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THE CONTEXT: In September 2023, the Parliament passed the historic Constitution (One Hundred and sixth Amendment) Bill also known as the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam. This Bill aims to reserve 33% of seats in the Lok Sabha, State Assemblies and the National Capital Territory of Delhi for women. The following article attempts to analyse this Bill(Now Act) and its repercussions on the Indian socio-political scene from UPSC perspective.

KEY ASPECTS OF THE 106^TH CAA, 2023

The Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, 2023 suggests modifying a single constitutional provision, Article 239AA, and adding three new articles: Articles 330A, 332A, and 334A.

Article 239AA (Amended)

• Article 239AA to the constitution grants special status to the Union Territory of Delhi as national capital with regards to its administrative and legislative functioning.
• Article 239AA(2)(b) was amended by the Act accordingly to add that the laws framed by parliament shall apply to the National Capital territory of Delhi.

Articles 330A

• The Act provided that reserved seats for women may be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in states or Union Territories for representation in the Lok Sabha.
• In the seats reserved for SCs/STs, the Act sought to provide one-third of the seats to be reserved for women on rotational basis.

Articles 332A

• The reservation of seats for women in every state Legislative Assembly.
• Additionally, one-third of the seats reserved for SCs and STs must be allocated for women, and one-third of the total seats filled through direct elections to the Legislative Assemblies shall also be reserved for women (Article 332).

Articles 334A

• The reservation will be effective after the census conducted after the commencement of this Act.
• Based on the census, delimitation will be undertaken to reserve seats for women.
• The reservation will be provided for a period of 15 years (Sunset Clause).
• However, it shall continue till such date as determined by a law made by Parliament.
• Provisions of this act shall not affect any representation in legislative assemblies and the Lok Sabha until their dissolution.

TRACING THE EVOLUTION OF RESERVATION FOR WOMEN IN LEGISLATURES

WHAT ARE THE ISSUES IN THE NARI SHAKTI VANDAN ADHINIYAM, 2023?

DELAYED IMPLEMENTATION AND ROTATIONAL MEMBERSHIP

• The Opposition has expressed concerns about linking the implementation of women’s reservation to the periodic delimitation exercise, which could cause significant delays in the quota’s enforcement.
• The decennial Census, originally scheduled for 2021 but delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, is yet to be conducted. This implies that the implementation of women’s reservation will likely be postponed for several years.
• The act provides for rotation of seats after every delimitation exercise as against after every general election to the Parliament/ State legislative assemblies.

OVERLOOKING WOMEN FROM OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES (OBCs)

• While there is reserved representation for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies, there isn’t a distinct reservation for OBCs, who constitute over 40% of the population.
• Two Lok Sabha members, Asaduddin Owaisi and Syed Imtiyaz Jaleel of the AIMIM, opposed the Bill because they felt it should include separate quotas for OBC and Muslim women, as both communities are underrepresented in Parliament and Legislative Assemblies.

AGAINST EQUALITY

• Idea of reservation runs counter to the principle of equality enshrined in the Constitution (Article 15), as women may not be competing on merit.
• There also is a concern that women who are nominated purely because of the reservation might not be as experienced or qualified as other candidates.

INSTRUMENTALIZATION OF WOMEN

• There’s a risk of women being used as political pawns, with male relatives or party leaders pulling the strings behind the scenes.
• In such cases, women may not have genuine agency and authority in decision-making.

LESS IMPACT ON POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN

• There are larger issues of electoral reforms such as criminalization of politics, internal democracy in political parties, etc., that might act as an impediment to political empowerment of women.
• Further, India has ranked 127^th/146 in the recent gender inequality index. India’s neighbours Pakistan ranked at 142, Bangladesh at 59, China at 107, Nepal at 116, Sri Lanka at 115 and Bhutan at 103. This shows mere Parliamentary representation may not completely change ground realities for women.

DISPARITY ACROSS STATES

• The act provides for reservation of 1/3rd seats across all Lok Sabha seats as against provision of reserving 1/3rd seat in each State/UT as mentioned in 2008 bill.

RESERVATION IN RAJYA SABHA AND LEGISLATIVE COUNCILS

• The Act does not contain any provision for reservation for women in Rajya Sabha and Legislative Councils of the States.
• The Geeta Mukherjee Committee (1996) recommended providing reservation for women in Rajya Sabha and Legislative Councils as well.

DELIMITATION

Delimitation involves adjusting the boundaries and number of seats in legislative bodies based on the latest Census data. The last delimitation order by the Delimitation Commission was issued in 2008, defining constituency boundaries. However, there’s currently a freeze on altering the number of seats in State Assemblies and the Lok Sabha. In 2002, Article 82 was amended to postpone the necessity of reallocating Lok Sabha constituencies and State divisions until after the 2026 Census.

WHY SHOULD INDIA GIVE RESERVATION FOR WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT?

Countries like India have compelling reasons to implement reservations for women in Parliament to promote gender equality and address historical and structural disparities. Here are some key arguments in favor of providing reservations for women in parliamentary seats:

GENDER EQUALITY

• One of the primary reasons for women’s reservation in Parliament is to rectify historical gender imbalances in political representation.
• Women have been traditionally underrepresented in politics, and reservations aim to correct this inequality.

POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT

• Women’s reservation empowers women to actively participate in decision-making processes and influence public policies.
• It ensures that women’s voices and perspectives are heard and considered in political discourse.

DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES

• Greater gender diversity in Parliament results in a broader range of perspectives on issues like health, education, and social welfare. This can lead to more holistic and effective policymaking.

SOCIAL JUSTICE

• Reservations for women can help address societal injustices and promote gender equity by offering opportunities to marginalized and underprivileged women who may not otherwise have access to political power.

ROLE MODELS

• Women in leadership positions serve as role models for younger generations, encouraging girls to aspire to political careers and breaking down gender stereotypes.

LEGAL PROTECTIONS

• Women in Parliament can advocate for and enact legislation that promotes women’s rights, safety, and welfare, addressing issues like domestic violence, workplace harassment, and gender discrimination.

INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENTS

• Many countries have international obligations to promote gender equality, as per agreements like the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Women’s reservation policies help fulfill these obligations.
• India is a signatory to Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). The treaty was signed on 30th July, 1980 and was ratified on 9th July, 1993.

WOMEN HIGHLY UNDERREPRESENTED IN THE PARLIAMENT

• While the percentage of women MPs in India has increased from 5% in the first Lok Sabha to 15% in the 17th Lok Sabha, it remains relatively low.
• While countries like Rwanda have about 60 percent women in the Parliament, the percentage of women representatives in the Indian Parliament hovers around a mere 15 percent in Lok Sabha and 14 percent in Rajya Sabha, while they constitute about half of India’s total populace.

While reservations for women in Parliament have generated debate and discussion, proponents argue that they are a necessary step to address long-standing gender disparities and ensure a more equitable and inclusive political system.

PROPONENTS AND OPPONENTS FOR RESERVATIONS FOR WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT

PROPONENTS

• Addressing Underrepresentation: Women’s reservations are seen as a necessary measure to address the historical underrepresentation of women in politics, ensuring that their voices are heard and their concerns are addressed.
• Promoting Gender Equality: Reservations promote gender equality, which is not only a fundamental human right but also essential for a just and equitable society.
• Diverse Perspectives: A more diverse representation in Parliament ensures that a broader range of perspectives is considered in policymaking, which can lead to more comprehensive and effective governance.
• Impact on Public Goods: Studies have shown that women elected under reservation policies tend to invest more in public goods closely linked to women’s concerns, such as education and healthcare.
• Eliminating Discrimination: International agreements, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, call for the elimination of discrimination against women in political and public life, and reservations can be a means to fulfill these obligations.
• Positive Outcomes in Local Governance: Reservation policies for women at the local level have been found to enable women to make meaningful contributions to governance, and concerns about women being proxies to men have not materialized.
• Global Perspective: Many countries have successfully implemented women’s reservation policies and quotas, reflecting a global trend in promoting gender equity in politics.

OPPONENTS

• Narrow Outlook: Some opponents argue that women’s reservations may lead to a narrow outlook as women may be seen as not competing on merit but rather through a separate constituency.

o For example, during the Constituent Assembly discussions, Renuka Ray (Member of the Lok Sabha (1957–1967)) argued against reserving seats for women, stating that women would have more opportunities if their consideration was solely based on their competence.

• Perpetuating Unequal Status: Critics argue that such reservations could perpetuate unequal status, as women might be viewed as not being able to compete in general constituencies on their merit alone.
• Issues with rotational representation: The rotation of reserved constituencies in each election could reduce the incentive of an MP to work for their constituency, as they may become ineligible to seek re-election from that same constituency.
• Larger Electoral Issues: Opponents emphasize that larger issues affecting the political system, such as criminalization of politics, internal party democracy, and financial transparency, have not been adequately addressed by these reservations.
• Not All Women Benefit: Some argue that the benefits of reservations primarily accrue to women from privileged backgrounds, leaving out marginalized and underprivileged women.

THE WAY FORWARD

AMBEDKAR’S VISION FOR INCLUSIVITY

• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the architect of the Indian Constitution, stressed the importance of social justice and inclusivity. In the spirit of Ambedkar’s vision, reservations for women can be seen as a means to ensure equal political participation for a historically marginalized group.

RESERVATION BASED ON INCLUSIVE OUTCOMES FOR THE SOCIETY

• A parliamentary committee in 2009 noted that reserving seats for women in local bodies has enabled them to make significant contributions and dispelled concerns about women merely being proxies for men.
• A 2010 study by the Harvard Kennedy School also showed that female representation in village councils increased female participation and responsiveness to concerns such as drinking water, infrastructure, sanitation and roads.
• Thus, reserving seats for woman in the Parliament is definitely a game changer in the process of women empowerment.

INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS

• The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), to which India is a signatory, obliges the country to eliminate gender discrimination in political life. Reservations for women align with this international commitment. Thus, the Indian government must ensure that this law fructifies efficiently at ground.

GEETA MUKHERJEE COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS

• Recommendations of the Geetha Mukherjee Committee must be implemented which include reservations given in the Rajya Sabha and the state Legislative Council.

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS

• Comparative analysis with countries that have successfully implemented women’s reservations, like Rwanda and Nordic countries, highlights the positive outcomes in terms of gender equality and women’s welfare.

POLITICAL PARTY REFORMS

• While women’s reservations are crucial, broader electoral and political party reforms are equally important.
• Addressing issues like criminalization in politics, ensuring internal democracy within parties, and curbing the influence of black money can create a more conducive environment for women to thrive in politics.

THE CONCLUSION: The issue of women’s reservation in the Indian Parliament resonates deeply with philosophical principles of justice, equality, and democracy. In a nation that aspires to be a beacon of democratic values, this question is not merely about increasing numbers; it is a matter of upholding the very essence of democracy and social justice. The idea of equal participation in decision-making processes is a cornerstone of democracy. It aligns with John Rawls’ “difference principle,” which posits that inequalities are justifiable only if they benefit the least advantaged. Reserving seats for women recognize the historical disadvantage faced by women in politics and society at large and seeks to rectify this inequity.

QUESTIONS:

Q 1. Discuss the historical evolution of women’s reservation in the Indian Parliament. What are the key challenges and prospects associated with its implementation?

