TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY, GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution directed all mills and distilleries not to use sugarcane juice/syrup for making any ethanol “with immediate effect”.

EXPLANATION:

• This directive is a setback for companies that had invested in facilities to produce ethanol directly from cane juice/syrup, affecting their operations.
• The Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP) aimed to reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels by blending ethanol extracted from agricultural resources into petrol.
• This initiative has seen notable success, with ethanol blending in petrol rising significantly from 1.6% in 2013-14 to 11.8% in 2022-23.

Feedstock Diversification and Differential Pricing

• The increase in ethanol production was fuelled by diversification in feedstocks.
• Previously reliant on sugarcane-based feedstocks, the program expanded to include B-heavy molasses, concentrated sugarcane juice, surplus rice from FCI stocks, damaged food grains, and maize.
• Differential pricing policies, introduced by the government, incentivized ethanol production from alternative feedstocks by offering higher prices for ethanol produced from sources other than C-heavy molasses.

Impact on Supply and Blending Targets

• The directive has implications for the supply of ethanol to Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs), affecting their ability to meet blending targets.
• OMCs received offers for ethanol supply for 2023-24, with a significant portion (135 crore litres) coming from ethanol produced from sugarcane juice/syrup.
• The restriction could lead to stranded capacities and impact the achievement of blending targets, set at 15%.

Shift in Feedstock and Pricing Policy

• Industry experts anticipate a shift in ethanol production from a reliance on sugarcane-based feedstocks to greater utilization of grains due to the government’s supportive pricing policies.
• These policies have encouraged diversification and reduced dependence on a single feedstock or crop for ethanol production.

Concerns Over Sugar Supply

• The directive limiting sugarcane juice/syrup for ethanol production is tied to concerns over sugar supply.
• The sugar year ended with low stocks, and uncertainties over production for the current year further compound the situation.
• Anticipated declines in sugar production in key states like Maharashtra and Karnataka due to inadequate rainfall and low reservoir levels add to the apprehension.

Government Prioritization: Food Over Fuel

• The recent directives, coupled with the ban on sugar exports, signal the government’s prioritization of domestic food supply over ethanol production.
• This stance underscores a preference for ensuring adequate food availability for consumers over prioritizing fuel production.

ETHANOL BLENDING PROGRAMME:

• Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme was launched in January, 2003 with a target of blending 5% ethanol with petrol by 2010.
• The target was subsequently revised to 10% by 2022 and 20% by 2030.
• The programme sought to promote the use of alternative and environment friendly fuels and to reduce import dependency for energy requirements.

Conclusion

• The recent restrictions on using sugarcane juice/syrup for ethanol production have significant ramifications for the ethanol blending program in India.
• They not only impact the supply of ethanol but also highlight the government’s prioritization of food security over fuel production, reflecting concerns over sugar stocks and production uncertainties in the agricultural sector.
• The industry may see a shift towards alternative feedstocks and pricing strategies to navigate these challenges in achieving ethanol blending targets set by the government.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/food-versus-fuel-whats-happening-with-centres-ethanol-blending-scheme-9062757/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The recent revision of wheat stock limits by the Centre comes in response to unchanged soaring prices of wheat and wheat flour across various parts of the country.

EXPLANATION:

• The move aims to regulate stockpiling activities, curb hoarding, and ensure adequate food security.

Revised Stock Limits for Different Entities

• Traders and Wholesalers:
  • The revised stock limit for traders and wholesalers has been reduced from 2000 metric tonnes (MT) to 1000 MT, thereby aiming to restrict excessive accumulation.
• Retailers:
  • Each retail outlet is now permitted to stock five MT, reduced from the previous limit of 10 MT.
  • Whereas big chain retailers can store 5 MT per outlet and 1000 MT collectively at their depots, as opposed to the earlier limits of 10 MT and 2000 MT, respectively.
• Processors:
  • The new limit for processors is 70% of their monthly installed capacity multiplied by the remaining months of 2023-24.
  • This replaces the earlier limit, which was 75% of the annual installed capacity or the quantity equivalent to the monthly installed capacity multiplied by the remaining months of 2023-24, whichever was lesser till the current date.

Government’s Rationale and Regulatory Measures

• Food Security and Preventing Hoarding:
  • The Centre emphasizes that these revisions aim to manage overall food security and prevent hoarding and speculative practices within the wheat market.
• Legislation and Enforcement:
  • The decisions fall under the Removal of Licensing Requirements, Stock Limits, and Movement Restrictions on Specified Foodstuffs (Amendment) Order, 2023.
  • Entities involved in wheat stocking are directed to register on the government’s wheat stock limit portal and update their stock positions weekly.
  • Failure to comply or violations may face punitive action under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955, with a 30-day window to conform to the prescribed limits.

Monitoring and Market Interventions

• Enforcement and Monitoring:
  • The government assures close monitoring by officials at both central and state levels to ensure compliance with these stock limits and to prevent any artificial scarcity of wheat in the country.
• Increased Supplies in Open Market:
  • Immediate steps include an increase in supplies in the open market from 3 lakh MT to 4 lakh MT, aimed at enhancing wheat availability.
• Targeted Sales:
  • Identifying areas with higher prices, central cooperative organizations such as NAFED, NCCF, and Kendriya Bhandar are engaged in targeted sales to address the immediate market demands and stabilize prices in those regions.

Conclusion

• The government’s decision to revise wheat stock limits intends to strike a balance between ensuring adequate availability of wheat in the market while discouraging hoarding practices that contribute to price escalation.
• By implementing stringent regulations, monitoring mechanisms, and increasing open market supplies, the Centre aims to stabilize prices and maintain sufficient wheat stocks to safeguard food security in the country.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/agri-business/food-ministry-revises-wheat-stock-limits-to-rein-in-prices-hoarding/article67618881.ece

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. What the World Malaria Report says about India READ MORE
2. COP28: What is Global Stocktake — and why is it important? READ MORE
3. RBI monetary policy: Why is the Monetary Policy Committee likely to leave repo rate unchanged? READ MORE
4. BCG revaccination study in high-risk adults to begin in 23 States READ MORE
5.  ‘India will be the largest cotton producer’ READ MORE
6. COP28 climate meet | India not among 118 nations that pledged to triple green energy READ MORE
7. Lithium supply strategy: India’s initiative with Argentina’s CAMYEN gains traction READ MORE
8. Natural superhero fungi boosts crop yields by 40% READ MORE
9. After COVID break, Centre approves fourth phase roll-out of GIAN scheme READ MORE
10. India agreed to withdraw soldiers from country, says Maldives President Muizzu READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Re-criminalising adultery as a gender-neutral offence READ MORE
2. Weather Report: East India braces for wet days ahead as Cyclone Michaung builds up; North India to remain dry READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. The legal net to trap peddlers of deepfakes READ MORE
2. Private job quota for locals ends with order READ MORE
3. Role of Governors in focus again READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. India, disability inclusion and the power of ‘by’ READ MORE  

 INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Kissinger: Cold warrior of realpolitik READ MORE  
2. Time for a reset in India-US ties READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Growth surprise points to status quo on repo rate READ MORE
2. Economy well on track but growth not yet broad-based READ MORE
3. Why government is not worried about missing disinvestment target READ MORE
4. How Indian economy has silenced ‘perennial pessimists’ READ MORE
5. India’s geo-digital age is here – tech partnerships, data protection, semiconductors READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Why India will continue to rely on coal for foreseeable future READ MORE  
2. India reduced emissions intensity 33% in 2005-2019, shows new submission to UN READ MORE
3. COP28 must put global climate action back on track READ MORE
4. Will COP28 UAE shape climate justice amid clash between urgency and economic realities in global climate action? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. The transformative benefits of population-level genome sequencing | Explained READ MORE   
2. Artificial Intelligence: Benefits outweigh the detriments READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Combating cybercrimes READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. The Uttarakhand tunnel workers have been rescued. It’s time to ask hard questions about the project READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Panacea for grief: Realise the eternity within READ MORE
2. Your anger, your energy READ MORE
3. Serve Param Purush READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. A bottom-up approach to disability inclusion is needed to ensure that persons with disabilities are recognised as active members of society and the economy. In the light of the statement critically examine the schemes established as part of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016).
2. The goal of social justice cannot be achieved without the inclusion of persons with disabilities in all spheres of development, starting with rural areas and rural resilience. Comment.
3. The historic marginalisation of persons with disabilities and the backsliding of the progress on the Sustainable Development Goals, a fundamental shift in commitment, solidarity, financing and action is critical. Discuss how the voices and needs of persons with disabilities be prioritised at the centre of the global development agenda.
4. ‘Strategic Autonomy’ deployed by India in recent times owes itself to the foundational principle of realpolitik, as it allows the practitioner to not get closeted within the linear grouping. Critically examine the statement.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it.
• There needs to be more inclusive opportunities and employment in the rural areas as a majority of persons with disabilities live here.
• The first step is awareness to ensure last-mile connectivity of the benefits enumerated for people with disabilities by the government, which begins with the capacity-building of community leaders who can advocate for this at the grass-roots level.
• A bottom-up approach to disability inclusion is crucial to build productive pathways out of poverty and ensure that persons with disabilities are recognised as active members of society and the economy.
• The goal of social justice cannot be achieved without the inclusion of persons with disabilities in all spheres of development, starting with rural areas and rural resilience.
• A bi-directional link to poverty, nutrition, and hunger, and as a consequence, there needs to be more inclusive opportunities and employment in rural areas.
• The historic marginalisation of persons with disabilities and the backsliding of the progress on the Sustainable Development Goals, a fundamental shift in commitment, solidarity, financing and action is critical.
• It is about time that the voices and needs of persons with disabilities be prioritised at the centre of the global development agenda.
• Though the domestic economy is on a stronger footing, inflation needs to sustain at 4 per cent for interest rates to be cut.
• Though the domestic economy is on a stronger footing and global headwinds are not too threatening as to upset inflation-growth dynamics, the lingering El Nino impact on the farm sector could be a cause of concern.
• ‘Strategic Autonomy’ deployed by India in recent times owes itself to the foundational principle of realpolitik, as it allows the practitioner to not get closeted within the linear grouping and associated puritanism of ‘allies’ to which a sovereign subscribed.
• As India meanders and navigates its rise in global relevance and animus simultaneously, it would do well to mull over and keep pace with the evolving nature of diplomacy.
• The extent of moral compromises, leniencies and even suppressions done by Superpowers in their quest to assert their geopolitical agendas and interests, is even more pronounced.
• It is imperative to foster a constructive working relationship to resolve the disharmony between the Centre and the states.
• Instead of engaging in public arguments, Chief Ministers and Governors should create a more conducive environment for the federal structure to operate seamlessly. Establishing a positive and productive relationship is crucial for the efficient functioning of the state.
• The core commitment of COP28 is to conceptualise a sustainable socio-economic model that will substantively decouple itself from conventional reliance on the fossil-related energy model.
• The alignment of AI use cases with the vision of the organisation is the most important aspect of the adoption of AI.
• The development of AI should not be an ad-hoc process but a part of a well-thought-out strategy which has the support of the top management and confidence of all stakeholders as a tool for reducing their burden rather than replacing them or their work.

ESSAY TOPIC

• Strategy is not the consequence of planning, but the opposite: its starting point.

50-WORD TALK

• Tamil Nadu police have a new target. It’s called ED. Scenes of police raiding ED office upend the playbook of what has become so routine and partisan that nobody even ponders anymore. It shows how broken the federal compact is. The primary responsibility of repairing centre-state balance lies with centre.
• China has become the first nation to accept the Taliban’s ambassador, starting the normalisation of the outfit in the global order. This is the destiny of Afghanistan that everyone will have to accept, even as efforts continue to sustain international pressure on the Taliban for women’s rights and curbing terrorism.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Amid higher capital expenditure and moderate revenue growth this fiscal year, state’s debt will remain higher at 31-32 per cent of their gross domestic product.

EXPLANATION:

• As per the Crisil rating report, the current situation is likely to take overall borrowings to ₹87 lakh crore, up 9 per cent this year.

DEBT PROJECTIONS AND STATE FISCAL HEALTH

• Debt- gross state domestic product (GSDP) Ratio:
  • Indebtedness of a state is measured as the ratio of its debt to gross state domestic product (GSDP).
  • States’ debt projected at 31-32% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in FY24.
  • Increase from pre-pandemic levels of 28-29%.
• Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act:
  • Gross fiscal deficit (GFD) expected at 2.5% of GSDP, below the mandated level of 3%.

FACTORS INFLUENCING HIGH DEBT LEVELS

• Revenue Growth Challenges:
  • States anticipate modest revenue growth, hindering fiscal stability.
• Capital Expenditure (Capex) and Borrowing:
  • Increased borrowing due to higher capital outlays.
  • Committed expenditure on salaries, pensions, and interest adds to borrowing pressure.
• Expenditure Structure:
  • Majority of revenue allocated to committed expenditure, limiting fiscal flexibility.

IMPACT OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE PROJECTIONS

• Expected Revenue Growth:
  • Predicted 6-8% growth, supported by GST collections and Center’s devolutions.
• Rising Expenditure:
  • Anticipated 8-10% rise in revenue expenditure.
  • Emphasis on social welfare and public health, comprising 65% of total spending.

ANALYSIS OF FISCAL DEFICIT AND BORROWING TRENDS

• Projected Fiscal Deficit Increase:
  • Anticipated rise in revenue deficit to 0.5% of GSDP from 0.3%.
• Borrowing Requirements:
  • Estimated 18-20% increase in capital outlays, necessitating higher borrowings.
• Interest-free Centre Loans:
  • ₹1.3 lakh crore interest-free loans from Center to aid capital outlays.

EXPECTED BORROWING AND DEBT SCENARIO

• Borrowing Increase Overview:
  • Predicted overall borrowings to surpass ₹87 lakh crore, up 9%.
• State Development Loans:
  • State development loans, 65% of total borrowings, rose by 28% between April and November.
• Off-Budget Debt Funding:
  • Off-budget debt funding set to rise by ₹7.5 lakh crore this fiscal.

RISK FACTORS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK

• Economic Activity Impact:
  • Potential risk of GSDP reduction due to economic slowdown.
• Potential Positive Influences:
  • Better tax buoyancy or increased support from the Centre could provide liquidity support to states.

CONCLUSION

• Persisting Debt Challenges:
  • States’ indebtedness likely to remain at 31-32%.
• Balancing Fiscal Health:
  • Challenges persist due to borrowing for capital outlays and limited revenue growth.
• Dependency on External Factors:
  • State fiscal health dependent on economic activity and external support mechanisms.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/economy/states-debt-to-remain-high-at-31-32-per-cent-of-their-gdp-in-fy24-amid-higher-capex-moderate-revenue-growth-11701425176025.html

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation has released the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) – Quarterly Bulletin for July – September 2023.

PLFS AND OBJECTIVES:

• The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) was initiated in April 2017 with the aim of providing frequent and timely labour force data.
• The survey serves two primary purposes:
  • estimating key employment and unemployment indicators every three months for urban areas and
  • conducting an annual assessment in both rural and urban areas.
• The recent PLFS report for July – September 2023 was the twentieth quarterly bulletin in the series.
• The fieldwork for this period was completed timely, except for a few samples in Manipur and Telangana, which were considered casualties.
• Notably, the revisit schedules were primarily conducted via telephone (about 96.2% of the time) since June 2020.

SAMPLE DESIGN AND SIZE:

• The PLFS employs a rotational panel sampling design in urban areas where selected households are visited four times, ensuring continuity in data collection.
• For the quarter July – September 2023, 5,706 first-stage sampling units (FSUs) were surveyed, comprising 44,738 urban households and 1,70,004 individuals.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF KEY INDICATORS:

• The PLFS provides estimates for significant employment and unemployment indicators:
  • Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Worker Population Ratio (WPR), and Unemployment Rate (UR).
• These indicators are based on the ‘Current Weekly Status’ (CWS), evaluating activity status in the preceding seven days before the survey.
• Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR):
  • LFPR is defined as the percentage of persons in labour force (i.e., working or seeking or available for work) in the population.
• Worker Population Ratio (WPR):
  • WPR is defined as the percentage of employed persons in the population.
• Unemployment Rate (UR):
  • UR is defined as the percentage of persons unemployed among the persons in the labour force.
• Current Weekly Status (CWS):
  • The activity status determined on the basis of a reference period of last 7 days preceding the date of survey is known as the current weekly status (CWS) of the person.

KEY FINDINGS FROM THE QUARTERLY BULLETIN – JULY TO SEPTEMBER 2023:

• Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) Increase:
  • LFPR in urban areas for individuals aged 15 years and above rose from 47.9% in July – September 2022 to 49.3% in the same period of 2023.
  • Notably, LFPR increased for both males and females during this period.
• Worker Population Ratio (WPR) Growth:
  • WPR in urban areas for individuals aged 15 years and above increased from 44.5% in July – September 2022 to 46.0% in the same period of 2023.
  • Similar to LFPR, WPR exhibited growth for both males and females.
• Unemployment Rate (UR) Decline:
  • UR in urban areas for individuals aged 15 years and above decreased from 7.2% in July – September 2022 to 6.6% in the same period of 2023.
  • While male UR was at 6.0% in 2023, female UR declined from 9.4% to 8.6% during this period.

CONCLUSION AND ACCESS TO DETAILED DATA:

• The PLFS Quarterly Bulletin – July to September 2023 highlights positive trends in LFPR, WPR, and a decline in UR in urban areas for individuals aged 15 years and above. (can refer to ministry website for the data in tabular form).
• These indicators provide crucial insights into the labour market dynamics, aiding in policy formulation and interventions for economic growth and employment generation.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1980887#:~:text=UR%20in%20urban%20areas%20decreased,%25%20in%20July%20%E2%80%93%20September%202023

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Javier Milei, the recent winner of Argentina’s presidential election, has drawn attention for his unconventional policies, one of them being the plan to replace the country’s currency of peso with the dollar.

Argentina’s Recent Election and Dollarisation Proposals:

• Context of Argentina’s Election:
  • Javier Milei, the recent winner in Argentina’s presidential election, has gained attention due to his unorthodox policies, including proposing the replacement of the peso with the dollar.
• Economic Challenges in Argentina:
  • Argentina grapples with high inflation exceeding 100%, significant poverty levels, and a weakened purchasing power affecting its citizens.
• Milei’s Policy Stand:
  • Milei’s campaign promises included dollarisation, elimination of the Central Bank, and considerable government spending cuts.
• Adjustment in Approach:
  • Post-election, Milei appears to backtrack on immediate dollarisation and currency control relaxation due to Argentina’s limited dollar reserves.

The Pros and Cons of Dollarisation:

• Benefits of Dollarisation:
  • Dollarisation can potentially curb hyperinflation by disconnecting rising prices from increased money supply controlled by political interests.
  • It may encourage economic growth by necessitating export focus and foreign capital inflows into a stable currency environment.
• Drawbacks of Dollarisation:
  • Economies lose policy leverage with limited control over money supply.
  • Currency depreciation for export advantages becomes unavailable.
  • Critics highlight the challenges of losing monetary policy control and the potential constraints on boosting exports.

Ecuador’s Experience with Dollarisation:

• Successful Outcomes of Dollarisation:
  • Ecuador, after adopting the dollar, showcased substantial economic growth, poverty reduction, and improved inequality metrics.
  • Notable achievements included reduced inflation rates, GDP growth, and lowered foreign debt ratios.
• Role of Other Factors in Success:
  • Ecuador’s natural resource reserves, particularly oil and gas, played a significant role in economic progress during the commodity boom.
  • Government policies under Rafael Correa expanded state intervention, increased social spending, and altered fiscal policies, impacting economic growth.

