ECONOMIC SURVEY 2021-22: CHAPTER 3- EXTERNAL SECTOR

THE CONTEXT: External trade recovered strongly in 2021-22 after the pandemic-induced slump of the previous year, with strong capital flows into India, leading to a rapid accumulation of foreign exchange reserves. The resilience of India’s external sector during the current year augurs well for growth revival in the economy. However, the downside risks of global liquidity tightening and continued volatility of global commodity prices, high freight costs, coupled with the fresh resurgence of COVID-19 with new variants may pose a challenge for India during 2022-23.

EXTERNAL TRADE PERFORMANCE

• The survey states that owing to the recovery of global demand coupled with a revival in domestic activity, India’s merchandise exports, and imports rebounded strongly and surpassed pre-COVID levels during the current financial year.
• The revival in exports was also helped by timely initiatives taken by the Government. The USA followed by the UAE and China remained the top export destinations in April-November 2021, while China, the UAE, and the USA were the largest import sources for India.

• Despite weak tourism revenues, there was a significant pickup in net services receipts during April-December 2021 on account of robust software and business earnings, with both receipts and payments crossing the pre-pandemic levels.

• The Economic Survey notes that the first half of the calendar 2021 witnessed an acceleration in the global economic activity that lifted the merchandise trade above its pre-pandemic peaks. It says that India’s merchandise exports have followed the global trend and during April – December 2021 the merchandise exports grew by 49.7%, compared to the corresponding period of last year and 26.5% over 2019-20 (April-December).
• The Survey mentions that India has already attained more than 75% of its ambitious export target of US$ 400 billion set for 2021-22 and is well on the track to achieve the target. It says that sharp recovery in key markets, increased consumer spending, pent-up savings, and disposable income due to the announcement of fiscal stimulus by major economies, and an aggressive export push by the Government have bolstered exports in 2021-22.
• The rise in exports has been broad-based. India’s agriculture exports continue to do well, with the export of agriculture and allied products growing by 23.2% during April- November 2021 over the corresponding period of last year. The Survey recommends that a push in the direction of Free Trade Agreements would help provide the institutional arrangements for India’s exports diversification.
• On the issue of merchandise imports, the Economic Survey states that India witnessed a revival in domestic demand resulting in strong import growth.
• Merchandise imports grew at the rate of 68.9% in April-December 2021 over the corresponding period of last year and 21.9% over April-December 2019, crossing the pre-pandemic level.
• The Survey indicates that there has been increased diversification of India’s import sources as reflected in the reduction of China’s share to 15.5% from 17.7% in the April–November period. The Survey indicates that the merchandise trade deficit has increased to US$ 142.4 billion in April-December 2021.

TRADE-IN SERVICES

• India has maintained its impressive performance in world services trade in the post-COVID-19 period, with services exports growing by 18.4% to US$ 177.7 billion during April-December 2021 for the corresponding period of last year. The Survey says that the strong growth witnessed in services exports may also be attributed to key reforms undertaken by the Government. Services imports rose by 21.5% to US$ 103.3 billion in April-December 2021.

CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE:

• The Economic Survey says that India’s current account balance turned into a deficit of 0.2 percent of GDP in the first half of 2021-22, largely led by a deficit in the trading account. Net capital flows were higher at US$ 65.6 billion in H1: 2021-22, on account of continued inflow of foreign investment, revival in net external commercial borrowings (ECBs), higher banking capital, and additional special drawing rights (SDR) allocation. India’s external debt rose to US$ 593.1 billion at the end of September 2021, from US$ 556.8 billion a year earlier, reflecting additional SDR allocation by IMF, coupled with higher commercial borrowings.

CAPITAL ACCOUNT

• The Survey states that the net foreign investment inflows moderated to US$ 25.4 billion in the first half of the current financial year, compared to the corresponding year of FY 2021. As per data available till November 2021, the net FDI and gross FDI inflows have moderated largely due to lower equity investment. The Survey states that Foreign Portfolio investment remains volatile due to global uncertainties.

BOP BALANCE AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES

• The Economic Survey mentions that the robust capital flows were sufficient to finance the modest current account deficit, resulting in an overall balance of payments (BoP) surplus of US$ 63.1 billion in H1 of 2021-22, which led to an augmented foreign exchange reserves crossing the milestone of US$ 600 billion and touched US$ 633.6 billion as of December 31, 2021. As of the end of November 2021, India was the fourth-largest forex reserves holder in the world after China, Japan, and Switzerland.

On the issue of movement in the exchange rate, the Economic Survey states that the rupee exhibited movements in both directions against the US$ during April-December 2021, yet it depreciated by 3.4% in December 2021 over March 2021.  However the depreciation of the rupee was modest as compared to its emerging market peers and it also appreciated against Euro, Japanese Yen, and Pounds Sterling.

EXTERNAL DEBT

• India’s external debt stood at US$ 593.1 billion, as of end-September 2021 which was 3.9% more than end-June 2021 levels. The Survey states that India’s external debt which crossed the pre-crisis level as at end-March 2021, consolidated further as at end-September 2021, aided by a revival in NRI deposits and one-off additional SDR allocation by the IMF. The share of short-term debt in total external debt fell marginally to 17% at the end-September 2021 from 17.7% at end-March 2021. The Survey says that from a medium-term perspective, India’s external debt continues to be below what is estimated to be optimal for an emerging market economy.

INDIA’S RESILIENCE

• The Economic Survey mentions that a sizeable accretion in reserves led to an improvement in external vulnerability indicators such as foreign reserves to total external debt, short-term debt to foreign exchange reserves, etc. India’s external sector is resilient to face any unwinding of the global liquidity arising out of the likelihood of faster normalization of monetary policy by systematically important central banks, including the Fed, in response to elevated inflationary pressures.

JUST ADD TO YOUR KNOWLEDGE

1. Top 10 Agricultural Export Products

2. Top Investing Countries FDI Equity Inflows

HIGHLIGHTS

• India’s merchandise exports and imports rebounded strongly and surpassed pre-COVID levels during the current financial year.
• There was significant pickup in net services with both receipts and payments crossing the pre-pandemic levels, despite weak tourism revenues.
• Net capital flows were higher at US$ 65.6 billion in the first half of 2021-22, on account of continued inflow of foreign investment, revival in net external commercial borrowings, higher banking capital and additional special drawing rights (SDR) allocation.
• India’s external debt rose to US $ 593.1 billion at end-September 2021, from US $ 556.8 billion a year earlier, reflecting additional SDR allocation by IMF, coupled with higher commercial borrowings.
• Foreign Exchange Reserves crossed US$ 600 billion in the first half of 2021-22 and touched US $ 633.6 billion as of December 31, 2021.