Q 2. How far do you agree with the view that the 106^th CAA is a truly transformative intervention towards making the Indian political democracy engendered?

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Key changes between 2008 Bill and Bill introduced in 2023

	Bill introduced in 2008 as passed by Rajya Sabha	Bill introduced in 2023
Reservation in Lok Sabha	One-third of Lok Sabha seats in each state/UT to be reserved for women	One-third seats to be reserved for women
Rotation of Seats	Reserved seats to be rotated after every general election to Parliament/legislative assembly	Reserved seats to be rotated after every delimitation exercise

GEETA MUKHERJEE COMMITTEE

The Geeta Mukherjee Committee, formed in 1996 to study and make recommendations on the Women’s Reservation Bill, proposed several key recommendations to address the issue of women’s reservation in Indian politics. These recommendations were aimed at ensuring greater political representation for women. Here are some of the key recommendations made by the Geeta Mukherjee Committee:

• 33% Reservation: The committee recommended the reservation of 33% of seats for women in both the Lok Sabha (the lower house of India’s Parliament) and state legislative assemblies. This reservation would have applied to both general and reserved constituencies. It also advocated reservation for women in the Rajya Sabha as well as the State Legislative Councils.
• Rotation of Reserved Seats: To ensure equitable representation, the committee suggested the rotation of reserved seats for women in successive elections. This means that different constituencies would be reserved for women in different election cycles.
• Reservation for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST): The committee proposed that out of the reserved seats for women, one-third should be further reserved for women from SC and ST communities. This aimed to address the dual disadvantage faced by women from these marginalized groups.
• Reservation for Anglo-Indian Community: The committee suggested the continuation of reserved seats for the Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies. This was aimed at safeguarding the interests of this minority community.
• Two-Child Norm: The committee recommended that persons with more than two living children should be ineligible to contest the elections under the women’s reservation provision. This recommendation aimed to encourage family planning.
• Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections: The committee suggested the introduction of a sub-quota within the women’s reservation for economically weaker sections (EWS).

THE CONTEXT: There are many indications everywhere that India continues to be going through a job crisis. Both official data sources as well as many on-the-ground reports point to this fact.

Two types of employment that prevail in an economy such as India.

1. Wage employment: It is a result of labour demanded by employers in their pursuit of profits.

2. Self-employment: Here labour supply and labour demand are identical, i.e., the worker employs herself.

A further useful distinction can also be made between wage labour and jobs.

1. Wage labour: It includes all forms of labour done for an employer including daily wage work at one extreme and highly paid corporate jobs at the other.

2. Jobs generally refer to relatively better paid regular wage or salaried employment. In other words, all jobs are wage labour, but all wage labour cannot be called jobs.

The labour demand in the formal non-agricultural sector is determined by two distinct factors:

1. Demand for output: Firms in the formal sector hire workers to produce output for profit, labour demand depends on the amount of output that firms are able to sell. Under any given level of technological development, labour demand in the formal sector rises when demand for output rises.

2. State of technology: Labour demand depends on the state of technology that dictates the number of workers that firms need to hire to produce one unit of output. Introduction of labour-saving technologies enables firms to produce the same amount of output by hiring a lower number of workers.

Employment growth rate is determined by the relative strength of two factors:

1. Output growth rate: Policies that promote higher economic growth would also achieve higher employment growth.

2. Labour productivity growth rate i.e growth rate of output per worker: If labour productivity growth rate rises, employment growth rate falls for a given output growth rate. If labour productivity growth rate does not change, higher output growth rate increases employment growth rate.

Macroeconomic policy framework

• Keynesian theory: It highlight the role of aggregate demand as the binding constraint on employment. Fiscal policy was perceived to increase labour demand by stimulating output. The developing countries that inherited a dual economy structure during their independence, confronted additional constraints on output.
• Mahalanobis strategy: It identified the availability of capital goods as the binding constraint on output and employment, putting forward the policy for heavy industrialisation.
• The structuralist theories based on the experiences of developing countries highlighted the possibility of agrarian constraint and the balance of payment constraints.
• Both these constraints led to key policy debates in India, particularly during the decade of the 1970s and early 1990s.
• Nonetheless, what remained common to all these different frameworks was the presumption that increasing the output growth rate in the non-agricultural sector would be a sufficient condition for increasing the employment growth rate in the formal sector.

Reasons for this crisis:

• Low labour demand: There is inadequate labour demand particularly for regular wage work.
• Disguised employment: The Indian economy has historically been characterised by the presence of both open unemployment and disguised employment. It means high level of informal employment consisting of the self-employed as well as casual wage workers. It also indicates a lack of adequate employment opportunities in the formal sector. This lack of opportunities is reflected by a more or less stagnant employment growth rate of salaried workers in the non-agricultural sector in the last four decades.
• Jobless growth: In India, the employment growth rate of the formal and non-agricultural sector remained unresponsive despite a significant rise in the GDP growth rate and the value added growth rate during the 2000s as compared to the decade of the 1980s and 1990s. The lack of responsiveness of employment growth rate to changes in output growth rate reflects a phenomenon of jobless growth.

Two types of jobless growth regimes based on the connection between output growth and labour productivity growth.

1. Responsiveness of labour productivity growth rate to output growth rate is weak: The possibility of jobless growth in this case emerges exclusively on account of automation and the introduction of labour-saving technology. But employment growth rate in such regimes would necessarily increase if output growth rate happens to increase. Here, the solution to the jobs crisis is just more rapid economic growth.

2. Responsiveness of labour productivity growth rate to output growth rate is high: This is the case in Inda. Here, the positive effect of output growth rate on employment fails to counteract the adverse effect of labour-saving technologies. Employment growth rate in such regimes cannot be increased simply by increasing GDP growth rate.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Both demand and supply side reforms: Such employment policies will need both demand side and supply side components. At the same time, direct public job creation will be needed.
• Bridging the skill gaps: There is a need for adequate skilled labour and increasing the quality of the workforce through better public provisioning of education and health care.
• Reorienting macroeconomic framework: Financing expenditures while maintaining debt-stability requires the reorienting of the current macroeconomic framework in a significant way. It can include increasing the direct tax to GDP ratio by reducing exemptions and improving compliance.

THE CONCLUSION:

With the given scenarios, the employment challenge can no longer be met only through more rapid GDP growth. There is a need for separate policy focus on employment.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q) Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard. (2023)

Q) Is inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India. (2022)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

India is witnessing jobless growth in current times. In this respect, analyse India’s recent economic performance and its impact on job creation.

Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-jobs-crisis-the-macroeconomic-reasons/article67671927.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: An analysis conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) reveals a substantial surge in dengue cases globally over the past two decades, escalating from 500,000 in 2000 to a staggering 5.2 million by 2019.

EXPLANATION:

• However, the actual figures are believed to be significantly higher due to the asymptomatic nature of the infection and its non-notifiable status in numerous countries.

Global Dengue Scenario

• The WHO notes a marked resurgence in dengue cases post the pandemic years of 2020-2022.
• In 2019, the disease was reported in 129 countries, and in 2023, over five million cases and more than 5,000 deaths were reported across 80 countries, signalling a significant global health concern.

Regional Impact of Dengue Outbreaks

• America:
  • The America faced severe dengue outbreaks in 2023, with Brazil, Peru, and Mexico being significantly affected.
  • The region reported a total of 4.1 million suspected cases, including severe instances and fatalities.
• Southeast Asia:
  • Majority of the Southeast Asian countries reported an upsurge in dengue cases in 2023, with Bangladesh and Thailand registering notably higher numbers.
• Africa:
  • The African region, though grappling with several arboviral diseases, reported 171,991 dengue cases in 2023.
  • Burkina Faso suffered the most with a high number of suspected cases and deaths.
• Eastern Mediterranean:
  • Dengue cases first emerged in this region in 1998, and since then, the virus has spread to nine countries.
  • Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Oman witnessed the highest number of confirmed cases in 2023.
• Europe:
  • While the European Region used to witness mainly travel-related dengue cases, since 2010, the disease has established a presence within the region.
  • Italy, France, and Spain reported cases and outbreaks in 2023.
• Western Pacific:
  • With over 500,000 dengue cases and 750 deaths, the Western Pacific Region reported significant impacts.
  • The Philippines, Vietnam, and Fiji were among the most affected countries.

Factors Influencing Dengue Upsurge

• Several factors have contributed to the surge in dengue cases in 2023.
• The changing distribution of vectors such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, alterations in temperature and rainfall patterns due to the El Nino climate phenomenon, fragile health systems post-pandemic, political and financial instabilities in countries, and increased population movements have collectively exacerbated the spread of the disease.

Response and Urgent Measures

• The WHO has emphasized the urgency in advocating and mobilizing resources to address this global health crisis.
• A Global Joint Incident Management Support Team, involving expertise from the Health Emergencies Programme and the neglected tropical disease department, has been established to aid in managing and responding to outbreaks.

Dengue Characteristics and Management

• Dengue transmission follows cyclical patterns, marked by large outbreaks occurring every 3-4 years.
• The virus consists of four serotypes, and while there isn’t a specific treatment for dengue, early diagnosis and appropriate clinical management are crucial in preventing severe cases and mortality.
• In conclusion, the surge in dengue cases globally in 2023 calls for immediate and concerted efforts to mitigate the impact, control the spread, and enhance healthcare systems to address this escalating public health issue.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/el-nino-effect-cases-of-dengue-have-increased-globally-93546

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Winter Session of Parliament from December 4 to December 21, 2023, witnessed a legislative journey marked by a significant number of Bills, suspension of MPs, security breaches, and procedural deviations.

EXPLANATION:

• Despite being scheduled until December 22, both Houses adjourned a day earlier.
• The Lok Sabha functioned for 74% of its allotted time, whereas the Rajya Sabha operated for 81%.

Suspension of Members and Ethical Misconduct

• Following a security breach on December 13, both Houses faced early adjournment, resulting in a subsequent dip in Parliament’s functionality.
• A notable consequence was the suspension of 100 Lok Sabha MPs and 46 Rajya Sabha MPs, constituting 19% of each House, marking the highest number of suspensions in any Lok Sabha term.
• Moreover, an MP faced expulsion for ethical misconduct, a rare occurrence in parliamentary history.

Legislation and Referral to Committees

• All 10 Bills introduced during the session, along with seven pending Bills from previous sessions, were successfully passed.
• Notably, no Bills were referred to Committees in this session, indicating a decrease from 71% during the 15th Lok Sabha to a mere 16% in the current 17th Lok Sabha.

Discussion on Crucial Bills and State of Economy

• The Telecommunications Bill, 2023, which reshapes the telecom sector’s regulatory framework, was swiftly passed within three days of its introduction.
• Additionally, three Bills replacing significant laws were discussed extensively in both Houses.
• Rajya Sabha dedicated over 10 hours to deliberating the state of the economy and passed a supplementary budget increasing the annual budget by 1%.

Question Hour and Last-Minute Agenda Additions

• Question hour faced disruptions due to suspended MPs, resulting in the cancellation of questions asked by them.
• Both Houses witnessed a reduction in the time allocated for the Question Hour, functioning at 53% in Lok Sabha and 72% in Rajya Sabha.
• Furthermore, last-minute additions to the House agenda through Supplementary Agendas reduced MPs’ preparation time for interventions and debates.