Complexity of Economic Prosperity:

• Role of Active Fiscal Policy:
  • Ecuador’s economic prosperity wasn’t solely due to dollarisation but involved active fiscal policy, especially during rising oil prices, resulting in substantial social spending.
• Challenges and Lessons from Greece:
  • Greece’s Euro adoption led to growth but constrained policy options during the Eurozone crisis, leading to austerity measures imposed by external institutions like the IMF and ECB.
• Evaluation of Dollarisation:
  • Dollarisation isn’t a cure-all but can succeed with strategic domestic policy.
  • However, overreliance on external currency without independent policy may lead to limitations similar to Greece’s experience.

Argentina’s Prospective Scenario:

• Milei’s Approach and Concerns:
  • Milei’s intent to abolish the Central Bank and slash government spending raises concerns about limited policy space and potential austerity measures.
• Awaiting Economic Outcomes:
  • Argentina faces a potential shift in economic policy under Milei’s leadership, with the public watching the impact of such macroeconomic decisions on their lives.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/can-dollarisation-save-an-economy-explained/article67580968.ece/amp/

RELEVANCE TO UPSC SYLLABUS: GS 3: ECONOMIC GROWTH; EMPLOYMENT; LABOUR AND PRODUCTIVITY

THE CONTEXT: Infosys chairman N.R. Narayana Murthy sparked a debate by urging young Indians to work 70 hours per week to develop the country. He cited Japan and Germany as examples of countries that grew because their citizens worked for longer hours to rebuild their nations in the aftermath of the Second World War.

ISSUES

• Against law of economics: According to Keynesian law of economics, the output is determined by aggregate demand of goods, and the demand for labour is entirely dependent upon this demand. Firms that employ more labour while aggregate demand has not increased will find themselves with unsold goods. So, an offer by workers to work longer hours will not ensure that they will find employment so long as firms are unwilling to hire them.
• Not aligned to Indian conditions: The high working hours that contributed to

other countries are unlikely to serve the purpose in Indian conditions. In the economic rise of the mentioned countries, it was post-war reconstruction that provided the demand for greater output.

• Informal nature of economy: In India, major segment of economy is informal in nature which is another hurdle in reaping the benefits of increasing worker productivity.
• Asymmetric demography: There is asymmetric growth of the working-age ratio in India as major working population is likely to be concentrated in some of India’s poorest states. The full economic growth can fully realized only if India is able to create gainful employment opportunities for this working-age population.
• Lack of skills: Most of the new jobs that will be created in the future will be highly skilled and lack of skill in Indian workforce is a major challenge. India may not be able to take advantage of the opportunities, due to a low human capital base and lack of skills.
• Lack of capital: Indian workers do not actually lag behind other countries when it comes to clocking in long hours at work. But there is a lack of sufficient capital that can help boost their productivity. Among the top 10 biggest economies, India has the highest weekly working hours and the lowest per capita GDP.

CONDITIONS IN OTHER COUNTRIES

• Germany and Japan had experienced a decline in their workforces due to greater mortality, both from combat and the bombing after second world war. So, when it came to rebuilding these economies, the demand for labour was abnormally high. In the case of west Germany, there was the Marshall Plan by which the United States had assisted the country’s revival.
• South Korea too was recovering from a war, though a different one, and its resurgence was supported by considerable foreign aid received from the U.S.
• Prior to the resumption of production, these cities would have had to be cleared of rubble, a task requiring massive deployment of labour given the scale of the devastation.
• However, a political aspect beyond finance, common to all these three countries, is a strong nationalistic element that is likely to have accompanied their post-war reconstruction.
• There is insufficient recognition of the fact that the manufacturing success of the east is underpinned by prior success in agriculture.

THE WAY FORWARD

• Employment generation: The nation needs to create enormous job to absorb the addition of young people into the workforce. Promoting business interests and entrepreneurship would help in job creation to provide employment to the large labour force.
• Enhance human development parameters: India ranks 130 out of 189 countries in UNDP’s Human Development Index, which is alarming. Therefore, health and education parameters need to be improved substantially to make the Indian workforce efficient and skilled.
• Use of global market to grow domestic economy: There is a need to use the global market demand to grow the domestic economy for which India’s goods would have to be globally competitive. Here, the experience of South Korea is relevant. As most of the produced inputs into production are available to all countries via trade, a country’s competitiveness is determined by the productivity of its workforce. The strength of a workforce is related to its health and skill. Here, India’s workers are at a disadvantage compared to the most successful economies of Asia. Thus, there is need to enhance skills for maximum utilization of global economy.
• Expand the domestic market: There is a need to expand the domestic market which can increase the aggregate demand. For example, there is need to cut cost of food production to increase the real income of the Indian households. This would lead them to spend on non-agricultural goods and services. This would generate the demand needed to spur production in the rest of the economy.

THE CONCLUSION: India represents a unique case and any arbitrary comparison with other countries would only lead to irrational policy prescriptions. There is a need to enhance social investments potential for increased labour productivity to achieve more sustainable and desirable outcome.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard. (2023)
2. Is inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India. (2022)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

According to the International Labour Organization, despite long working hours, Indian economic growth is not substantial. How can India translate its worker productivity to economic growth? Explain

Refer to mains focus article for more:

https://blog.lukmaanias.com/2023/10/13/labour-force-participation-is-up-unemployment-is-down-what-about-the-quality-of-work/

https://blog.lukmaanias.com/2023/11/09/the-problem-with-the-70-hours-a-week-line/

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/making-sense-of-the-employment-challenge/article67555366.ece

RELEVANCE TO UPSC SYLLABUS:GS3: ENVIRONMENT: CONSERVATION, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AND ISSUES

THE CONTEXT:  Stubble burning by farmers in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh (UP) creates seasonal pollution in northern India. This situation is very serious in northwest India and critical in the National Capital Territory Region.

WHAT IS STUBBLE BURNING?

Stubble (parali) burning is a method of removing paddy crop residues from the field to sow wheat from the last week of September to November.

• It is a process of setting on fire the straw stubble, left after the harvesting of grains, like paddy, wheat, etc.
• It is usually required in areas that use the combined harvesting method which leaves crop residue behind.
• The process of burning farm residue is one of the major causes of air pollution in parts of north India, deteriorating the air quality.
• The rice stubble burning is highest in the state of Punjab followed by Haryana, whereas Uttar Pradesh ranks higher in wheat stubble burning.

HISTORY:

Dry fodder: Till a few decades ago, crop residue, including stubble, was used as dry fodder for livestock or as fuel for the kitchen or incorporated in-situ in soil. It wasn’t burnt, at least not on a large scale.

During the 1990’s: Things started changing in the 1990s. Two factors contributed:

• Free or highly subsidised power supply for groundwater extraction.
• Power supply to the farm sector in Punjab has been free since 1997, while in Haryana, it is subsidised.
• With access to assured irrigation, paddy acreages in Punjab grew from 50 per cent of the net sown area in the mid-1990s to 75 per cent in recent years.
• In Haryana, this jumped from 30 per cent to 40 per cent.

• In the absence of cheap labour, machines like the Combined Harvester appeared:
  • Paddy harvesting and threshing are labour-intensive and this pushed up the demand for labour.
  • This machine only picked the plant’s top part (panicle) and left the remaining stalk of about 2-3 feet (stubble) standing in the field.
  • Clearing this stalk required a separate round of harvesting, collection and disposal and the easy solution was to set it on fire.
  • Manual harvesting: In Manual harvesting, stalks are harvested close to the ground. They were later collected at one place and grain was recovered through manual beating.
  • The remaining stalk was piled in a corner of the field where it decomposed slowly.
  • This occupied a small area and farmers did not mind sparing that for storage of paddy straw.

IMPACT:

• There have been incidences of stubble burning wherever a combined harvester has been used.
• Such incidents are being reported from paddy fields in central and eastern Indian states as well.

Pollution: Stubble burning emits toxic pollutants in the atmosphere containing harmful gases like:

• Carbon Monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds (VOC).
• These pollutants disperse in the surroundings and eventually affect air quality and people’s health by forming a thick blanket of smog.

Soil fertility: Soil becomes less fertile and its nutrients are destroyed when the husk is burned on the ground.

Heat penetration: Stubble burning generates heat that penetrates into the soil, causing an increase in erosion, loss of useful microbes and moisture.

Silica content in paddy straw: Paddy straw has high silica content and is not preferred as animal feed. If ploughed back into the field, it interferes with subsequent crop operations. Only some farmers use farm machines like happy seeder and straw management machines to incorporate the stubble back into the soil instead of setting it on fire.

INITIATIVES:

• Applying a decomposer to encourage in-situ management of stubble.
• Using the direct seeding of rice (DSR) technique.

Baling machines (balers) for paddy straw:  These machines are already in use in Punjab and Haryana, which has made it feasible to put paddy and other crop straws in the value chain.

• The total cost of procuring the entire stubble burnt in the field in Punjab comes to Rs 2,000 crore and, in Haryana, about Rs 1,000 crore.

Production of biofuel: A small market for paddy straw sold in compact bales has already emerged in both the states (Haryana and Punjab) for production of biofuel such as Bio CNG and ethanol and as direct fuel in brick kilns, furnaces, and thermal plants. Some enterprising farmers have sold parali(stubble) at Rs 180 per quintal this season.

MEASURES TO REDUCE POLLUTION DUE TO STUBBLE BURNING:

The Commission on Air Quality Management in NCR and Adjoining Areas (CAQM) has developed a framework and action plan:

In-situ Crop Residue Management: CRM machines procurement, setting up of Custom Hiring Centers, high yield and short duration paddy varieties, staggering of harvesting schedule, extensive use of bio-decomposer by IARI.

Ex-situ Crop Residue Management: Biomass Power Projects, Co-firing in Thermal Power Plants, Feed stock for 2G Ethanol plants, Feed stock in Compressed Biogas plant, fuel in industrial boilers, WTE plants, packaging materials etc.

• Prohibition of stubble /crop residue burning.
• Effective monitoring /enforcement.
• Schemes to reduce the generation of paddy straw.
• IEC activities for the plan of action.
• Standard protocol for recording and monitoring of fire counts.

THE WAY FORWARD:

Finding an alternative to paddy: An alternative crop like maize will also produce large amounts of stubble like paddy, and only a small part of that will have demand as dry fodder.

Reducing the duration of the rice crop: It is believed that early harvest would leave a longer period for the next crop. It would address the farm-fire problem. It will mitigate the environmental problem to a small extent.

Rethinking the policy: Rethinking the policy of providing free power. This is also needed to avert the over-exploitation of groundwater.

Direct Cash/benefit transfer (DBT): A simple shift to a metered supply of power will not be acceptable without compensating farmers’ income for the cost of power. One possibility is to give a direct cash/benefit transfer (DBT) instead of a power subsidy. By indexing the DBT amount to inflation in power tariffs, this amount can grow annually and remain relevant for farmers. This will make diversification away from paddy feasible.

Creating a market: Create a market for paddy straw/stubble. Unless stubble is made valuable for farmers, they will continue to burn it. We need to create an effective market for stubble that at least compensates them for the extra effort and cost involved in its harvest, collection and disposal.

Subsidised supply of machinery: Further modifications and subsidised supply of machinery for in-situ use of paddy stubble will also be very helpful in preventing farm fires in some areas.

Happy seeder: Mounted on a tractor, this machine is used to cut and lift straw, sow wheat and rice in soil and deposit straw over the sown area, instead of burning the stubble.

Law against the burning: A law against the burning of any crop straw should be strictly enforced.

THE CONCLUSION: With market avenues for crop residue, legal backing against polluting practices and administrative support, the proposed system can work to prevent stubble burning while saving the health of millions of lives and contributing to the economy.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS:

1. Q) What are the major reasons for declining rice and wheat yield in the cropping system? How crop diversification is helpful to stabilize the yield of the crop in the system? (2017)
2. Q) How do subsidies affect the cropping pattern, crop diversity and economy of farmers? What is the significance of crop insurance, minimum support price and food processing for small and marginal farmers? (2017)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

1. Q) Comment upon the various measures taken by the Union and the state governments to address the problem of stubble burning. What more needs to be done according to you to find a permanent solution to this problem? Explain

SOURCE: How to solve the problem of stubble burning | The Indian Express

TOPIC 1: RHODODENDRON

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT  

THE CONTEXT: The rhododendron flower in Uttarakhand, is portrayed as an integral part of the region’s culture, rituals, mythology, and even culinary practices.

RHODODENDRON AS A CULTURAL SYMBOL:

• Cultural and Ritual Importance:
  • The rhododendron is deeply embedded in Uttarakhand’s culture, being an essential part of local rituals and mythology.
  • Its presence in rituals and temples signifies purity and endurance, demonstrating the reverence people hold for this flower.
• Pilgrimage Significance:
  • The flower is central to the Nanda Devi Raj Jat Yatra, a significant pilgrimage in Uttarakhand that occurs every 12 years.
  • This underscores the strong bond between the local people and their natural environment.

UTILIZATION BEYOND AESTHETICS:

• Culinary and Medicinal Use:
  • Beyond its visual appeal, the rhododendron finds usage in regional cuisine, with its blossoms being used to create sweets, drinks, jams, and juice.
  • Its distinct flavour and purported cooling properties make it popular among locals and visitors alike.
• Environmental Concerns:
  • Climate change-induced alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns are impacting the rhododendron’s growth and flowering cycles.
  • Consequently, conservation efforts are gaining importance, with initiatives in place to safeguard these Himalayan flowers, including the establishment of conservation zones and promoting eco-friendly travel practices.

ECONOMIC AND TOURISTIC VALUE:

• Cultural Tourism:
  • The rich cultural connection with the rhododendron offers a unique opportunity for cultural tourism.
  • Visitors are drawn not only to the natural beauty but also to the rituals and traditions associated with the flower.
• Local Economy:
  • The utilization of rhododendron in cuisine and traditional practices also contributes to the local economy, providing opportunities for culinary ventures and indigenous products.

IMPLICATIONS:

• Cultural Heritage Preservation:
  • The importance of preserving not just the flower itself but also the associated cultural heritage and traditions has been emphasized.
  • The emphasis on conservation and sustainable practices reflects a holistic approach to safeguarding this floral emblem and the surrounding ecosystem while acknowledging its cultural significance.
• Sustainable Development:
  • Balancing conservation with tourism and economic activities is crucial to ensure sustainable development, where efforts to protect the rhododendron align with the promotion of eco-friendly practices.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/the-power-of-the-rhododendron/article67529485.ece

TOPIC 2: ONATTUKARA SESAME

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Efforts are being made to expand the cultivation of Geographical Indication (GI)-tagged Onattukara sesame in the Kerala region.

INITIATIVE TO EXPAND SESAME CULTIVATION:

• Increase in Cultivation Area:
  • The Onattukara Vikasana Agency (OVA) plans to significantly increase the area under sesame cultivation.
  • It aimed to expand it to 2,000 hectares from the current 600 hectares in the region encompassing three districts of Kerala: Alappuzha, Kollam, and Pathanamthitta.
• Incentive Scheme:
  • To encourage farmers, a financial assistance program has been announced, offering ₹40 for a cent of land for cultivating sesame within the Thekkekara Krishi Bhavan limits.
  • This incentive is expected to attract individuals, farming collectives, Kudumbashree groups, self-help groups, and joint liability groups towards sesame cultivation.
• Collaborative Efforts:
  • The initiative is a joint venture involving local Krishi Bhavan, Onattukara Vikasana Agency (OVA), Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station (ORARS), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kayamkulam, and Mavelikara Thekkekara Panchayat.
  • Collaboration between these entities indicates a concerted effort to promote sesame cultivation.
• Support Mechanisms:
  • Farmers and groups engaging in sesame cultivation are offered additional support.
  • It also includes access to workforce from Thekkekara Karshika Karma Sena and tractor rental at a nominal charge of ₹750 per hour.

SIGNIFICANCE OF ONATTUKARA SESAME:

• Geographical Indication (GI) Tag:
  • The Onattukara sesame holds a GI tag, signifying its unique characteristics and origin from a specific geographical location, adding value to its identity and quality.
• Medicinal and Nutritional Value:
  • Studies by the Kerala Agricultural University reveal the medicinal value of Onattukara sesame.
  • It contains high levels of Vitamin E, antioxidants, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitoleic acid, promoting good health.
• Varieties Cultivated:
  • Apart from the traditional Ayali variety, farmers in the region are cultivating varieties like Kayamkulam-1, Thilak, Thilathara, and Thilarani, developed by the Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station (ORARS).

POTENTIAL BENEFITS:

• Economic Development:
  • Expanding sesame cultivation holds the potential to boost local economies, generate employment opportunities, and contribute to the agricultural sector’s growth in the region.
• Health and Nutritional Benefits:
  • Highlighting the nutritional and medicinal values of Onattukara sesame could create consumer awareness, potentially increasing demand for this particular variety.
• Collaborative Approach:
  • The joint efforts involving various agricultural institutions, local governance bodies, and farmers’ groups indicate a coordinated strategy towards agricultural development and sustainability.
• GI Tag and Quality Assurance:
  • The GI tag signifies quality, authenticity, and unique characteristics associated with the geographical region, contributing to the promotion and branding of Onattukara sesame.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/measures-on-to-expand-cultivation-of-gi-tagged-onattukara-sesame/article67551308.ece/amp/

TOPIC 3: INDIA-UK FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (FTA)

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: External Affairs Minister of India discussed the India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Britain’s Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary recently.

EXPLANATION:

• The agreement is under negotiation and has not been signed yet.
• When signed, the India-UK FTA will serve as a template for an agreement with the European Union (EU).

INDIA-UK FREE TRADE AGREEMENT:

• Strategic Importance as a Template for EU Agreement:
  • The FTA between India and the UK is seen as a model for a similar pact with the European Union, India’s second-largest trade partner.
  • It signifies a shift in India’s trade strategy towards Western nations and African countries rather than solely focusing on the East, as previously done under the UPA government.
• China Factor and Supply Chain Disruptions:
  • The disruption in supply chains during the pandemic has prompted Western companies to reconsider their over-dependence on China, leading to a ‘China-plus one’ strategy.
  • This shift has motivated countries like Australia and the UK to seek stronger economic ties with India.
• Brexit-Induced Insecurities for the UK:
  • Brexit has created uncertainties for the UK, making an FTA with India crucial to compensate for the loss of access to the European Single Market.
  • However, concerns exist regarding offering work permits to Indian service sector workers due to political reasons.
• Potential Gains and Challenges for India:
  • For India, the FTA presents an opportunity to revive declining sectors like apparel and gems/jewellery by reducing tariffs in the UK.
  • However, concerns have been raised about the impact on Least Developed Countries (LDCs) like Bangladesh if India gains zero-duty access for its textiles.
• Beneficial Aspects for the UK:
  • The UK aims to gain deeper access to the Indian market, especially for goods like cars, Scotch whisky, and wines, which currently face significant tariffs.
  • Elimination or reduction of tariffs on these goods could enhance British exports to India.
• Tariff Disparity and Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs):
  • There exists a substantial tariff disparity between goods imported from India into the UK and vice versa.
  • The FTA negotiations might focus on reducing these tariff barriers.
  • Additionally, addressing non-tariff barriers such as regulations and standards could be crucial for Indian exporters, particularly in agriculture and manufacturing.
• Carbon Tax and Border Adjustment Mechanism:
  • The UK’s plan to impose a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) similar to the EU’s strategy might affect India’s exports, especially in sectors like cement, chemicals, steel, and others.
  • This imposition aims to reduce dependence on high carbon-emitting imports and could potentially impact Indian exports to the UK.

