ETHICS BY S. ANSARI The Best Teacher for Ethics in India

In the competitive landscape of civil services examinations, finding the right guidance can make all the difference. S. Ansari stands out as the beacon of excellence when it comes to coaching for Ethics subject for civil services examination aspirants. 

About Course:

In the competitive landscape of civil services examinations, finding the right guidance can make all the difference. S. Ansari stands out as the beacon of excellence when it comes to coaching for Ethics subject for civil services examination aspirants. 

The course structure is tailor-made for students, which is based on developing ethical aptitude among students so that they are able to give their best, no matter how tricky the paper is. S. Ansari, popularly known as the Ethics guru, teaches the subject in a manner that combines theoretical aspect of the paper with contemporary examples, and relevant flow charts & diagrams.

Holistic coverage of GS IV of CSE Mains: Classes will cover theoretical aspects, case studies, thinkers’ philosophy, handwritten class notes, study material, answer-writing practice, sectional and mock tests with model answers. 

THE CONTEXT: In the wake of the recently concluded general election, RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat’s comment on the need for humility and decorum in public discourse is a wake-up call. The idea that the best way to respond to political criticism is through verbal harassment has become popular in the era of TRP-driven media. Public discourse has become a gladiatorial game, teaching the ordinary citizen to be impressed with the nastiness of verbal blows rather than by how they serve matters of importance to the individual or the country. This problem is faced by liberal democracies throughout the world.

THE ISSUES:

• Degradation of Public Discourse: Public discourse deteriorates, particularly in the context of political criticism. It points out that responses to political criticism have increasingly taken the form of verbal harassment, driven by media sensationalism and the pursuit of high television ratings. This trend has turned public debates into gladiatorial contests, focusing on delivering verbal blows rather than addressing substantive issues that matter to individuals and the country.
• Failure to Distinguish Moral Claims: American philosopher Elizabeth Anderson’s diagnosis explains the problem of personal attacks in democratic discourse. She distinguishes between first-order moral claims, which call for good and right actions, and second-order moral claims, which evaluate people’s characters as virtuous or vicious. These claims focus on the merits of policies, ideas, or courses of action. They are concerned with what should be done to address societal problems or improve conditions. In contrast, second-order moral claims evaluate people’s characters, judging them as virtuous or vicious.
• Impact of Personal Attacks and Hate Speech: Personal attacks and hate speech marginalize relevant and meaningful information. They mask the refusal to understand one’s limitations and opponent’s, creating societal divisions. This behavior leads to conclusions about others’ values and character without understanding the reasons behind their views.
• Need for Humility and Care in Public Discourse: The virtues of humility and care are emphasized as necessary to overcome the tendencies of polarizing discourse. These virtues are often relegated to the personal sphere and are not considered matters for government or public discourse. Charles Taylor’s critique of modern secularism supports this point, noting that the training of character has receded into the background.
• Educational and Constitutional Concerns: Montesquieu advocated using education to cultivate a preference for public interest over private interest. B.R. Ambedkar’s apprehension about the quality of citizens working the Constitution is also mentioned, highlighting the concern that a good Constitution can turn sour if managed by a “bad lot.” This underscores the need for character education to ensure the survival and proper functioning of democratic institution

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Promote Intergroup Contact and Perspective-taking: Encouraging meaningful interactions between diverse groups can help reduce prejudice and polarization. This can be achieved by bringing together representative citizens to deliberate on challenging social or political issues. This can foster understanding and highlight common ground—organizing local forums where individuals from different political and social backgrounds can engage in structured, respectful conversations about their views and experiences.
• Encourage Civil Discourse and Set Boundaries: Establish environments where people feel safe to express their opinions without fear of personal attacks—encouraging individuals to set personal and professional boundaries to manage political discussions healthily, ensuring that conversations remain respectful and constructive.
• Reform Media Practices: Implementing stricter moderation policies on news websites and social media to reduce incivility and promote constructive discussions. Encouraging media outlets to provide balanced coverage and avoid sensationalism that exacerbates polarization.
• Educational Initiatives on Humility and Care: Integrating the virtues of humility and care into educational curricula can help cultivate these traits from a young age. Schools and universities can incorporate programs emphasizing the importance of humility, empathy, and understanding in personal and public life. Educating adults on effective communication, conflict resolution, and the importance of intellectual humility in public discourse.
• Policy Reforms to Reduce Polarization: Structural changes in the political system can help mitigate polarization. Implementing voting systems that encourage coalition-building and reduce the winner-takes-all mentality, such as ranked-choice voting. Reducing money’s influence in politics ensures elected officials are more accountable to their constituents than special interest groups.

THE CONCLUSION:

The call for humility and decorum in public discourse is not just a moral imperative but a necessity for the health of our democracy. As highlighted by thinkers like Elizabeth Anderson and Charles Taylor and rooted in the philosophical traditions of Montesquieu and traditional Indian thought, humility, and care are essential for meaningful dialogue and the pursuit of truth. It is time to reorient our public discourse towards these virtues, ensuring that our democratic processes are competitive but also respectful and constructive.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 What does the quotation convey to you in the present context? (c) “Do not hate anybody because that hatred from you must return to you in the long run. If you love, that love will come back to you, completing the circle.”—Swami Vivekananda 2023

Q.2 “Life doesn’t make any sense without interdependence. We need each other, and the sooner we learn that it is better for us all” – Erik Erikson 2021

Q.3 ” Condemn none: if you can stretch out a helping hand, do so. If not fold your hands, bless your brothers and let them go their own way.” – Swami Vivekanand 2020

Q.4 “Where there is righteousness in the heart, there is beauty in the character. When there is beauty in the character, there is harmony in the home. When there is harmony in the home, there is order in the nation. When there is order in the nation, there is peace in the world.” – A.P.J. Abdul Kalam 2019

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Critically examine the role of character virtues such as humility and care in maintaining the health of a democracy. Discuss how the failure to cultivate these virtues in public and political life can lead to polarization and the erosion of democratic values. Illustrate your answer with relevant examples from both Indian and Western philosophers.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/humility-in-public-discourse/article68362968.ece

THE CONTEXT: India’s internal security landscape requires a comprehensive overhaul to address longstanding challenges and emerging threats. As the NDA government begins its new term with a strong mandate, it has a unique opportunity to implement far-reaching reforms across various aspects of internal security. Certain key areas demand urgent attention and strategic action.