Missing Deputy Speaker and Procedural Requirements

• An unprecedented development was the absence of the Deputy Speaker in the 17th Lok Sabha for almost its entire term, contrary to the constitutional mandate.
• The election of the Deputy Speaker is constitutionally prescribed soon after the formation of the Lok Sabha.

Conclusion

• The Winter Session of Parliament was eventful, marked by intense legislative activity, discussions on critical Bills, suspensions of MPs, disruptions due to security breaches, and procedural irregularities.
• The absence of the Deputy Speaker throughout the term raises procedural concerns, while the reduced referral of Bills to Committees reflects a shifting parliamentary approach.

SOURCE: https://m.thewire.in/article/government/winter-session-snapshot-record-number-of-lok-sabha-mps-suspended-no-bills-sent-to-committees/amp

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Supreme Court has clarified that tribunals functioning under the strict parameters of their governing legislations cannot direct the government to make policy.

EXPLANATION:

• The recent ruling by the Supreme Court of India addressed the limitations imposed on tribunals in directing governmental bodies to formulate policies, emphasizing that such an action falls beyond the purview of the judiciary.

Jurisdiction of Tribunals and Policy Making

• In the specific instance involving the Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT) and its attempt to instruct the government to formulate a policy for appointing the Judge Advocate General (Air), the Supreme Court provided clarity on the jurisdictional boundaries within which tribunals, such as the AFT, operate.
• Acknowledging their role as quasi-judicial bodies, the Court emphasized that these entities must adhere to the limitations prescribed by their respective governing laws.
• Despite their adjudicatory functions, they do not possess the legal authority to compel or enforce the government to create policies.

Judicial Review and Policy Making

• The bench emphasized that policy-making remains outside the judiciary’s realm.
• While recognizing the AFT’s authority akin to a civil court, the Court highlighted that tribunals, including higher courts like the Supreme Court and High Courts, cannot issue directives to the government for legislation or policy formation.

Scope of Judicial Intervention

• The judgment further reinforced that even under Article 226 of the Constitution, which grants High Courts writ jurisdiction, directives mandating policy formation cannot be issued to governmental departments.
• It elucidated that decisions regarding the establishment, sanction, or structuring of policies related to defense personnel services rest solely with the government, considering it as the government’s prerogative.

Boundaries of Tribunal Powers

• The ruling emphasized that a tribunal, functioning strictly within the limitations outlined by its governing legislation, lacks the authority to compel the creation of policies or schemes.
• The judgment emphasized that even courts with writ jurisdiction, often confronted with issues seemingly in conflict with fundamental rights, are not empowered to mandate policy creation.

Conclusion

• The Supreme Court’s verdict reinforces the separation of powers between the judiciary and the executive branch.
• It clarifies that while tribunals serve a crucial role in adjudication, they are confined to interpreting laws rather than instructing or influencing the government’s policy-making prerogatives.
• This verdict delineates the jurisdictional boundaries of tribunals, highlighting that the formulation of policies or schemes remains exclusively within the domain of the government, beyond the purview of tribunals or courts.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-rules-that-tribunals-cannot-direct-government-to-frame-policy/article67669766.ece/amp/#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17034819572903&csi=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Indian government has raised concerns about the methodologies adopted by major global credit rating agencies, characterizing them as opaque and potentially discriminatory against developing economies like India.

EXPLANATION:

• This critique is outlined in a document titled “Re-examining Narratives: A Collection of Essays” released by the Finance Ministry, aiming to present alternative perspectives on economic policy areas influencing India’s long-term growth and development.

Sovereign Ratings Significance

• Sovereign ratings are pivotal indicators of a government’s creditworthiness, influencing global investor perceptions about a country’s capability and willingness to repay debts.
• Analogous to an individual’s credit rating impacting loan approvals and interest rates, sovereign ratings influence a nation’s borrowing abilities and the cost of borrowing from international markets.
• Lower sovereign ratings typically result in higher interest rates for government and business borrowing, potentially hindering economic growth.

Impact on Developing Nations

• For developing countries like India, access to capital is essential for leveraging natural resources and driving economic progress.
• However, a poor sovereign rating can restrict borrowing opportunities, impeding their ability to harness available resources fully.
• Moreover, a low government rating often translates into higher borrowing costs for businesses within the country, affecting overall economic development.

Role of Major Credit Rating Agencies

• The critique specifically targets the three prominent global credit rating agencies: Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s, and Fitch.
• These agencies have a substantial influence on global financial markets and investor perceptions, with their assessments impacting borrowing costs and economic growth prospects for nations worldwide.

Government’s Criticism: Methodological Issues

• Opacity in Methodologies:
  • The government argues that the methodologies used by these agencies lack transparency and seem to disadvantage developing economies.
  • For instance, the Finance Ministry’s analysis indicates that certain assessments by Fitch regarding high foreign ownership in banking sectors favour developed economies, neglecting the positive roles of public-sector banks in fostering financial inclusion in developing nations.
• Non-transparent Selection of Experts:
  • The government contends that experts consulted for rating assessments are chosen in an opaque manner, further contributing to the opacity of the evaluation process.
• Lack of Clarity in Weightage Assignment:
  • Credit rating agencies allegedly do not clearly convey the weights assigned to each parameter considered in their assessments.
  • This opacity affects the interpretation of methodologies, making it challenging for countries to discern the assessment criteria’s significance and implications for their ratings.

Specific Methodological Critiques

• The Finance Ministry’s analysis identifies specific issues with Fitch’s evaluation approach, highlighting the reliance on subjective assessments, such as the composite governance indicator and qualitative overlays.
• The composite governance indicator heavily leans on perception-based surveys, possibly resulting in subjective assessments that may not accurately reflect economic realities.

Impact on Developing Economies

• The government’s calculations suggest that Fitch’s emphasis on subjective indicators may disproportionately influence ratings for developing economies like India.
• The reliance on these indicators, perceived as arbitrary and constructed from generalized perception-based surveys, could potentially hinder credit rating upgrades for developing nations, emphasizing the need for progress on subjective parameters.

Conclusion

• The Indian government’s critique of global credit rating agencies centers on the opaque nature of methodologies, potential bias against developing economies, and the subjective nature of certain evaluation components.
• Addressing these concerns are crucial for ensuring fair and accurate assessments that do not unduly disadvantage developing nations seeking to access global capital for their economic growth and development.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/credit-ratings-the-govt-view-9079612/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In a groundbreaking astronomical discovery, scientists have identified BRI 1335-0417, a spiral galaxy that stands as a testament to the earliest epochs of our universe.

EXPLANATION:

• Aged over 12 billion years, this distant cosmic entity offers a window into the past, shedding light on the galaxy’s formation and potentially reshaping our understanding of galactic evolution.

Advanced Observation Techniques Unveiling Ancient Secrets

• Led by Dr. Takafumi Tsukui, astronomers utilized the advanced capabilities of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) telescope to delve deep into the mysteries of this ancient galaxy.
• The enhanced resolution offered by ALMA enabled a detailed examination of BRI 1335-0417, providing insights into the dynamics of its gas, a crucial component for star formation.

Gas Dynamics: Key Clues to Understanding Galactic Evolution

• Tsukui’s team focused on deciphering the movement of gas within the galaxy, recognizing its pivotal role in nurturing stars.
• By observing the gas’s motion surrounding BRI 1335-0417, they uncovered a seismic wave-like phenomenon, a revelation crucial for comprehending the behaviour of this early spiral galaxy.
• This discovery, elucidating the inflow and movement of gas, contributes significantly to our knowledge of how galaxies fuel their star formation processes.

Revelations from Galactic Observations

• The observations unveiled a distinctive motion in the galaxy’s disk, resembling ripples on a pond, indicative of an externally induced vertical oscillation.
• Tsukui hypothesized potential sources for this motion, speculating on new gas influx or interactions with smaller galaxies.
• Both scenarios, if confirmed, would provide a surge of fuel for star formation, crucial for the evolution of such ancient galaxies.

Galactic Structures: Bar-like Features and their Significance

• Moreover, the study uncovered a bar-like structure within BRI 1335-0417’s disk, marking a significant revelation.
• These galactic bars possess the capability to disrupt gas flow and channel it towards the galaxy’s center.
• The detection of this bar, the most distant of its kind known to date, emphasizes the dynamic growth and evolution of this ancient spiral galaxy.

Insights into Star Formation and Evolution

• The study highlighted the accelerated rate of star formation within BRI 1335-0417 compared to modern galaxies.
• Understanding the mechanisms supplying gas to sustain this rapid star formation is pivotal, and this research aims to unravel these enigmatic processes prevalent in early galaxies.

Unravelling the Mysteries through Simulations

• While direct observation of the galaxy’s evolution remains elusive due to the snapshot nature of astronomical observations, computer simulations offer a complementary tool.
• These simulations aid in piecing together the story of BRI 1335-0417’s evolution, complementing observational data and enriching our understanding of early galactic formations.

Conclusion: A Glimpse into the Universe’s Infancy

• BRI 1335-0417’s distant presence and the time it takes for its light to reach Earth provide a unique opportunity to peer into the universe’s formative years.
• The discovery offered invaluable insights into the evolution of galaxies and the cosmic phenomena shaping our vast cosmos.

SOURCE: https://www.ndtv.com/science/astronomers-detect-seismic-ripples-in-oldest-known-spiral-galaxy-4737808

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1.   US and UK Approve Gene Editing Therapy for Sickle Cell Disease READ MORE

2.   Supreme Court rules that tribunals cannot direct government to frame policy READ MORE

3.   T.N. rains | Predicting extreme rainfall events using probabilistic forecasts READ MORE

4.   Centre plans to revive tax cuts on sugar exports READ MORE

5.   Open sale of hazardous pesticides continues to impact the health of farmers in Maharashtra READ MORE

6.   Why has the Indian government criticised the methodologies of global credit rating agencies? READ MORE

7.    El Nino effect: Cases of dengue have increased globally READ MORE

8.    Astronomers Detect Seismic Ripples In Oldest Known Spiral Galaxy READ MORE  

9.    Winter Session Snapshot: Record Number of Lok Sabha MPs Suspended; No Bills Sent to Committees READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Marital rape exception must go READ MORE

2. The Role of Gender and Caste in Accessing Livelihood Opportunities in India READ MORE

3. The Sahara Desert Used To Be a Green Savannah and New Research Explains Why READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. India’s revised criminal law proposals READ MORE

2. WFI’s suspension is an opportunity to clean up, deliver justice and catalyse accountability across federations READ MORE

3. SC shows the way: Case disposal rate has improved this year READ MORE

4. Strike a balance between surveillance and privacy READ MORE

5. In the shadow of the anti-conversion law READ MORE

6. Article 370 Verdict: A Missed Opportunity to Rein in an Unrestrained Exercise of Power READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Death of merit or social equality? READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. US Ploy To Drag India Into the Red Sea Will it succeed? READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. India’s jobs crisis, the macroeconomic reasons READ MORE

2. Growth’s New Normal: 7.5% READ MORE

3. Economic research has lost its way READ MORE

4. MSP guarantee is bad economics READ MORE

5. Free Trade Isn’t a Good Thing; It Creates Unemployment READ MORE

6. India’s crypto journey: Leading the global adoption race READ MORE

7. Indian rice export ban: Implications for global markets and food security READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Unpacking the first ever COP ‘Health Day’ READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. The drone moment of Indian agriculture READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Myriad challenges on the security front: The govt will need to fine-tune the country’s higher defence management in the new year READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Turbulence in south: On the heavy rain in southern Tamil Nadu, weather forecasting and preparedness READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Revering the Inanimate READ MORE

2. Punish the inhuman teachers READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. Recently proposed agri-drone technology has potential to provide a real breakthrough in modernising and transforming India’s farming practices. Comment.