IMPACTS AND CHALLENGES:

• Strategic Shift: India’s reorientation towards Western nations and away from over-dependence on China is evident. However, concerns persist regarding the impact on LDCs, especially in terms of textiles.
• Potential Imbalance: While India aims to boost declining sectors, the disparity in tariffs and non-tariff barriers presents a challenge. Addressing these barriers will be critical for ensuring mutual benefits.
• Carbon Tax Implications: The UK’s plan for a carbon tax and CBAM could pose challenges for India’s exports, especially in energy-intensive sectors.
• Negotiation Dynamics: The negotiations hold importance for both countries, but balancing mutual benefits while addressing concerns of sectors vulnerable to tariff changes and non-tariff barriers is crucial.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/proposed-india-uk-fta-its-politics-and-why-the-uk-may-benefit-more-9031599/

TOPIC 4: 30th ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) ECONOMIC LEADERS’ MEETING

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The 30th Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Leaders’ Meeting concluded in San Francisco recently with the adoption of the Golden Gate Declaration. The declaration underscores the commitment to creating a resilient and sustainable future for all member economies.

EXPLANATION:

• For the first time since 2011, USA hosted annual APEC
• Theme of the meeting was creating a “Resilient and Sustainable Future for All”.

GOLDEN GATE DECLARATION:

• The declaration aims to harness the technological and economic progress to continue to unleash the enormous potential and tremendous dynamism across regions, spur economic growth.
• The declaration was adopted after the two-day meeting, during which the leaders focused on the subjects of sustainability, climate, just energy transition, interconnectedness and building inclusive and resilient economies.
• The importance of the rules-based multilateral trading system, with the World Trade Organization at its core, which continues to catalyze APEC region’s extraordinary growth has been reaffirmed.
• APEC economies vow to accelerate the transition towards low and zero emissions vehicles; sustainable aviation fuels; and low and zero emission maritime shipping and port decarbonization, reads the document.

APEC:

• It was formed in 1989 with 12 members.
• Now, it has 21 members.
• Grouping of economies around Pacific Ocean aiming to promote trade, investment, and economic development in region.
• Accounts for nearly 62% of global GDP, half of global trade and covers 38% of global population.
• Operates on basis of non-binding commitments with decisions reached by consensus. India is an observer since 2011.

SOURCE: https://www.wionews.com/world/apec-summit-live-updates-biden-meets-mexican-president-lopez-obrador-659895

TOPIC 5: GOVERNOR’S ROLE IN LEGISLATION

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Tamil Nadu Governor R. N. Ravi has withheld assent for certain Bills passed by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. In this article, we will analyse the governor’s role in legislation.

EXPLANATION:

• The role of a Governor in the legislative process within a state is a crucial aspect of India’s federal structure.
• The Governor, as the constitutional head of a state, plays a significant role in the enactment of laws.

GOVERNOR’S ROLE IN LEGISLATION:

• Options When Receiving a Bill for Assent:
  • Article 200 of the Indian Constitution provides a structured approach for the Governor’s actions concerning bills, emphasizing the Governor’s role as a link between the State Legislature and the Union.
  • It also outlines four alternatives available to a Governor upon receiving a bill from a State Legislature:
    • Give Assent: The Governor approves the bill, making it law.
    • Withhold Assent: The Governor refuses to approve the bill, effectively rejecting it.
    • Return for Reconsideration: If it’s not a Money Bill, the Governor can send the bill back to the State Legislature for reconsideration.
    • Reserve for President’s Consideration: Certain bills need to be reserved for the President’s consideration, such as those that reduce High Court powers or conflict with Union laws.
  • Exercise of Discretionary Powers:
    • According to judicial precedents like the Shamsher Singh case, the Governor typically acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers while withholding assent or returning a bill.
    • Discretionary powers might be exercised in rare cases where the Governor believes a bill contravenes the Constitution and should be reserved for the President’s consideration.
  • Recommendations and Unimplemented Suggestions:
    • Reports like the Sarkaria Commission and the Punchhi Commission have suggested limiting the Governor’s discretionary powers, emphasizing adherence to ministerial advice.
    • Recommendations also proposed time limits for decision-making on bills but have not been implemented.
  • Resolution of Impasses:
    • The politicization of the Governor’s role has been a persistent issue.
    • Suggestions include consulting Chief Ministers before a Governor’s appointment, and the possibility of impeachment by the State Legislature to remove an uncooperative Governor.
    • Amendments are proposed to ensure responsible cooperation between the Centre and States in matters related to Governors’ appointments and functioning.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO THE GOVERNOR

• Article 153 says that there shall be a Governor for each State. One person can be appointed as Governor for two or more States.
• A Governor is appointed by the President and is a nominee of the Central Government.
• It is stated that the Governor has a dual role.
• He is the constitutional head of the state, bound by the advice of his Council of Ministers (CoM).
• He functions as a vital link between the Union Government and the State Government.
• Articles 157 and 158 specify eligibility requirements for the post of governor. A governor must:
• Be a citizen of India.
• Be at least 35 years of age.
• Not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature.
• Not hold any office of profit.
• Governor has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, etc. (Article 161).
• There is a CoM with the CM at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except some conditions for discretion. (Article 163).
• The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other Ministers (Article 164).
• Governor assents, withholds assent, or reserves the bill for the consideration of the President passed by the Legislative Assembly (Article 200).
• Governors may promulgate the Ordinances under certain circumstances (Article 213).
• Governor’s role:
• The Governor holds a constitutional position and is expected to perform specific functions, including granting assent to bills passed by the state legislature and ensuring the proper functioning of state administration.
• The Governor’s actions are perceived as a hindrance to these responsibilities.
• FOR FURTHER RINFORMATION PLEASE REFER TO THE DNA ARTICLE OF 1^ST OCTOBER 2023.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-role-of-the-governor-in-legislature-explained/article67552112.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: As per the State of the Cryosphere 2023 report, nearly all tropical glaciers, most mid-latitude glaciers and polar regions will disappear even if the world manages to limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius, above the preindustrial era.

EXPLANATION:

• The State of the Cryosphere 2023 Report was released by the International Cryosphere Climate Initiative (ICCI), an organization that brings together scientists from around the world to study the cryosphere and its impacts on climate change.
• The report delves into the profound impact of rising global temperatures on the Earth’s cryosphere.
• It emphasizes the critical need to limit global warming to 1.5°C to safeguard this essential frozen component of the planet.

STATE OF THE CRYOSPHERE:

• Impact of Temperature Rise:
  • The report underscores that even with a 2°C temperature increase above preindustrial levels; the cryosphere faces dire consequences.
  • Most tropical and mid-latitude glaciers, along with polar regions, will vanish, causing severe ice loss.
• Regional Effects:
  • The Himalayas are predicted to lose half of their current ice under a 2°C scenario.
  • Various regions like the northern Andes, East Africa, and Indonesia are already witnessing rapid glacier disappearance due to the current 1.2°C temperature rise.

IMPORTANCE OF LIMITING WARMING TO 1.5°C:

• Criticality of 1.5°C Limit:
  • The report highlights that 1.5°C is not just a preferable target but the only viable option to mitigate catastrophic consequences for the cryosphere.
  • It urges leaders to discard the 2°C threshold, emphasizing the urgency of adopting the 1.5°C target.
• Cryosphere as Ground Zero:
  • The cryosphere, encompassing frozen water in various forms, is depicted as ground zero for climate change.
  • Its vulnerability to temperature changes serves as a barometer for the severity of global warming’s impact.

OBSERVATIONS AND CLIMATE INCIDENTS:

• Climate Disasters:
  • The year 2023 witnessed various climate-related disasters, such as the Sikkim flash flood triggered by a glacial lake outburst and significant losses in Swiss glaciers.
• Alarming Indicators:
  • The report highlights alarming indicators, including record-low sea ice around Antarctica, unusually high-water temperatures in the Arctic and North Atlantic, and atmospheric CO2 levels surpassing those of the past three million years.

CONSEQUENCES OF TEMPERATURE RISE:

• Sea-Level Rise and Ice Loss:
  • A temperature increases of 2°C, it spells catastrophic sea-level rise from ice sheet melting in Greenland and parts of Antarctica, potentially leading to extensive and rapid irreversible effects.
• Permafrost Thawing:
  • Both 2°C and 1.5°C scenarios signify significant permafrost thawing, releasing substantial CO2 and methane emissions that could amplify global warming.

CALL TO ACTION AND COP28:

• Urgent Course Correction:
  • The report urges a significant shift in climate action, highlighting COP28 as a pivotal moment for global leaders to prioritize the 1.5°C target and avert long-term environmental catastrophes.
• Potential Consequences:
  • Failure to act decisively risks displacing millions due to rising sea levels, disrupting freshwater resources, harming polar ecosystems, and committing future generations to offset irreversible permafrost emissions.

CONCLUSION:

• The report’s comprehensive analysis emphasizes the urgency of addressing global warming to protect the cryosphere.
• It stresses the significance of limiting temperature rise to 1.5°C, outlining the profound repercussions of exceeding this threshold on glaciers, polar regions, and permafrost.
• The report serves as a critical call to action for global leaders to prioritize ambitious climate policies at COP28 and beyond to prevent catastrophic consequences for humanity and the environment.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/world-needs-to-limit-global-warming-to-1-5-c-to-protect-cryosphere-2-c-too-high-report-92845

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Punjab and Haryana High Court quashed a law passed by the Haryana government in 2020 that provided 75 per cent reservation in private jobs to residents of the state.

EXPLANATION:

• The Punjab and Haryana High Court’s ruling quashing the Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 has far-reaching implications and raises several significant points.

LEGAL IMPLICATIONS:

• Unconstitutionality and Violation of Fundamental Rights:
• The court ruled the Act as unconstitutional and violative of Part III of the Indian Constitution, which encompasses fundamental rights.
• This Act was seen as discriminatory against individuals who are not residents of a specific state and impinged upon their rights.
• State Intervention in Private Sector:
• The judgment highlighted the overreach of the state government into the private sector by attempting to mandate the hiring of local candidates.
• It was perceived as an intrusion into the freedom of private employers to recruit based on their requirements.
• Freedom to Conduct Business:
  • The court emphasized Article 19 of the Constitution, which guarantees the right to carry out business and trade.
  • The Act was seen as an impediment to this freedom for private employers, impacting their ability to hire based on merit and suitability for the job.

ETHICAL AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS:

• Equality and Common Citizenship:
  • The Act was criticized for creating divisions among people based on their state of origin, which contradicts the idea of common citizenship enshrined in the Constitution.
  • It was argued that such laws create disparities among citizens and go against the principle of equality.
• Skill Diversity and Employment Needs:
  • The court illustrated how skill diversity exists across regions, and mandating local hiring could hinder businesses from accessing a diverse skill set essential for their operations.
  • It emphasized that a skilled workforce might be sourced from different parts of the country, and restricting hiring based on domicile is counterproductive.
• Challenges of Unemployment:
  • While the Haryana government argued that the Act aimed to address local youth unemployment, the court observed that such measures cannot infringe upon the rights of others.
  • It questioned the feasibility of such discriminatory practices in addressing unemployment concerns.

GOVERNMENT RESPONSE AND FUTURE STEPS:

• Legal Recourse:
  • The government expressed intentions to approach the Supreme Court for an appeal (Special Leave Petition – SLP) against the High Court’s decision.
  • This signifies a potential continuation of the legal battle over the policy’s validity.
• Reviewing Options:
  • The government spokesperson mentioned assessing the detailed court order before deciding on the next course of action.
  • This indicates a need to reconsider strategies regarding employment policies in light of the court’s decision.

CONCLUSION:

• The High Court’s decision to quash the Haryana law reflects a significant ruling on constitutional and fundamental rights issues.
• It underscores the importance of maintaining a balance between addressing local unemployment concerns and ensuring equality and freedom in employment opportunities.
• This ruling may influence future state policies concerning employment quotas and rights of private businesses in recruitment practices across India.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/hc-quashes-haryana-govts-75-percent-quota-in-private-sector-jobs-9031094/

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. India sees 6.2% rise in goods exports in October READ MORE
2. PM launches Rs 24,000-cr scheme for vulnerable tribal groups’ welfare READ MORE
3. NASA, ISRO gearing up to launch joint space mission to map globe every 12 days READ MORE
4. Gold pushed trade deficit to new high of $31.46 billion in October READ MORE
5. Greenhouse gases hit record high in 2022: UN READ MORE
6. FATF team in India to hold on-site review meetings READ MORE
7. Tribal body declares ‘self-rule’ in a few districts of Manipur READ MORE
8. India to host 2nd Voice of Global South Summit on November 17 READ MORE
9. WHO roadmap to end TB in children focuses for 1st time on pregnant, post-partum women affected by disease READ MORE
10. CBD’s Geneva meetings: Benefit sharing on traditional knowledge & digital sequence information on agenda READ MORE  
11. Why adultery was struck off IPC, and why a House panel wants to make it a crime again READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Let society evolve; resist return of regressive laws READ MORE
2. Challenges to curbing community-based prostitution READ MORE  
3. Does It Work To Pay People Not To Cut the Forest? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. The growing wave of decentralisation: Comparative evidence from developing countries READ MORE
2. The price of persistent federal frictions READ MORE
3. Life over death: On death penalty abolition and parliamentary panel report READ MORE
4. Regulating OTT: Draft Broadcasting Regulation Bill may be an attempt to control digital infrastructure READ MORE
5. A grave error in the law READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Improve teacher quality to raise school standards READ MORE
2. Extend political discourse on poverty to redistributive justice READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. India Once Was a Strong Ally of Palestine. What Changed? READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Food flux: On food costs and the October tidings READ MORE
2. IPEF supply chain pact is unfair READ MORE
3. Is there more room for competitive populism? READ MORE
4. Electrification of last-mile mobility and logistics READ MORE
5. RBI, Narendra Modi and the Subtle Art of Ignoring Concerns READ MORE
6. How a gendered digital divide, low quality of jobs keeps Indian women out of the workforce READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Climate pledges lacking: 87% of remaining global carbon budget to limit warming may be depleted by 2030, finds UN READ MORE
2. Global emissions: UN report exposes inadequacy of efforts READ MORE
3. Climate concerns or trade barriers? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. AI can play the sleuth to expose scientific fraud READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. MHA extends UAPA ban against eight Meitei extremist organisations READ MORE
2. Realism, not machismo, to counter terror READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Another warning in the Himalayas READ MORE
2. Tunnel tragedy is another eco-warning we need to heed READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. In the age of Kalyug, it is time to leverage the power of the collective READ MORE
2. Does Philosophical Reflection Still Hold Value? READ MORE
3. Tolerance is the key to achieving peace READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. AI is one of the most significant technical advancements in recent times, but it is posing a great danger to humanity by unleashing misinformation and deepfakes. Justify with recent examples.
2. The cause of poverty in the country is not only economic but the issue of caste plays a substantial role. Argue and justify.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• We are on a highway to climate hell with our foot still on the accelerator.
• Improving teacher quality and pedagogical innovation to enhance the overall rigour of education in the country, must be an immediate and urgent priority.
• Higher than expected tax revenues provide a cushion for the government. However, concerns remain about the medium-term fiscal deficit
• For an economy whose resilience relies on its domestic demand buffer against global shocks, reluctant or budget-cramped consumers are the biggest headwind for policymakers to strive to address.
• Any interest rate hike over and above the 2.5 percentage points already administered in this rate hike cycle would have hurt growth significantly.
• The agreement on Supply Chain Resilience will enhance the resilience of the US, while deepening the vulnerability of India and other developing countries.
• AI is one of the biggest technical advancements in recent times but it can pose a great danger to humanity by unleashing misinformation and deepfakes.
• Ensuring AI safety would require the convergence of multiple branches of activity, including skills, talent, and physical infrastructure.
• Transitioning to low-carbon cities can significantly reduce CO2 levels.
• The future will either be green or not at all.
• Energy justice and social equity issues can have severe implications for the economic well-being of people, livelihoods, and economic development.
• A beginning can be made by providing gig workers with EVs. The Govt must support them and acknowledge their contribution to the economy.
• As the demand for reservation reaches a crescendo, the original justification for this departure from formal equality has become more difficult.
• The cause of poverty in the country is not only economic. A substantial number of the poor belong to the Scheduled and Backward Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
• If background inequalities force certain people to live below the poverty line, this should be seen as a serious infringement of the right to equality granted by our Constitution.
• The idea of caste is the greatest dividing factor… all caste either on the principle of birth or of merit is bondage.
• India this time around has taken a much stronger pro-Israel stand than is typical during Israeli-Palestinian conflicts.
• The state and central governments also need to acknowledge the contributions and the critical nature of these gig workers.
• COP28 presents an opportunity to India and other nations to hold the West accountable and liable for the environmental crisis.

ESSAY TOPIC

• The future will either be green or not at all.

50-WORD TALK

• Irrational and unscientific fixed-dose combination drugs ruling the Indian pharma market is a menace that has gone on unchecked for too long. A study shows 70% of antibiotic FDC drugs in the market are banned or unapproved. This is a public health hazard; convoluted and inefficient regulations are bad medicine.
• The ordeal of 40 men trapped inside a collapsed tunnel in Uttarakhand is a reminder of the tightrope walk infrastructure development is in Garhwal Himalayas. Aggressive construction without mountain-appropriate plans is a slippery slope. We hope they are rescued soon, but disregarding the region’s vulnerability will only endanger more lives.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

1. ADITYA-L1 MISSION

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS) payload, onboard the Aditya-L1 spacecraft, has captured the first glimpse of solar flares.

EXPLANATION:

• HEL1OS Payload:
  • The High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS) payload onboard Aditya-L1 is the instrument responsible for capturing the first glimpse of solar flares.
  • It marks an important milestone in India’s mission to study the Sun.
  • The information collected is expected to contribute to our understanding of solar activity and its impact on space weather.
  • The payload was developed by the Space Astronomy Group of the U. R. Rao Satellite Centre in Bengaluru, ISRO.

• Solar Flares:
  • During its first observation period on October 29, HEL1OS recorded the impulsive phase of solar flares.
  • Solar flares are sudden and intense bursts of energy and radiation from the Sun.
  • The data captured is consistent with X-ray light curves provided by NOAA’s GOES satellites.

• Scientific Value:
  • The HEL1OS instrument’s capabilities allow for monitoring the Sun’s high-energy X-ray activity with fast timing and high-resolution spectra.
  • This data is essential for researchers to study the explosive energy release and electron acceleration during the impulsive phases of solar flares.
  • Understanding these processes is crucial for space weather prediction and solar physics research.

• L1 Orbit:
  • Aditya-L1 is scheduled to arrive at the L1 point in January 2024.
  • Once there, the satellite will operate in an irregularly shaped orbit, allowing it to continuously monitor the Sun’s behavior from this vantage point.

• International Collaboration:
• • The collaboration with NOAA’s GOES [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites], indicating the valuable international partnerships in the field of space research and solar observations.

WHAT IS ADITYA L1 MISSION?

• Aditya L1 is the first space based Indian mission to study the Sun.
• The spacecraft shall be placed in a halo orbit around the Lagrange point 1 (L1) of the Sun-Earth system, which is about 1.5 million km from the Earth.
• A satellite placed in the halo orbit around the L1 point has the major advantage of continuously viewing the Sun without any occultation/eclipses.
• This will provide a greater advantage of observing the solar activities and its effect on space weather in real time.
• The spacecraft carries seven payloads to observe the photosphere, chromosphere, and the outermost layers of the Sun (the corona) using electromagnetic and particle and magnetic field detectors.
• Using the special vantage point L1, four payloads directly view the Sun, and the remaining three payloads carry out in-situ studies of particles and fields at the Lagrange point L1.
• It will provide important scientific studies of the propagatory effect of solar dynamics in the interplanetary medium.

WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF ADITYA-L1 MISSION?

The major objectives of Aditya-L1 mission are:

• Study of Solar upper atmospheric (chromosphere and corona) dynamics.
• Study of chromospheric and coronal heating, physics of the partially ionized plasma, initiation of the coronal mass ejections, and flares.
• Observe the in-situ particle and plasma environment providing data for the study of particle dynamics from the Sun.
• Physics of solar corona and its heating mechanism.
• Diagnostics of the coronal and coronal loops plasma’s temperature, velocity, and density.
• Development, dynamics, and origin of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).
• Identify the sequence of processes that occur at multiple layers (chromosphere, base, and extended corona) which eventually leads to solar eruptive events.
• Magnetic field topology and magnetic field measurements in the solar corona.
• Drivers for space weather (origin, composition, and dynamics of solar wind.