THE ISSUES:

• National Security Doctrine (NSD): India lacks a formal NSD, which is essential for addressing internal and external security challenges. The National Security Advisory Board has prepared drafts in the past, but these have not been approved. An NSD would provide a structured approach to internal security, reducing the current ad hocism, especially during government transitions.
• Internal Security Ministry: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is overburdened, leading to delays in addressing internal security issues. Appoint a young junior minister in independent charge of internal security to ensure prompt and thorough attention to these matters. This approach has shown positive results in the past.
• Jammu and Kashmir: Despite claims of reduced terror incidents, Jammu and Kashmir remains unstable. Recent attacks indicate ongoing threats. The government must reorganize the security grid, restore statehood, and hold Assembly elections to stabilize the region.
• Northeast India: The Northeast faces significant security challenges, including unresolved agreements with rebel groups, ethnic conflicts, illegal migration, drug trafficking, and arms smuggling. The government must enforce existing agreements and adopt a comprehensive approach to these issues. The Prime Minister’s direct involvement is recommended to address these complex problems effectively.
• Naxal Problem: While violence related to left-wing extremism has declined, the government should now focus on reconciliation. Offering a unilateral ceasefire and addressing the grievances of Naxal groups could help integrate them into mainstream society.
• Restructuring the Intelligence Bureau (IB) and Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI): The IB and CBI need restructuring to enhance their effectiveness. The IB should be given a statutory basis to prevent misuse, and the CBI requires strengthening in terms of legal mandate, infrastructure, and resources. This would help better handle internal security challenges and reduce political misuse.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Formulation and Implementation of a National Security Doctrine (NSD): The Subrahmanyam Committee Report (1979) and the Kargil Review Committee Report (2000) have emphasized the need for a formal NSD to guide security reforms and ensure a coordinated national approach. The NSD should encompass military, diplomatic, economic, and social policies to protect and promote national security interests. It should be periodically reviewed and updated to reflect changing security dynamics.
• Establishment of an Internal Security Ministry: Under the Seventh Schedule, ‘public order’ and ‘police’ are state subjects; the Union can take measures under Article 355 to protect states against internal disturbances. A dedicated Internal Security Ministry with a junior minister in independent charge can ensure focused and prompt attention to internal security issues.
• Addressing the Jammu and Kashmir Situation: Early steps to restore statehood to Jammu and Kashmir and hold Assembly elections are crucial for political stability and addressing local grievances. Reorganizing the security grid and ensuring seamless coordination among security agencies can help counter terrorism effectively. Puttaswamy’s Judgment (2017) emphasizes the importance of protecting individual rights while ensuring national security, relevant for balancing security measures with civil liberties in J&K.
• Comprehensive Approach to Northeast India: Rigorous implementation of the suspension of operations agreement with rebel groups and addressing their demands through dialogue can help stabilize the region. Addressing economic marginalization through targeted development projects and improving infrastructure can reduce insurgency by providing alternative livelihoods. Standing Committee on Home Affairs (2018) recommended intensifying efforts to contain insurgency and enhance cooperation between state police forces in the Northeast.
• Tackling Naxalism with a Multi-Pronged Strategy: Offering a unilateral ceasefire and engaging in dialogue with Naxal groups can help address their grievances and integrate them into the mainstream. Enhancing economic opportunities, improving infrastructure, and ensuring the security of peace-loving citizens are crucial for long-term solutions. In Nandini Sundar v. State of Chhattisgarh (2011), The Supreme Court highlighted the need for a humane approach to dealing with naxalism, emphasizing development and protecting tribal rights.

THE CONCLUSION:

A country projects its strength at the international level in direct proportion to its internal cohesion and ability to resolve internal differences. The country’s internal security scenario would significantly improve by initiating action on the outlined internal security measures with foresight and imagination. This would ensure that no swamps exist where terrorists or extremists can breed, thereby enhancing national strength and stability.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 What are India’s internal security challenges? Give out the role of Central Intelligence and Investigative Agencies tasked to counter such threats. 2023

Q.2 Analyze the multidimensional challenges external state and non-state actors pose to India’s internal security. Also, discuss measures required to be taken to combat the threats. 2021

Q.3 What are the sound determinants of left-wing extremism in the Eastern part of India? What strategy should the Government of India, civil administration, and security forces adopt to counter the threat in the affected areas? 2020

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 India’s internal security challenges require a comprehensive and forward-looking approach. Discuss the key areas that need attention to strengthen India’s internal security framework concerning institutional reforms and policy initiatives.

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-internal-security-plan-next-five-years-9409874/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has organized the Bhartiya Antariksh Hackathon in celebration of National Space Day 2024.

EXPLANATION:

• This hackathon features 12 problem statements focused on Geo-Spatial Applications and invites participation from students across various educational levels.

Bhartiya Antariksh Hackathon

• The Bhartiya Antariksh Hackathon aims to foster innovation and problem-solving skills among Indian students by addressing real-world challenges in Geo-Spatial Applications.
• The problem statements have been developed by ISRO’s centers, including the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), North Eastern Space Applications Centre (NESAC), Space Physics Laboratory (SPL), and Space Applications Centre (SAC).
• The hackathon is open to teams of 3-4 students from undergraduate, postgraduate, and PhD programs.
• This inclusive approach encourages a wide range of students to apply their knowledge and creativity to the challenges posed.
• ISRO has outlined a two-level screening process for selecting the participating teams.
• Initially, 100 teams will be shortlisted based on their ideation and relevance to the problem statements provided.
• From the shortlisted teams, an expert committee will further select 30 teams to advance to the grand finale.
• This rigorous selection process ensures that the most promising and innovative ideas are brought forward.
• The grand finale of the Bhartiya Antariksh Hackathon is scheduled to be a 30-hour marathon event.
• It will take place at the NRSC Outreach Facility in Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, starting at 10:00 hrs IST on August 13, 2024.
• Students interested in participating must submit their proposals through a dedicated web portal by July 26, 2024.
• The teams selected for the grand finale will be announced on August 2, 2024.

Aditya L1 Mission Update

• In addition to the hackathon, ISRO has provided an update on India’s first solar mission, Aditya-L1.
• The Aditya-L1 spacecraft successfully completed its first halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L1 point on July 2, 2024.
• The mission, launched on September 2 of the previous year, aims to study solar phenomena from a unique vantage point.
• The Aditya-L1 spacecraft was inserted into its targeted halo orbit on January 6, 2024.
• The spacecraft takes 178 days to complete a revolution around the L1 point.
• Throughout its journey, it encounters various perturbing forces that cause it to deviate from its targeted orbit, requiring ongoing adjustments.

