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Day-587
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Question 1 of 5
1. Question
1. Consider the following pairs:
Stem Cell Types – Features
1. Totipotent Stem Cells – Development of different types of cells in the body.
2. Stromal Stem Cells – Treat various diseases.
3. Pluripotent Stem Cells – Differentiate into various types of stem cells.
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?Correct
Answer: A
Explanation
Stem cells are special human cells that can develop into many different types of cells, from muscle cells to brain cells. Stem cells can repair damaged cells. These cells also have strong healing power.
• Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Totipotent stem cells are a type of embryonic stem cells. These stem cells can differentiate into all possible types of stem cells.
• Pair 2 is correctly matched: These are also known as Mesenchymal stem cells. These cells are mainly formed from the connective tissues surrounding other tissues and organs, known as the stroma. There are different stroma stem cells that are used to treat various diseases as they have been developed from different tissues of the human body.
• Pair 3 is incorrectly matched: Pluripotent stem cells can be either embryonic or adult stem cells. They further develop into different types of cells which make the human body. It is to be noted that there is a certain similarity between totipotent and pluripotent embryonic stem cells in terms of differentiation. However, pluripotent stem cells are not as versatile as totipotent stem cells as totipotent cells have the potential to divide until they create an entire organism. Pluripotent stem cells can divide into most, or all, cell types in an organism, but cannot develop into an entire organism on their own.Incorrect
Answer: A
Explanation
Stem cells are special human cells that can develop into many different types of cells, from muscle cells to brain cells. Stem cells can repair damaged cells. These cells also have strong healing power.
• Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Totipotent stem cells are a type of embryonic stem cells. These stem cells can differentiate into all possible types of stem cells.
• Pair 2 is correctly matched: These are also known as Mesenchymal stem cells. These cells are mainly formed from the connective tissues surrounding other tissues and organs, known as the stroma. There are different stroma stem cells that are used to treat various diseases as they have been developed from different tissues of the human body.
• Pair 3 is incorrectly matched: Pluripotent stem cells can be either embryonic or adult stem cells. They further develop into different types of cells which make the human body. It is to be noted that there is a certain similarity between totipotent and pluripotent embryonic stem cells in terms of differentiation. However, pluripotent stem cells are not as versatile as totipotent stem cells as totipotent cells have the potential to divide until they create an entire organism. Pluripotent stem cells can divide into most, or all, cell types in an organism, but cannot develop into an entire organism on their own. -
Question 2 of 5
2. Question
2. Consider the following statements:
Statement-I: Satellite-based internet is preferred in remote areas over optical fiber-based internet.
Statement-II: Satellite-based internet has a slower speed as compared to optical fiber-based internet.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?Correct
Answer: B
Explanation
Satellite Internet access or Satellite Broadband is Internet access provided through communication satellites. Modern consumer grade satellite Internet service is typically provided to individual users through geostationary satellites. Starlink (from SpaceX) has recently become available, and Project Kuiper (from Amazon) will also offer satellite internet service.
Statement 1 is correct: For people who live in remote rural areas, satellite internet is a good option. This is because of the high cost of infrastructure in laying optical fiber cable and other ground based infrastructure which is unviable in remote areas given low-population density.
Statement 2 is correct but is not the correct explanation of statement 1: Satellite internet has data limits and slower speeds than optical fiber-based internet. Satellite internet speeds range from 12–100 Mbps, which is enough speed for common online activities like emailing, browsing, and online schooling whereas optical fiber-based internet can offer speed upto 1000 Gbps and even more.Incorrect
Answer: B
Explanation
Satellite Internet access or Satellite Broadband is Internet access provided through communication satellites. Modern consumer grade satellite Internet service is typically provided to individual users through geostationary satellites. Starlink (from SpaceX) has recently become available, and Project Kuiper (from Amazon) will also offer satellite internet service.