ADITYA-L1 PAYLOADS:

• The instruments of Aditya-L1 are tuned to observe the solar atmosphere mainly the chromosphere and corona.
• In-situ instruments will observe the local environment at L1.
• There are total seven payloads on-board with four of them carrying out remote sensing of the Sun and three of them carrying in-situ observation.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/aditya-l1-captures-first-glimpse-of-solar-flares/article67508968.ece

2. SEMICONDUCTORS

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Approximately $8 billion out of the $10 billion allocated for the semiconductor manufacturing scheme remains unused.

EXPLANATION:

• The funds have been allocated by the Union government of India for encouraging domestic production of semiconductors under the production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme.
• This underutilization of funds highlights a significant gap in the government’s efforts to promote semiconductor production in India.
• Incentives for Semiconductor Manufacturing:
  • The government is providing incentives, including financial support, in high-tech areas such as semiconductor manufacturing.
  • These incentives are intended to attract semiconductor makers to establish manufacturing facilities in India, with the goal of strengthening the country’s manufacturing base.

• Encouraging Korean Investors and Bilateral Trade Goals:
  • The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade Secretary, Rajesh Kumar Singh said that India and Korea must aim to enhance bilateral trade to $50 billion by 2030.
  • This goal suggests the desire for closer economic ties between the two countries.
  • Korean investors have invested $5.6 billion in India since April 2000 and they can take advantage of the semiconductor PLI along with upcoming opportunities for investments in battery storage solutions.
  • There is a call to upgrade and enhance the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) between India and Korea. Strengthening this economic partnership is seen as beneficial to both countries.
  • Korean investors have a history of investing in India, and there is a call for them to consider utilizing the untapped incentives provided under the scheme.
  • The importance of enhancing bilateral trade between India and Korea has been emphasized.

• Opportunities in Battery Storage Solutions:
• • In addition to semiconductor manufacturing, there are upcoming investment opportunities in battery storage solutions.
  • The Indian government is inviting investors, including Korean companies, to participate in the bid openings for over 20 gigawatt hours of storage and mobility battery capacity in India.

INDIA’S INITIATIVES IN SEMICONDUCTORS

1. INDIA SEMICONDUCTOR MISSION (ISM)

• India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) is a specialized and independent Business Division within the Digital India Corporation.
• It aims to build a vibrant semiconductor and display ecosystem.
• It aims to enable India’s emergence as a global hub for electronics manufacturing and design.
• The mission aims to serve as a focal point for the comprehensive and smooth development of Semiconductor in consultation with the Government ministries / departments / agencies, industry, and academia.

2. INDIA’S SEMICON PROGRAMME.

• The Union Cabinet had approved the comprehensive Semicon India programme with a financial outlay of INR 76,000 crore for the development of a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem in 2021.
• Semicon India Program aims to provide attractive incentive support to companies that are engaged in Silicon Semiconductor Fabs, Display Fabs, Compound Semiconductors, Silicon Photonics etc.
• The program will give an impetus to semiconductor and display manufacturing by facilitating capital support and technological collaborations.

3. CHIPS2 STARTUP (C2S) PROGRAMME

• An umbrella programme “Chips to Startup(C2S)” was in line with the objective and vision of National Policy on Electronics 2019 (NPE-2019).
• It aims at developing Specialized Manpower in VLSI/Embedded System Design domain.
• It also addresses each entity of the Electronics value chain via Specialized Manpower training, Creation of reusable IPs repository, Design of application-oriented Systems etc.
• The programme would be implemented at about 100 academic institutions/R&D organizations across the Country.
• Start-ups and MSMEs can also participate in the programme by submitting their proposals.
• Under the programme, the project would be initiated in following key areas:
  • Energy & Environment
  • Healthcare
  • Agriculture
  • Disaster Management
  • Intelligent Transport System
  • Emerging Technology etc.

CONCLUSION:

• There is a need for India to attract more investment in semiconductor manufacturing by utilizing the allocated funds effectively.
• The government is also actively seeking foreign investors, particularly from Korea, to participate in this scheme and tap into the incentives provided.
• The broader goal is to strengthen economic ties and bilateral trade between India and Korea and to encourage investment in high-tech sectors, including semiconductor manufacturing and battery storage solutions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/80-funds-allocated-for-semiconductor-manufacturing-scheme-remain-unused/article67509688.ece/amp/

3. LANDSLIDE AT THE SUBANSIRI HYDRO PROJECT

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY  

THE CONTEXT: A massive landslide occurred at the Subansiri hydro project on October 27, completely blocking the only functional diversion tunnel (DT).

EXPLANATION:

• This landslide at the NHPC’s 2,000-MW Subansiri hydro project, which is located along the Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border in India, has blocked the only operational diversion tunnel, affecting water flow in the river.
• The diversion tunnel number 1, which was the only one in use, was obstructed by the landslide, impacting water flow through the river.
• Fortunately, there have been no reports of human casualties resulting from the incident.

• Landslide warnings ignored:
  • In April 2022, the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) warned that the Subansiri Lower Project was at risk of landslides.
  • The CEA recommended that National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) Ltd., the company responsible for building the dam, conduct a study to assess the risk of landslides.
  • However, NHPC ignored this recommendation.

• Status of the Hydro Project:
  • The Subansiri Lower Hydro Electric Project has faced multiple delays and setbacks since its inception.
  • The project, with a capacity of 2,000 MW, has experienced revisions in its commissioning deadline and has been postponed several times.
  • As of today, more than 90% of the total work on the project has been completed.

• Impact on River Flow:
  • The main dam spillway is not yet ready, and the river was flowing through the diversion tunnel, making the landslide a critical issue.
  • The landslide has significantly reduced the flow of the river downstream.
  • The water level in the reservoir is gradually increasing due to the reduced flow, and measures are being taken to restore the normal river flow.

• Concerns for Aquatic Life:
  • The reduced river flow has caused the river bed to dry up, leading to concerns about aquatic life.
  • Locals report that people are walking on the dry river bed and catching fish, which poses a threat to aquatic life.
  • This drastic change in river flow is noted as unusual and potentially harmful to the environment.

• Project Details and Cost:
• • The Subansiri Lower Hydro Electric Project is a run-of-river scheme and is expected to generate approximately 7,500 million units of power annually.
  • The cost of the project has escalated significantly from the initial estimate, reaching around Rs 20,000 crore in January 2020, up from the initial estimate of Rs 6,285 crore.
  • NHPC began construction work on the project in January 2005 after obtaining forest clearance in October 2004.

CONCLUSION:

• The landslide at the Subansiri hydro project has caused a blockage in the diversion tunnel, affecting water flow in the river and raising concerns about its impact on aquatic life.
• The project has faced multiple delays and cost overruns, highlighting the challenges in implementing large-scale hydroelectric projects in the region.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/subansiri-hydroelectric-project-landslide-blocks-diversion/article67484442.ece

4. AIR QUALITY INDEX (AQI)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Air Quality Index (AQI) in North India, particularly in Delhi, has risen to “severe” levels.

POLLUTANTS, SOURCES, THEIR IMPACTS AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS:

• PM 10 and PM 2.5:
  • These are fine particulate matter (PM) particles with diameters smaller than 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.
  • Smaller particles (PM 2.5) can penetrate the circulatory system.
  • It can lead to serious health issues such as asthma, heart attacks, bronchitis, and other respiratory problems.
  • They are primarily emitted from factories, vehicles, construction activities, and road dust.

• Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2):
  • NO2 comes from the burning of fuel, especially from vehicles and power plants.
  • Short-term exposure to high levels of NO2 can worsen respiratory diseases like asthma and lead to coughing and breathing difficulties.
  • Long-term exposure can contribute to the development of asthma.

• Ozone (O3):
  • While ozone in the upper atmosphere protects from UV rays, ground-level ozone is a significant air pollutant.
  • It forms through the reaction of atmospheric pollutants in sunlight.
  • Increased surface ozone levels are associated with an increased risk of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases and cardiovascular deaths.

• Sulphur Dioxide (SO2):
  • SO2 primarily comes from the burning of fossil fuels by power plants and industrial facilities, as well as industrial processes and natural sources like volcanoes.
  • SO2 exposure is harmful to the cardiovascular system and can lead to respiratory illnesses.
  • High concentrations can harm plants and trees.

• Lead:
  • Lead is a toxic metal that can be naturally occurring but becomes dangerous in high quantities.
  • Environmental contamination primarily comes from mining, smelting, manufacturing, and recycling activities.
  • Young children are particularly vulnerable to lead poisoning, which can lead to intellectual disability and behavioral disorders.
• Carbon Monoxide (CO):
  • Carbon monoxide is a toxic, odorless, and colorless gas produced when carbon-containing fuels like wood, coal, and petrol are burned.
  • High levels can lead to unconsciousness and death, while long-term exposure is linked to an increased risk of heart disease.
• The sources of these pollutants are mainly industrial activities, vehicular emissions, power plants, and natural sources like volcanoes.
• Recommendations: While the article focuses on the concerning air quality, it doesn’t provide specific recommendations or actions being taken to address the issue. However, it emphasizes the need for awareness and action to mitigate the impact of air pollution on public health.
• Air Quality Index (AQI):
• • The AQI is a numerical measure used to convey the overall quality of air in a specific area.
  • In this context, it is used to assess air quality in North India, with a focus on Delhi, where the AQI has reached severe levels.

INITIATIVES TAKEN FOR CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION:

• System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR) Portal.
• Air Quality Index: AQI has been developed for eight pollutants viz. PM2.5, PM10, Ammonia, Lead, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide.
• Graded Response Action Plan (for Delhi).
• For Reducing Vehicular Pollution:
• BS-VI Vehicles,
• Push for Electric Vehicles (EVs),
• Odd-Even Policy as an emergency measure (for Delhi).
• New Commission for Air Quality Management
• Subsidy to farmers for buying Turbo Happy Seeder (THS) Machine for reducing stubble burning.
• National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP): Under NAMP, four air pollutants viz. SO2, NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 have been identified for regular monitoring at all locations.

WAY FORWARD

• Changing Approach:
  • India needs to change its approach and bring out effective policies in order to improve air quality and reduce pollutants to levels considered acceptable by the World Health Organisation (WHO).

• Close Coordination Required:
• • Curbing air pollution requires not only tackling its specific sources, but also close coordination across local and national jurisdictional boundaries.
  • Regional cooperation can help implement cost-effective joint strategies that leverage the interdependent nature of air quality.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/air-pollution-aqi-source-health-impact-explained-9016879/

5. GLOBAL LANDSCAPE OF CLIMATE FINANCE 2023

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per the Climate Policy Initiative’s (CPI) new report Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2023, Climate finance flows have doubled compared to previous years but have been unevenly distributed across geographies and sources.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• Global Climate Finance Growth:
  • According to the report, the average annual flow of climate finance in 2021 and 2022 reached $1.3 trillion.
  • This is a significant increase compared to the $653 billion recorded for 2019 and 2020.
  • The growth is primarily attributed to an escalation in mitigation finance, which saw an increase of $439 billion from the previous two years.

• Uneven Distribution of Climate Finance:
  • Climate finance has been unevenly distributed across sectors and geographies.
  • Mitigation finance has primarily gone to renewable energy (44%) and transport (29%), with a strong presence of private financing.
  • In contrast, sectors responsible for significant emissions like agriculture and industry received a smaller share of total mitigation and dual benefits finance.
  • Adaptation finance reached a new high of $63 billion but still falls short of the estimated needs, which are projected to be $212 billion per year by 2030 for developing nations.
  • Nearly all adaptation finance (98%) tracked in the report came from public sources.

• Geographic Concentration:
  • Developed countries mobilized the majority of climate finance, with a significant contribution from the private sector.
  • East Asia and the Pacific, the United States, Canada, and Western Europe accounted for 84% of all climate finance.
  • China led in domestic resource mobilization for climate finance, contributing 51% of all domestic climate finance globally.
  • Developing and low-income countries received a limited share of funds.
  • The report pointed out the disparities in climate finance distribution, with the 10 countries most affected by climate change receiving a very small portion of total climate finance.

• Private Sector Contribution:
  • Private actors contributed 49% of total climate finance, amounting to $625 billion.
  • The report highlighted the rapid growth in private finance, driven in part by household spending, particularly from the sales of electric vehicles, which doubled from 2020 to 2021.
  • Fiscal policies promoting low-carbon technologies played a role in this increase.

• Recommendations:
  • The report suggests measures to enhance the scale and quality of climate finance, focusing on four categories:
    • transforming the financial system,
    • bridging climate and development needs,
    • mobilizing domestic capital, and
    • improving climate finance data.
  • The report underscores the need to reduce the cost of capital barriers, particularly for developing and low-income countries, by reforming financial institutions and making concessional finance more accessible.

• Global Climate Finance Needs:
• • Despite the growth in climate finance, it is emphasized that the current scale represents only 1% of the global GDP.
  • The report’s projections indicate that average estimated annual climate finance needs will increase to $9 trillion by 2030.

WAY FORWARD:

• Transforming the Financial System:
  • This involves reducing the cost of capital barriers, particularly for developing and low-income countries.
  • There is a call for reforming financial institutions to make concessional finance more accessible.

• Bridging Climate and Development Needs:
  • The report highlights the need to bridge the gap between climate and development needs.
  • This could involve strategies to align climate investments with broader sustainable development goals, ensuring that climate finance addresses poverty reduction and other social objectives.

• Mobilizing Domestic Capital:
  • The report suggests mobilizing domestic capital for climate finance.
  • This could involve promoting domestic investment in climate-friendly projects and industries to reduce dependence on international funds.

• Improving Climate Finance Data:
• • Data collection and interpretation have improved over the years.
  • The report underscores the importance of continuing to enhance the quality of climate finance data and information.

Climate Policy Initiative’s (CPI):

• The Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) is an independent, non-profit, international research organization that works to support governments, businesses, and financial institutions in driving economic growth while addressing climate change.
• It was founded in 2009 to support nations building low carbon economies to develop and implement effective climate, energy and land use policies.
• CPI provides analysis, advice, and solutions in the areas of climate finance, climate policy, and low-carbon development.

CPI’s work is focused on the following areas:

• Enabling capital:
  • CPI helps to mobilize and allocate capital for low-carbon investments by developing innovative finance mechanisms, such as blended finance and risk management frameworks.

• Promoting green and sustainable finance:
  • CPI monitors and evaluates climate finance flows and investments, providing insights into the effectiveness of different approaches and identifying opportunities for improvement.

• Enabling a just transition:
• • CPI helps countries to develop and implement policies and strategies for a just transition to a low-carbon economy, ensuring that the transition is fair and equitable for all.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/global-climate-finance-increasing-but-scale-pace-not-enough-new-report-92671

THE CONTEXT:   The effects of bans/restrictions on rice, wheat and sugar shipments are showing in declining Agri exports from India, even as imports are continuing unhindered and hurting farmers.

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• India’s agricultural exports have fallen 11.6% year-on-year in April-September.
• According to Department of Commerce data:
  • Exports of farm commodities, at $ 23.6 billion in April-September 2023, were below the $26.7 billion for April-September 2022.
  • There has been a drop in imports as well, from $19.3 billion to $16.2 billion, resulting in a marginal dip in the agricultural trade surplus (exports minus imports) from $7.4 billion in April-September 2022 to $7.2 billion in April-September 2023.

THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL PRICES:

• India’s farm trade, especially farm prices is strongly correlated with world prices.
• With world prices since coming down, the value of both exports and imports of farm commodities from and into India are set to decline in 2023-24. This comes even as supply disruptions from the Russia-Ukraine war have eased.
• In the current fiscal (from April till October 2023), the Food price Index has averaged 123.2 points.
• The FAO’s (UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s) vegetable oils price index, at 120 points for October 2023, is also down from a year-ago level of 151.3 points and the 251.8 points peak of March 2022.

TIMELINE OF EXPORT CURBS:

• In May 2022, Government banned exports of wheat from the country.
• In September 2022, exports of broken rice were prohibited and a 20% duty levied on all white (non-parboiled) non-basmati grain shipments.
• In July 2023, exports of white non-basmati rice were banned.
• In August 2023, a 20% duty was clamped on exports of parboiled non-basmati rice, while basmati shipments were subjected to minimum export price (MEP) curbs.
• In May 2022, Government moved sugar exports from the “free” to “restricted” category and capped the total quantity of the sweetener that could go out during any year.
• Since May 2023, exports have stopped completely, with no fresh quotas for shipments being issued.

WHY HAS INDIA BANNED RICE AND WHEAT EXPORTS?

• Rice: It was imposed to cool down the domestic prices and as a precautionary measure in case El Nino affects the rice crop.
• Wheat: The sudden spike in global wheat prices and the resulting food security risks to India.

ISSUES:

• Declining international prices: It not only lowers the cost competitiveness of the country’s agricultural exports, but also make its farmers more vulnerable to imports. This is being witnessed in cotton and edible oils.
• Shortage to the global food: India is the world’s largest wheat producer The poor countries like Bangladesh and Nepal, who depend on Indian white rice, and those in African countries like Benin and Senegal Togo, and Mali, which import broken rice, are the ones who are suffering the most.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• A multilateral approach could be a potential ‘middle way’ to curb the escalation of an international food price crisis.
  • This approach would involve providing international capital assistance to bridge India’s financing gaps in domestic subsidisation, ensuring affordable prices for both its poorer and middle-class populations.
  • It would also allow India to continue exporting rice internationally, premised on the support it expects to receive in exchange.
  • This facility aims to support poorer food importing countries facing balance of payments constraints or budget shortages and can potentially be extended to include India, as well as other lower-income food exporting countries.
• Rather than pressuring India into normalising its rice trade, a more effective approach would be to address the ‘double burden’ that lies at the core of its export restrictions.

THE CONCLUSION:

If an international price crisis were to occur as a result of an extended Indian export ban, this would no doubt lead to further price instability. Exploring multilateral solutions is therefore critical for an already embattled global food supply chain, amid Russia’s war in Ukraine and projected reductions in crop harvests during the El Nino season.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION :

Q) What are the present challenges before crop diversification? How do emerging technologies provide an opportunity for crop diversification? (2021)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q) Do you think that the recent steps taken by the Government of India in the context of export of agriculture commodities to curb inflation will lead to potential threats to global supply, prices, and food security?

SOURCE: The double-whammy from India’s falling farm exports (indianexpress.com)

THE CONTEXT:  Official Index of Eight Core Industries for September and S&P Global’s Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) for the manufacturing sector for October, point to softening in economic momentum.

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• Output growth in India’s eight core sectors slowed to a four-month low of 8.1% in September, from 12.5% in August, with the Index of Core Industries (ICI) dipping to a seven-month low.
• Growth in cement production hit a six-month low of 4.7%, while fertilisers production rose 4.2%, the fastest pace in four months.
• Coal production grew 16.1%, the second highest pace in at least 12 months, while Steel and Electricity rose 9.6% and 9.3%, respectively. Natural gas output rose 6.5%, the slowest uptick in three months, while refinery products were up 5.5%.
• Only fertilizers registering a quickening in growth from the preceding month as farmers stocked up on the key agricultural input ahead of the rabi season.

 PURCHASING MANAGER’S INDEX(PMI):

• It is an economic indicator which is derived after monthly surveys of different companies.
• It is a survey-based indicator that is compiled and released each month by the Institute for Supply Management (ISM).
• There are two types of PMI: Manufacturing PMI and Services PMI.
  • It shows trends in both the manufacturing and services sector.
  • A combined index is also made using both manufacturing PMI and services PMI.
• The index helps in determining whether the market conditions, as seen by purchasing managers, is expanding, contracting or staying the same.
• A PMI number greater than 50 indicates expansion and number less than 50 shows contraction.