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

• Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the space agency of India.
• The organisation is involved in science, engineering and technology to harvest the benefits of outer space for India and mankind.
• ISRO is a major constituent of the Department of Space (DOS), Government of India. The department executes the Indian Space Programme primarily through various Centres or units within ISRO.
• ISRO was previously the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR), set up by the Government of India in 1962, as envisioned by Dr. VikramA Sarabhai.
• ISRO was formed on August 15, 1969, and superseded INCOSPAR with an expanded role to harness space technology. DOS was set up, and ISRO was brought under DOS in 1972.
• The prime objective of ISRO/DOS is the development and application of space technology for various national needs.
• To fulfil this objective, ISRO has established major space systems for communication, television broadcasting and meteorological services; resources monitoring and management; space-based navigation services.
• ISRO has developed satellite launch vehicles, PSLV and GSLV, to place the satellites in the required orbits.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/science/news/national-space-day-2024-isro-organises-bhartiya-antariksh-hackathon-for-students-all-you-need-to-know-11720078515180.html

TAG: GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: According to a research paper by the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), poverty in India has seen a substantial decline from 21.2% in 2011-12 to 8.5% in 2022-24.

EXPLANATION:

• This paper, titled “Rethinking Social Safety Nets in a Changing Society,” is authored by Sonalde Desai and utilizes data from the newly completed Wave 3 of the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) alongside data from Waves 1 and 2.

Historical Context and Current Trends

• The decline from 2004-2005 to 2011-12
  • The IHDS findings indicate a significant reduction in poverty between 2004-2005 and 2011-12, with the headcount ratio dropping from 38.6% to 21.2%.
  • This trend continued in the following decade despite the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Continued Decline to 2022-24
  • Between 2011-12 and 2022-24, poverty further decreased from 21.2% to 8.5%.
  • This sustained reduction highlights India’s progress in improving economic conditions and mitigating poverty, even amid global health crises.

Factors Contributing to Poverty Reduction

• Economic Growth
  • Economic growth has played a crucial role in poverty reduction.
  • As the economy expands, more opportunities arise, lifting people out of poverty and improving living standards across both rural and urban areas.
• Social Protection Programs
  • The paper emphasizes the need for nimble social protection programs that can adapt to the dynamic economic climate.
  • Traditional strategies aimed at chronic poverty may no longer be as effective as newer challenges emerge.
  • Ensuring that social protection systems evolve with societal changes is essential for equitable development.

Challenges and Future Directions

• Shift from Chronic to Transitory Poverty
  • The paper notes a shift in the nature of poverty from long-term, chronic poverty to more transitory forms caused by “accidents of life” such as natural disasters, illnesses, deaths, and changes in occupational opportunities.
  • This shift underscores the need for social protection systems that can address these transient yet impactful events.
• Ensuring Inclusivity in Social Safety Nets
  • As India progresses towards greater economic prosperity, the challenge lies in ensuring that social safety nets remain inclusive and effective.
  • Policymakers must consider how to adapt these programs to continue supporting those in need, especially as traditional poverty determinants become less prevalent.

Government and Institutional Perspectives

• NITI Aayog’s Observations
  • Earlier this year, NITI Aayog CEO highlighted that the latest consumer expenditure survey indicates poverty has further declined to around 5%.
  • This suggests a growing prosperity in both rural and urban areas.
  • The consumption levels of the lowest economic segments are similar to the poverty line adjusted for current prices, indicating minimal poverty presence in the 0-5% group.
• NSSO Data on Household Consumption
  • The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) released data on household consumption expenditure for 2022-23, showing that per capita monthly household expenditure has more than doubled compared to 2011-12.
  • This increase in consumption reflects improved economic conditions and higher living standards.
• Poverty Line Adjustments
  • The poverty line, as recommended by the Tendulkar Committee Report, was set at Rs 447 for rural areas and Rs 579 for urban areas in 2004-2005.
  • These thresholds were later adjusted by the Planning Commission to Rs 860 and Rs 1,000, respectively, for 2011-12.
  • Such adjustments are crucial for accurately measuring and addressing poverty in changing economic contexts.

IHDS Wave 1 (2004-05)

• The first round of the IHDS survey was conducted in 2004-05.
• It covered 41,554 households in 1,503 villages and 971 urban neighbourhoods across India.
• The survey collected data on a wide range of topics, including caste, consumption, income, agriculture, education, health, gender relations, and more.
• The goal of IHDS was to document changes in the daily lives of Indian households during a period of rapid social and economic transformation.

IHDS Wave 2 (2011-12)

• The second round of the IHDS survey, known as IHDS-II, was conducted in 2011-12.
• It re-interviewed 42,152 of the original households from the first wave, achieving an 85% re-interview rate.
• The IHDS is a unique panel survey that allows researchers to study changes in the lives of Indian households over time.
• IHDS-II continued to collect data on the same broad range of topics as the first wave.

IHDS Wave 3 (Ongoing)

• IHDS-3 is the third round of the India Human Development Survey, currently under construction with fieldwork beginning in May 2022.
• The expected Wave 3 will sample more than 41,000 households comprising over 200,000 individuals across India.
• IHDS-3 aims to assess changes in individuals’ life courses as well as the impact of economic changes and public policies on household well-being, studying different dimensions of human development like education, health, caste, and gender relations.
• IHDS-3 will be a Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) survey, which is expected to improve data quality through skip patterns, logic checks, and validations.
• IHDS-3 is a collaborative effort between NCAER, the University of Maryland, the University of Michigan, and Indiana University Bloomington.

National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER)

• National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) is India’s oldest and largest independent, non-profit, economic policy research think tank.
• Established in New Delhi in 1956, it acquired considerable national and international standing within only a few decades of its founding.
• It is one of a handful of think tanks globally that combine rigorous analysis and policy outreach with deep data collection capabilities, especially for household surveys.
• NCAER’s roots lie in Prime Minister Nehru’s early vision of a newly-independent India needing independent institutions as sounding boards for the government and the private sector.
• Remarkably for its time, NCAER was started in 1956 as a public-private partnership, both catering to and funded by the government and private industry.
• NCAER’s first Governing Body included the entire Cabinet of Economics Ministers and the leading lights of the private sector, including names like C.D. Deshmukh, J.R.D. Tata, John Mathai, and Asoka Mehta.
• The Ford Foundation provided strong financial support in the early years, combined with support from the Finance Ministry and Tata Sons.

SOURCE:https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/not-politics-not-interest-rates-indias-surging-economy-at-risk-from-water/articleshow/111475763.cms

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has reported significant progress in Eastern and Southern Africa towards the Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) Target 3 (TARGET 3: Conserve 30% of Land, Waters and Seas).

