Dr. Kalpana Chawla, who died on February 1, 2003 in the US Space Shuttle Columbia disaster) is the first in the series of exclusive meteorological satellites built by ISRO. GSAT-3, known as EDUSAT is meant for distant classroom education from school level to higher education. This was the first dedicated “Educational Satellite ” that provided the country with satellite based two-way communication to class rooms for delivering educational materials.
Source:https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/better-visibility-in-delhi-as-compared-to-neighbouring-states-satellite-shows-fog-hole-8339573/Incorrect
Answer: B
Explanation:
Context: An image from the INSAT-3DR satellite, recently showed a blanket of fog lying over a large part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
● Statement 1 is not correct: The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in the Asia-Pacific region with most of the operational communication satellites placed in Geo-stationary orbit/Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit. Established in 1983 with commission of INSAT-1B, the latest satellite in this constellation was launched in January 2020 called the GSAT-30 in the Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) from Kourou launch base, French Guiana by Ariane-5 VA-251.
● Statement 2 is correct: The INSAT system with more than 200 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, satellite news gathering societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations. GSAT-19 and GSAT-29 in the series were launched by GSLV-Mk III, which is a three-stage vehicle with two solid motor strap-ons, a liquid propellant core stage and a cryogenic stage. It is capable of launching a 4 ton class of satellite to Geosynchronous Transfer orbit (GTO).
● Statement 3 is correct: HAMSAT is a Micro-satellite for providing satellite based Amateur Radio services to the national as well as the international community of Amateur Radio Operators (HAM). METSAT (renamed as Kalpana – 1 on February 5, 2003 after the Indian born American
Astronaut Dr. Kalpana Chawla, who died on February 1, 2003 in the US Space Shuttle Columbia disaster) is the first in the series of exclusive meteorological satellites built by ISRO. GSAT-3, known as EDUSAT is meant for distant classroom education from school level to higher education. This was the first dedicated “Educational Satellite ” that provided the country with satellite based two-way communication to class rooms for delivering educational materials.
Source:https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/better-visibility-in-delhi-as-compared-to-neighbouring-states-satellite-shows-fog-hole-8339573/ -
Question 3 of 5
3. Question
2 points3. Double Fortified Salt is one of the most cost-effective opportunities to deliver critical micronutrients. Which among the following micronutrients are present in it?
1. Iodine
2. Iron
3. Potassium
Select the correct answer using the code given below:Correct
Answer: A
Explanation:
Context: Recently, the state government told the Gujarat assembly that as of December 31, 2022, there were 2,236 malnourished children in Ahmedabad district in the zero to six years age group. The government stated that due to Covid, anganwadis were closed in March 2020. They restarted operations in February 2022, and thus the exact rate of increase or decrease in malnourished children cannot be estimated. They now receive cooked food and breakfast. Fortified flour, double fortified salt and fortified oil is used for cooking at anganwadis.
● Food fortification or enrichment is the process of adding micronutrients (essential trace elements and vitamins) to food. It can be carried out by food manufacturers, or by governments as a public health policy that aims to reduce the number of people with dietary deficiencies within a population.
● Double Fortified Salt is formed by blending iron premix with iodized salt.
● It is one of the most cost-effective opportunities to deliver two of the most critical micronutrients for mental capacity, maternal and infant survival, and human productivity. Salt double-fortified with iron as well as iodine has created an exciting new opportunity to reach the world with supplemental iron easily and inexpensively. only options 1 and 2 are correct.
Source:https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/2236-kids-under-six-years-malnourished-in-ahmedabad-dist/articleshow/98378051.cms?from=mdrIncorrect
Answer: A
Explanation:
Context: Recently, the state government told the Gujarat assembly that as of December 31, 2022, there were 2,236 malnourished children in Ahmedabad district in the zero to six years age group. The government stated that due to Covid, anganwadis were closed in March 2020. They restarted operations in February 2022, and thus the exact rate of increase or decrease in malnourished children cannot be estimated. They now receive cooked food and breakfast. Fortified flour, double fortified salt and fortified oil is used for cooking at anganwadis.
● Food fortification or enrichment is the process of adding micronutrients (essential trace elements and vitamins) to food. It can be carried out by food manufacturers, or by governments as a public health policy that aims to reduce the number of people with dietary deficiencies within a population.
● Double Fortified Salt is formed by blending iron premix with iodized salt.
● It is one of the most cost-effective opportunities to deliver two of the most critical micronutrients for mental capacity, maternal and infant survival, and human productivity. Salt double-fortified with iron as well as iodine has created an exciting new opportunity to reach the world with supplemental iron easily and inexpensively. only options 1 and 2 are correct.
Source:https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/2236-kids-under-six-years-malnourished-in-ahmedabad-dist/articleshow/98378051.cms?from=mdr -
Question 4 of 5
4. Question
2 points4. The term Epigenetics is commonly seen in the news. Which of the following statements best describes this term?