CHALLENGES:

• Dampening demand: Heavy rains in the final month of the southwest monsoon season, which resulted in 13% surplus precipitation for September. This likely contributed to decrease in demand and production for cement, electricity, and steel.
• Contracted production: Production in all eight key infrastructure sectors contracted in September 2023, with the overall index declining 4.8% from August. Coal offered the silver lining: the year-on-year growth in output of the fuel eased only slightly to a still robust 16.1% pace, from August’s 17.9%, and posted just a 1.5% sequential contraction.
• Unemployment: The increased unemployment rate when combined with the increase in population clearly shows that a far larger number of people are looking for work than in the past.
  • According to a recent survey: Only 4% reported adding staff in the manufacturing sector. This contributed to the slowest rate of job creation in manufacturing since April.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• The Government should fast-track disinvestment of public sector units and meet the required revenue target. It would help to unlock the capital to garner resources for meeting the developmental priorities of the country and assist in capital formation.
• To effectively reduce unemployment, it is crucial to empower the demographic dividend through skill development and job creation initiatives.

CONCLUSION:

India wants to emerge as a developed economy in the near future. It is well recognised that to bring this dream to fruition, it is important that the economy continues the high and resilient growth path in the years ahead as well.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION:

Q) Is inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India. (2022)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q) What do you understand by Purchasing Manager’s Index? How can it be used to assess the state of economy? Explain in the context of recent developments.

Source: Slowing momentum: The Hindu Editorial on palpable softening in economic momentum – The Hindu

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. India and Sri Lanka re-launch negotiations of the Economic and Technology Cooperation Agreement (ETCA) READ MORE
2. UPSC tightens guidelines for appointment of State DGPs READ MORE
3. Haemoglobin isn’t used only in blood, scientists find in major discovery READ MORE
4. Manufacturing PMI falls to an eight-month low READ MORE
5. Gwalior, Kozhikode now on Unesco list of creative cities READ MORE
6. Bangladesh PM Hasina’s daughter Saima Wazed voted as new WHO regional director READ MORE
7. India-born author Nandini Das wins 2023 British Academy Book Prize READ MORE
8. Rajya Sabha panel to hold meeting, take up pending cases of privilege breach READ MORE
9. India’s cotton yield may be lowest in 15 years, to drop by 20% READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Divorce: Changing attitudes and social mores READ MORE
2. WWF: 32 million acres of grasslands across US & Canadian Great Plains ploughed up since 2012 READ MORE
3. View from the Himalayas | The ‘Third Pole’ is drying up READ MORE
4. With El Nino around, the heat is on READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. The blueprint to develop India by 2047 must factor in critical governance reforms READ MORE
2. Impacting a woman’s freedom to reproductive choices READ MORE
3. Law doesn’t bar states from counting castes READ MORE
4. Small projects, big impact READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Challenges in equipping job seekers with skills READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Hope floats for a thaw in China-US relations READ MORE
2. US can help India become battery manufacturing powerhouse. And decouple from China READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. India is proud to be the biggest development partner of Bangladesh: PM READ MORE
2. Why GST collections surged sharply in October READ MORE
3. Supreme Court’s decision on tax treaties clarifies India’s Most Favoured Nation approach READ MORE
4. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation: India and global supply chains READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. India’s race to a green hydrogen future READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. AI and the issue of human-centricity in copyright law READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Malware malice: On the Apple cyberattack alert READ MORE
2. India’s Need for a National Security Strategy Cannot Be Ignored READ MORE
3. Is it Time to Call India a Digital Dystopia? READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Farm fires rage on: Stakeholders not doing enough to curb menace READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. The birth and death of Ego READ MORE
2. Essence of the Upanishads READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. One of the strengths of an effective administrator is the ability to retain equanimity and restraint in any situation and those in power do not act as the instruments of nemesis due to their inflamed egos. With the help of some real-life examples, justify this statement.
2. To address the challenges posed by rapid and mass urbanisation, policymakers must shift their focus to organic rural development that involves farmers and local communities. Do you think, in this regard, a bottom-up infrastructure development approach over a top-down approach would be an effective strategy?
3. Policymakers in India need to assume a more cautious approach against diluting the human-centricity in copyright law. Discuss why there is a need to have a cautious approach in extending existing IP protections to work generated by Artificial Intelligence?
4. Caste censuses are essential for addressing socioeconomic inequalities and informing policymaking. How far do you agree with this view? Justify your view.
5. India is deploying smart fencing, but there should be a balance between manned security and technologies. Comment on the statement in light of recent developments.
6. Recent data breach shows that digital India, in reality, is too far from the claim and India needs to renew its efforts to de-mystify technology with the aim of surveillance reforms. Comment.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind.
• One of the strengths of an effective administrator is the ability to retain equanimity and restraint in any situation and those in power do not act as the instruments of nemesis due to their inflamed egos.
• Policymakers and courts in India also need to assume a more cautious approach against diluting the human-centricity in copyright law.
• The popularity and importance of the right to a piece of information has been used to hold local governments accountable for lapses in the delivery of services and secure access to basic rights and entitlements.
• Aiming for a high 9% growth rate between 2030 and 2047 is laudable but factoring in alternative scenarios and changing course when warranted, is advisable.
• There needs to be cautious approach in extending existing IP protections to work generated by Artificial Intelligence.
• There is no place within our constitutional structure to see a foetus as anything but dependent on the mother. To see it as a separate, distinct personality would be tantamount to conferring a set of rights on it that the Constitution grants to no other class of person.
• As economic realities change, negotiated relations among countries must also adapt. There is a need for periodic review of tax treaties, especially with respect to their economic benefits.
• The Hamas attack on Israel and this colossal human crisis that is unfolding before our eyes has key lessons for India and the world.
• Engaging with research organisations and academic institutions that focus on education, skills, and labour markets is critical to building capability.
• India needs infrastructure, but the issue is that policymakers often prioritise large and impressive projects that often benefit only those directly connected to the larger economy.
• To address the challenges posed by rapid and mass urbanisation, policymakers must shift their focus to organic rural development that involves farmers and local communities.
• India is deploying smart fencing but the recent developments show that there needs to be a balance between manned security and technologies.
• It is time to renew efforts to de-mystify technology with the aim of surveillance reforms, before this Digital Dystopia becomes a permanent future.
• Digital India isn’t what it is being claimed, the reality is different on the ground. It is time to renew efforts to de-mystify technology with the aim of surveillance reforms, before this Digital Dystopia becomes a permanent future.

50-WORD TALK

• India’s major IT companies have laid off 21,000 people between June and September, largely citing operational efficiency. This data is important. While there is the social cost of such a move, this is how markets function. It’s important for IT giants to think long and hire responsibly, not on impulse.
• India is testing smart fencing in Kashmir using sensors by Magal, which developed systems in Gaza and US. But the Israel episode shows that there needs to be a balance between manned security and technologies that enable unmanned defence at borders. Reliance on such technologies can only go so far.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

1. DEEP OCEAN MISSION (DOM)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: India’s ambitious “Deep Ocean Mission” (DOM) is a program aimed at exploring and harnessing the depths of the ocean.

EXPLANATION:

• The mission has been approved by the Union Cabinet and has several pillars:
• Development of Technologies for Deep-Sea Mining:
  • It involves the creation of technologies for deep-sea mining and a crewed submersible capable of reaching a depth of 6,000 meters in the ocean.
  • The submersible will be equipped with scientific sensors, tools, and a system for mining polymetallic nodules.

• Ocean Climate Change Advisory Services:
  • It focuses on understanding and projecting future climate changes through ocean observations and models.

• Technological Innovations for Deep-Sea Biodiversity:
  • The mission aims to develop technologies for exploring and conserving deep-sea biodiversity.

• Deep-Ocean Survey and Exploration:
  • The objective here is to identify potential sites of multi-metal hydrothermal sulfides mineralization along the Indian Ocean mid-oceanic ridges.

• Harnessing Energy and Freshwater from the Ocean:
  • This pillar aims to utilize the ocean as a source of energy and freshwater.

• Establishing an Advanced Marine Station for Ocean Biology:
• • It seeks to create a hub for ocean biology research and blue biotechnology development.

INSIGHTS INTO THE PROGRESS OF THE DOM:

• The development of technologies for deep-sea mining and a crewed submersible, named Matsya6000, is led by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT).
• Matsya6000 is designed to reach a depth of 6,000 meters and has been through the initial design phase.
• Testing and experimentation will be conducted at a depth of 500 meters within a year, with the goal of realizing its full 6,000-meter capability within two to three years.
• The Ministry is also working on an integrated system to mine polymetallic nodules.
• The decision to target a depth of 6,000 meters is strategic, as it allows India to cater to both its Exclusive Economic Zone and the central Indian Ocean where valuable resources like polymetallic nodules are found.

CHALLENGES OF DEEP-OCEAN EXPLORATION:

• Deep-ocean exploration presents unique challenges due to high pressure, soft and muddy ocean bed surfaces, and the need to extract materials.
• Operating under high pressure requires specialized equipment.
• Visibility and communication are also significant hurdles in the deep oceans.

MATSYA6000:

• Matsya6000 is India’s deep-ocean submersible designed for exploration.
• It accommodates three crew members and is constructed from durable materials to withstand high pressures.
• It has an array of scientific tools, cameras, lights, and communication systems.
• Matsya6000 combines features of remote operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous remote vehicles (AUVs) and is designed to operate untethered.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/2023-11-01/th_chennai/articleGFJBV12S4-4729109.ece

2. FISCAL DEFICIT

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The fiscal deficit of the central government in the first half of the 2023-24 financial year has risen to the 39.3% of the annual budget.

EXPLANATION:

• Fiscal deficit of 2023-24 financial year is slightly higher than the 37.3% fiscal budget recorded in the same period in the previous year.
• In actual terms, the fiscal deficit at the end of September 2023 stood at ₹7.02 lakh crore. This indicates the budgetary gap between government spending and income during this period.
• The government had initially projected to reduce the fiscal deficit to 5.9% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in the 2023-24 financial year.
• In the previous financial year (2022-23), the fiscal deficit was 6.4% of the GDP, slightly lower than the initial estimate of 6.71%.
• Tax revenue reached ₹11.60 lakh crore, which is 49.8% of the annual target.
• The central government’s total expenditure for the first half of the 2023-24 financial year was ₹21.19 lakh crore, which is 47.1% of the budget estimate for the year.
• This expenditure figure is marginally higher than the corresponding period in the previous year.

FISCAL DEFICIT:

• It is the gap between the government’s expenditure requirements and its receipts.
• This equals the money the government needs to borrow during the year.
• A surplus arises if receipts are more than expenditure.
• Fiscal Deficit = Total expenditure – (Revenue receipts + Non-debt creating capital receipts).
• It indicates the total borrowing requirements of the government from all sources.
• Gross fiscal deficit = Net borrowing at home + Borrowing from RBI + Borrowing from abroad
• The gross fiscal deficit is a key variable in judging the financial health of the public sector and the stability of the economy.
• The government’s ability to achieve the projected fiscal deficit target for the year will depend on various economic factors, including revenue collection and expenditure control in the coming months.
• Fiscal deficits are important indicators of a government’s financial health and its ability to manage its budget effectively.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/govts-fiscal-deficit-rises-to-393-of-annual-target-in-first-half-of-fy24/article67480542.ece/amp/

3. BRAZZAVILLE SUMMIT OF THE THREE BASINS

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Brazzaville Summit of the Three Basins took place in the Republic of Congo, bringing together delegates from countries in the Amazon, Congo, and Borneo-Mekong-Southeast Asia basins.

EXPLANATION:

• The summit concluded with a declaration by the Heads of State and Government of States.
• It focused on biodiversity, tropical forests, and climate change.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE DECLARATION:

• The declaration emphasizes the importance of the three ecosystems of biodiversity and tropical forests, which provide essential ecosystem services for humankind and sustainable development in the regions they cover.
• It acknowledges the significance of protecting tropical forests, which occupy one-third of the world’s land surface.

The seven-point declaration urged nations to:

• Recognise the value of enhanced cooperation between the three basins.
• Recognise that sovereign management of biodiversity, forests and associated resources of the three basins is essential.
• Develop solutions together.
• Pool and capitalise on existing knowledge, experience, resources and achievements.
• Involve all states and national authorities, including indigenous peoples, youth, women, civil society, academia and the private sector.
• Encourage financial mobilisation and the development of traditional and innovative financing mechanisms.
• Establish a sustainable system of remuneration for the ecosystem services provided by the three basins.

Climate Change and Financial Commitments:

• The declaration also addresses climate change and calls for the creation of a fund to address loss and damage due to climate change.
• It urges developed countries to meet their commitments, including providing $200 billion per year by 2030 for biodiversity and $100 billion per year in climate finance to developing countries.
• These financial commitments are set out in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.

Disappointment with the Outcome:

• The civil society is disappointed, as the summit did not result in the formation of an Alliance of the three basins.
• Such an alliance would have served as a platform for joint initiatives and knowledge-sharing between the countries in these regions.

Importance of Protected Areas:

• The declaration acknowledges the significance of protected areas within these basins, which are home to a substantial portion of global biodiversity and forest cover.

Deforestation Concerns:

• A report by the Forest Declaration Assessment, indicates that 4.1 million hectares of tropical forest were lost to deforestation in 2022.
• It points out that the majority of global deforestation (96%) occurs in tropical regions, underscoring the ongoing challenges in forest conservation and sustainable management.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/brazzaville-summit-of-the-three-basins-ends-with-a-declaration-92565

4. MELTING OF THE WEST ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, a new study revealed that the melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet is now unavoidable.

MELTING OF THE WEST ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET:

• The melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet is inevitable due to warming waters around it.
• This melting is happening at an alarming rate and will continue, even if global carbon emissions are significantly reduced.
• The West Antarctic ice sheet’s complete loss could raise global mean sea levels by 5.3 meters (17.4 feet).
• The study considers various climate scenarios, including the best-case scenario of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
• However, even in this scenario, the West Antarctic ice sheet will continue to melt at an accelerated pace, with water warming three times faster than in the 20th century.

An illustration of most of Earth’s ice features, including the ice sheet.

CONSEQUENCES OF ICE SHEET MELTING:

• The melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet has serious implications for coastal regions around the world, including India.
• A sea-level rise of this magnitude could be devastating for millions of people living in vulnerable coastal cities.
• It can lead to increased risks of flooding, erosion, and displacement.

WHAT IS AN ICE SHEET?

• Ice sheets are the massive masses of glacial ice that cover more than 50,000 square kilometers of land.
• The two major ice sheets in the world today are the Greenland ice sheet and the Antarctica ice sheet.

    Antarctica ice mass variation since 2002

• Ice Sheet Impact on Sea Level:
  • When ice sheets lose mass, they contribute to a rise in global mean sea level.
  • Conversely, when they gain mass, they contribute to a fall in global mean sea level.
  • This provides context for understanding the significance of the West Antarctic ice sheet’s melting.

• How Ice Sheets Melt?
• • In the case of the West Antarctic ice sheet, warm ocean waters melt the ice shelves, which are the edges of the ice sheet floating on the ocean.
  • This can lead to the destabilization of land-based glaciers behind them, causing them to flow faster and discharge more ice into the ocean.

CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION:

• Despite the bleak findings, the study emphasizes that the melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet is just one contributor to sea-level rise and one impact of climate change.
• We have reached the point where some impacts of climate change can no longer be avoided, and substantial ice loss in West Antarctica is probably one of them.
• There are many other impacts which we can still avoid or limit: like the loss of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, or the severity of heatwaves, droughts, and extreme rainfall.
• It underscores the importance of continued efforts to mitigate the impacts of climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/ice-sheet-melt-west-antarctica-9006179/

5. WRIT PETITION AGAINST GOVERNOR

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Tamil Nadu government has moved a writ petition in the Supreme Court against Governor R.N. Ravi.

EXPLANATION:

• The petition alleges that the Governor’s actions, particularly the delay in clearing crucial bills and government orders, are creating a “constitutional deadlock”.
• Governor’s actions are disrupting the day-to-day governance of the state.
• The writ petition filed in the Supreme Court seeks to address the perceived delays and inactions by the Governor.
• The government requests the court to declare these actions as unconstitutional, illegal, arbitrary, and malafide exercise of power.

CONSTITUTIONAL CONFLICT:

• The Tamil Nadu government sees a growing conflict between the elected government and the Governor, leading to an impasse.
• The government contends that the Governor’s inactions have created a situation where he is positioned as a political rival to the elected government.
• Specific Issues Raised:
  • These issues include the delay in granting approval for prosecutions and investigations into corruption cases involving public servants.
  • The delayed approval of bills passed by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.
• The Tamil Nadu government is asking the Supreme Court to set a specific deadline or “outer time limit” within which the Governor should consider pending bills and government orders.

ALLEGATIONS OF POLITICALLY MOTIVATED CONDUCT:

• The petition accuses the Governor of engaging in “politically motivated conduct” by denying sanctions for investigations into corruption cases despite evidence.
• It cites instances where the Supreme Court and the Madras High Court have approved inquiries that the Governor allegedly obstructed.
• A delegation of elected representatives, led by the State Law Minister, met with the President to seek her intervention in directing the Governor to act in accordance with the Constitution.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO THE GOVERNOR

• Article 153 says that there shall be a Governor for each State. One person can be appointed as Governor for two or more States.
• A Governor is appointed by the President and is a nominee of the Central Government.
  • It is stated that the Governor has a dual role.
  • He is the constitutional head of the state, bound by the advice of his Council of Ministers (CoM).
• He functions as a vital link between the Union Government and the State Government.
• Articles 157 and 158 specify eligibility requirements for the post of governor. A governor must:
  • Be a citizen of India.
  • Be at least 35 years of age.
  • Not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature.
  • Not hold any office of profit.
• Governor has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, etc. (Article 161).
• There is a CoM with the CM at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except some conditions for discretion. (Article 163).
• The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other Ministers (Article 164).
• Governor assents, withholds assent, or reserves the bill for the consideration of the President passed by the Legislative Assembly (Article 200).
• Governors may promulgate the Ordinances under certain circumstances (Article 213).
• Governor’s role:
  • The Governor holds a constitutional position and is expected to perform specific functions, including granting assent to bills passed by the state legislature and ensuring the proper functioning of state administration.
  • The Governor’s actions are perceived as a hindrance to these responsibilities.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-government-moves-supreme-court-against-governor-rn-ravi-over-delay-in-clearing-bills-101698730657484.html

1. CLOUD SEEDING

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, IITM Pune demonstrated that cloud seeding can produce rainfall.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE STUDY:

• IITM Pune conducted a cloud seeding experiment in Solapur city, which typically receives low rainfall due to its location on the leeward side of the Western Ghats.
• The experiment resulted in an 18% relative enhancement in rainfall, equivalent to approximately 8.67mm more rainfall over a two-hour period.
• The experiment, called Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX phase-4), used hygroscopic seeding in convective clouds and involved two aircraft for cloud parameter study and seeding.
• A total of 276 convective clouds were selected, with 150 seeded and 122 left unseeded.
• Seeded clouds produced more rainfall than unseeded ones, indicating the effectiveness of cloud seeding under suitable conditions.
• Calcium chloride flares were used for cloud seeding, targeting the base of warm convective clouds during their growing stage.
• Cloud seeding alone cannot mitigate droughts but can increase rainfall by 18%, partially addressing water requirements.
• The approximate cost of producing water through cloud seeding was 18 paisa per liter, which could decrease by over 50% if indigenous seeding aircraft were used.
• The study aims to provide protocols and technical guidance for cloud seeding in India, including the identification of target locations, suitable clouds for seeding, and effective strategies to enhance rainfall.
• Not all cumulus clouds produce rainfall when seeded, and the actual increase in rainfall was 18% over a 100 sq.km area.