EXPLANATION:

• This target aims for countries to protect 30% of their terrestrial and marine environments.
• Eastern and Southern Africa have currently protected 17.24% of their terrestrial area, which includes 5,544 protected and conserved areas spanning 2,618,967 square kilometers.
• Despite the notable progress, there is considerable variability in protection levels across the region.
• Data from the World Database on Protected Areas indicates that 38% of countries in this region have less than 10% of their terrestrial area protected.
• The findings are detailed in the report titled “The State of Protected and Conserved Areas in Eastern and Southern Africa – Second Edition.”
• This report was launched by the IUCN in collaboration with Kenya’s Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife at Nairobi National Park during the Africa Conservation Forum held in Kenya from June 26-28, 2024.
• The report includes data from 26 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa: Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Governance and Management

• Governance in this region is predominantly government-driven, but there is a growing trend towards involving a wider range of stakeholders, including Indigenous Peoples, local communities, and the private sector.
• Public-private partnerships (PPPs) and collaborations with tourism operators are becoming more prevalent.
• The report highlights a significant shift towards involving Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities in conservation efforts.
• Of the 316 protected areas governed by these groups, 35.44% are in Namibia, with others in Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Botswana.
• Private governance is mainly found in southern Africa, particularly in Namibia and South Africa, and is often linked to wildlife tourism, game breeding, and trophy hunting industries.

Legislative and Policy Challenges

• The region faces diverse needs and priorities for development, necessitating revisions to legislation and policies for more inclusive conservation practices.
• The legal frameworks governing protected areas are complex and varied, which poses several challenges.
• In countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, Tanzania, Kenya, and Zambia, conservation mandates are dispersed across multiple ministries responsible for tourism, forestry, wildlife, agriculture, and mining.
• This division leads to inefficiencies and coordination difficulties, hindering integrated conservation efforts.
• PPPs are vital for effective management of protected areas.
• While some countries, such as Zambia and Zimbabwe, have established robust PPP frameworks, others, like Uganda, South Africa, and Tanzania, still face challenges in implementation.

Commitment to the Global Biodiversity Framework

• Despite the challenges, all countries in the region are committed to the Convention on Biological Diversity and the GBF.
• Achieving these commitments requires political will and resource allocations both regionally and globally.
• Accurate, current, and comparable data is crucial to measure progress against the GBF targets, particularly Target 3.
• This data supports the planning and resource allocation necessary for achieving the conservation goals.
• The IUCN report underscores both the achievements and the challenges faced by Eastern and Southern Africa in their efforts to meet global biodiversity targets.
• While progress is evident, continued effort, cooperation, and resource allocation are essential to fully realize the goals set by the Global Biodiversity Framework.

TARGET 3: Conserve 30% of Land, Waters and Seas

• Ensure and enable that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas, and of marine and coastal areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, are effectively conserved.
• They are managed through ecologically representative, well-connected and equitably governed systems of protected areas.
• Other effective area-based conservation measures, recognizing Indigenous and traditional territories, where applicable, and integrating into wider landscapes, seascapes and the ocean.
• It is also ensured that any sustainable use, where appropriate in such areas, is fully consistent with conservation outcomes, recognizing and respecting the rights of Indigenous peoples and local communities, including over their traditional territories.

Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework

• The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework has 23 action-oriented global targets for urgent action over the decade to 2030.
• The actions set out in each target need to be initiated immediately and completed by 2030.
• Together, the results will enable achievement towards the outcome-oriented goals for 2050.
• Actions to reach these targets should be implemented consistently and in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity and its Protocols, as well as other relevant international obligations, taking into account national circumstances, priorities, and socioeconomic conditions.

International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN):

• The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
• Founded in 1948, IUCN has become the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it.
• IUCN’s mission is to “influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.”
• It is involved in data gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, and education.
• IUCN has a membership of over 1,400 governmental and non-governmental organizations from over 170 countries, and around 16,000 scientists and experts participate in its work on a voluntary basis.
• Its headquarters is in Gland, Switzerland.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/africa/eastern-southern-africa-makes-significant-progress-towards-global-biodiversity-framework-target-3-iucn

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: On July 3, 2024, the Narendra Modi government announced the formation of several crucial Cabinet committees, which are the highest decision-making bodies in India concerning security, economic, and political affairs.

EXPLANATION:

• These committees play a pivotal role in shaping policies and decisions in their respective domains.

Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS)

• The Cabinet Committee on Security is responsible for all significant decisions regarding India’s defense policy, national security, and strategic interests.
• It comprises the following members:
  • Prime Minister as its Chairman
  • Defence Minister
  • Home Minister
  • Finance Minister
  • External Affairs
• This committee is pivotal in addressing issues related to national security, defense procurement, and the country’s strategic posture both domestically and internationally.

Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA)

• The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs oversees the economic policy framework and financial matters, including expenditure.
• The Prime Minister chairs the committee.
• This committee’s primary focus is on driving economic reforms, approving significant investments, and guiding policies that influence economic growth and development.

Cabinet Committees

• They are extra-constitutional in emergence. In other words, they are not mentioned in the Constitution. However, the Rules of Business provide for their establishment.
• There are two types: standing and ad hoc. The former is permanent, while the latter is temporary. Ad hoc committees are constituted from time to time to deal with special problems. They are disbanded after their task is completed.
• They are set up by the Prime Minister according to the exigencies of the time and requirements of the situation. Hence, their number, nomenclature, and composition vary from time to time.
• Their membership varies from three to eight. They usually include only Cabinet Ministers. However, the non-cabinet Ministers are not debarred from their membership.
• They not only include the Ministers in charge of subjects covered by them but also include other senior Ministers.
• They are mostly headed by the Prime Minister. Sometimes other Cabinet Ministers, particularly the Home Minister or the Finance Minister, also acts as their Chairman. But, in case the Prime Minister is a member of a committee, he invariably presides over it.
• They not only sort out issues and formulate proposals for the consideration of the Cabinet, but also take decisions. However, the Cabinet can review their decisions.
• They are an organisational device to reduce the enormous workload of the Cabinet. They also facilitate in-depth examination of policy issues and effective coordination. They are based on the principles of division of labour and effective delegation.
• The following four are the more important cabinet committees:
  • The Political Affairs Committee deals with all policy matters pertaining to domestic and foreign affairs.
  • The Economic Affairs Committee directs and coordinates the governmental activities in the economic sphere.
  • The Appointments Committee decides all higher-level appointments in the Central Secretariat, Public Enterprises, Banks and Financial Institutions.
  • Parliamentary Affairs Committee looks after the progress of government business in the Parliament.
• The first three committees are chaired by the Prime Minister and the last one by the Home Minister.
• Of all the Cabinet Committees, the most powerful is the Political Affairs Committee, often described as a “Super-Cabinet”.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-constitutes-cabinet-committees-on-security-economic-and-political-affairs/article68363317.ece

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: India is set to host the 46th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee from July 21-31, 2024.