2. The unemployment challenge cannot be longer address through rapid GDP growth rather a separate policy focus is needed on employment. In the light of unemployment challenges in India, comment on the statement.

3. Reverence plays an important role in making a person expansive in his thinking and strengthening his belief in truth, justice, and dharma – right conduct. Justify the role of religious text in a right conduct and rational thinking.

4. A stable reliable democratic partner is India’s best bulwark against an aggressive, money-pushing autocratic dragon and to secure its strategic borders. Discuss why Bangladesh’s geographic location and proximity provide hope for India.

5. While the persistence of security risk, GenAI proposes improved threat detection and predictive capabilities. Analyze the statement.

6. In recent times, the Cooperative Economic Framework marked a significant shift, renewing the Social Contract between the government, the masses, and other stakeholders. Analyse how this sector presents a comprehensive vision of inclusive development.

7. While the last four finance commissions increased states’ grants from one-third to 40%, it is still tilted towards the centre and making states vulnerable to borrowings and thus creating a challenge for the fiscal sustainability of states. Comment.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• Strategy is not the consequence of planning, but the opposite: its starting point.
• The agri-drone technology is proving to be a real breakthrough in modernising and transforming our farming practices.
• The employment challenge can no longer be met only through more rapid GDP growth; a separate policy focus is needed on employment.
• In our constitutional scheme, fundamental rights are not absolute; concerns of national security, decency, morality and public order would always take priority over rights of individuals.
• India, with its thriving startup ecosystem and growing smartphone and internet penetration, has the potential to position itself as a future crypto hub.
• Control over the appointment process is directly connected with institutional independence.
• Control over the appointment process is directly connected with institutional independence. This is why, across the world, constitutional democracies do not grant to the executive the power of EC appointments.
• Reverence towards all things makes us expansive in our thinking; it strengthens our belief in truth, justice and dharma – right conduct.
• GenAI is a dual-edged sword. On the one hand, it is a security risk, on the other it promises improved threat detection and predictive capabilities.
• While the industry works to address the risks of GenAI, it holds promise to become an ally in cybersecurity, opening avenues to help better protect organizations in the face of threats.
• GenAI brings a paradigm shift in cybersecurity, with its capabilities to emulate human understanding, and learnings and the promise of both enhancing IT security and preventing new potential vulnerabilities.
• Bangladesh geographically sits in a critical part of the Indian Ocean serving as an important port of transit.
• Its geographic location and proximity to many Indian northeastern states allow it to provide a crucial land route for trade, and human movement connecting the northeastern part of India to South East Asia and beyond.
• India’s visionary cooperative economic framework catalyses inclusive development, global integration, and social prosperity.
• COP 28 was big on rhetoric but little in terms of ‘credible’ action. On meeting the ‘funding gap’, sans a token amount for LaDF, there was nothing to show.
• The Cooperative Economic Framework marks a significant shift, renewing the Social Contract between the government, the masses, and other stakeholders. With 290 million Cooperative Members in India, this sector is poised to embrace a comprehensive vision of inclusive development, challenging traditional economic forecasts.
• Cooperatives can play a crucial role in the profitable and social development of emerging markets, and their competitiveness needs strengthening through legal, non-supervisory, and executive support, access to finance, and human capital development.

ESSAY TOPIC

• Reverence plays an important role in making a person expansive in his thinking.

50-WORD TALK

• The bickering between the Centre and the Tamil Nadu government over who’s contributed what to flood relief is the opposite of what is needed. The two governments need to come together and help the beleaguered people of the state. Able leadership is knowing when to back political grandstanding with action.
• The tragic loss of four Army personnel on Thursday is yet another bloody reminder that something is really amiss in the Rajouri-Poonch area. It has been one debacle after another this year, with too many precious lives lost. Political bosses should step in and demand accountability from the Army leadership.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

THE CONTEXT: Historically, India has maintained a significant influence in the Maldives due to geographical proximity, shared cultural ties, and common interests in regional stability. However, the political leadership in Maldives has been see-sawing time and again either into the ‘India first’ faction, or the ‘India out’ faction. The current President-elect Mohamed Muizzu has again dispersed his inclination towards the ‘India out’ narrative, leaving ample space for India to ponder about future bilateral diplomacy. The following article attempts to analyse the contemporary India-Maldives relations along with prospects from the UPSC perspective.

CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS AFTER ELECTIONS

• 2023 elections: Mohamed Muizzu, alleged to favour China has been elected as President, thus raising concerns for India.
• Mohamed Muizzu had declared that if elected, he would follow the India first policy traditionally practiced by governments of Maldives, but will not allow the crossing of limits. Muizzu immediately contrasted his intent post electoral victory by saying, “We will send back foreign soldiers in the Maldives”. Although he didn’t name any country, this is said to point at Indian forces stationed in Maldives.
• Also, at the request of President-elect Muizzu, former President Solih agreed to shift former President Yameen from prison to house arrest. Mr. Yameen is serving a long sentence (11 years) for corruption. He is seen as Mr. Muizzu’s mentor. This is of significant concern to India as Mr. Yameen already promoted the ‘India out’ campaign.

WHY IS MALDIVES IMPORTANT FOR INDIA?

Strategic Location

• The Maldives is strategically located in the Indian Ocean, which is of immense geostrategic importance to India.
• It serves as a key maritime neighbor, and its proximity to important Indian ports in the southern states of India, such as Kerala and Tamil Nadu, makes it a critical component of India’s maritime security.
• Further, Maldives is crucial to secure free flow of trade in Indian Ocean region.

Maritime Security:

• The Maldives’ exclusive economic zone (EEZ) overlaps with important sea lanes of communication (SLOCs) used for the transportation of goods, energy resources, and military traffic.
• India and the Maldives cooperate closely to ensure the security of these vital SLOCs, which are crucial for India’s economic and strategic interests.
• 50% of India’s external trade and 80% of our energy imports transit through the Sea lanes of communication (SLOCs) in the vicinity of the Maldives.

Counter terrorism and Anti-Piracy

• The Maldives has faced challenges related to extremism and piracy in its waters. India collaborates with the Maldives in counter terrorism efforts and anti-piracy operations, which contribute to regional security in the Indian Ocean.

Regional Stability

• The stability and security of the Indian Ocean region are paramount for India. Any disturbances or conflicts in the region can directly impact India’s national security.
• The Maldives’ stability and cooperative relations with India contribute to regional peace and security.
• Also, Maldives holds an important place in countering the Chinese string of pearl’s policy in the Indian Ocean.
• With an estimated 70% of external debt owed to China it’s important for India to release Maldives from the possible debt-trap policy of China.

Cultural and People-to-People Ties

• India and the Maldives share historical, cultural, and linguistic ties. These people-to-people connections strengthen the diplomatic relationship and enhance mutual understanding.
• There is an estimated 25,000 Indian Nationals which makes up the second largest expatriate community in Maldives. Also, an estimated 6% of tourism in Maldives is supported by Indians.

Diplomatic Support

• The Maldives has historically supported India’s positions on various international issues.
• India’s partnership with the Maldives amplifies its influence in regional and global forums, reinforcing its diplomatic endeavors.
• For instance, both Nations are engaged through platforms like SAARC, SASEC, IORA and IONS. A friendly Maldives could possibly amplify India’s presence and position in these forums/groupings.

CHALLENGES TO INDIA-MALDIVES RELATIONS

India-Maldives relations, while important and historically friendly, have faced several challenges that have shaped the course of the bilateral relationship. Some of the key challenges include:

Political Instability and Leadership Changes

• The Maldives has witnessed periods of political instability, which have had repercussions on the bilateral relationship. Political transitions, including coups and resignations, have created uncertainties in the relationship.
• Historically, Maldives had an Executive Presidency system since 1968, transitioning to a multi-party democracy in 2008.
• No incumbent president has been re-elected since then, which is concerning for India this time.
• The Maldives has, at times, shifted its foreign policy orientation away from India (‘India out’), creating apprehensions about its strategic interests in the Indian Ocean region.

Concerns About Chinese Influence

• India is concerned about the growing influence of China in the Maldives, particularly through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) projects.
• India sees these projects as potentially leading to a debt trap and undermining its influence in the region.

Debt and Economic Sustainability

• The Maldives’ reliance on external loans and investments has raised concerns about debt sustainability. This includes both Indian and Chinese loans, potentially leading to financial vulnerabilities.

Radicalisation of youth

• A large number of Maldives citizens had joined violent extremist organisations such as the Islamic State (IS).
• There has been a steady rise in recruits joining jihadi groups in Pakistan over the last decade.
• There is now a greater risk that terrorist organisations based in Pakistan will use the Maldives as a staging ground for attacks on India and Indian assets.

Environmental Challenges

• Rising sea levels and the threat of climate change pose significant challenges for the Maldives. This affects its sustainability and economic prospects, which, in turn, can influence its relationship with India.

Slow rate of project completion

• India’s infrastructure projects are often delayed, like the Greater Malé Connectivity Project (GMCP). Also, the China centric government like that in the present further favour’s Chinese investments.The termination of the agreement with GMR for the modernization of the Ibrahim Nasir International Airport, followed by arbitration and the subsequent award of the project to a Chinese company, has strained India-Maldives relations.

HOW THE CURRENT ELECTION RESULTS CAN IMPACT THE BILATERAL RELATIONS?

• Developments spanning the past two decades have demonstrated China’s consistent expansion and strategic inroads into India’s neighboring regions. For India, risking the loss of goodwill in the Maldives could carry significant consequences, particularly in the context of China’s ‘String of Pearls’ strategy.
• This becomes more important, given the fact that the current president elect Mohamed Muizzu is already representing the ‘India out’ faction.
• This election result can significantly impact the prospects of ongoing infrastructure projects initiated by the previous Ibrahim Mohamed Solih government. These include projects like Maldives National Defence Forces Coast Guard ‘Ekatha Harbour’, initiated in May, 2023.
• This could also mean India’s ambition of enhancing its military position in Maldives may not fructify, in wake of a free hand to Chinese investments.

Despite the expected challenges stemming from the changing political landscape in the Maldives, it remains imperative for India to maintain its unwavering commitment to its priorities and sustain its endeavors for fostering progress in the archipelago nation. Therefore, the evolving situation in the Maldives should not be underestimated. Following the experience with Hambantota, India cannot afford to allow the establishment of a Chinese military base in the region.