WHAT IS CLOUD SEEDING?

• Cloud seeding is a weather modification technique that aims to change the amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds.
• It does so by dispersing substances into the air that serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei, which alter the microphysical processes within the cloud.
• Its effectiveness is debated; some studies have suggested that it is “difficult to show clearly that cloud seeding has a very large effect.”
• The usual objective is to increase precipitation (rain or snow), either for its own sake or to prevent precipitation from occurring in days afterward.

TYPES OF CLOUD SEEDING:

• Static seeding:
  • This involves introducing condensation nuclei into clouds that are already producing precipitation.
  • The condensation nuclei help water droplets to grow larger, which increases the likelihood of precipitation falling.

• Dynamic seeding:
• • This involves introducing ice nuclei into supercooled clouds.
  • Supercooled clouds are clouds that contain water droplets that are below freezing temperature but have not yet frozen.
  • The ice nuclei provide a surface for the water droplets to freeze on, which initiates the precipitation process.

METHODS OF EXECUTION:

• Cloud seeding can be done from the ground or from the air.
• Ground-based cloud seeding typically involves using generators to release silver iodide particles into the air.
• Air-based cloud seeding typically involves using aircraft to drop flares or generators into clouds.
• Cloud seeding is used in a variety of countries around the world, including the United States, China, Russia, and Australia.
• It is used for a variety of purposes, including:
  • Increasing precipitation in areas that are experiencing drought
  • Reducing the risk of hail damage
  • Suppressing fog
  • Increasing snowpack in mountain areas

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/iitm-pune-demonstrates-cloud-seeding-can-produce-rainfall/article67466334.ece

2. COP28 PRESIDENCY

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A new report from the 28th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP28) Presidency, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), and the Global Renewables Alliance was launched on the sidelines of a pre-COP event in Abu Dhabi.

EXPLANATION:

• It emphasized the need to triple renewable energy capacity for power generation and double energy efficiency by 2030 to limit global temperature increases to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• Emissions Reduction Goals:
  • The report stresses that in the next seven years, 22 gigatonnes of greenhouse gases must be cut to keep the 1.5°C target within reach.
  • It emphasized the necessity of phasing down fossil fuels responsibly.

• Renewable Energy Expansion:
  • The report calls for a significant increase in renewable energy capacity.
  • By 2030, installed renewable power generation capacity should grow more than threefold from 3,382 GW in 2022 to 11,174 GW.

• Solar and Wind Growth:
  • The report highlights the need for substantial increases in solar photovoltaic capacity to over 5,400 GW from 1,055 GW in 2022.
  • Increase in wind installations to exceed 3,500 GW (3,040 GW onshore and 500 GW offshore) from 899 GW in 2022.

• Hydropower Expansion:
  • Global installed hydropower capacity (excluding pumped hydro) must grow by nearly 17% from the 2022 level, reaching 1,465 GW by 2030.

• Variable Renewable Energy:
  • To meet the 2030 target, the share of variable renewable energy (solar PV and wind power) needs to increase from 10% of total electricity generated in 2021 to 46% by 2030.

• Energy Efficiency:
  • The report also underscores the need to double the global annual rate of energy intensity improvement by 2030 compared to current levels.
  • It focused on technical energy efficiency improvements and smart electrification strategies.

• Carbon Emission Reduction:
  • While Nationally Determined Contributions and low greenhouse gas emission development strategies may be implemented, they are projected to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by only 6% in 2030 compared to 2022 levels.

• Grid Modernization and Investment:
  • Grid modernization and expansion, as well as investment in renewable power generation, are crucial.
  • Annual average investment in renewable power generation must increase from $486 billion in 2022 to $1,300 billion by 2030.

• Global Financial Support:
  • The report suggests reforming the global financial architecture to support the energy transition in the Global South.
  • It also suggests to increase funding from multilateral development banks and a redirection of public capital from fossil fuels to renewable energy.

• Infrastructure and Cooperation:
• • The report calls for cross-sector infrastructure planning, increased cross-border cooperation, and the development of regional power grids to meet energy efficiency and emissions reduction goals.

THE INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AGENCY (IRENA):

• It is an intergovernmental organization that supports countries in their transition to renewable energy.
• It is the global hub for renewable energy cooperation and information exchange, and it provides state-of-the-art data and analyses on technology, innovation, policy, finance, and investment.
• IRENA was founded in 2009 and is headquartered in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
• It has 168 member countries and the European Union.
• India is the 77th Founding Member of IRENA.
• IRENA’s mission is to promote the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar, and wind energy.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/renewable-energy/cop28-presidency-triple-renewable-energy-capacity-double-energy-efficiency-by-2030-to-limit-global-warming-92548

3. WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per the latest World Energy Outlook report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), Global emissions are on track to raise temperatures by around 2.4 degrees Celsius under existing policy settings.

EXPLANATION:

• The report highlights the urgency of accelerating the transition to clean energy and the need for balanced investments in various sectors.
• It also metions the impact of this transition on fossil fuels and the complex geopolitical and supply chain implications.
• Additionally, it addresses specific energy challenges faced by India.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• Global Emission and Temperature Projections:
  • The report indicates that current policies and those under development could lead to a temperature increase of approximately 2.4°C.
  • This is concerning as it exceeds the 1.5°C target set by the Paris Agreement.
  • The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) also noted a likely increase of 3.2°C by 2100 under existing policies.

• Peak in Fossil Fuel Demand:
  • The most striking revelation is the prediction of a peak in fossil fuel demand by the end of the decade.
  • This includes coal, oil, and natural gas, with factors such as the rise of electric vehicles contributing to the shift.

• Investment Requirements:
  • The report emphasizes the need for increased energy investments, with estimates ranging from $3.2 trillion to $4.7 trillion by 2030.
  • Most of these investments are currently favoring clean energy and infrastructure, with significant funds diverted from fossil fuels.

• Balanced Mix of Investments:
  • The report recommends a balanced mix of investments that goes beyond solar, wind, and electric vehicles.
  • It highlights the importance of investing in infrastructure, grid expansion, low-emission fuels, and carbon capture technologies.

• Clean Energy Investment Challenges:
  • Scaling up clean energy investments in emerging markets and developing economies outside of China is a challenge, with financial constraints and high project costs being obstacles.
  • The report suggests stronger domestic policies and global assistance to reduce investment risks.

• Energy and Mineral Security Concerns:
  • As the energy sector transforms, there may be concerns regarding supply concentration and mineral shortages for clean energy technologies.
  • The IEA suggests increasing investment in mining and extractive processes but acknowledges the associated risks.

• Geopolitical Implications:
• • The report highlights the importance of political and commercial ties in managing energy supply and demand.
  • It notes that the shift towards cleaner energy sources reduces reliance on fossil fuel-producing states and can destabilize economies that fail to diversify away from fossil fuels.

INDIA’S ENERGY OUTLOOK:

• India’s energy landscape has undergone significant changes, with progress in power generation and clean cooking access.
• However, rising energy demand, especially for cooling due to increasing air conditioner ownership, presents challenges.
• India’s energy consumption is expected to lead to higher emissions, and there are concerns about the nation’s solar module manufacturing capacity.

INDIA’S ENERGY OUTLOOK

IEA’S PROPOSED ENERGY AMBITIONS:

• As the world heads to COP28, the IEA proposes five key energy ambitions:
  • tripling renewable capacity,
  • doubling energy efficiency progress,
  • reducing methane emissions from fossil fuels by 75%,
  • increasing clean energy investment in emerging economies, and
  • ensuring an orderly decline in fossil fuel use.

THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA)

• It is an intergovernmental organization that works to ensure reliable, affordable, and clean energy.
• It was founded in 1974 to ensure the security of oil supplies.
• It was created in response to the 1973-1974 oil crisis when an oil embargo by major producers pushed prices to historic levels and exposed the vulnerability of industrialised countries to dependency on oil imports.
• It consists of 31 member countries and eleven association countries.
• In March 2017, India joined the IEA as an Association country and deepened its ties with the Agency.
• A candidate country to the IEA must be a member country of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

The IEA’s work is focused on the following key areas:

• Energy security:
  • The IEA works to help countries mitigate risks to their energy supplies and ensure that they have access to reliable and affordable energy.

• Energy efficiency:
  • The IEA works to help countries reduce their energy consumption and improve energy efficiency.

• Clean energy transition:
  • The IEA works to help countries transition to a clean energy future by supporting the deployment of renewable energy technologies and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector.

• International cooperation:
• • The IEA works to promote international cooperation on energy issues and to build consensus on energy policies.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/climate-change/iea-world-energy-outlook-2023-fossil-fuel-demand-to-peak-by-2030-urgent-investment-shift-needed-92538

4. AKHAURA-AGARTALA INTERNATIONAL RAIL LINK

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The successful completion of the first trial run of a goods train between Bangladesh and Tripura marks a significant development in the Indo-Bangla international railway project between Akhaura in Bangladesh and Agartala in India.

EXPLANATION:

• Historical Significance:
  • Akhaura used to be the railway link for Agartala during the colonial era.
  • The revival of this rail link has historical significance and will enhance connectivity between the two regions.

• International Cooperation:
  • This project represents the collaboration and cooperation between India and Bangladesh.
  • It will help in improving transportation and trade links.
  • It’s a tangible example of regional cooperation.

• Economic Benefits:
  • The railway link will have economic implications, facilitating the movement of goods and passengers.
  • Reducing travel time between Agartala and Kolkata via Dhaka from 31 hours to 10 hours can significantly boost trade and connectivity.

• Challenges Overcome:
  • The project faced delays due to land acquisition issues and the COVID-19 pandemic, but its successful trial run is a positive sign that these challenges are being addressed.

• Border Connectivity:
  • The railway link is crucial for Tripura, which shares a long international border with Bangladesh.
  • This connection provides an alternative route for travel and trade, reducing dependence on Assam and West Bengal for road connectivity.

• Potential for Passenger Trains:
  • While goods trains are expected to start soon, the introduction of passenger trains will require formalities to be observed by both Indian and Bangladeshi railway authorities.

• Regional Integration:
  • Improved rail connectivity contributes to regional integration and fosters people-to-people contact.
  • It has the potential to enhance tourism and cultural exchanges.

• Cost and Investment:
• • The project’s estimated cost is significant, but it represents a long-term investment in infrastructure that can have far-reaching economic and social benefits.
• Overall, the successful trial run of the goods train is a positive step toward improving cross-border rail connectivity and fostering regional cooperation between India and Bangladesh.
• It holds promise for trade, travel, and economic development in the region.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/akhaura-agartala-international-rail-link-trial-run-goods-train-bangladesh-tripura-9006052/

5. INFORMATION COMMISSIONS

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court expressed its dissatisfaction with the failure of states and the Union government to fill the vacancies in Information Commissions across the country.

EXPLANATION:

• The bench comprising Chief Justice DY Chandrachud, Justice JB Pardiwala, and Justice Manoj Misra was hearing a petition concerning the large number of vacancies in the information commissions set up under the Right to Information (RTI) Act.

The petitioners highlighted the commission-wise status of vacancies which is as follows:

• Central Information Commission (CIC) is currently functioning without a Chief and has 7 vacancies with only 4 commissioners working. All the 4 commissioners are set to retire their by November 6, 2023 following which the CIC will become defunct.
• Maharashtra SIC is without a Chief and functioning with only 4 commissioners even though more than 1,15,000 appeals/complaints are pending.
• Jharkhand SIC has been completely defunct since May 2020 and no appeals/complaints are being registered or disposed for the last three years.
• Tripura SIC has been defunct for more than 2 years since July 2021.
• Telangana SIC has been defunct since February 2023 even though more than 10,000 appeals/complaints are pending.
• There are many examples like this that has been presented by the petitioners.

JUDGEMENT BY THE SUPREME COURT:

• The Supreme Court emphasized that the failure to fill these positions defeats the purpose of the RTI Act.
• This Act is a crucial tool for citizens to access government information, and vacancies in the Information Commissions can lead to delays and hinder the right to information.
• The Supreme Court directed the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) to prepare a chart detailing the number of vacancies and pending appeals/complaints in all the commissions.
• It also ordered the central and state governments to take immediate action to fill these vacancies.
• It also highlighted issues such as commissions operating without a Chief, significant backlogs of appeals and complaints, and some commissions being entirely defunct for extended periods.
• The matter is scheduled to be heard by the Supreme Court after three weeks, indicating that the Court is taking the issue seriously and expects prompt action.
• The Supreme Court’s directive addressed the critical role of Information Commissions in upholding the right to information and the need for timely appointments to ensure their effective functioning.

PREVIOUS SUPREME COURT JUDGMENT:

• A 2019 judgment by the Supreme Court in Anjali Bhardwaj and Ors v. Union of India:
  • It called for the timely filling of vacancies in the Central Information Commission (CIC) and State Information Commissions (SICs).
  • Despite this judgment, the vacancies had not been filled, resulting in a backlog of cases and delays.

CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSION (CIC):

• It was established by the Central Government in 2005, under the provisions of the Right to Information Act (2005). It is not a constitutional body.
• The Commission consists of a Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten Information Commissioners.
• They are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee consisting of the Prime Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.
• The Chief Information Commissioner and an Information Commissioner shall hold office for such term as prescribed by the Central Government or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
• They are not eligible for reappointment (as per the amendments made in RTI Act, 2005 in 2019).

POWER AND FUNCTIONS OF CIC:

• It is the duty of the Commission to receive and inquire into a complaint from any person regarding information requested under RTI, 2005.
• The Commission can order an inquiry into any matter if there are reasonable grounds (suo-moto power).
• While inquiring, the Commission has the powers of a civil court in respect of summoning, requiring documents etc.

STATE INFORMATION COMMISSION:

• It is constituted by the State Government.
• It has one State Chief Information Commissioner (SCIC) and not more than 10 State Information Commissioners (SIC).
• SIC has to be appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the Appointments Committee headed by the Chief Minister.

SOURCE: https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/rti-act-will-become-dead-letter-supreme-court-directs-states-union-to-fill-vacancies-in-information-commissions-241201

1. THE GIR COW

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Under the Rashtriya Gokul Mission, only the Gir indigenous cow breed is being promoted.

WHY GIR IS BEING PROMOTED UNDER RGM:

• There are a number of reasons why only the Gir indigenous cow breed is being promoted under the Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM).
• High milk yield:
  • The Gir cow is known for its high milk yield, which can reach up to 18-20 liters per day.
  • It one of the most productive indigenous cow breeds in India.

• Hardiness:
  • The Gir cow is a very hardy breed and is well-suited to the harsh climatic conditions of India.
  • It is also resistant to a number of diseases.

• Adaptability:
  • The Gir cow is also very adaptable to different climates and feed conditions.
  • This makes it a good choice for farmers in different parts of India.

• Demand:
• • There is a high demand for Gir milk and Gir cattle in India and abroad.
  • So, it a profitable breed for farmers to raise.
  • The RGM is focused on increasing milk production and improving the income of farmers.
  • The promotion of the Gir cow breed is seen as one of the most effective ways to achieve these goals.

DRAWBACKS OF PROMOTING ONLY GIR COW UNDER RGM:

• Reduced adaptability:
  • The Gir cow is a breed that is well-suited to the climate of Gujarat, but it may not be as well-suited to other parts of India.
  • This could lead to problems for farmers who raise Gir cows in areas where the climate is different.

• Increased susceptibility to diseases:
  • The Gir cow is more susceptible to certain diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease and lumpy skin disease.
  • This could increase the cost of raising Gir cows and make farmers more vulnerable to losses.

• Reduced genetic diversity:
• • The promotion of a single breed of cow can lead to a decrease in genetic diversity.
  • It will make the cattle population more vulnerable to diseases and pests.

RASHTRIYA GOKUL MISSION (RGM):

• It is under the ambit of Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying.
• RGM is being implemented for development and conservation of indigenous bovine breeds since December 2014.
• The scheme is important in enhancing milk production and productivity of bovines to meet growing demand of milk and making dairying more remunerative to the rural farmers of the country.
• The scheme is also continued under umbrella scheme Rashtriya Pashudhan Vikas Yojna from 2021 to 2026 with a budget outlay of Rs.2400 crore.
• The RGM will result in enhanced productivity and benefit of the programme, percolating to all cattle and buffaloes of India especially with small and marginal farmers.
• This programme will also benefit women in particular since over 70% of the work involved in livestock farming is undertaken by women.

OBJECTIVES OF THE RGM:

• To enhance productivity of bovines and increasing milk production in a sustainable manner using advance technologies.
• To propagate use of high genetic merit bulls for breeding purposes.
• To enhance Artificial insemination coverage through strengthening breeding network and delivery of Artificial insemination services at farmers doorstep.
• To promote indigenous cattle & buffalo rearing and conservation in a scientific and holistic manner.

COMPONENTS OF RGM:

• Availability of High genetic Merit Germplasm
  • Bull Production Programme
  • Support to semen stations: Strengthening of existing semen stations.
  • Implementation of IVF Technology
  • Breed Multiplication Farms
• Extension of Artificial Insemination Network
  • Nationwide AI programme
  • Using sex sorted semen for getting assured pregnancy
  • Implementation of National Digital Livestock Mission (Livestack)

• Skill Development
• Farmers Awareness
• Research Development and Innovation in Bovine Breeding
• Development and Conservation of indigenous Breeds
  • Assistance to Gaushalas, Gosadans and Pinjarapoles
  • Administrative expenditure/ operation of Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/only-the-gir-indigenous-cow-breed-is-being-promoted-under-rashtriya-gokul-mission-here-is-why-92366

2. AUTOMATED PERMANENT ACADEMIC ACCOUNT REGISTRY (APAAR)

TAG: GS 2: GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: To create the Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry (APAAR), a new student identity card, state governments requested schools to seek parental consent.

EXPLANATION:

• It is a part of the ‘One nation, One Student ID’ initiative of the Union government, stemming from the new National Education Policy of 2020.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF APAAR?

• It is envisioned as a special ID system for all students in India, starting from childhood.
• Under the initiative, each student would get a lifelong APAAR ID, making it easy for the learners, schools, and governments to track academic progress from pre-primary education to higher education.
• It would also serve as a gateway to Digilocker, a digital system where students can store their important documents and achievements, and use them in the future for, say, pursuing higher education or finding a job.

WHAT IS THE NEED TO INTRODUCE?

• The goal behind introducing APAAR is to make education hassle-free and reduce the need for students to carry physical documents.
• This initiative was launched as part of the National Education Policy 2020 by the Education Ministry.
• The vision is to create a positive change, allowing state governments to track literacy rates, dropout rates, and more, helping them make improvements.
• APAAR also aims to reduce fraud and duplicate educational certificates by providing a single, trusted reference for educational institutions.
• Only first party sources that issue certificates will be allowed to deposit credits into the system, ensuring authenticity.

HOW DOES THE GOVERNMENT ENVISION APAAR ID TO WORK?

• Every individual will have a unique APAAR ID, which will be linked to the Academic Bank Credit (ABC), which is a digital storehouse that contains information of the credits earned by students throughout their learning journey.
• With the APAAR ID, students would be able to store all their certificates and credits, whether they come from formal education or informal learning.
• When a student completes a course or achieves something, it’s digitally certified and securely stored in her account by authorised institutions.
• If the student changes schools, whether within the state or to another state, all her data in the ABC gets transferred to her new school just by sharing the APAAR ID. No need to provide physical documents or transfer certificates.