EXPLANATION:

• The event will take place at the Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi and is expected to be inaugurated by the Prime Minister on July 21.
• This significant gathering will see participation from over 2,500 delegates, including State Parties, advisory bodies, senior diplomats, heritage experts, scholars, and researchers from 195 countries.
• The event is being organized by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

Participants and Delegations

• The session will bring together a diverse array of participants:
  • State Parties: Countries that have adhered to the World Heritage Convention.
  • Advisory Bodies: Organizations that provide expert advice to the World Heritage Committee.
  • Senior Diplomats: Representatives from various countries.
  • Heritage Experts, Scholars, and Researchers: Professionals from the heritage and academic sectors.

World Heritage Committee

• The World Heritage Committee was established under the Convention concerning the Protection of the World’s Cultural and Natural Heritage.
• It was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO at its 17th session on November 16, 1972.
• The Rules of Procedure for the committee were last revised during its 39th session in Bonn, 2015.
• The World Heritage Committee is a crucial body within UNESCO, comprising representatives from 21 States Parties elected by the General Assembly of UNESCO.
• The current members, elected during the 24th General Assembly in November 2023, include Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece, India, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Lebanon, Mexico, Qatar, the Republic of Korea, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Türkiye, Ukraine, Vietnam, and Zambia.
• The 45th session was previously held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
• Responsibilities of the Committee
  • Implementation of the World Heritage Convention: The committee ensures the convention is upheld.
  • Allocation of Financial Assistance: Funds from the World Heritage Fund are allocated by the committee.
  • Inscription of Sites: The committee has the final authority to decide whether a site is inscribed on the World Heritage List.

India’s Role and Contributions

• India, as the host country, will play a pivotal role in this session.
• The nation currently has 42 UNESCO World Heritage sites.
• Notably, Santiniketan, established by Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore, was declared the 41st World Heritage site in India in September 2023.
• Hosting this session underscores India’s commitment to heritage conservation and its active role in the global cultural and natural heritage discourse.
• UNESCO has released a provisional agenda and timetable for the meeting, detailing the topics and sessions to be covered.
• This structured agenda will guide the deliberations and decisions throughout the session.

UNESCO:

• The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.
• It has 194 member states and 12 associate members, as well as partners in the non-governmental, intergovernmental and private sector.
• Its Headquarters is in Paris, France.
• UNESCO has 53 regional field offices and 199 national commissions.
• UNESCO was founded in 1945 as the successor to the League of Nations’ International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation.
• UNESCO focuses on a set of objectives such as:
  • Attaining quality education for all and lifelong learning
  • Mobilizing science knowledge and policy for sustainable development
  • Addressing emerging social and ethical challenges
  • Fostering cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace
  • Building inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication
  • Focuses on global priority areas – “Africa” and “Gender Equality”.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-host-unesco-world-heritage-committee-session-in-new-delhi-from-july-21/article68363696.ece

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TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: On 28 June 2024, India chaired its first meeting of the Colombo Process at the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.

EXPLANATION:

• This marked a significant milestone as India took over the chairmanship of the Colombo Process, a regional consultative initiative focusing on the management of overseas employment and contractual labour for countries of origin in Asia.
• Secretary (CPV and OIA) of the Ministry of External Affairs, delivered a special address in his capacity as the Chair-in-Office.
• India’s dedication to enhancing collaboration among member states and advancing the objectives of the Colombo Process has been emphasized.
• India’s work plan for its two-year chairmanship has been outlined, highlighting key initiatives and priorities.
• It is aimed at improving the skills of the member states’ workforce to meet global labour market demands, fostering partnerships with destination countries, and enhancing regional cooperation.

India’s priorities for the Colombo Process

• Under India’s leadership, six main priorities have been set for the Colombo Process:
  • Reconfiguring Technical-Level Collaborations: Enhancing and reorganizing technical collaborations to better address current and emerging challenges in labour migration.
  • Broadening Membership: Including new member states and observers to expand the reach and influence of the Colombo Process.
  • Reviewing Financial Sustainability: Assessing and ensuring the financial sustainability of the Colombo Process to support its ongoing and future initiatives.
  • Structured Rotation for Chairmanship: Implementing a systematic rotation for the chairmanship to ensure balanced leadership and representation.
  • Engaging in Dialogues with the Abu Dhabi Dialogue (ADD) and Other Regional Processes: Strengthening ties and dialogues with the ADD and other regional migration processes to foster comprehensive collaboration.
  • Conducting a Regional Review of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration (GCM): Reviewing regional adherence and implementation of the GCM to ensure safe, orderly, and regular migration.
• Director General of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) for Partnerships, Advocacy, and Communications, welcomed India to its new role as Chair of the Colombo Process.
• She praised the influential role of the Colombo Process in enhancing migration outcomes and reaffirmed the IOM’s commitment to protecting migrant workers’ rights and facilitating their regular, safe, and orderly migration.

Colombo Process

• It was established in 2003.
• The Colombo Process, formally known as the ‘Regional Consultative Process on the Management of Overseas Employment and Contractual Labour for Countries of Origin in Asia,’.
• It is a regional consultative forum comprising 12 Asian member states and aims to share best practices related to overseas employment for South and Southeast Asian countries that send migrant workers abroad.
• The member states include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam.
• The forum, founded by 10 of these states, makes non-binding decisions by consensus.
• These countries serve as origins of migrant workers and drive this non-binding regional consultative process on migration.
• The Colombo Process facilitates cooperation and dialogue on labour migration mobility and governance and helps introduce best practices for managing overseas employment.

India’s Assumption of Chairmanship

• India assumed the chairmanship of the Colombo Process in May 2024, marking its first time in this leadership role since the establishment of the Process.
• This new leadership position underscores India’s commitment to regional cooperation on migration issues and the organized management of overseas employment.
• India’s leadership aims to rejuvenate engagement among member states and promote structured and effective migration policies.

International Organization for Migration (IOM):

• Established in 1951, IOM is part of the United Nations System and stands as the leading intergovernmental organization in the field of migration.
• With 175 member states, a further 8 states holding observer status and offices in 171 countries, IOM is dedicated to promoting humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all.
• It does so by providing support to migrants across the world, developing effective responses to the shifting dynamics of migration and providing advice on migration policy and practice.
• Its headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland.
• IOM’s work is focused on the following three objectives:
  • Saving lives and protecting people on the move: To fulfill this objective, IOM puts the safety, dignity and protection of people first in the most challenging crisis response contexts in the world.
  • Driving solutions to displacement: In response to this aim, IOM endeavors to reduce the risks and impacts of climate change, environmental degradation, conflict and instability for communities affected by or at risk of displacement.
  • Facilitating pathways for regular migration: To address this pursuit, IOM prioritizes whole-of-government, whole-of-society approaches to safely connect people, goods, services, knowledge and innovation.

