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Question 1 of 5
1. Question
1. ‘Chirped Pulse Amplification’ technique is commonly associated with which one of the following?
Correct
Answer: A
Explanation
Chirped pulse amplification (CPA) is a technique for amplifying an ultrashort laser pulse up to the petawatt level, with the laser pulse being stretched out temporally and spectrally, then amplified, and then compressed again. The stretching and compression uses devices that ensure that the different color components of the pulse travel different distances.
Gerard Mourou, French physicist, was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize for Physics for his invention of chirped pulse amplification (CPA) technique.
In April 2024, a research centre in Romania, part of the European Union’s Infrastructure Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) project, developed the world’s most powerful laser using the Chirped pulse amplification technique.
Numerous industrial and medical applications have been demonstrated using high intensity, ultrashort laser pulses. Unlike traditional laser materials processing, in which lasers are used to melt materials to cut, drill, weld, mark, etc., with ultrashort-pulse lasers light interacts with materials on a time scale much shorter than thermal processes can occur. As a result cuts are much more precise with less collateral damage from heat, making this type of processing ideal for high precision work and surgical applications.Incorrect
Answer: A
Explanation
Chirped pulse amplification (CPA) is a technique for amplifying an ultrashort laser pulse up to the petawatt level, with the laser pulse being stretched out temporally and spectrally, then amplified, and then compressed again. The stretching and compression uses devices that ensure that the different color components of the pulse travel different distances.
Gerard Mourou, French physicist, was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize for Physics for his invention of chirped pulse amplification (CPA) technique.
In April 2024, a research centre in Romania, part of the European Union’s Infrastructure Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) project, developed the world’s most powerful laser using the Chirped pulse amplification technique.
Numerous industrial and medical applications have been demonstrated using high intensity, ultrashort laser pulses. Unlike traditional laser materials processing, in which lasers are used to melt materials to cut, drill, weld, mark, etc., with ultrashort-pulse lasers light interacts with materials on a time scale much shorter than thermal processes can occur. As a result cuts are much more precise with less collateral damage from heat, making this type of processing ideal for high precision work and surgical applications. -
Question 2 of 5
2. Question
2. Consider the following statements:
Statement-I: Y chromosomes are generally referred to as the ‘dark matter’ of the genome.
Statement-II: It is difficult to sequence Y chromosomes because of its unique pattern in the sequence.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?Correct
Answer: C
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: Y chromosomes are known as dark matter of the genome because of the large number of repetitive patterns of junk DNA which resemble Y chromosomes.
Statement 2 is incorrect: It is the repetitive pattern of Y chromosomes which make it hard to sequence. Obviously, if a pattern is unique in sequence, then it would be very easy to decipher the pattern. Moreover, the Y chromosome also contains palindromes — sequences of letters that are the same backward and forward, which makes it even tougher to sequence.
More about chromosomes
● In the nucleus of a human cell, each DNA molecule is packaged into a long thread-like structure called chromosome.
● Most human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
● One half of each pair of chromosomes comes from one parent, while the other half comes from the other parent.
● The 23rd pair are X and Y chromosomes, often called as sex chromosomes.
● The other 22 pairs are called autosomes.
● Females have a pair of X chromosomes, whereas males have X and Y chromosomes.Incorrect
Answer: C
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: Y chromosomes are known as dark matter of the genome because of the large number of repetitive patterns of junk DNA which resemble Y chromosomes.
Statement 2 is incorrect: It is the repetitive pattern of Y chromosomes which make it hard to sequence. Obviously, if a pattern is unique in sequence, then it would be very easy to decipher the pattern. Moreover, the Y chromosome also contains palindromes — sequences of letters that are the same backward and forward, which makes it even tougher to sequence.
More about chromosomes
● In the nucleus of a human cell, each DNA molecule is packaged into a long thread-like structure called chromosome.
● Most human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
● One half of each pair of chromosomes comes from one parent, while the other half comes from the other parent.
● The 23rd pair are X and Y chromosomes, often called as sex chromosomes.
● The other 22 pairs are called autosomes.
● Females have a pair of X chromosomes, whereas males have X and Y chromosomes. -
Question 3 of 5
3. Question
3. With reference to air defence systems, consider the following statements:
1. Exoatmospheric air defence is more sophisticated than endoatmospheric air defence.
2. Air defence systems are more effective in intercepting ballistic missiles than cruise missiles.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?Correct
Answer: B
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect: Exoatmospheric air defence has a range of beyond 50 km to up to 350 km generally. So, it is easier to intercept missiles at a very high altitude as compared to the possibility of intercepting them when missiles come close as is the case with endoatmospheric air defence systems which typically work in the range of 15-50 km. Thus, the endoatmospheric air system is more sophisticated than the exoatmospheric system. In India, Prithvi Air Defence is exoatmospheric with a range of 50-80 km and Advance Air Defence is endoatmospheric with a range of 15-50 km.