Statement 1 is correct: For people who live in remote rural areas, satellite internet is a good option. This is because of the high cost of infrastructure in laying optical fiber cable and other ground based infrastructure which is unviable in remote areas given low-population density.
Statement 2 is correct but is not the correct explanation of statement 1: Satellite internet has data limits and slower speeds than optical fiber-based internet. Satellite internet speeds range from 12–100 Mbps, which is enough speed for common online activities like emailing, browsing, and online schooling whereas optical fiber-based internet can offer speed upto 1000 Gbps and even more. -
Question 3 of 5
3. Question
3. With reference to various types of fuel cells, consider the following statements:
1. Solid Oxide fuel cells operate at a very low temperature.
2. Alkaline solution is never used as electrolyte in any type of fuel cells.
3. Regenerative fuel cells can be used to produce hydrogen gas.
How many of the above statements are correct?Correct
Answer: A
Explanation
A fuel cell can be defined as an electrochemical cell that generates electrical energy from fuel via an electrochemical reaction. Fuel cells require a continuous supply of fuel and an oxidizing agent (generally oxygen) to sustain the reactions that generate the electricity. Therefore, these cells can constantly generate electricity until the supply of fuel and oxygen is cut off.
Types of Fuel cells:
1. Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
2. Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
3. Alkaline Fuel Cells
4. Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
5. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
6. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
7. Reversible Fuel Cells
• Statement 1 is incorrect: The operating temperatures of Solid Oxide Fuell cells are very high. It lies between 800 and 1000 degrees Celsius. Thus, they are limited to stationary applications due to their high operating temperatures.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: In alkaline fuel cells, an aqueous alkaline solution is used to saturate a porous matrix, which is in turn used to separate the electrodes. This was the fuel cell which was used as the primary source of electricity in the Apollo space program.
• Statement 3 is correct: A regenerative fuel cell or reverse fuel cell (RFC) is a fuel cell run in reverse mode, which consumes electricity to produce hydrogen and oxygen at different electrodes.Incorrect
Answer: A
Explanation
A fuel cell can be defined as an electrochemical cell that generates electrical energy from fuel via an electrochemical reaction. Fuel cells require a continuous supply of fuel and an oxidizing agent (generally oxygen) to sustain the reactions that generate the electricity. Therefore, these cells can constantly generate electricity until the supply of fuel and oxygen is cut off.
Types of Fuel cells:
1. Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
2. Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
3. Alkaline Fuel Cells
4. Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
5. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
6. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
7. Reversible Fuel Cells
• Statement 1 is incorrect: The operating temperatures of Solid Oxide Fuell cells are very high. It lies between 800 and 1000 degrees Celsius. Thus, they are limited to stationary applications due to their high operating temperatures.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: In alkaline fuel cells, an aqueous alkaline solution is used to saturate a porous matrix, which is in turn used to separate the electrodes. This was the fuel cell which was used as the primary source of electricity in the Apollo space program.
• Statement 3 is correct: A regenerative fuel cell or reverse fuel cell (RFC) is a fuel cell run in reverse mode, which consumes electricity to produce hydrogen and oxygen at different electrodes. -
Question 4 of 5
4. Question
4. Consider the following statements:
Statement-I: Pink Himalayan salt is a healthier alternative to white table salt.