SOURCE: https://diplomacybeyond.com/india-chairs-first-meeting-of-the-colombo-process/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In a major development for the Indian military, the Indian Navy has successfully developed and certified SEBEX 2, a new high-performance explosive with a lethality 2.01 times greater than standard TNT (Trinitrotoluene).

EXPLANATION:

• This groundbreaking achievement positions SEBEX 2 among the most powerful non-nuclear explosives in the world, marking a significant advancement in India’s defense capabilities.

Development of SEBEX 2

• Development by Solar Industries:
  • SEBEX 2 was developed by Solar Industries, a leading manufacturer in the defense sector.
  • The formulation and creation of this explosive were carried out under the Indian Navy’s Defence Export Promotion Scheme.
• Testing and Certification:
  • The explosive underwent extensive testing and evaluation by the Indian Navy.
  • After rigorous trials, SEBEX 2 was certified for its effectiveness and potential to enhance the lethality of various munitions.

Performance and Comparisons

• Explosive performance is measured in terms of TNT equivalence.
• SEBEX 2, with a TNT equivalence of 2.01, surpasses the current most powerful conventional explosive used in India, which has a TNT equivalence of about 1.50, specifically in the Brahmos warhead.
• Most conventional warheads worldwide have a TNT equivalence ranging from 1.25 to 1.30.
• SEBEX 2’s superior TNT equivalence significantly enhances its destructive capability without adding extra weight to the munitions.

Potential Applications

• SEBEX 2 can significantly improve the potency of bombs, artillery shells, warheads, and other munitions that rely on blast and fragmentation effects to damage targets.
• This makes it a valuable addition to the military’s arsenal, enhancing the overall effectiveness of their weaponry.
• Given its superior performance, SEBEX 2 has great potential for export.
• Military forces around the world are constantly seeking ways to increase the lethality of their existing weapon systems, and SEBEX 2 offers a powerful solution.

Future Developments

• Economic Explosives Limited (EEL), under the Make in India initiative, played a crucial role in developing SEBEX 2.
• EEL is also working on another variant expected to have an explosive power graded at 2.3 times that of TNT.
• This variant is anticipated to be ready within six months.
• The Indian Navy has also certified two other explosives developed by EEL:
  • SITBEX 1: A thermobaric explosive that produces a prolonged blast duration with intense heat, ideal for destroying enemy bunkers, tunnels, and fortified positions.
  • SIMEX 4: An insensitive munition that is safer to store, transport, and handle compared to standard explosives. This formulation is much less likely to ignite accidentally, making it especially suitable for use in confined spaces such as submarine torpedo warheads.

Strategic Impact

• The development of SEBEX 2 and other advanced explosives provides the Indian military with a significant tactical advantage.
• These explosives increase the destructive capability of existing weapon systems, allowing for more effective engagement of targets.
• The introduction of safer explosives like SIMEX 4 ensures better handling and storage, reducing the risk of accidental detonations.
• This is particularly important for munitions stored in confined environments such as submarines.

SOURCE: https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/india-gets-one-of-the-most-powerful-non-nuclear-bombs-2x-lethal-than-tnt-124070100196_1.html

TAG: GS 1: ART AND CULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The LoP in Lok Sabha, Mr Rahul Gandhi has frequently used the abhaya mudra, a gesture symbolizing reassurance and fearlessness, in various public appearances, including Congress rallies, the Bharat Jodo Yatra, and his speeches in Parliament.

EXPLANATION:

• In his first address as the LoP in Lok Sabha, Mr Rahul Gandhi invoked this gesture to convey a message of confronting fear and promoting a culture of fearlessness, which he claims is integral to Indian civilization and Hindu religion.

Historical and Philosophical Origins

• Meaning and Context in Buddhism
  • In Sanskrit, the term ‘mudra’ can mean a seal, mark, sign, or currency.
  • In the context of Buddhism, it refers to hand and arm gestures used during rituals or depicted in images of deities and enlightened beings.
  • Mudras convey different moods and meanings, representing various states of realization and spiritual messages.
    • Earliest Depictions:
  • The earliest physical depictions of the Buddha date back to around the turn of the first millennium.
  • Initially, the Buddha was symbolized by abstract representations like a vacant throne or a footprint.
  • Physical depictions began to emerge in Gandhara art, influenced by Hellenistic styles, and later in the Gupta period in the Gangetic plains.
    • Abhaya Mudra:
  • One of the earliest and most significant mudras in Buddhist iconography is the abhaya mudra, or “gesture of fearlessness”.
  • This gesture is typically formed with the palm of the right hand facing outward at shoulder height, fingers pointing up.
  • In some instances, both hands may be raised in a double abhaya mudra.
• The abhaya mudra is associated with the Buddha immediately after his Enlightenment, symbolizing security, serenity, and compassion derived from Enlightenment.
• It is also linked to the Buddha’s ability to grant fearlessness, as depicted in the legend of the Buddha taming a wild elephant driven mad by his cousin Devadatta.

A sculpture of the Buddha from the Kushana period, currently in the Mathura Museum. The Buddha is depicted with the abhaya mudra

Symbolism in Hinduism

• The abhaya mudra also appears in Hindu iconography, representing similar themes of protection and fearlessness.
• Hindu Deities:
  • Over time, the gesture was incorporated into depictions of Hindu deities, including Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu, and Lord Ganesha.
  • This adoption reflects the blending of various cultural and religious traditions within Hinduism.
• Buddha as Vishnu’s Avatar:
  • The Buddha was integrated into the Hindu pantheon as the ninth avatar of Vishnu.
  • This synthesis of traditions contributed to the widespread use of the abhaya mudra in Hindu art and religious practice.

Cultural and Political Usage

• In the speech of the LoP in Lok Sabha, Mr Rahul Gandhi, invoking the abhaya mudra to underscore his message of fearlessness in the face of what he described as a government regime based on fear.
• He emphasized that the culture of fear is alien to Indian civilization and the Hindu religion.
• By referencing the abhaya mudra, he connected his political stance with a deep-seated cultural and spiritual symbol of fearlessness and protection.
• By invoking the abhaya mudra, it is aimed to reassure the public and convey a message of resilience and defiance against fear.
• The gesture serves as a powerful visual symbol that resonates across various religious and cultural contexts in India.

Broader Implications

• Experts in religious studies and iconography provide additional insights into the significance and historical evolution of the abhaya mudra.
  • Scholarly Perspectives: Scholars like Buswell and Lopez describe the abhaya mudra as a gesture of fearlessness and protection. It conveys a sense of security and compassion associated with Enlightenment and spiritual mastery.
  • Cultural Fusion: The incorporation of the abhaya mudra into Hindu iconography reflects the dynamic interplay of religious and cultural influences in India. This fusion underscores the shared themes of protection and fearlessness that transcend specific religious boundaries.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/what-is-the-significance-of-abhaya-mudra-invoked-by-rahul-gandhi-in-parliament-9429451/

TAG: GS 3: DISASTER MANAGEMENT

THE CONTEXT: Odisha has been severely affected by lightning strikes, especially during the pre-monsoon and monsoon periods.