THE WAY FORWARD:

Diplomatic Engagement

• Enhance Diplomatic Outreach: India should continue its robust diplomatic engagement with the Maldives, maintaining a constant dialogue at the highest levels. This ensures that both countries are aligned on regional and global issues.
• Multilateral Forums: Active participation in regional forums like the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) and initiatives such as the Quad allows India and the Maldives to collaborate on regional security, economic, and environmental issues. Further, India must amplify its supporting stance for Maldives in forums like G20 through its ‘Global South-South cooperation’ mandate.

Economic Cooperation

• Economic Projects: India should continue to support economic projects in the Maldives, focusing on critical infrastructure development, renewable energy, and tourism. These projects have a direct impact on the Maldives’ economy and can enhance mutual economic interests.
• Trade and Investment: Efforts should be made to boost trade between the two countries, promote Indian investments in the Maldives, and facilitate opportunities for Maldivian businesses in India.

Debt Sustainability and Economic Diversification

• Debt Management: India should support the Maldives in debt management, ensuring that investments do not lead to unsustainable debt burdens.
• Economic Diversification: The Maldives can diversify its economy to reduce dependence on a few sectors like tourism. India can provide expertise in areas such as agriculture, fisheries, and information technology.

Addressing China’s Role

• Balanced Engagement: India should encourage the Maldives to engage with multiple partners, including China, while maintaining transparency in all agreements and ensuring they are in line with the Maldives’ long-term interests.
• Debt Trap Mitigation: Both countries should work together to mitigate any potential debt trap risks associated with Chinese investments, ensuring that the Maldives retains its sovereignty.

THE CONCLUSION: India holds a significant place in the collective consciousness of its neighboring countries, often seen either as a generous benefactor or, in some cases, as an overbearing “big brother.” This dual perception makes India vulnerable to being either endorsed or criticized by political parties, sometimes as an emotive electoral topic and at times as a bargaining tool in negotiations, particularly when they are seeking support from another interested party like China. India must thus, work towards greater cooperative spirit towards every political faction in Maldives being in consonance with its ‘Neighbourhood first’ policy.

QUESTIONS

Q.1 “For India, Maldives is a first line of defence against terrorism, piracy on the high seas, and potential Chinese aggression in the Indian Ocean Region.” Critically examine.

Q.2 “While India has historically pushed for the ‘neighbourhood first’ policy, it has had limited success due to contrasting and unstable political leadership in Maldives.” Examine in the light of recent developments.

ADDITIONAL KNOWLEDGE

In the political landscape of the Maldives, two significant political factions have played prominent roles: the Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP) and the Progressive Party of Maldives (PPM). These two factions have had a substantial impact on the country’s political dynamics. Here’s an in-depth explanation of each faction:

1. Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP):

The Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP) is a prominent political party in the Maldives. It was founded in 2005 and has been at the forefront of the pro-democracy movement in the country. Key features and developments related to the MDP include:

• Foundation and Leadership: The MDP was founded by Mohamed Nasheed, who later became the Maldives’ first democratically elected President in 2008. Nasheed, a prominent advocate for democracy and climate change action, is a central figure in the MDP.
• Pro-Democracy Movement: The MDP played a crucial role in the movement for political reforms and the transition from an autocratic regime to a multi-party democracy. This movement led to the first democratic elections in 2008, which Nasheed won.
• Key Policy Initiatives: During its tenure in government, the MDP pursued various policy initiatives, including social welfare programs, healthcare reforms, and climate change advocacy. The Maldives, under the MDP’s leadership, gained international recognition for its efforts to address climate change and promote climate adaptation and mitigation.
• Challenges and Political Instability: The MDP-led government faced challenges, including opposition from the conservative and religious elements in the Maldivian society. Nasheed’s resignation in 2012 amid political turmoil and disputes over the judiciary further complicated the political landscape.
• International Relations: The MDP’s foreign policy orientation has been inclined towards India and democratic nations. Nasheed, during his presidency, sought support from India and the international community on issues of climate change, democracy, and human rights.

2. Progressive Party of Maldives (PPM):

The Progressive Party of Maldives (PPM) is another influential political faction in the Maldives. It was founded in 2011 and is associated with a more conservative and pro-establishment political outlook. Key features and developments related to the PPM include:

• Foundation and Leadership: The PPM was founded by Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, who served as the President of the Maldives for over three decades until 2008. He is a prominent figure in Maldivian politics and is known for his more conservative and authoritarian style of governance.
• Conservative Stance: The PPM has positioned itself as a conservative political party that promotes traditional values, cultural identity, and religious conservatism. It has often been seen as a counterforce to the more progressive MDP.
• Return of Maumoon Abdul Gayoom: After the transition to a multi-party democracy, Maumoon Abdul Gayoom returned to the political arena. He initially aligned with the MDP but later formed the PPM, creating a political division in the country.
• Role in the Political Landscape: The PPM has played a significant role in opposition politics, challenging the MDP’s policies and advocating for a more conservative approach in governance.
• Election Outcomes: The PPM’s candidate, Yameen Abdul Gayoom, won the presidential election in 2013. However, his tenure was marked by political controversies, including allegations of corruption and human rights abuses.
• International Relations: During Yameen’s presidency, the Maldives maintained diplomatic relations with various countries, including China, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. These relationships were seen as diversifying the Maldives’ foreign policy.

Both the MDP and the PPM represent distinct political ideologies and have contributed to the political diversity and complexity of the Maldives. Their interactions and the outcomes of elections and political developments have significantly influenced the country’s democratic journey and policy directions.

The Sinamale Bridge, also known as the China-Maldives Friendship Bridge, is a significant infrastructure project in the Maldives that connects the capital city of Malé with the nearby island of Hulhulé, where Velana International Airport is located. The bridge plays a pivotal role in enhancing connectivity, transportation, and economic development in the Maldives.

Key features and details of the Sinamale Bridge include:            

• Purpose and Significance: The Sinamale Bridge was constructed with the primary aim of improving transportation links between Malé and Hulhulé, the two most populous islands in the Maldives. It addresses transportation challenges and facilitates the movement of people, goods, and services.
• Financing and Construction: The bridge project was financed and developed with support from the Chinese government and Chinese companies. It was a prominent example of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which aims to promote economic and infrastructure connectivity between China and countries around the world.
• Inauguration: The Sinamale Bridge was officially opened in August 2018 and was seen as a significant achievement for the Maldives. It was inaugurated by then-President Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom.
• Economic Impact: The bridge has had a profound economic impact on the Maldives by easing the movement of goods, reducing transportation costs, and enhancing connectivity to the main international airport. It has also improved tourism, trade, and logistics in the country.

The Sinamale Bridge represents a critical piece of infrastructure that has enhanced connectivity, transportation, and economic development in the Maldives. It also symbolizes the growing economic cooperation between the Maldives and China. However, it has been subject to discussions and debates regarding the financial implications of Chinese investments and debt sustainability in the country.

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(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1.    Oil falls more than 1% as Angola decides to exit OPEC READ MORE

2.    Budget 2024: Will India meet its fiscal deficit target of 5.9% of GDP for this year? READ MORE

3.    India’s forex reserves hit 20-month high; jump $9.112 billion to $615.971 billion: RBI READ MORE

4.    Centre exploring one-stop health sector regulator READ MORE

5.    China bans exports of rare-earth magnet technologies READ MORE

6.    Gujarat allows liquor consumption in GIFT City READ MORE

7.    2024 will have more seven-judge Benches hearing crucial matters in Supreme Court READ MORE

8.    Why has the Indian government criticised the methodologies of global credit rating agencies? READ MORE  

9.    Macron for Republic Day 2024: How India chooses its Republic Day chief guest READ MORE

10.  13 feared dead due to cholera in Rourkela READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Marital rape exception must go READ MORE

2. The Role of Gender and Caste in Accessing Livelihood Opportunities in India READ MORE

3. Parched Punjab: Groundwater extraction rate remains alarming READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Telecom law upgrades for a digital authoritarian state READ MORE

2. New Bill casts a cloud over EC appointments READ MORE

3. Theatre of the absurd READ MORE

4. The Sixteenth Finance Commission: Correcting the state fiscal imbalances should be the top priority READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Death of merit or social equality? READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Foreign policy on precarious perch despite claims READ MORE

2. Why despite deft diplomacy, India did not get a seat at the UNESCO table READ MORE

3. Present and future of India-US ties READ MORE

4. Election time in India and its neighbourhood READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. CEA’s concerns apart, India needs better data READ MORE

2. Dubious ways of rating agencies READ MORE

3. Port acquisitions vital for expanding India’s maritime footprint READ MORE

4. The Most Significant COP since ‘Paris’? READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. COP28: High on rhetoric, less on action READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Security risk management for a secure future READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Terrorists and miscreants are far more motivated than we think READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Turbulence in south: On the heavy rain in southern Tamil Nadu, weather forecasting and preparedness READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Revering the Inanimate READ MORE

2. Punish the inhuman teachers READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. The Election Commissioners Bill has missed the spirit of the Supreme Court order that sought to protect the autonomy of the Election Commission. Examine.

2. Control over the appointment process is directly connected with institutional independence and constitutional democracies do not grant the executive the power of ECs appointments. In light of this statement, how far do you agree the New Bill does not address the issue of Autonomy of Election Commission?

3. Reverence plays an important role in making a person expansive in his thinking and strengthening his belief in truth, justice, and dharma – right conduct. Justify the role of religious text in a right conduct and rational thinking.

4. A stable reliable democratic partner is India’s best bulwark against an aggressive, money-pushing autocratic dragon and to secure its strategic borders. Discuss why Bangladesh’s geographic location and proximity provide hope for India.

5. While the persistence of security risk, GenAI proposes improved threat detection and predictive capabilities. Analyze the statement.

6. In recent times, the Cooperative Economic Framework marked a significant shift, renewing the Social Contract between the government, the masses, and other stakeholders. Analyse how this sector presents a comprehensive vision of inclusive development.

7. While the last four finance commissions increased states’ grants from one-third to 40%, it is still tilted towards the centre and making states vulnerable to borrowings and thus creating a challenge for the fiscal sustainability of states. Comment.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• Strategy is not the consequence of planning, but the opposite: its starting point.
• It has missed the spirit of the Supreme Court order that sought to protect the autonomy of the Election Commission.
• The EC is one of a set of institutions popularly known as “fourth branch institutions”, or “integrity institutions”.
• Control over the appointment process is directly connected with institutional independence.
• Control over the appointment process is directly connected with institutional independence. This is why, across the world, constitutional democracies do not grant to the executive the power of EC appointments.
• Reverence towards all things makes us expansive in our thinking; it strengthens our belief in truth, justice and dharma – right conduct.
• GenAI is a dual-edged sword. On the one hand, it is a security risk, on the other it promises improved threat detection and predictive capabilities.
• While the industry works to address the risks of GenAI, it holds promise to become an ally in cybersecurity, opening avenues to help better protect organizations in the face of threats.
• GenAI brings a paradigm shift in cybersecurity, with its capabilities to emulate human understanding, and learnings and the promise of both enhancing IT security and preventing new potential vulnerabilities.
• Bangladesh geographically sits in a critical part of the Indian Ocean serving as an important port of transit.
• Its geographic location and proximity to many Indian northeastern states allow it to provide a crucial land route for trade, and human movement connecting the northeastern part of India to South East Asia and beyond.
• India’s visionary cooperative economic framework catalyses inclusive development, global integration, and social prosperity.
• COP 28 was big on rhetoric but little in terms of ‘credible’ action. On meeting the ‘funding gap’, sans a token amount for LaDF, there was nothing to show.
• The Cooperative Economic Framework marks a significant shift, renewing the Social Contract between the government, the masses, and other stakeholders. With 290 million Cooperative Members in India, this sector is poised to embrace a comprehensive vision of inclusive development, challenging traditional economic forecasts.
• Cooperatives can play a crucial role in the profitable and social development of emerging markets, and their competitiveness needs strengthening through legal, non-supervisory, and executive support, access to finance, and human capital development.
• The Indian Constitution, under Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), allows affirmative action provisions for backward and marginalised communities.
• While the last four finance commissions increased states’ grants from one-third to 40%, it is still tilted towards the centre and creating a challenge for the fiscal sustainability of states.
• Despite the Ayushman Bharat scheme, the poorest and poor women of other social groups are minimally covered with health insurance compared to the rest of the social groups.