Correct
Answer: D
Explanation:
Context: With good measure, scientists might be able to change our rate of aging to live longer and healthier lives. Researchers know that some people age faster than others and have been trying to concisely measure the internal physiological changes that lead to deteriorating health with age. Researchers have since developed several measures that can more reliably predict health outcomes based on epigenetics.
● Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence – a change in phenotype without a change in genotype – which in turn affects how cells read the genes. Epigenetic change is a regular and natural occurrence but can also be influenced by several factors including age, the environment/lifestyle, and disease state.
● Epigenetic modifications can manifest as commonly as the manner in which cells terminally differentiate to end up as skin cells, liver cells, brain cells, etc. Or, epigenetic change can have more damaging effects that can result in diseases like cancer.
● New and ongoing research is continuously uncovering the role of epigenetics in a variety of human disorders and fatal diseases.
Source:https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/epigenetic-or-social-factors-what-predicts-health-and-aging-better/article66535861.eceIncorrect
Answer: D
Explanation:
Context: With good measure, scientists might be able to change our rate of aging to live longer and healthier lives. Researchers know that some people age faster than others and have been trying to concisely measure the internal physiological changes that lead to deteriorating health with age. Researchers have since developed several measures that can more reliably predict health outcomes based on epigenetics.
● Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence – a change in phenotype without a change in genotype – which in turn affects how cells read the genes. Epigenetic change is a regular and natural occurrence but can also be influenced by several factors including age, the environment/lifestyle, and disease state.
● Epigenetic modifications can manifest as commonly as the manner in which cells terminally differentiate to end up as skin cells, liver cells, brain cells, etc. Or, epigenetic change can have more damaging effects that can result in diseases like cancer.
● New and ongoing research is continuously uncovering the role of epigenetics in a variety of human disorders and fatal diseases.
Source:https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/epigenetic-or-social-factors-what-predicts-health-and-aging-better/article66535861.ece -
Question 5 of 5
5. Question
2 points5. Isotopes have identical chemical properties yet have very different nuclear properties. Which among the following are the applications of radioactive isotopes?
1. Treatment of cancer
2. Fuel in nuclear reactors
3. Treatment of goiter
Select the correct answer using the code given below:Correct
Answer: D
Explanation:
Context: The difficult stories we hear when it comes to cancer treatment, like patients discontinuing treatment or not wanting treatment owing to the side effects, will be a thing of the past if Theranostics (diagnosis + therapeutics) is adopted. Theranostics in nuclear medicine aids in clearly recognising and destroying advanced cancer without affecting the health tissues. It uses small amounts of radioactive materials called radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes: one radioisotope to identify (diagnose) and a second radioisotope to deliver therapy to treat any metastatic tumours, where cancer is advanced or hasn’t responded to other conventional treatments.
● A major characteristic of an atom is its atomic number, which is defined as the number of protons. The chemical properties of an atom are determined by its atomic number. The total number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in an atom is the atomic mass number. Atoms with the same atomic number but with different atomic masses are called isotopes. Isotopes have identical chemical properties, yet have very different nuclear properties. For example, there are three isotopes of hydrogen. Two of these isotopes are stable (not radioactive), but tritium (one proton and two neutrons) is unstable. Most elements have stable isotopes.
● Radioactive isotopes can also be created for many elements. An isotope of uranium (Uranium-235) is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors. An isotope of cobalt (Cobalt-60) is used in the treatment of cancer. An isotope of iodine (Iodine-131) is used in the treatment of Goitre.
Source:https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/theronostics-is-safe-and-effective-in-cancer-treatment-says-miod-md/article66607425.eceIncorrect
Answer: D
Explanation:
Context: The difficult stories we hear when it comes to cancer treatment, like patients discontinuing treatment or not wanting treatment owing to the side effects, will be a thing of the past if Theranostics (diagnosis + therapeutics) is adopted. Theranostics in nuclear medicine aids in clearly recognising and destroying advanced cancer without affecting the health tissues. It uses small amounts of radioactive materials called radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes: one radioisotope to identify (diagnose) and a second radioisotope to deliver therapy to treat any metastatic tumours, where cancer is advanced or hasn’t responded to other conventional treatments.
● A major characteristic of an atom is its atomic number, which is defined as the number of protons. The chemical properties of an atom are determined by its atomic number. The total number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in an atom is the atomic mass number. Atoms with the same atomic number but with different atomic masses are called isotopes. Isotopes have identical chemical properties, yet have very different nuclear properties. For example, there are three isotopes of hydrogen. Two of these isotopes are stable (not radioactive), but tritium (one proton and two neutrons) is unstable. Most elements have stable isotopes.
● Radioactive isotopes can also be created for many elements. An isotope of uranium (Uranium-235) is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors. An isotope of cobalt (Cobalt-60) is used in the treatment of cancer. An isotope of iodine (Iodine-131) is used in the treatment of Goitre.
Source:https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/theronostics-is-safe-and-effective-in-cancer-treatment-says-miod-md/article66607425.ece
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