TAG: GS-3: WILDLIFE & BIODIVERSITY
CONTEXT: In recent years, the Hokarsar Wetland in the Kashmir Valley has faced water shortage problems due to abnormally low rainfall, significantly impacting its ability to host migratory birds.
EXPLANATION:
About Hokersar Wetland:
- Hokarsar Wetland is located in northern India, specifically in Jammu and Kashmir. This wetland is near the city of Srinagar. Hokarsar Wetland, the largest bird sanctuary in the Kashmir Valley, is in the Jhelum River Basin.
- It also serves as one of the significant flood absorption basins. It has been declared a conservation reserve under the Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1978.
- A variety of aquatic plants are found in Hokarsar, including submerged and emergent species. These plants are essential in providing habitat and food for a diverse fauna.
- Hokarsar is an essential refuge for migratory waterbirds, coastal birds and trans-Himalayan species during winters.
- It was also declared a Ramsar site under the Ramsar Convention on November 8, 2005.
Threats of the Hokersar Wetland:
- Climate Change: Changes in climate patterns, including alterations in precipitation and temperature, can impact the hydrology of the wetland, affecting both flora and fauna.
- Pollution: Discharge of pollutants from nearby human activities, agriculture, or industries can degrade water quality, affecting the health of the wetland ecosystem.
- Urbanization and Encroachment: Increasing human settlements and infrastructure development may lead to the encroachment of wetland areas, impacting the habitat for flora and fauna.
- Invasive Species: The introduction of invasive plant species can outcompete native vegetation, altering the wetland’s ecosystem dynamics.
Ramsar wetlands in Jammu and Kashmir, each recognised for their ecological significance and biodiversity:
- Wular Lake: Located in Bandipora district, it’s one of Asia’s largest freshwater lakes, supporting a range of aquatic species and migratory birds. The lake provides essential water resources and is crucial for local livelihoods.
- Hokersar Wetland: Known as the largest bird reserve in the Kashmir Valley, Hokersar lies in the Jhelum River basin and is a key wintering ground for migratory waterfowl from Central Asia.
- Surinsar-Mansar Lakes: This Ramsar site in Jammu comprises two lakes that play a vital ecological role, supporting a variety of flora and fauna, including migratory birds. These lakes are also culturally significant and have a strong connection to local traditions.
- Haigam Wetland: This area, a significant habitat for migratory birds, was designated a Ramsar site recently, in 2022. Its waters and surrounding vegetation support a variety of species, including some that are endangered.
- Shallabugh Wetland: Also designated in 2022, Shallabugh covers about 16 square kilometers in the Ganderbal district. It has diverse aquatic vegetation and supports 21 important resident and migratory bird species, including vulnerable species like the Eastern imperial eagle and Pallas’s fish eagle.
Source:
Spread the Word