Statement-II: Pink Himalayan salt is a potassium-based salt and does not elevate blood pressure.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?Correct
Answer: C
Explanation
• Statement 1 is correct: Pink Himalayan salt is harvested by hand from the Khewra Salt Mine in Pakistan. It’s minimally processed to provide a natural alternative to regular table salt. The natural harvesting process allows pink Himalayan salt to possess many other minerals and trace elements that are not found in regular table salt. Thus, it is a healthier alternative to regular table salt.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: Pink Himalayan salt contains slightly less sodium chloride than regular table salt. It is not the case that pink Himalayan salt is potassium-based salt. A teaspoon of pink Himalayan salt has about 1,680 milligrams of sodium, according to the USDA.Incorrect
Answer: C
Explanation
• Statement 1 is correct: Pink Himalayan salt is harvested by hand from the Khewra Salt Mine in Pakistan. It’s minimally processed to provide a natural alternative to regular table salt. The natural harvesting process allows pink Himalayan salt to possess many other minerals and trace elements that are not found in regular table salt. Thus, it is a healthier alternative to regular table salt.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: Pink Himalayan salt contains slightly less sodium chloride than regular table salt. It is not the case that pink Himalayan salt is potassium-based salt. A teaspoon of pink Himalayan salt has about 1,680 milligrams of sodium, according to the USDA. -
Question 5 of 5
5. Question
5. With reference to the recently launched XPoSat mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), consider the following statements:
1. It is the first dedicated space mission in the world to perform X-ray polarisation measurement.
2. Various space experiments will be conducted under the Mission from the geosynchronous orbit of the Earth.
3. It will study various dynamics of bright astronomical X-ray sources in extreme conditions.
How many of the above statements are correct?Correct
Answer: A
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect: XPoSat is the world’s second satellite-based mission dedicated to making X-ray polarimetry measurements. In 2021, NASA launched Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE). It has been designed to operate and perform X-ray polarisation measurements within the soft X-ray band (2 to 8 keV energy band).
Statement 2 is incorrect: The satellite will be placed in the Low Earth Orbit at 650km above the surface of the Earth to conduct various space-based experiments. Geosynchronous orbit is roughly 36000km above the surface of the Earth.
Statement 3 is correct: XPoSat (X-ray Polarimeter Satellite) is India’s first dedicated polarimetry mission to study various dynamics of bright astronomical X-ray sources in extreme conditions.
What is X-ray polarisation?
X-rays comprise electric and magnetic waves that are constantly in motion. Being sinusoidal waves, they do not follow a patterned direction of motion. Whereas, a polarised X-ray is both organised and has two waves vibrating in the same direction.
The emission mechanism from various astronomical sources such as black holes, neutron stars, active galactic nuclei, pulsar wind nebulae etc. originates from complex physical processes and are challenging to understand.
While the spectroscopic and timing information by various space-based observatories provide a wealth of information, the exact nature of the emission from such sources still poses deeper challenges to astronomers.
The polarimetry measurements add two more dimensions to our understanding, the degree of polarization and the angle of polarization and thus is an excellent diagnostic tool to understand the emission processes from astronomical sources.Incorrect
Answer: A
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect: XPoSat is the world’s second satellite-based mission dedicated to making X-ray polarimetry measurements. In 2021, NASA launched Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE). It has been designed to operate and perform X-ray polarisation measurements within the soft X-ray band (2 to 8 keV energy band).
Statement 2 is incorrect: The satellite will be placed in the Low Earth Orbit at 650km above the surface of the Earth to conduct various space-based experiments. Geosynchronous orbit is roughly 36000km above the surface of the Earth.
Statement 3 is correct: XPoSat (X-ray Polarimeter Satellite) is India’s first dedicated polarimetry mission to study various dynamics of bright astronomical X-ray sources in extreme conditions.
What is X-ray polarisation?
X-rays comprise electric and magnetic waves that are constantly in motion. Being sinusoidal waves, they do not follow a patterned direction of motion. Whereas, a polarised X-ray is both organised and has two waves vibrating in the same direction.
The emission mechanism from various astronomical sources such as black holes, neutron stars, active galactic nuclei, pulsar wind nebulae etc. originates from complex physical processes and are challenging to understand.
While the spectroscopic and timing information by various space-based observatories provide a wealth of information, the exact nature of the emission from such sources still poses deeper challenges to astronomers.
The polarimetry measurements add two more dimensions to our understanding, the degree of polarization and the angle of polarization and thus is an excellent diagnostic tool to understand the emission processes from astronomical sources.