CONCERNS REGARDING APAAR:

• Parents and students have concerns about sharing their Aadhar details because they worry that their personal information could be leaked to outside parties.
• The government says that the information shared by students will be kept confidential.
• It will not be shared with any third party except for entities engaged in educational activities, such as the Unified District Information System for Education Plus or the UDISE+ database.
  • It is the government’s catalogue that contains data related to schools, teachers and students, scholarships, maintenance academic records, educational institutions and recruitment agencies.
• At any given time, students have the option to stop sharing their information with the mentioned parties, and their data processing will be halted.
• However, any personal data already processed will remain unaffected if consent is withdrawn.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/one-nation-one-student-id-apaar-explained-9000086/

3. ANAMALAI TIGER RESERVE (ATR)

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: A committee headed by Anamalai Tiger Reserve (ATR) field director visited the enclosure at the Manthirimattam reserve forest area of the Manamobolly forest range to assess the progress of the rewilding of a sub-adult tiger.

EXPLANATION:

• The committee assessed the health of the tiger and analysed CCTV footage to know the hunting talents of the sub-adult tiger.
• The committee also discussed:
  • The selection of sites where the tiger could be released in future,
  • The fixing of a radio-collar during the release of the tiger, and
  • Constituting a squad to monitor the animal after its release.
• The tiger was rescued from a tea estate near Valparai in September 2021.
• It is claimed that the committee would submit a detailed report to the Chief Wildlife Warden, after which a decision will be taken on releasing the animal into the wild.

WHAT IS REWILDING?

• Rewilding is a conservation strategy used to promote biodiversity in ecosystems by reintroducing plant and animal species that have been driven out, largely due to humans.
• Bringing these species back into a certain environment can help struggling ecosystems self-regulate and return to their natural processes.
• For many conservationists, or those who work to protect and preserve the natural environment, rewilding is as much an activity of the heart as of the land.

ANAMALAI TIGER RESERVE (ATR):

• Anamalai Tiger Reserve was declared as a Tiger reserve in the year 2007.
• There are two Divisions and six ranges in this Reserve.
• The ranges found in this reserve include Amaravathi and Udumalpet falling in Thiruppur Division and Pollachi, Ulandy, Valparai and Manamboli in Pollachi Division.
• It is located on the southern side of the South Western Ghat landscape.
• It is surrounded by Parambikulum Tiger Reserve on the East, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary and Eravikulum National Park on the South Western side.
• The reserve is also surrounded by Nenmara, Vazhachal, Malayattur and Marayur reserved forests of Kerala.
• The Kariyan shola, Grass hills and Manjampatti of Anamalai Tiger Reserve has been identified as a world heritage site by the UNESCO.

FLORA:

• Around 2500 species of angiosperms are found in the Anamalai Tiger Reserve, with several species of Balsam, Crotalaria, Orchids and Kurinchi.
• The reserve is rich in wild relatives of cultivated species like mango, jackfruit, wild plantain etc.

FAUNA:

• The reserve supports several species of endangered wild animals.
• There are 70 species of fishes, more than 70 species of amphibians, 120 species of reptiles, 300 species of birds and 80 species of mammals.
• The important mammals include: Asiatic elephant, Sambar, Spotted deer, Barking deer, Mouse deer, Gaur, Nilgiri tahr etc.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/committee-assesses-progress-of-tamil-nadus-first-tiger-rewilding-programme/article67462247.ece/amp/

4. GREEN HYDROGEN

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: As per a study by environmental and energy think-tank, Climate Risk Horizons (CRH), India’s plans to produce ‘green hydrogen’ might end up worsening pollution if proper checks and balances are not in place.

EXPLANATION:

• India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission, piloted by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) expects to manufacture five million tonnes by 2030.
• It would require the installation of renewable energy capacity worth 125 GW and the use of 250,000 gigawatt-hr units of power, equivalent to about 13% of India’s present electricity generation.
• As of August 2023, India’s total renewable energy (RE) capacity (excluding hydropower dams bigger than 25 MW) stood at 131 GW; the 2030 green hydrogen plan thus envisages adding an equivalent RE capacity by 2030.
• This is over and above the 500 GW of RE capacity that India has committed to install by 2030 as part of its Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement.
• India installed only 15 GW of new solar and wind capacity in 2023, against the 45 GW per year needed to reach the 2030 target.

COAL-BASED POWER USAGE:

• The MNRE has defined green hydrogen as hydrogen produced in a way that emits no more than 2 kg of carbon dioxide per kg of such hydrogen.
• Currently, producing 1 kg of ‘grey hydrogen’ ends up emitting 9 kg of carbon dioxide.
• The main concern is that if electrolysers, which split water to produce hydrogen and oxygen, were run 24×7, they would be expected to operate even at night when no solar power is available.
• This would then mean tapping into conventional coal-fired electricity.
• If electricity comes from India’s coal-powered grid in general, it will increase carbon emissions, since about 70% of the electricity on the grid is coal.
• Most projects have not disclosed their source of electricity. It is also not clear if those few projects that have committed to meet 100% of their requirement from these sources.

COSTLY DIVERSION:

• Another challenge is that India’s standards allow the use of biomass which also results in carbon emissions when burnt for the production of green hydrogen.
• Moreover, diverting scarce renewable energy capacity towards the production of green hydrogen might mean inadequate clean electricity being made available for consumers.
• India’s ambitious renewable energy target of 450 GW by 2030 already requires huge investment.
• The green hydrogen mission will require an additional 125 GW of RE.
• The MNRE needs to guard against the risk that finance for RE projects that would otherwise decarbonise the electricity grid will instead be diverted to produce green hydrogen.
• This would delay India’s journey to net zero, undermine a nascent industry, and deny States and electricity consumers the cost benefits that cheap renewable energy has to offer.
• Several large power utilities in India have announced ambitious plans to scale up green hydrogen production.
• The Centre’s green hydrogen mission has committed nearly ₹20,000 crore to develop and expand the industry.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/indias-green-hydrogen-mission-runs-risk-of-pollution-sans-accounting-study/article67462156.ece

5. REFERENCE FUEL

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY, GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Indian Oil launches country’s first reference fuel.

EXPLANATION:

• The Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) launched India’s first gasoline and diesel reference fuels to meet the demand of the country.
• These fuels have higher specifications, are critical for calibrating and testing by automobile manufacturers and testing agencies like the International Centre for Automotive Technology (ICAT) and the Automotive Research Association of India.
• These reference fuels are used by automobile manufacturers for testing vehicles and ensuring their operability under various global climatic conditions.
• These are essential for the development of engines and the assessment of vehicle performance.
• These reference fuels are required by automobile manufacturers to meet international benchmarks.

REDUCING DEPENDENCE ON IMPORTS: 

• India has relied on imports for decades to meet the demand for these specialized fuels. These indigenously developed products will replace imports ensuring a reliable supply at lower cost for vehicle manufacturers and testing agencies.
• The production of these specialized reference fuels by Indian Oil aims to reduce India’s dependence on imports from European and US companies.

DOMESTIC DEMAND AND EXPORT POTENTIAL: 

• The current demand for gasoline reference fuel in India is approximately 120 kilo litre (KL) per annum, while the demand for diesel reference fuel is around 15 KL per annum.
• Indian Oil intends to fully meet the domestic demand and also explore the possibility of exporting these fuels in the future by expanding its production capacity.

GOVERNMENT’S VISION:

• The production of these reference fuels aligns with the Indian government’s vision of “AtmaNirbhar Bharat” or self-reliant India, as promoted by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
• It signifies a step toward reducing reliance on imports and enhancing domestic capabilities.

SOURCE: https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/indian-oil-launches-countrys-first-reference-fuel-to-fully-meet-domestic-demand-11604911.html

1. EVOLUTION OF UNITED NATIONS

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The Charter of the United Nations is the founding document of the United Nations. It was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945.

EXPLANATION:

• The United Nations was founded amid a period of turmoil in international relations. The Second World War (1939-45) had just ended, coming a few years after the devastation caused by the First World War (1914-18).

THE BIRTH OF THE UNITED NATIONS:

• The United Nations (UN) was born on October 24, 1945, in the wake of World War II.
• The war had devastated much of the world and left millions of people dead. The leaders of the Allied powers were determined to prevent such a catastrophe from happening again.
• On August 14, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter, which set out the principles of a post-war world order based on peace, security, and cooperation.
• In 1942, 26 countries signed the Declaration by United Nations, which pledged to fight together against the Axis powers and to establish a new international organization to maintain peace and security.
• In 1944, representatives of 50 nations attended the founding conference in San Francisco, where they drafted the UN charter.
• The required number of nations ratified the charter on October 24, 1945 (officially United Nations Day).
• The Charter was finalized at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco, California, in 1945.
• The Charter was signed by 51 countries on June 26, 1945, and came into force on October 24, 1945.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE UN:

• While at the time of its formation, the UN consisted of only 51 member states.
• Independence movements and de-colonisation in the subsequent years led to an expansion of its membership. At present, 193 countries are members of the UN.
• The UN boasts of several significant achievements in the last 75 years.
• It has also expanded its scope to cover a large number of global issues such as health, environment, women empowerment, among others.
• Soon after its formation, it passed a resolution to commit to the elimination of nuclear weapons in 1946.
• In 1948, it created the World Health Organisation (WHO) to deal with communicable diseases like smallpox, malaria, HIV.
• At present the WHO is the apex organisation dealing with the coronavirus pandemic.
• In 1950, the UN created the High Commissioner for Refugees to take care of the millions who had been displaced due to World War II.
• It continues to be on the frontlines of crises faced by refugees from countries across the world.
• In 1972, the UN environment programme was created.

FAILURES OF THE UN:

• The UN has also met with its share of criticisms.
• In 1994 the organisation failed to stop the Rwandan genocide.
• In 2005, UN peacekeeping missions were accused of sexual misconduct in the Republic of Congo, and similar allegations have also come from Cambodia and Haiti.
• In 2011, the UN peacekeeping mission in South Sudan was unsuccessful in eliminating the bloodshed caused by the civil war that broke out in 2013.
• Further, the UN has been seen as unrepresentative of its members, particularly countries in the Global South.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/united-nations-founded-history-1945-evolution-explained-8997530/

2. MIGRATION TO OECD COUNTRIES

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: As per the ‘International Migration Outlook 2023, India saw the highest migration flows to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in 2021 and 2022.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• India replaced China as the main country of origin of new migrants to OECD countries in 2020.
• In 2021, for the second consecutive year, India, with 0.41 million new migrants, was the top country of origin.
• China, with 0.23 million new migrants, was at a distant second, followed by Romania with around 200,000 new migrants.
• In terms of nationalities, 0.13 million Indian citizens acquired the nationality of an OECD country in 2021.
• As in previous years, these acquisitions took place mostly in the United States (56,000), Australia (24,000) and Canada (21,000).
• Mexico again ranked second in 2021, with 0.19 million Mexicans granted nationality of another OECD country, virtually all of them becoming US citizens.
• Inflows of refugees from Ukraine reached the highest level on record, OECD-wide, due to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war.
• In terms of workers, migration flows from India (+172 per cent), Uzbekistan (+122 per cent) and Turkey (+240 per cent) rose sharply, making them primary countries of origin after Ukraine.
• It pointed out that policy responses to displacement directly and indirectly impacted by climate change have been gaining interest from policy makers and the international community.
• Few OECD countries have introduced explicit policies to respond to climate-induced displacement.
  • In April 2023, Colombia’s Congress began discussing a bill to recognise climate-induced displacement, the first of its kind in Latin America.
  • Adopting a broad definition of climate-displaced people, it sought to prioritise access to housing, health services and education and to establish a national register of climate-displaced people.
  • The bill has received approval in the first of four rounds of discussion required to pass.

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OUTLOOK 2023:

• It is published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
• The 2023 edition of International Migration Outlook analyses recent developments in migration movements and the labour market inclusion of immigrants in OECD countries.
• It also analysed recent policy changes in migration governance and integration in OECD countries.
• This edition includes two special chapters on the labour market integration of migrant mothers and on fertility patterns among migrant populations in OECD countries.
• The Outlook also includes country notes and a detailed statistical annex.

ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD):

• It is a group of 38 member countries that discuss and develop economic and social policy.
• The most recent country to join the OECD is Costa Rica, which became a member on May 25, 2021.
• Members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) are typically democratic countries that support free-market economies.
• The stated goal of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is to shape policies that foster prosperity, equality, opportunity and well-being for all.
• The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was established on Dec. 14, 1960, by 18 European nations, plus the United States and Canada.
• The organization is headquartered in the Chateau de la Muette in Paris, France.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/nearly-half-a-million-indians-migrated-to-oecd-countries-in-2021-report-92454

3. GHOST PARTICLE DETECTOR

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: China is building an enormous telescope called “Trident” in the western Pacific Ocean to detect “ghost particles”, also known as neutrinos.

GHOST PARTICLES/ NEUTRINOS:

• To understand what a ghost particle or neutrino is, firstly, understand the importance of atoms.
• Atoms make up our universe. Anything that has mass is made up of atoms.
• For a long time, scientists thought atoms were the smallest particle in existence before discovering “subatomic” particles: protons (which have a positive charge), electrons (negative charge) and neutrons (no charge).
• Neutrinos are a type of electron but, like neutrons, they do not have any charge.
• They are among the most abundant and tiniest particles in our universe with trillions of neutrinos passing through you at any given second.
• Neutrinos were long believed to be massless, until scientists found evidence that they do have a very small mass.
• Neutrinos’ weak charge and almost non-existent mass have made them notoriously difficult for scientists to observe. They can only be “seen” when they interact with other particles.
• The rarity of interactions with other particles makes them almost impossible to track. That’s why they’re called ghost particles.

HOW DO SCIENTISTS DETECT GHOST PARTICLES?

• Ghost particles rarely interact with other particles.
• China is building its ghost molecule telescope underwater because they interact with water molecules.
• Scientists have observed ghost particles in fleeting instances when the particles create byproducts after traveling through water or ice.
• These “muons” create flashes of light that can be detected by sophisticated underwater telescopes and offer one of the few ways to study the energy and source of neutrinos.
  • Muons are similar to electrons but weigh more than 207 times as much. The muon is part of the lepton group.
• The largest neutrino-detecting telescope is the University of Madison-Wisconson’s “IceCube” telescope.
• Situated deep in the Antarctic, the telescope’s sensors span around 1 cubic kilometer. Whereas China telescope will span 7.5 cubic kilometers in the South China Sea.
• Scientists say that its size will allow it to detect more neutrinos and make it “10,000 times more sensitive” than existing underwater telescopes.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/china-largest-ghost-particle-detector-neutrinos-explained-8997219/

4. DOKLAM CONFLICT

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: India has cautioned Bhutan against compromising on the Doklam corridor under Chinese pressure as talks between Bhutan and China to settle their boundary disputes gain momentum.

EXPLANATION:

• Bhutan and China held their 25th round of boundary talks on August 18-19, 2023, in Beijing, China. The talks were the first in seven years, after the previous round was held in 2016.
• The talks were led by Bhutan’s Foreign Minister and China’s Vice Foreign Minister.
• Both sides agreed to expedite the boundary demarcation process and to work towards a comprehensive settlement of the boundary dispute.
• China also pushed for full diplomatic ties with Bhutan during the talks. However, Bhutan has so far resisted Chinese pressure to establish formal diplomatic relations.

BACKGROUND:

• The Kingdom of Bhutan and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) have never formally demarcated their 470-kilometre (292 mi) border, which has been disputed since the 17th century.
• Since 1984, both sides have held 24 rounds of formal talks in an attempt to resolve the dispute, but no solution has been reached.
• The Chinese government claims the Doklam Plateau as its territory, while the Bhutanese and Indian government’s claim it as a part of Bhutan.
• In June 2017, a Chinese construction team began building a road near Bhutan’s Doklam Plateau.
• The Bhutanese government objected to the construction, stating that it was violating Bhutan’s sovereignty.
• The Indian government also objected to the construction, stating that it was a violation of the trijunction agreement between India, China, and Bhutan.
• The two sides engaged in a standoff for over two months, before the Chinese government withdrew its troops in August 2017.
• The Doklam issue remains unresolved, and both sides continue to assert their claims to the territory.
• The issue is sensitive because it involves the strategic Siliguri Corridor, which connects India’s northeast to the rest of the country.
• The Chinese government could potentially use its control of Doklam to threaten the Siliguri Corridor and cut off India’s northeast from the rest of the country.

INDIA’S INVOLVEMENT

• India has a long history of supporting Bhutan’s territorial integrity.
• India also has a strategic interest in the Doklam Plateau, as it overlooks the Siliguri Corridor.
• In 2017, India intervened in support of Bhutan when China began building a road near the Doklam Plateau.
• India sent troops to deter China from continuing the construction.
• The Indian government has stated that it is committed to upholding the trijunction agreement between India, China, and Bhutan.

Doklam is important to India for a number of reasons:

• First, it provides India with a strategic advantage over China.
• The Doklam plateau overlooks the Siliguri Corridor, a narrow strip of land that connects India’s northeast with the rest of the country.
• China could potentially use its control of Doklam to threaten the Siliguri Corridor and cut off India’s northeast from the rest of the country.
• Second, Doklam is a key transit point for trade between India and Bhutan.
• India is Bhutan’s largest trading partner, and Doklam is a major route for goods that travel from India to Bhutan.
• If China were to control Doklam, it could disrupt this trade and damage the Bhutanese economy.

CHINA’S INVOLVEMENT

• The Chinese government claims the Doklam Plateau as its territory.
• China has stated that it is willing to negotiate with Bhutan to resolve the boundary dispute, but China has also stated that it will not give up its claims to the Doklam Plateau.
• The Chinese government has accused India of interfering in the boundary dispute between China and Bhutan.
• China has also stated that India’s presence in the Doklam Plateau is a violation of Chinese sovereignty.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bhutan-china-want-deal-on-boundaries-soon/article67455065.ece

5. FAST RADIO BURSTS (FRB)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT:  Scientists have measured the most distant fast radio burst named “FRB 20220610A” ever detected: an 8-billion-year-old pulse that has been travelling for more than half the lifetime of the universe.

FAST RADIO BURSTS (FRB):

• FRBs are enigmatic millisecond-duration bursts of radio waves that originate from galaxies billions of light-years away.
• Their origin is still a mystery, but scientists believe that they may be produced by neutron star mergers, supernovae, or other cataclysmic events.
• FRB 20220610A was discovered using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope.
• ASKAP’s wide field of view allowed the astronomers to pinpoint the location of the burst to within a few arcseconds.
• Follow-up observations with the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile revealed that the source of FRB 20220610A is a faint galaxy that is 8 billion light-years away.
• This makes FRB 20220610A the most distant FRB ever detected, and the oldest FRB ever seen.

IMPLICATIONS OF THE DISCOVERY OF FRB 20220610A:

• FRBs can occur in a wide range of environments.
  • FRB 20220610A was detected in a faint galaxy, which is different from the majority of FRBs that have been detected so far.
  • This suggests that FRBs can occur in a wider range of environments than previously thought.

• FRBs may be more common than previously thought.
  • This is because FRB 20220610A is the most distant FRB ever detected, and therefore the hardest to see.
  • The fact that astronomers were able to detect FRB 20220610A suggests that there could be many more FRBs out there that have not yet been detected.

• FRBs can provide new insights into the early universe.
• • FRB 20220610A is estimated to be 8 billion light-years away, which means that the light from the burst began traveling to Earth when the universe was only half its current age.
  • This makes FRB 20220610A the oldest FRB ever seen.
  • By studying FRBs like FRB 20220610A, astronomers can learn more about the early universe and the conditions that existed at that time.

FUTURE RESEARCH ON FRBS:

• Astronomers are now continuing to study FRBs using a variety of telescopes and instruments. It is hoped that more can be known about the origin of FRBs, their evolution, and their role in the universe.
• One of the key goals of future FRB research is to identify the specific objects that produce FRBs. This will help scientists to better understand the physics of FRBs and their role in the universe.
• Another key goal of future FRB research is to use FRBs to probe the interstellar medium and the intergalactic medium.
• FRBs can travel through space relatively unhindered, so they can be used to study the distribution of matter in the universe.
• FRBs are a new and exciting area of research. By studying FRBs, astronomers can learn more about the universe and the objects that exist within it.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/scientists-trace-powerful-radio-signal-to-most-distant-galaxy-yet/article67453491.ece

THE CONTEXT: In August, 2023, the central government had issued an order imposing licensing requirements on the imports of laptops, tablets and other devices with immediate effect. However, after the criticism, the government subsequently deferred the deadline for the implementation of the licencing requirement.