EXPLANATION:

• To mitigate the fatalities caused by lightning, the state government has initiated a comprehensive plan to plant around 1.9 million palm trees and has imposed strict restrictions on cutting existing palm trees.

Plantation and Restrictions

• Tree Planting Initiative:
  • The state plans to plant approximately 1.9 million palm trees during the 2024-25 period.
  • This effort is part of a broader strategy to use palm trees as natural conductors to prevent lightning-related casualties.
  • The initiative will involve planting four palm trees near the boundary of each forest block.
• Restrictions on Cutting Palm Trees:
  • The government has reintroduced restrictions on the cutting of palm trees, a policy initially imposed under the Odisha Timber and Other Forest Produce Transit Rule.
  • Permission must now be obtained from the forest department to cut palm trees on private land.
  • Violators of this order will face strict action, as emphasized by Odisha’s Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Debidutta Biswal.

Strategic Importance and Financial Allocation

• Budget Allocation:
  • The state has allocated around Rs 7 crore for this palm tree planting initiative.
  • This investment is aimed at reducing lightning strike fatalities, which have significantly impacted the rural population of Odisha.
• Policy Background:
  • The decision to protect and plant palm trees was reinforced in September 2023 following recommendations from various departmental meetings, including inputs from the Special Relief Commissioner (SRC).
  • The SRC had called for large-scale palm tree plantations in reserve forests and other vulnerable districts.

Historical Context and Statistics

• Over the past five years, from 2018-19 to 2022-23, Odisha has reported 2,058 deaths due to lightning strikes.
• On average, 300 people die annually in the state due to lightning.
• The state government reported a total of 16,372 deaths from various natural calamities during this period.
• Nationwide, lightning strikes claim nearly 2,500 lives annually in India.
• Most lightning strike victims in rural areas are farmers, cattle herders, fishers, forest dwellers, and outdoor laborers.

Scientific and Expert Opinions

• Palm trees are believed to act as natural conductors, potentially reducing lightning fatalities.
• However, experts question the scientific validity of this approach pointing that it takes about 20 years for palm trees to mature and effectively observe lightning.
• Similar initiatives in Bangladesh have not significantly reduced lightning fatalities.
• Some experts support the idea that tall trees can absorb lightning.
• They advocate for the protection of all tall trees, not just palms, to minimize lightning-related deaths. Trees like oaks, maples, poplars, ash, pine, and tulip are commonly struck by lightning and could be protected to enhance safety.

Government and Community Reactions

• Community Support:
  • The initiative has received positive feedback from the community.
  • Retired forest officer expressed approval of the government’s move to protect existing palm trees in rural areas.
• State-Specific Disaster:
  • In recognition of the severity of lightning strikes, Odisha declared lightning a state-specific disaster in 2015.
  • The state provides an ex-gratia payment of Rs 4 lakh to the families of deceased victims of lightning strikes.

Palm Tree

• Palm tree is a common name of perennial lianas, shrubs, and trees. They are the only members of the family Arecaceae, which is the only family in the order Arecales.
• They grow in hot climates.
• Well known palm trees are:
  • Coconut palm
  • Date palm
  • Oil palm
• There are about 2600 species of palm trees.
• Most palm trees grow in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
• They occur from about 44° northern latitude to about 44° southern latitude.
• The dwarf palm (Chamaerops humilis) occurs in southern France, the Nikau (Rhopalostylis sapida) is a species of palm growing in New Zealand.
• The hardiest palm in the world is known as the needle palm (Rhapidophyllum Hystrix) and is able to handle temperatures below -18 °C (0 °F).
• Palms are one of the best known and most widely planted tree families.
• They have held an important role for humans throughout much of history. Many common products and foods come from palms.
• They are often used in parks and gardens that are in areas that do not have heavy frosts.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/governance/odisha-resorts-to-palm-tree-planting-to-combat-lightning-deaths-this-year

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: India’s ambitious project to develop its own fifth-generation fighter aircraft, the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), is making significant progress.

EXPLANATION:

• The Defence Ministry is formulating a model to involve private industry substantially, aiming to ensure timely execution of the project.

Project Timeline and Development Phases

• Prototype Rollout and Production:
  • The design of the AMCA is complete, and the first prototype is expected to be ready by 2028-29.
  • Production is anticipated to begin around 2032-33, with the goal of having the aircraft ready for induction by 2034, a decade from the project’s sanction date.
• Private Sector Involvement:
  • Significant private industry involvement is being planned to keep the manufacturing and delivery schedules on track.
  • The Defence Ministry is expected to finalize a model for this involvement within the next six months.
  • An Expression of Interest (EoI) has already been issued to the industry, receiving three responses.

Significance and Strategic Importance

• India’s Only FGFA Project:
  • The AMCA is critical as it is India’s sole fifth-generation fighter aircraft (FGFA) project.
  • This project comes at a time when similar FGFA development initiatives are progressing globally, particularly in China, which has recently deployed its J-20 FGFA in Tibet, near the Indian border.

Project Sanction and Specifications

• CCS Clearance:
  • The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) sanctioned the AMCA project in March.
  • The aircraft is designed as a 25-tonne twin-engine stealth aircraft featuring internal weapons bays and a diverterless supersonic intake—developed for the first time in India.
• Payload and Fuel Capacity:
  • The AMCA is intended to carry 1,500 kg of internal payload, 5,500 kg of external payload, and 6,500 kg of internal fuel.

Production and Technological Partnerships

• Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL):
  • HAL, the designated production agency for the AMCA project, has already commenced manufacturing activities.
• Development Phases:
  • The AMCA development will proceed in two phases:
• MK1 Variant:
  • This variant will be powered by the General Electric F414 engine.
• MK2 Variant:
  • A more powerful engine is planned for the MK2 variant, which will be co-developed with Saran of France.
  • Discussions for this partnership are currently underway.

