Day-510 | Daily MCQs | UPSC Prelims | ECONOMY

Answer: D
Explanation:
When one comes to examine Shivaji’s administration, one can easily detect a few broad principles which he shrewdly brought into force as he proceeded building up his Swarajya. They are:-
● The country was to be defended against enemies by means of well garrisoned forts;
● All services were to be paid in cash and not by grants of land; hence, statement a is incorrect.
● Servants were employed on the principle of merit and not heredity; hence, statement b is incorrect.
● Revenue was not to be collected through Zamindars or middlemen but through a well-supervised government agency; hence, statement d is correct.
● The system of farming lands was abolished; in other words, land revenue was never auctioned; hence, statement c is incorrect.
● All government work was divided among well defined separate departments;
● Equal opportunity was offered in the public service to all castes;
● Expenditure was so budgeted as to lay by some surplus every year.
Additional Information:
● The whole dominion of Shivaji was fluctuating and fluid in its area, as he was all along engaged in building up and extending his kingdom. He divided it into three main provinces, the northern division from Poona to Salher, being under his Peshwa Moropant Pingle and including north Konkan also. Southern Konkan upto north Kanara was in the viceroyalty of Anāji Datto, while the southern Desh districts roughly from Satara to Dharwar and Kopbal were under Dattäjipant Wagnis.
● The newly conquered districts south of the Tunga- bhadra, namely, Arni, Vellore, Jinji, etc. were administered by Ilarji Mahadik, Shivaji’s son-in-law. There were many scattered outlying-districts, where specially trusted and competent agents were appointed from time to time. “The Mughal territory was to be subjected to the levy of the Chauth contribution.

Answer: A
Explanation:
In Bengal, the Revolutionary Nationalists began reorganization after 1922. They resumed large-scale propaganda in the press and developed their underground activities.

● The Government now took alarm and started large scale repression. It arrested a large number of revolutionary leaders and activists under a newly promulgated ordinance. Moreover, a large number of Congressmen, including Subhas Bose, suspected of being sympathetic to the revolutionaries were also arrested. Nearly all the major leaders being in jail, revolutionary activity suffered a severe setback.
● Revolutionary activity also suffered because of factional and personal quarrels within the ranks of the old revolutionary leaders. Quarrels on the basis of Jugantar vs. Anushilan were endemic. However, after their release after 1926 many of the younger revolutionaries, critical of the older leaders, began to organize themselves into a large number of new groups which came to be known as Revolt Groups. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
● Gopinath Saha’s attempt in January 1924 to assassinate Charles Tegart, the hated Police Commissioner of Calcutta, although was a revolutionary act, but was part of individual heroic action and not part of any Revolt Group. The most famous actions among the Revolt Group was the Chittagong Armoury Raid led by Surya Sen. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Answer: C
Explanation:
During the 1940s, the Indian National Army or Azad Hind Fauj, along with the Quit India Movement, emerged as one of the most important symbols of India’s will to fight for independence in the best possible manner, even through violent efforts.
The rapid advance of the Japanese forces in Southeast Asia uprooting the European colonial powers, such as the British, Dutch and French, led to a completely changed situation when the Indians in these countries as well as the captured Indian soldiers who had fought in the British army began to be mobilized and organized to fight for Indian freedom.
● Giani Pritam Singh, Captain Mohan Singh, Rash Behari Bose, Pritam Singh and Satyanand Puri are associated with the first phase of INA.
Subhas Chandra Bose arrived in Singapore on 2 July 1943 and assumed the command of the INA from Rash Behari. Bose declared in Singapore on 21 October 1943 the formation of the Azad Hind Government.
● Bose decided that Burma would be crucial to his strategic military manoeuvre. When the Japanese Field Marshal suggested that the INA should work only as a field propaganda unit, Bose immediately rejected it and demanded that INA brigades should be used as advance fighting units. The Japanese agreed to initially put one division of INA consisting of about 10,000 soldiers into action. Mohammad Zaman Kiani assumed the command of this unit. This division was further divided into three regiments which had been named after Gandhi, Nehru, and Azad signifying oneness with the nationalist movement at home. Out of these the best soldiers were taken out to form a guerrilla unit under Shah Nawaz Khan which would first go into action. The soldiers named this unit ‘Subhas Brigade’.
The trial of INA officers and soldiers at Delhi’s Red Fort aroused such strong sentiments among the Indians against the British that the INA and its main officers became known in every home in the country.
● The Congress decided to defend the prisoners in the Court and assigned the task to a veteran nationalist lawyer, Bhulabhai Desai.
Note: C.R. Abhayankar is not associated with INA rather with All India States People’s Conference.

Answer: B
Explanation:
Among the States where the first Praja Mandals or State People’s Conferences were set up included Hyderabad, Mysore, Baroda, the Kathiawad States, the Deccan States, Jamnagar, Indore and Nawanagar. Among the leaders who emerged through this process, the more important names are those of Balwantrai Mehta, Maniklal Kothari and C.R. Abhayankar.
The high watermark of the movement in the States was reached in the years 1938-39. Praja Mandals or People’s Association sprung up in many states, and struggles broke out in Rajkot, Travancore, Mysore, Hyderabad, Patiala, Jaipur, Kashmir and the Orissa States.
● The term ‘dalams’ is associated with the state of Hyderabad. The Nizam, on 12 June 1947 announced that he would become sovereign after the British left. The movement now took a different form, that of armed resistance. The State Congress set up camps on the State’s borders, and organized raids on custom’s outposts, the police stations and Razakar camps. But inside the State, and especially in the Nalgonda, Warangal and Khammam districts of Telengana, it was the Communists who took the lead in organizing armed resistance. They organized the peasants into dalams, gave the training in using arms, to attack the Razakars.

Answer: C
Explanation:
● Lingdum Monastery, also known as Ranka Monastery and Pal Zurmang Kagyud Monastery, is located in Ranka, about 20 kilometres from Gangtok, the capital of Sikkim. It was built in the Tibetan architectural style and is an important site of prayer. The monastery also serves as a training facility for new and novice monks. Lingdum Monastery adheres to the Zurmang Kagyud tradition of Buddhism, which is led by the lineage’s 12th heir, Zurmang Gharwang Rinpoche.
● Located in the foothills of the Himalayas in Dehradun in North India, Mindrolling Monastery has expanded steadily to become one of the largest Buddhist centers in existence today. All the great masters of Tibetan Buddhism, and especially all the teachers of the Nyingma lineage consider Mindrolling to be an inspiring example of the practice of the pure and profound Dharma of Vajrayana Buddhism.
● The Namdroling Monastery, popularly referred to as ‘The Golden Temple’ is one of the largest Tibetan settlements located in Bylakuppe, about 5 kms from Kushalanagara in Kodagu district, Karnataka in India.
● The Hemis Monastery is a Buddhist monastery located 45 kilometers from Leh city, Ladakh, India. It belongs to the Red Hat Sect or Drukpa lineage of Buddhism. The monastery was first established in the 11th century and later reestablished in the 17th century by the Ladakhi King Sengge Namgyal. It is also famous for its 2-day religious ceremony known as the Hemis Festival.