ESSAY TOPIC

• Reverence plays an important role in making a person expansive in his thinking.

50-WORD TALK

• The bickering between the Centre and the Tamil Nadu government over who’s contributed what to flood relief is the opposite of what is needed. The two governments need to come together and help the beleaguered people of the state. Able leadership is knowing when to back political grandstanding with action.
• The tragic loss of four Army personnel on Thursday is yet another bloody reminder that something is really amiss in the Rajouri-Poonch area. It has been one debacle after another this year, with too many precious lives lost. Political bosses should step in and demand accountability from the Army leadership.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

THE CONTEXT: Israel continues deadly bombardment of Gaza with latest attacks reported in the Nuseirat refugee camp and Khan Younis. Israel continues to state that it will continue the war in Gaza “with or without international support”.

BACKGROUND:

• Theodor Herzl, one of the founders of modern political Zionism, wrote in Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State), a pamphlet published in 1896. It was stated in the pamphlet that the Jewish state would form a part of a wall of defence for Europe in Asia, an outpost of civilisation against barbarism,”.
• It was argued that security for Jews could be guaranteed only by the creation of a separate national state for them and requested the Ottoman Sultan to give Palestine to the Jews.
• It was promised to undertake the regulations of the whole of Turkey’s finances in return.
• The movement Herzl began culminated in the creation of the state of Israel in historical Palestine in 1948.
• More than 75 years later, the civilisational outpost that Herzl had imagined is now continuing its illegal occupation of Palestinian territories and is fighting a calamitous war on the Gaza Strip.

ISRAEL NARRATIVE OF WAR:

• Israel objectives:

1. To free the hostages as Hamas had taken some 240 hostages during its raid.

2. To “dismantle” Hamas.

3. To rebuild Israel’s deterrence so that another attack would not happen.

• Large number of killings: In a short span of time, Israel, has killed 20,000 Palestinians, a vast majority of them women and children, wounded over 50,000 and displaced almost 90% of the enclave’s population. It has managed to turn Gaza into what the United Nations called a “graveyard for children and a living hell for everyone else”.
• Unequal power: In terms of military capabilities, Hamas does not stand even for a distant comparison with Israel. Israel is a nuclear power and a developed economy, which is politically and militarily backed by the United States, equipped with some of the world’s most advanced offensive and defensive weapons. Israel also controls all of Gaza’s border except the Rafah crossing in the south into Egypt. Hamas, on the other side, has roughly 50,000 fighters with assault rifles and short- to medium-range rockets.
• Unsuccessful in hostage operation: Israel has managed to free only one hostage through its military operation and the other over 100 hostages who were released were part of a brief ceasefire deal that Israel had struck with Hamas.
• Not good in unconventional wars: While Israel has an excellent track record against its conventional rivals in the region, its record against non-state actors has always been mixed. Israel has not fought a conventional war in 50 years.

1. Invasion of Lebanon: In 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon to push the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) out of the country. It was expected the war would bring “40 years of peace”. But the war itself lasted 18 years, even after Israel pushed the PLO out of Lebanon. In 2006, it invaded Lebanon again, this time to crush After a month of intense ground battle, Israel had to accept a ceasefire, leaving Hezbollah politically stronger. Ever since, Hezbollah has rebuilt its military strength many times.

2. Attack on Gaza: After it withdrew from Gaza in 2005 following the second intifada, Israel carried out at least four major bombing campaigns in the enclave aimed at weakening Hamas. Still, it could not prevent the October 7 attack, the deadliest cross-border attack since 1948.

3. Current war: Israel’s main narrative is that Hamas is like the Islamic State (IS) and it aims to destroy it like the physical structure of IS was destroyed. But this sweeping narrative overlooks some fundamental complexities in West Asia. The IS was an outgrowth of al-Qaeda which exploited the chaos in the region to capture territories and spread terror.  It imposed itself on the peoples of Syria and Iraq and lacked any social or political cause. But in the case of Israel-Palestine, the fundamental contradiction is Israel’s continuing occupation of the Palestinian territories. Hamas might be a terrorist outfit for Israel but for a vast majority of other regional actors, it is fighting Israel’s violent occupation.  Hamas has a social and political cause which is the liberation of Palestine and is deeply entrenched in Palestinian society.

IMPACT OF THE WAR

• Attacking Israel economy: A long war would expose Israel’s weaknesses, Israel has mobilised some 3,00,000 reservists, which is adding stress to its economy. Hamas, which uses Gaza’s extensive tunnel networks to hide and fight, continues to fire rockets into Israel, terrorising communities and disrupting local economies.
• Isolating Israel: The high civilian casualties and the sheer brutality of Israel’s offensive in Gaza have isolated the Israel globally. The U.S. still stands with Israel, but recent remarks by U.S. President that Israel’s “indiscriminate bombing” would isolate it globally suggest toward this.
• Arab-Israel normalisation on halt: The Arab-Israel normalisation is on halt and can be said as dead, at least for now.
• Unstable West Asia: Houthis, the pro-Iran Shia rebels who control much of Yemen, are widening the war by targeting tankers in the Red Sea. It is threatening one of the busiest global shipping lanes and drawing the U.S. deeper into the conflict.

THE CONCLUSION:

Israel’s objective to eradicate Hamas, free hostages and bolster its own deterrence, seems not achievable even after weeks of intense bombing campaigns of this century. It is in a way increasing the complexities of the power relations of west Asia region.

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q) “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled ”. Discuss. (2018)

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

Q) Israel’s narrative of Hamas equating it with the Islamic State overlooks some fundamental complexities in West Asia. Comment.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/israel-is-fighting-in-the-dark-in-gaza/article67666853.ece#:~:text=Hamas%2C%20which%20uses%20Gaza’s%20extensive,isolated%20the%20Jewish%20state%20globally.

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The forthcoming year, 2024, holds a significant series of hearings in the Supreme Court, with a focus on various crucial matters to be deliberated upon by several seven-judge Constitution Benches.

EXPLANATION:

• These crucial issues encompass diverse legal concerns and constitutional interpretations pivotal to India’s legal landscape.
• The roster of cases includes pivotal topics such as the passage of laws as Money Bills, sub-classification of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, the intersection between legislative privilege breach and citizens’ fundamental rights, among others.

Scheduled Hearings:

• Money Bills and Enforcement Directorate Powers:
  • A significant case involves amendments in the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) through Money Bills, granting extensive powers to the Enforcement Directorate.
  • The court had upheld the legality of these amendments but referred the question of passing them as Money Bills to a seven-judge Bench, assessing their constitutional validity concerning Article 110 of the Constitution.
• Sub-Classification of SCs/STs:
  • Another critical issue pertains to the sub-classification of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
  • Differing views by different benches necessitate a seven-judge Bench to reconcile the conflict and address the constitutional implications of allowing states to sub-classify these communities.
• Legislature’s Privilege and Fundamental Rights:
  • Exploring the interplay between legislative privilege under Article 194 and the protection of fundamental rights, a case involving the authority of the legislature’s privilege to supersede fundamental rights is set for deliberation.

Timeline of Hearings

• The Supreme Court is scheduled to hear four out of six cases in January 2024.
• Chief Justice of India will head the seven-judge Bench for these hearings, with the remaining cases slated for March.

Significance of Cases

• These cases hold substantial constitutional implications.
• The decision on Money Bills’ passage, SC/ST sub-classification, and the clash between legislative privileges and fundamental rights will shape the legal landscape and impact governance and societal equality.

Background

• The legal issues arose from various judgments, conflicts between earlier rulings, and the need for clarity and uniformity in constitutional interpretations.
• These cases highlight conflicting precedents and the necessity for cohesive legal guidelines.

Conclusion

• The upcoming Supreme Court hearings in 2024 are poised to address critical constitutional and legal dilemmas.
• It will ensure the resolution of conflicting interpretations and providing vital clarity on significant issues impacting governance, societal rights, and constitutional validity.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2024-will-see-a-flurry-of-seven-judge-benches-hearing-a-series-of-crucial-issues-in-sc/article67666804.ece

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The U.N. Security Council has passed a revised resolution focusing on accelerating aid delivery to the starving and desperate civilians in Gaza.

EXPLANATION:

• However, notably absent from the resolution was the initial call for an “urgent suspension of hostilities” between Israel and Hamas.

Vote and U.S. Role

• The vote, delayed for an extended period, resulted in a 13-0 approval with both the United States and Russia abstaining.
• Prior to this, the United States vetoed a Russian amendment aiming to reinstate the call for an immediate hostilities suspension.
• The resolution’s passage marked the avoidance of a second U.S. veto for a Gaza-focused resolution following Hamas’ unexpected attacks in Israel in October.

Reactions and Disagreements

• While the U.S. Ambassador expressed relief at the resolution’s adoption, Russia criticized the outcome, calling it “entirely toothless.”
• Russia accused the United States of employing unacceptable tactics to avoid a veto.
• The proposed Russian amendment sought to reinstate the call for a hostilities suspension, emphasizing concerns about Israel’s unimpeded military actions in Gaza.

Resolution Highlights

• The final resolution, despite undergoing late modifications, emphasizes the urgent need for accelerated, unimpeded humanitarian access and creating conditions for a sustainable cessation of hostilities.
• However, it lacks the specific provision urging an immediate suspension of hostilities.
• Notably, the resolution removed a previous request for exclusive U.N. monitoring of all humanitarian aid routes, replacing it with a directive for a senior humanitarian coordinator to oversee non-party relief deliveries.

Humanitarian Crisis and Concerns

• The situation in Gaza is dire, with a reported food crisis affecting the entire population of 2.2 million, with over 570,000 people at the “catastrophic” starvation level.
• The U.N. Secretary-General has highlighted the looming humanitarian catastrophe and warned of potential mass displacement into Egypt if the humanitarian support system collapses.

Casualties

• The conflict has resulted in significant casualties, with thousands of Palestinians killed, though the number is contested.
• The recent Oct. 7 attack by Hamas inside Israel led to casualties and hostages taken back to Gaza, escalating tensions and complicating resolution efforts.

Resolution Legality and Global Response

• Security Council resolutions are legally binding, but adherence varies among involved parties.
• The resolution’s altered language and absence of specific directives on hostilities suspension might impact its effectiveness in mitigating the crisis.