Statement 2 is correct: Generally Air Defence Systems are designed to target ballistic missiles as they are easy to target since they have fixed trajectory and enter into the atmosphere from a very large altitude. Compared to this, cruise missiles operate at a very low trajectory and they are equipped with relevant stealth technologies to fool the radar system. Thus, they are difficult to intercept. Moreover, Air Defence Systems are synonymous with Ballistic Missiles Defence Systems (BMDS).Incorrect
Answer: B
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect: Exoatmospheric air defence has a range of beyond 50 km to up to 350 km generally. So, it is easier to intercept missiles at a very high altitude as compared to the possibility of intercepting them when missiles come close as is the case with endoatmospheric air defence systems which typically work in the range of 15-50 km. Thus, the endoatmospheric air system is more sophisticated than the exoatmospheric system. In India, Prithvi Air Defence is exoatmospheric with a range of 50-80 km and Advance Air Defence is endoatmospheric with a range of 15-50 km.
Statement 2 is correct: Generally Air Defence Systems are designed to target ballistic missiles as they are easy to target since they have fixed trajectory and enter into the atmosphere from a very large altitude. Compared to this, cruise missiles operate at a very low trajectory and they are equipped with relevant stealth technologies to fool the radar system. Thus, they are difficult to intercept. Moreover, Air Defence Systems are synonymous with Ballistic Missiles Defence Systems (BMDS). -
Question 4 of 5
4. Question
4. With reference to Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology, consider the following statements:
1. It allows launching of multiple warheads to possibly evade the missile defence systems of the enemy.
2. The warheads used in fully functional MIRV-enabled missiles are generally smaller than those in conventional missiles.
3. India has become the first country in Asia to demonstrate this technology.
How many of the above statements are correct?Correct
Answer: B
Explanation
In March 2024, India entered a small club of countries capable of delivering multiple nuclear warheads on a single missile which was integrated with the Agni-V missile.
Statement 1 is correct: There are basically two prime reasons for integrating MIRV technology in any missile system. They are:
● Enhance offensive capabilities by deploying multiple warheads it can engage at a time
● Possibly evade and fool the air defence system as deployment of multiple warheads independently makes it significantly more challenging to defend against compared to traditional missiles
Statement 2 is correct: A fully functional MIRV technology incorporates nuclear warhead miniaturisation which means multiple smaller warheads are mounted on a single missile for maximum damage. Thus, smaller warheads are integrated as compared to the one used in conventional missile systems.
Statement 3 is incorrect: India is the third country in Asia after Russia and China to have successfully demonstrated this technology.Incorrect
Answer: B
Explanation
In March 2024, India entered a small club of countries capable of delivering multiple nuclear warheads on a single missile which was integrated with the Agni-V missile.
Statement 1 is correct: There are basically two prime reasons for integrating MIRV technology in any missile system. They are:
● Enhance offensive capabilities by deploying multiple warheads it can engage at a time
● Possibly evade and fool the air defence system as deployment of multiple warheads independently makes it significantly more challenging to defend against compared to traditional missiles
Statement 2 is correct: A fully functional MIRV technology incorporates nuclear warhead miniaturisation which means multiple smaller warheads are mounted on a single missile for maximum damage. Thus, smaller warheads are integrated as compared to the one used in conventional missile systems.
Statement 3 is incorrect: India is the third country in Asia after Russia and China to have successfully demonstrated this technology. -
Question 5 of 5
5. Question
5. With reference to the deployment of airbags in case of collision of vehicles, consider the following statements:
1. Gyroscope is used as a sensor to detect the collision of the vehicle.
2. The airbags are filled with oxygen gas to protect occupants of the vehicle.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?Correct
Answer: D
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect: Accelerometer is used as a sensor to detect the collision of vehicles and not gyroscopes. An accelerometer sensor is a tool that measures the acceleration of any body or object in its instantaneous rest frame whereas Gyro sensors can detect changes in rotation angle per unit of time. Thus, gyro sensors are used in aeroplanes, mobiles etc.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The airbags are filled with nitrogen gas and not oxygen gas as nitrogen is non-reactive whereas oxygen is highly reactive. So, in case if there is spark within the occupants’ chamber, then nitrogen gas will not cause any further damage whereas oxygen gas will surely increase the spark into flame which may be highly fatal.Incorrect
Answer: D
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect: Accelerometer is used as a sensor to detect the collision of vehicles and not gyroscopes. An accelerometer sensor is a tool that measures the acceleration of any body or object in its instantaneous rest frame whereas Gyro sensors can detect changes in rotation angle per unit of time. Thus, gyro sensors are used in aeroplanes, mobiles etc.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The airbags are filled with nitrogen gas and not oxygen gas as nitrogen is non-reactive whereas oxygen is highly reactive. So, in case if there is spark within the occupants’ chamber, then nitrogen gas will not cause any further damage whereas oxygen gas will surely increase the spark into flame which may be highly fatal.