MORE ON THE NEWS

• Import restrictions have been imposed under HSN Code 8471 on seven categories of electronic gadgets, including laptops, tablets, all-in-one personal computers and ultra-small computers and servers.
• The Harmonized System of Nomenclature (HSN) classifies products for taxation purposes. HSN Code 8471 identifies devices for data processing.
• The rationale for the move was ostensibly two-fold:

1. To provide a fillip to domestic manufacturing
2. To curb imports from China

ISSUES IN IMPOSING LICENSING ON IMPORTS:

• Fear of license Raj: The move raised the concern of the government marching back to the era of the infamous licence permit raj. Such a regime could lead to the imposition of import quotas and increase the room for bureaucratic discretion pushing back the Indian economy.
• Lack of competitiveness: This move can lead to monopolisation of trade and economy as government controlled production and protected workers and businesses lack competitiveness and tends to produce low-quality products.
• Impact on global trading system: This move will likely impact the global trading system and be seen to be violative of international trade commitments. WTO has ruled that this can undermine the rules-based global trading system. For instance, at a recent meeting of the World Trade Organisation, countries like the US, China, South Korea and Taiwanraised concerns over this move.
• Wrong policy approach: This is not the first instance of such policy approach. Earlier also, proposal as bringing credit card spending outside the country under the liberalised remittance scheme raised concerns. This shows the signs of a command-and-control economy when the state machinery exercised greater control over every aspect of the economy.

What was the ‘Licence Raj’?

• “Licence Raj”, also known as “Permit Raj” or the “Licence-Permit Raj,” is a term used for a system of government that adhered to strict rules, regulations and control over the Indian economy.
• Under this system, businesses in the country required licences to operate with high restrictions where state decides the quantity of production, market price as well as the course of the capital.
• The central belief behind the system was that India needed to rely on its own markets, become self-sustaining and self-sufficient and Import substitution was at the centre of this form of policy.

Status of India’s imports:

• According to Ministry of Commerce and Industry data, the import bill for electronic goods in 2022-23 was $8,786 million. Imports from China alone were worth $5,118 million.
• As per a report from think tank Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI), India’s imports from China are predominantly focused on 3 key product categories – electronics, machinery, and organic chemicals.

GOVERNMENT REACTION

• Modified its position: After the criticism, the government modified its position on the issue. Government rolled out an import management system for IT hardware, which includes laptops and computers. Under the new system, companies will only have to register and reveal data that relates to their imports and the country of origin. There are carve-outs for special economic zones, hardware that is essential for capital goods, among others. However, companies in the “denied entity list” will not receive authorisation for imports.
• Boost domestic manufacturing : The Government asserts that this step is taken to make India self-reliant and as bid to checkmate the rapid Chinese incursion into the Indian electronic devices market. The government has indeed identified electronics manufacturing as a key priority area for the country’s future growth ambitions and hopes to attract investments from global electronic corporations and cited example of Production Linked Incentive 2.0 scheme.
• Internal security: Government has raised concern that hardware from ‘non-trusted’ sources could come with ‘built-in security loopholes’ endangering sensitive personal and enterprise data. This move will curb imports from China and ensure citizen’s security.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Structural changes: For boosting domestic manufacturing there is a need for bringing structural changes like building on infrastructure and supply chain by bringing in high financing costs and putting in required skills.
• Strengthen existing government policies: There is a need for proper implementation of existing government policies like Make in India and production-linked incentive scheme to boost manufacturing.
• Research and development: A key element of the self-reliance move includes a strong push for reforms across sectors. For this, the ecosystem for research and development needs to be strengthened.
• Conducive environment: A more prudent approach would involve creating a more conducive environment for development of a strong and vibrant manufacturing ecosystem. The policy framework must be geared towards ensuring greater openness and more freedom to operate.

THE CONCLUSION: The recent attempt to impose licensing requirements in the IT sector could have opened the door to similar licensing requirements in other sectors.  This could have  widened the scope for bureaucratic discretion, leading to avoidable uncertainty. But the government has taken the right step in keeping the decision in abeyance.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels. (2021)

Q.2 Account for the failure of the manufacturing sector in achieving the goal of labour-intensive exports rather than capital-intensive exports. Suggest measures for more labour-intensive rather than capital-intensive exports. (2017)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.1 Can the imposition of a license on the import of electronic devices boost the domestic manufacturing industry in India? Analyse and give your view.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/on-licence-raj-in-laptop-imports-government-does-well-to-reconsider-8992859/#:~:text=In%20August%2C%20the%20central%20government,to%20curb%20imports%20from%20China

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the G20 expert panel on strengthening Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) has discussed the need to shift the MDB’s focus from financing individual projects to prioritising programmes. This development  has once again brought the issue of reform in MDBs into the  forefront.

WHAT ARE MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS?

• Multilateral Development Banks are institutions whose members include multiple developed and developing countries, which have to fulfill certain lending obligations to facilitate developmental objectives.
• They provide financing and technical assistance to countries and organisations undertaking projects across sectors including transport, energy, urban infrastructure, and waste management.
• Usually, developed countries in MDBs contribute to the lending pool, while developing countries primarily borrow from these institutions to fund development projects.
• MDBs include the World Bank Group, the Asian Development Bank, the African Development Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, etc.

NEED FOR REFORMING WITHIN MDBS

• Climate crisis: The G20 expert group cites the issue of climate crisis that there is a lack mechanisms for mitigation of crisis, especially in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs).
• Existing perception of MDBs: The expert group also notes that the existing perception and practices of MDBs have adversely impacted their engagement with the private sector. MDBs are often seen as possessing bureaucratic hurdles which deters the private sector from being more involved in assisting with financing.
• Outdated framework of MDBs: The current legal and institutional framework of MDBs is outdated and inadequate to deal with the rapid changes and complexities of the current global order.
• Inefficient resource: MDBs face resource constraints in meeting the increasing demands for development financing. The current funding levels are not sufficient to address the scale of challenges faced by developing countries.

MDBs AND INDIA

• As a leader of global south: India, as a leader and partner of the Global South, has a stake and a role in shaping the reforms of MDBs to make them more responsive and effective in addressing these issues and opportunities.
• As a major beneficiary, India is also a major borrower and beneficiary of MDBs, especially the World Bank Group and the Asian Development Bank. India has received loans and grants from these institutions for various sectors such as infrastructure, health, education, agriculture, etc. MDBs have played a crucial role in India’s development journey by financing key infrastructure projects with longer gestation periods.
• As a contributor: India is also a contributor and shareholder of MDBs. India has provided capital and resources to these institutions to support their operations and lending capacity. India has also participated in their governance and decision-making

THE WAY FORWARD:

• To better deal with global challenges: According to the expert group, a reformed MDB ecosystem can equip stakeholders to better deal with global challenges in effective ways. Therefore, MDBs should operate more in sync with the developmental priorities of individual nations.
• Private sector role: Given that MDBs need to ramp up financing to $390 billion by 2030, the private sector can play a pivotal role in making that happen by reversing the current trend of disappointingly low private financial flows to EMDEs.
• Achieving SDG: According to the expert group, MDBs should focus their operations  financial as well as analytical on helping national governments to create and operationalise their respective country platforms for the highest priority sustainable development goals (SDG).
• Promoting Inclusive Growth and Shared Prosperity: MDBs can help Middle-income countries (MICs) address the challenges by supporting policies and programs that enhance productivity, competitiveness and

THE CONCLUSION:  MDBs are facing several challenges and limitations that affect their relevance and performance in the changing global context. Therefore, there is a need to reform and strengthen MDBs to make them more responsive and effective in addressing the emerging challenges and opportunities.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 India has recently signed to become a founding member of the New Development Bank (NDB) and also the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). How will the role of the two Banks be different? Discuss the strategic significance of these two Banks for India. (2014)

Q.2 The World Bank and the IMF, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Institutions, are the two inter-governmental pillars supporting the structure of the world’s economic and financial order. Superficially, the World Bank and the IMF exhibit many common characteristics, yet their role, functions and mandate are distinctly different. Elucidate. (2013)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q. Discuss the challenges faced by the Multilateral Development Banks in mobilizing the resources. What steps can be taken to address these challenges? Explain.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/reforms-proposed-world-bank-multilateral-development-8990139/

1. THE SIENA GALAXY ATLAS (SGA)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, astronomers have created a stunning atlas of nearly 400,000 galaxies in the cosmic neighbourhood of the Milky Way, aptly named the Siena Galaxy Atlas (SGA).

THE SIENA GALAXY ATLAS (SGA):

• This remarkable feat was achieved using data from three astronomical surveys conducted between 2014 and 2017 at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) and Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO), collectively known as the DESI Legacy Surveys.
• The cosmic atlas is a digital atlas that was created to get to know our universe better through several of the known galaxies.
• NGC 520 is one of the largest and brightest galaxies in the Siena Galaxy Atlas. It is made of two disk galaxies that will eventually merge together to form one massive system.
• A selection of 42 galaxies from the Siena Galaxy Atlas illustrates the tremendous range of galaxy types, sizes, colours and surface brightness profiles, internal structure, and environments of the galaxies in the SGA.
• IC 4212 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Virgo. It is situated close to the celestial equator, meaning it is at least partly visible from both hemispheres in certain times of the year.

HOW IS IT DIFFERENT FROM OTHER ATLASES?

• It is dependent on state-of-the-art digital images captured by advanced technology, unlike previous atlases which relied on antiquated equipment and photographic plates.
• As it is built on the images captured with highly sensitive instruments, it boasts of having the most accurate data.
• It is also the first cosmic atlas to feature the light profiles of galaxies - a curve that describes how the brightness of the galaxy changes from its brightest point to its dimmest.

HOW DOES IT CONTRIBUTE TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE?

• Comprehensive and detailed view of nearby galaxies:
  • The SGA provides a comprehensive and detailed view of nearly 400,000 galaxies in the cosmic neighbourhood of the Milky Way.
  • This is a significant increase over previous atlases, which typically included only a few thousand galaxies.
  • The SGA’s large sample size allows astronomers to study the statistical properties of galaxies in more detail, and to identify rare or unusual objects.

• High-quality data:
  • The SGA is based on high-quality digital images captured with highly sensitive instruments.
  • This results in much higher data quality than previous atlases, which were often based on photographic plates.
  • The SGA’s high-quality data allows astronomers to make more accurate measurements of the sizes, shapes, colours, and luminosities of galaxies.

• Publicly available data:
• • The SGA is freely available to the public online, anyone can access and use the data for their own research or educational purposes.
  • The SGA’s public availability will help to democratize astronomy and encourage more people to participate in the scientific process.

SOURCE: https://www.universetoday.com/163807/astronomers-release-a-cosmic-atlas-of-380000-galaxies-in-our-neighborhood/

2. MANUAL SCAVENGING

TAG: GS 2: GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court has issued a landmark ruling ordering the central and state governments to completely eradicate manual scavenging, a dehumanizing practice that has trapped individuals in inhumane conditions for generations.

EXPLANATION:

• The ruling comes in response to a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) against manual scavenging and underscores the need for a comprehensive effort to eradicate this deplorable practice.
• The petition has highlighted that people were still dying in sewers though the practice was banned with the introduction of the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993 and the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013.
• The court’s decision stipulates significant compensation for the families of those who lose their lives while cleaning sewers.
• Under the new guidelines, the next of kin of individuals who die during sewer cleaning operations will receive Rs 30 lakh in compensation.
• Those who sustain permanent disabilities while engaging in sewer cleaning will be awarded a minimum compensation of Rs 20 lakh, and up to Rs 10 lakh can be provided for other injuries.
• The court has issued a total of 14 directives to both central and state governments, focusing on the effective implementation of the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act of 2013.
• In its ruling, the court emphasized the importance of rehabilitating victims of manual scavenging and their families.
• The court directed the government to provide scholarships and skill development training to help victims transition to new livelihoods.
• The Supreme Court also reminded the Union and State governments of their duty to eliminate manual scavenging, as discrimination based on factors such as caste, race, or religion is strictly prohibited under the Constitution.
• The court asserted that genuine fraternity and dignity are fundamental values crucial to the well-being of society.
• To prevent sewer-related deaths, the government agencies must collaborate and coordinate their efforts.
• The high courts have been encouraged to monitor such cases closely. The Supreme Court has scheduled further monitoring of this matter for February 1, 2024.

PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT AS MANUAL SCAVENGERS AND THEIR REHABILITATION ACT, 2013:

• It is wider in scope and importance, acknowledging the urgency of rehabilitating manual scavengers.
• The act seeks to prohibiting manual scavenging in all forms and ensures the rehabilitation of manual scavengers to be identified through a mandatory survey.

KEY FEATURES OF THE ACT:

• Prohibits the construction or maintenance of insanitary toilets.
• Prohibits the engagement or employment of anyone as a manual scavenger and violations could result in a years’ imprisonment or a fine of INR 50,000 or both.
• Prohibits a person from being engaged or employed for hazardous cleaning of a sewer or a septic tank.
• Offences under the Act are cognizable and non-bailable.
• Calls for a survey of manual scavengers in urban and rural areas within a time-bound framework.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/union-states-duty-bound-to-the-pledge-to-completely-eradicate-manual-scavenging-sc/article67443328.ece

3. SUBSIDIARY BODY ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE (SBSTTA)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the 25th meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA-25) in Nairobi, Kenya came with recommendations that would help Parties move from “agreement to action” after the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) in Dec 2022.

EXPLANATION:

• The outcome is important considering that only six years remain to ensure that the targets of the Framework are achieved.
• The major agenda of the meeting was to develop a monitoring mechanism for progress, and the implication of the recently completed assessments of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES); and the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  • The latest IPBES report pointed out the role invasive species play in extinction of plants and animals.
  • The Methodological Assessment Report on the Diverse Values and Valuation of Nature; and the Thematic Assessment Report on the Sustainable Use of Wild Species by IPBES were also discussed.
  • Findings from IPCC AR6, suggested that climate change is the main driver of the loss of biodiversity.
  • The biodiversity provides capacity to nature to support climate adaptation, resilience, mitigation and disaster risk reduction were discussed too.

FINDINGS OF THE MEETING:

• Need for urgent action to address the biodiversity crisis:
  • The meeting noted that the current rate of biodiversity loss is unprecedented in human history, and that this loss is having a significant impact on human well-being and the economy.

• The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) provides a clear roadmap for action:
  • The meeting welcomed the adoption of the KMGBF and noted that the Framework provides a comprehensive set of goals and targets for addressing the biodiversity crisis.
  • The meeting recommended to develop and implement robust monitoring and reporting systems to track progress towards the goals and targets of the KMGBF.

• Increasing financial and technical support for biodiversity conservation:
  • Current levels of funding for biodiversity conservation are far below what is needed to achieve the goals of the KMGBF.
  • Increasing financial and technical support for biodiversity conservation is recommended by the COP.

• Building the capacity of stakeholders to implement the KMGBF:
  • Many stakeholders, including government officials, local communities, and the private sector, will need support to implement the KMGBF.
  • Mainstreaming biodiversity into all relevant sectors, such as agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and energy.

• Raising public awareness about the importance of biodiversity:
• • Public awareness of the biodiversity crisis is low, and that this needs to be addressed in order to build support for conservation efforts.

SUBSIDIARY BODY ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE (SBSTTA):

• It is established as an open-ended intergovernmental scientific advisory body as per the Article 25 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
• It is a committee of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
• The COP is the highest decision-making body of the CBD, and it is composed of representatives of all Parties to the Convention.
• SBSTTA is responsible for providing scientific and technical advice to the COP on matters relating to the implementation of the CBD.
• In 1994, India along with other countries adopted the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
  • It is an international treaty which focuses on three main goals:
  • conservation of biological diversity,
  • sustainable use of its components, and
  • the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/sbstta-25-delegates-move-forward-on-recommendations-to-implement-kunming-montreal-global-biodiversity-framework-92409

4. INS IMPHAL

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY

THE CONTEXT: Yard 12706 (Imphal), the third Project 15B stealth guided missile destroyer was delivered to the Indian Navy on 20 October, 2023.

INS IMPHAL:

• The Project is a follow-on of the Kolkata class (Project 15A) destroyers commissioned in the last decade.
• It is designed by the Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau (WDB) and built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd, Mumbai.
• This ship is a hallmark of indigenous shipbuilding and is amongst the most technologically advanced warships in the world.
• The ship was constructed using indigenous steel DMR 249A.
• It is a guided missile destroyer with a displacement of 7,400 tons and an overall length of 164 meters.
• Imphal is a potent and versatile platform equipped with state-of-the-art weapons and sensors, including surface-to-air missiles, anti-ship missiles and torpedoes.
• Powered by a Combined Gas and Gas Propulsion Plant (COGAG), comprising four gas turbines, she is capable of achieving speeds in excess of 30 knots (56 km/h).
• The ship boasts of a high indigenous content of approximately 75% that includes Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missiles (BEL, Bangalore), BrahMos Surface-to-Surface Missiles (BrahMos Aerospace, New Delhi), Indigenous Torpedo Tube Launchers (Larsen & Toubro, Mumbai), Anti-Submarine Indigenous Rocket Launchers (Larsen & Toubro, Mumbai) and 76mm Super Rapid Gun Mount (BHEL, Haridwar).
• The delivery of Imphal is an affirmation of the impetus being given by the Government of India and the Indian Navy towards ‘Aatma Nirbhar Bharat’.
• The induction of the destroyer is a tribute to the collaborative efforts of large number of stake holders and would enhance the maritime prowess of the country in the Indian Ocean Region.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-imphal-indias-first-warship-with-accommodation-for-women-staff-delivered-4-months-ahead-of-schedule/article67442738.ece

5. REGIONAL RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM (RRTS)

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Prime Minister recently inaugurated the priority section of the Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS Corridor at Sahibabad RapidX Station in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

EXPLANATION:

REGIONAL RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM (RRTS):

• It will be known as NaMo Bharat.
• It is India’s first semi-high-speed regional rail service project.
• It is constructed by the National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC), which is a joint venture company of the Central government and the governments of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
• It is indigenously manufactured with a designed speed potential of 180 kmph and operational speed potential of 160 kmph.
• It is a new rail-based, semi-high-speed, high-frequency commuter transit system with a design speed of 180 kmph.
• A total of eight RRTS corridors have been identified for development in the National Capital Region, out of which three corridors have been prioritised to be implemented in Phase-I — Delhi Ghaziabad Meerut, Delhi-Gurugram-SNB-Alwar and Delhi-Panipat.
• The priority section of the RRTS Corridor between Sahibabad and Duhai Depot has five stations — Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Guldhar, Duhai and Duhai Depot.
  • The foundation stone for the Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut corridor was laid by Prime Minister Modi on March 8, 2019.
  • The Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS being developed at a cost of more than Rs 30,000 crore.
  • It will connect Delhi to Meerut in less than an hour of travel time going through the urban centres of Ghaziabad, Muradnagar, and Modinagar.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RRTS:

• RRTS being developed in the country, is a state-of-the-art regional mobility solution and is comparable to the best in the world.
• It will provide safe, reliable and modern intercity commuting solutions in the country.
• In line with PM GatiShakti National Master Plan, the RRTS network will have extensive multi-modal integration with Railway stations, Metro stations, Bus services etc.
• Such transformative regional mobility solutions will
  • Boost economic activity in the region;
  • Provide improved access to employment, education &
  • Healthcare opportunities; and
  • Help in the significant reduction of vehicular congestion & air pollution.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-rrts-trains-to-be-known-as-namo-bharat/article67441377.ece