Conclusion

• The adopted resolution, despite omitting the original call for immediate hostilities cessation, emphasizes the urgent need for humanitarian aid and coordination.
• The altered language, notably the absence of specific directives on hostilities suspension, highlights the challenges in reaching a comprehensive resolution to the ongoing crisis between Israel and Hamas in Gaza.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/un-approves-watered-down-resolution-on-aid-to-gaza-without-call-for-suspension-of-hostilities/article67667437.ece

TAG: GS 2: GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Central government is considering the establishment of a health sector regulator to streamline and oversee both private and government health insurance schemes.

EXPLANATION:

• This move aims to enhance access to affordable insurance coverage for all citizens.
• The Ministries of Finance and Health are engaging in preliminary discussions regarding the necessity and potential implementation of such a regulatory body.

Need for a Unified Regulator

• Several doctors’ associations advocate for the consolidation of private and government insurance schemes under a single regulator.
• This initiative intends to regulate prominent government schemes such as Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana, the Central Government Health Scheme, Employees’ State Insurance Corporation, etc.

Addressing Healthcare Accessibility

• Director-General of the Association of Healthcare Providers India (AHPI) emphasizes the necessity of restructuring government insurance schemes.
• The objective is to encourage more tertiary care hospitals to participate in these schemes, thereby enabling beneficiaries to access quality healthcare services.

Objective of ‘Insurance for All by 2047’

• Aligned with the IRDAI Vision 2047, the government’s ambition is to achieve ‘Insurance for All by 2047.’
• This comprehensive goal entails ensuring suitable life, health, and property insurance coverage for every citizen, accompanied by appropriate insurance solutions for enterprises.

Role of the Proposed Regulator

• Advocates have been advocating for an independent regulatory agency responsible for restructuring existing insurance schemes.
• The agency would be tasked with setting scientifically based reimbursement rates for various medical procedures.
• This effort aims to incentivize more hospitals to participate in these schemes, enabling expanded access to tertiary care services for beneficiaries.

Impact and Challenges

• Without the restructuring and regulation of reimbursement rates, many hospitals might hesitate to join government insurance schemes.
• This hesitation could potentially restrict beneficiaries’ access to crucial tertiary care services.
• Therefore, the proposed regulator is anticipated to address these challenges and ensure a more inclusive and efficient healthcare system.

Conclusion

• The establishment of a health sector regulator represents a significant step towards harmonizing and regulating insurance schemes in India.
• By unifying oversight under a single authority, the aim is to enhance accessibility, affordability, and inclusivity in healthcare services, particularly in providing tertiary care to a larger portion of the population.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-exploring-one-stop-health-sector-regulator/article67666460.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Angola has decided to exit the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), raising concerns about OPEC’s ability to manage global oil supplies, increased US crude output, and geopolitical tensions impacting oil shipping routes.

EXPLANATION:

• Angola, an oil-producing nation, announced its departure from OPEC, citing that its membership in the organization did not serve its interests.
• Angola’s decision raises questions about the effectiveness of OPEC’s strategies in stabilizing and influencing oil prices.
• Angola’s production stands at about 1.1 million barrels per day, a fraction compared to OPEC’s total output of 28 million barrels per day.

Impact on OPEC’s Cohesion and Direction

• Despite being one of the smaller producers in OPEC, Angola’s exit prompts concerns about the unity and direction of the organization.
• While its departure may not significantly affect global oil supplies due to its relatively smaller output, it highlights potential internal disagreements within OPEC regarding production quotas and strategies to manage oil prices.

OPEC’s Efforts to Support Oil Prices

• OPEC, led by Saudi Arabia, has been attempting to stabilize oil prices by implementing production cuts.
• However, challenges persist as non-OPEC producers, such as the United States, have increased their output, filling the supply gap and impacting OPEC’s ability to control prices.

Increased US Crude Output

• The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) reported a record rise in US crude oil output to 13.3 million barrels per day.
• This surge in production, reaching a new high, contributes to global oil market dynamics and may counterbalance OPEC’s efforts to limit supply and raise prices.

Geopolitical Tensions and Oil Shipping Routes

• Recent attacks by Yemeni Houthi militants on vessels bound for Israeli ports have caused disruptions in global trade by forcing major maritime carriers to avoid the Red Sea.
• These disruptions raise concerns about potential supply diversions and interruptions due to geopolitical tensions, impacting oil shipping routes.

Israel-Hamas Conflict

• The conflict between Israel and Hamas has escalated, affecting truce talks and potentially causing further disruptions in the region.
• These geopolitical tensions add uncertainty to oil markets due to their potential to disrupt supply chains and shipping routes in the Middle East.

Conclusion:

• The confluence of events, including Angola’s exit from OPEC, increased US crude output, and geopolitical tensions impacting shipping routes due to conflicts in the Middle East, contributes to uncertainties in global oil markets.
• These factors collectively influence oil prices and market stability, challenging OPEC’s efforts to manage supplies and stabilize prices amid a complex geopolitical landscape.

SOURCE: https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/oil-falls-more-than-1-as-angola-decides-to-exit-opec-11940551.html

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: China has recently implemented stringent export restrictions on technologies associated with rare-earth magnets, signalling a response to efforts by countries like the U.S. and Japan to reduce dependence on Chinese rare-earth suppliers.

EXPLANATION:

• These restrictions encompass technologies crucial for mining, refining, and processing rare-earth metals.

Nature of the Ban

• Expanded Restrictions
  • The ban covers technologies for producing rare-earth magnets, in addition to ore mining, selection, refining, and processes related to extraction, separation, and alloy production.
  • This move indicates China’s intent to tighten control over critical industrial materials.
• Impact on Global Supply Chains
  • The global reliance on China for rare-earth elements has been significant, with China’s share of global rare-earth output decreasing to around 70% from 90% a decade earlier.
  • The restrictions pose challenges for countries like the U.S. and Japan, both significant consumers of rare-earth magnets in high-tech industries.

International Implications

• Response to Economic Security Concerns
  • The U.S. and other nations have been striving to establish independent supply chains to reduce reliance on China for strategic resources.
  • China’s dominance in rare-earth processing has raised concerns about economic security, prompting moves by other countries to diversify their sources.
• Rivalry between U.S. and China
  • The U.S. has endeavoured to develop its own rare-earth mines, yet China still maintains supremacy in refining and processing.
  • This control over the supply chain has positioned China as a critical player, triggering competition and technological advancements in high-tech fields between the U.S. and China.

Challenges and Opportunities

• Global Supply Diversification
  • While efforts are underway to establish alternative sources for rare-earth metals, challenges persist.
  • Countries lack adequate refining facilities due to environmental concerns, and China’s technological expertise in processing remains unmatched.
• Self-Sufficiency Initiatives
  • Countries like the U.S. have prioritized initiatives to reduce dependence on Chinese rare-earth processing.
  • However, achieving self-sufficiency requires substantial investments in refining technologies and infrastructure.

Chinese Government’s Strategy

• Tightening Control Over Resources
  • China’s recent measures, including advanced approval requirements for certain exports and monitoring of exported materials, underscore the government’s strategic control over key resources in high-tech sectors.
• Focus on Dominance in High-Tech Fields
  • The trimmed list of technology export curbs, coupled with more detailed technical requirements, reflects the competition between the U.S. and China for dominance in critical high-tech sectors, necessitating tighter controls over rare-earth technologies.

Conclusion

• China’s ban on rare-earth magnet technologies and associated export restrictions signals a significant move in the global geopolitical landscape.
• The increased competition between major players like the U.S., Japan, and China underscores the importance of securing independent supply chains for rare-earth metals, crucial for various high-tech industries.
• Achieving self-sufficiency in rare-earth processing remains a challenge, necessitating strategic investments and collaborative efforts among nations to ensure economic stability and technological advancement.

SOURCE: https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Trade/China-bans-exports-of-rare-earth-magnet-technologies#:~:text=China’s%20share%20of%20global%20rare,still%20dominates%20refining%20and%20processing

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Industry on December 20, 2023 recommended that the Centre should extend the deadline of the Faster Adoption & Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME) – II Scheme by at least three more years.

EXPLANATION:

• The Faster Adoption & Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME) – II Scheme, with a budget of Rs 10,000 crore and a deadline until March 31, 2024, aims to boost the adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles in India.
• It provides upfront incentives for purchasing electric vehicles and the development of charging infrastructure.

Committee’s Recommendations

• Extension of FAME-II Scheme
  • The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Industry recommends extending the FAME-II Scheme by at least three years beyond its current deadline.
  • The extension aims to support more electric vehicles and bolster the transition to electric mobility.
• Impact of Subsidy Reduction on Electric Two-Wheelers
  • Reduction of subsidies for electric two-wheelers post-June 1, 2023, has negatively impacted sales.
  • The committee advises restoring the subsidy to maintain momentum and achieve the EV penetration target by 2030.
  • Budgetary constraints led to fund reallocation and target revisions in the FAME-II Scheme.
• Inclusion of Private Electric Four-Wheelers
  • The committee suggests expanding FAME-II to include private electric four-wheelers, subject to vehicle cost and battery capacity limitations.
  • It advocates for increased support for EVs in the four-wheelers category.
• Government Framework and Manufacturing Support
  • To enhance India’s position as a global EV hub, the committee urges the Ministry of Heavy Industries to establish transparent, consistent government frameworks at national, state, and local levels.
  • It proposes dedicated manufacturing hubs for EV components and batteries to drive economic development.
• Charging Infrastructure and BHEL’s Role
  • The committee recommends increasing funding for Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) to promote EV mobility and facilitate charging station infrastructure, including solar-based stations and battery energy storage systems.
• Incentives for Charging Station Installation
  • To expand charging station infrastructure, the committee suggests incentivizing individual investors and encouraging public sector participation in installing charging stations at their premises.
  • Women self-help groups and cooperative societies could receive government support for opening and operating charging stations.
• Policy Consistency and Stability
  • Frequent policy changes in the EV sector create uncertainty and impact market confidence.
  • The committee emphasizes the need for a stable and consistent national policy on electric mobility to foster a conducive environment for sustainable transportation.

Conclusion

• The recommendations put forth by the Parliamentary Standing Committee underscore the necessity for a prolonged FAME-II Scheme to support the burgeoning electric vehicle industry.
• The suggestions highlight various facets, including policy stability, charging infrastructure expansion, subsidy restoration, and the inclusion of private electric four-wheelers, to propel India’s shift towards cleaner and sustainable transportation.
• The envisaged reforms aim to establish a robust ecosystem conducive to electric mobility and its seamless integration into the country’s transportation framework.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/energy/parliamentary-panel-recommends-fame-ii-scheme-s-extension-by-at-least-3-more-years-93505

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023, aims to replace the Indian Penal Code (IPC) with comprehensive revisions and transformative changes in criminal laws, departing significantly from the existing framework.

EXPLANATION:

• This legislation introduces new offences, abolishes outdated provisions, and modifies existing laws to adapt to contemporary societal and legal dynamics.

New Offences Introduced

• Promise to Marry
  • Clause 69 criminalizes deceitful promises of marriage leading to consensual sexual activity, addressing concerns related to “love jihad” narratives.
  • It broadens the ambit of sexual offences by penalizing individuals engaging in sexual intercourse with false promises.
• Mob Lynching
  • The BNS codifies offences linked to mob lynching and hate-crime murders, prescribing severe punishments, including life imprisonment to death, for murder committed by mobs based on factors like race, caste, or personal belief.
• Organized Crime
  • For the first time, organized crime comes under ordinary criminal law.
  • It includes provisions for cases involving death, imposing penalties ranging from life imprisonment to death, and a mandatory minimum sentence of five years for non-fatal incidents.
• Terrorism
  • The BNS incorporates language from stringent anti-terrorism laws, bringing terrorism under the purview of ordinary criminal law, broadening the definition of terror activities and terror financing.
• Attempted Suicide in Protests
  • A provision criminalizing suicide attempts with the intent to restrain public servants from discharging duties aims to prevent self-immolations or hunger strikes during protests.

Deletions and Modifications

• Repealing Section 377
  • The BNS repeals Section 377, decriminalizing homosexuality.
  • However, concerns exist about its omission, as it was also used to tackle non-consensual sexual acts, while current rape laws remain gendered.
• Adultery
  • Adultery, previously deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, is omitted under the BNS.
• Thugs and Gender Neutrality
  • The provision labelling habitual associates as “thugs” is eliminated due to its colonial connotations.
  • Gender neutrality is introduced in various laws concerning children and crimes against women.

Other Notable Changes

• Fake News and Sedition
  • The BNS introduces provisions to criminalize publishing false information and revises sedition laws, broadening the definition and incorporating financial aid to subversive activities.
• Mandatory Minimum Sentences and Fines
  • The legislation introduces mandatory minimum sentences in several cases, limiting judicial discretion.
  • Offences related to public property damage now carry graded fines corresponding to the extent of damage.

Conclusion

• The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023, signifies a monumental shift in India’s legal landscape, aiming to modernize criminal laws, address societal concerns, and adapt to contemporary challenges.
• While it introduces progressive changes, the legislation also raises questions about its nuanced implementation, judicial discretion, and potential impacts on civil liberties and justice delivery.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/indian-penal-code-to-nyaya-sanhita-whats-new-what-is-out-what-changes-9078213/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Lok Sabha recently passed the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Bill, 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• This legislation aims to regulate the appointment process and define various aspects related to the chief election commissioner (CEC) and other election commissioners’ roles and responsibilities.

Key Provisions of the Bill

• Appointment Mechanism:
  • The bill establishes a structured mechanism for appointing the CEC and other election commissioners.
  • The president of India appoints these officials based on the recommendation of a selection committee.
• Composition of the Selection Committee:
  • The selection committee comprises three members: the Prime Minister, a Union Cabinet Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition.
• Revisions and Amendments:
  • The legislation aims to address the gaps left by the Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991.
  • It covers areas such as qualifications, search committee, term of office, salary, resignation, removal, leave, and pension of the CEC and other commissioners.
• Changes in the Appointment Process:
  • The amendment introduces alterations in the appointment process, such as replacing the cabinet secretary with the law minister to head the search committee.

Controversy and Opposition Stance

• Opposition’s Objections:
  • Members of the opposition raised concerns during the bill’s discussion, primarily regarding the revised appointment process.
  • They opposed the composition of the selection committee, citing the possibility of it leading to the appointment of a ‘Yes Man’ as CEC.
• Suspension of Members:
  • Notably, 97 opposition members remained suspended for “misconduct” during the debate on the bill.
  • This further intensified the political debate surrounding the bill.
• Concerns about Democracy:
  • Opposition members criticized the amendment, labeling it as detrimental to democracy.
  • They highlighted that two out of the three selection committee members—the Prime Minister and a cabinet minister—could influence the CEC’s appointment, potentially undermining the neutrality and independence of the position.

Government’s Perspective and Defense

• Legal Background:
  • The government’s stance is anchored in a Supreme Court judgment, emphasizing that the appointment of the CEC and ECs should be conducted by a committee, as advised by the President.
• Filling Legal Void:
  • Union Law Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal defended the bill by stating that it aims to address the inadequacies present in prior legislations and comply with the Supreme Court’s directives.
• Amendment Rationale:
  • The amendment to change the head of the search committee from the cabinet secretary to the law minister is purportedly to streamline and enhance the efficiency of the appointment process.

Conclusion

• The passage of the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners Bill, 2023, amid debates and opposition outcry, reflects the ongoing tug-of-war between the ruling government and opposition factions regarding the appointment mechanism of crucial constitutional positions.
• The concerns raised by the opposition about the potential impact of the amended bill on democracy and the independence of the CEC’s office will likely continue to be a subject of contention and scrutiny in the political landscape.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, KINDLY REFER TO THE DNA ARTICLE OF 13^TH DECEMBER 2023.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lok-sabha-passes-bill-on-appointment-of-chief-election-commissioner-election-commissioners-parliament-winter-session-11703148084130.html

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Watsonx.ai, an AI tool jointly built by IBM and NASA, might make it possible for us to anticipate hurricanes, droughts, and other catastrophic weather occurrences with greater accuracy.

EXPLANATION:

• At the intersection of NASA’s extensive data and IBM’s AI technology lies Watsonx.ai, an innovative tool designed to revolutionize weather forecasting and aid in climate change mitigation.
• This AI system harnesses vast datasets to monitor Earth from space, offering insights into environmental changes and facilitating predictive analysis.

Evolution of Weather Forecasting with AI

• Advancements in Weather Prediction:
  • Over recent decades, weather forecasting has significantly improved, evident in the accuracy of today’s forecasts compared to those from years past.
  • The integration of advanced technologies, such as high-computing power and enhanced atmospheric and oceanic monitoring, has contributed to these improvements.
• Challenges in Data Interpretation:
  • Despite advancements, challenges persist in handling massive climate datasets, hindering their effective analysis and utilization.
  • By 2024, scientists are expected to have access to colossal amounts of climate data (around 250,000 terabytes), necessitating more efficient methods for interpretation.
• Role of AI in Weather Forecasting:
  • AI, particularly deep-learning models like AI emulators, aids in generating forecasts based on historical weather patterns.
  • These AI systems infer patterns and insights from data, enabling faster and more precise forecasting, significantly reducing computation times.

Watsonx.ai’s Functionality

• Training and Development:
  • ai, akin to other AI models like Microsoft’s Bing or OpenAI’s ChatGPT, is built on a foundational model trained on diverse, uncategorized data.
  • NASA provides vast satellite image datasets, and IBM’s model interprets these visual sequences by reconstructing images and learning how they interconnect.
• Enhanced Capabilities:
  • The model’s beta tests demonstrated a 15% improvement in mapping flood and burn scars over the continental United States while using less labeled data compared to traditional techniques.
  • ai simplifies usage, allowing users to select a location and date for analyzing changes like floodwaters and reforestation efforts.

Impact of Watsonx.ai and AI in Climate Change Mitigation

• Addressing Climate Challenges:
  • ai’s streamlined approach minimizes data cleaning and labeling, expediting geographical analysis by three to four times.
  • The information gleaned can aid in disaster response, infrastructure development, and environmental conservation, potentially mitigating the impact of climate-related disasters.
• Implications for the Future:
  • AI integration in weather forecasting holds the promise of more accurate predictions regarding catastrophic weather events like hurricanes and droughts, offering insights into environmental changes’ implications.
• Wider Applications:
  • Beyond climate monitoring, AI has diverse applications. It can aid disaster response teams, optimize supply chain logistics, and even assist in personal decision-making regarding travel or housing choices.

AI’s Role in Climate Change Mitigation

• AI’s Broad Impact:
  • AI technologies are already instrumental in various sectors’ climate change strategies, with both private and public sector leaders recognizing AI’s potential in combating climate change.
  • Industries like transportation and agriculture benefit from AI-driven solutions, such as energy-efficient route mapping and optimized irrigation, leading to reduced emissions and resource wastage.
• Emission Reduction Efforts:
  • AI’s potential extends to emissions assessment, mitigation, and removal.
  • It can contribute significantly to cutting greenhouse gas emissions and reducing organizations’ carbon footprints.

Conclusion

• ai and similar AI-driven initiatives represent a pivotal step in leveraging technology to understand, predict, and mitigate the impact of climate change.
• The integration of AI into weather forecasting and various industries holds immense potential to address environmental challenges and foster a sustainable future.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/ai-tool-weather-forecasts-tackle-climate-change-9077964/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Iceland is one of the most volcanically active regions on the planet. It witnesses an eruption every four to five years. However, since 2021, the frequency has spiked to almost one eruption per year.

EXPLANATION:

Recent Eruptions in Iceland

• The Fagradalsfjall volcano in southwest Iceland erupted in 2021 and subsequently in December 2023.
• This volcano, dormant for over 6,000 years, became active in 2021.
• Intense seismic activities preceding eruptions allowed authorities to anticipate the events and take precautionary measures like evacuations, minimizing potential risks to local communities.

Understanding Volcanoes

• Volcanoes are natural geologic features characterized by openings or vents through which magma, ash, gases, and rocks are expelled onto the Earth’s surface.
• These formations occur both on land and underwater.
• The molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface is referred to as magma and becomes lava when it erupts onto the surface.

Volcanic Formation Mechanisms

• According to scientific understanding, the ascent of magma to the surface occurs through various mechanisms:
  • Divergent Boundaries:
    • At these plate boundaries, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, tectonic plates move apart from each other.
    • The gap formed allows magma to rise and create new crust. Underwater volcanoes often form along these boundaries.
  • Convergent Boundaries:
    • When plates move towards each other, one may be forced beneath the other in a process called subduction.
    • The melting of the subducted plate creates magma, leading to volcanic activity.
  • Hotspots:
    • These are areas within the Earth’s mantle where magma upwelling occurs due to high temperatures.
    • As the magma rises, it can create volcanoes on the Earth’s surface.

Types of Volcanoes

• Volcanoes vary in shape, size, and eruption style based on factors like magma viscosity, gas content, and composition.
• The two main types are:

1. Stratovolcanoes:

• These volcanoes have steep sides and a cone-shaped appearance due to their explosive eruptions that produce layers of ash, lava, and volcanic rocks like pumice.
• Examples include Mount St. Helens in the United States and Mount Fuji in Japan.

2. Shield Volcanoes:

• They are characterized by a broad, gently sloping profile formed by the flowing of low-viscosity lava during non-explosive eruptions.
• Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea in Hawaii are prominent shield volcanoes.

Iceland’s Volcanic Activity

• Geological Location and Tectonic Activity:
  • Iceland is situated on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates drift apart.
  • This movement results in rift zones, where the Earth’s crust fractures, allowing magma to rise and cause eruptions.
  • The constant separation of these tectonic plates leads to the creation of volcanic rift zones, enhancing volcanic activity.

Presence of Hotspots:

• Additionally, Iceland is positioned over a hotspot, a region beneath the Earth’s surface with exceptionally high temperatures that facilitate magma formation and upward movement.
• This hotspot contributes to the heightened volcanic activity on the island.

Conclusion

• Iceland’s geologic positioning on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, coupled with the presence of a hotspot, creates ideal conditions for frequent volcanic activity.
• Understanding the mechanisms behind volcanic eruptions aids in predicting and preparing for such natural events, crucial for safeguarding lives and minimizing potential damages to infrastructure and the environment.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/iceland-volcano-eruption-types-9077779/