Related Aircraft Development Projects

• Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)-Mk2:
  • In addition to the AMCA, the development of the LCA-Mk2 is also on track.
  • The LCA-Mk2 is a larger and more capable aircraft compared to the current LCA models.
  • The prototype is expected to be ready by 2027.
• CCS Sanction and Engine Specifications:
  • The LCA-Mk2 project received CCS sanction in September 2022, with a total development cost of ₹9,000 crores.
  • It will be powered by the GE F-414 engine, which produces 98kN of thrust, compared to the 84kN thrust of the GE-404 engine used in the LCA Mk1 and MK1A.
  • A deal to licence-manufacture the F-414 engines in India by HAL is nearing conclusion.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/advanced-medium-combat-aircraft-prototype-expected-by-2028-29/article68360061.ece#:~:text=The%20first%20prototype%20is%20expected,%2C%E2%80%9D%20an%20official%20source%20said

THE CONTEXT: The 2024 election results have reshaped India’s political landscape, underscoring the critical role of numbers in a democracy. With the BJP reduced to a minority and a united Opposition emerging, Parliament is poised to reclaim its role as a forum for national debate and discussion. This shift highlights the importance of majority rule and robust institutional functioning in a healthy democracy.

THE ISSUES:

• Importance of Numbers in Democracy: There is re-emergence of significance of numerical strength in a democracy, as evidenced by the BJP’s previous absolute majority and its current reliance on alliances. This numerical strength has been used to push legislation and marginalize the Opposition. Still, the recent election results have shifted the balance of power, emphasizing that numbers matter in a democratic setup.
• Role of Parliament as a Forum for Debate and Discussion: With the BJP no longer holding an absolute majority, Parliament has regained its role as a forum for national debate and discussion. A strong Opposition and an official Leader of the Opposition has revitalized parliamentary debates, making it a platform for diverse voices and rigorous scrutiny of policies.
• Need for Bipartisanship and Constructive Engagement: The bipartisanship in Parliament, highlighting that partisanship fuels accountability and regime change. However, bipartisanship is essential for working through differences and finding common ground. Both the government and the Opposition must act in good faith to support Parliament’s role in democratic governance.
• Reforms to Strengthen Parliamentary Functioning: The Deputy Speaker’s position should be given to the Opposition as per the parliamentary convention. The Opposition should be allowed to set the agenda at least one day a week. Crucial legislation should be sent to Standing Committees for detailed scrutiny, ensuring thorough debate and expert input.
• Revitalization of Standing Committees: Standing Committees are important in scrutinizing legislation and fostering bipartisanship. However, they have lost their vigor recently, with pivotal laws passed without adequate debate. Revitalizing these committees is crucial for detailed discussions, stakeholder consultations, and maintaining the legitimacy of the legislative process.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Strengthening Parliamentary Committees: To promote specialization and continuity, the tenure of Departmentally Related Standing Committees (DRSCs) should be extended from one year to a longer period. Ensure all significant legislation is referred to DRSCs for detailed scrutiny. This would allow for expert input and stakeholder consultations, improving the quality and acceptance of laws. Provide DRSCs with adequate technical support and specialist advisors to assist in conducting inquiries, holding public hearings, and collecting data.
• Enhancing Bipartisanship and Reducing Disruptions: As per parliamentary convention, appoint the Deputy Speaker from the Opposition to foster inclusivity and bipartisanship. Allow the Opposition to set the parliamentary agenda at least one day a week, ensuring their issues and concerns are addressed. The Opposition should reject the tactic of disruptions and focus on constructive criticism and debate.
• Legislative Impact Assessment (LIA): Implement a detailed framework for pre- and post-legislative impact assessments to evaluate the social, economic, environmental, and administrative impacts of proposed laws. Constitute a new Legislation Committee of Parliament to oversee and coordinate legislative planning and impact assessments.
• Reforming the Anti-Defection Law: Limit the use of party whips to no-confidence motions and critical issues, allowing MPs to vote based on their conscience and constituency interests on other matters. Transfer the adjudicating power of the anti-defection law from the Speaker to an independent body like the Election Commission of India to reduce politicization.
• Curbing Criminalization of Politics: The Supreme Court recommended establishing more special courts to expedite the trial of politicians on criminal charges. To reduce the influence of money and muscle power, state funding of elections should be implemented, and a national electoral fund for political donations should be created.

THE CONCLUSION:

The strength of India’s democracy lies not just in electoral outcomes but in the effective functioning of its institutions. The 2024 election offers a chance to reinvigorate parliamentary democracy, emphasizing the need for bipartisanship and rigorous scrutiny of legislation. For Parliament to truly represent the people’s will, the government and the Opposition must act in good faith, ensuring diverse voices are heard and policies are thoroughly debated.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of state legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in conducting legislative work and facilitating best democratic practices. 2023

Q.2 Explain the structure of the Parliamentary Committee system. How far have the financial committees helped institutionalize the Indian Parliament? 2023

Q.3 Individual Parliamentarians’ role as national lawmakers is declining, which, in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcomes. Discuss. 2019

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Numbers matter in a democracy, but a purely numerical view can be reductive. Discuss the significance of a strong Opposition in a parliamentary democracy and suggest measures to ensure that Parliament functions as a forum for national debate and discussion.

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/rahul-gandhi-narendra-modi-parliament-forum-debate-9428510/

THE CONTEXT: On July 14, 2023, in Paris, President Emmanuel Macron and Prime Minister Narendra Modi elevated the ‘Partnership for the Planet’ as a central pillar of the Indo-French Horizon 2047 Roadmap. This decision underscores the deepening cooperation between India and France on critical global issues such as climate change, biodiversity, health, and environmental protection. The partnership reflects a shared vision that socioeconomic development and ecological sustainability can coexist, highlighting the commitment of both nations to bridging North-South divides and finding sustainable solutions for global and national green transitions.

AREAS OF COOPERATION:

• Partnership for the Planet: The elevation of the ‘Partnership for the Planet’ as a vital pillar of the Indo-French Horizon 2047 Roadmap reflects India and France’s commitment to addressing global environmental challenges. This partnership emphasizes the convergence of socioeconomic development and ecological protection views to bridge North-South divides and find sustainable solutions for green transitions.
• French Development Agency (AFD) Projects in India: The French Development Agency (AFD) has supported India’s sustainability goals through various projects. These include One-Horned Rhino Protection in Assam, Pune’s Metro System, and Chandigarh’s Future Water Supply System. Since 2008, AFD has committed over €4 billion to nearly 100 projects in India, focusing on energy transition, sustainable urban development, biodiversity conservation, and reducing inequalities. In 2023 alone, AFD approved €400 million in loans for climate change projects and signed four environmental protection projects.
• Private Sector-Led Projects: Proparco, the private sector arm of AFD, supports private sector-led projects that deliver significant local impact. Notable investments include €11.2 million in Sahyadri, a farmer-led organization that will help 15,000 farmers reduce farm losses and increase yields, and €33 million in Quadria. This Indian private equity firm will address the imbalance between affordable healthcare and growing demand in underserved regions.
• Indo-Pacific Dimension: The Indo-French partnership is increasingly acquiring an Indo-Pacific dimension, focusing on biodiversity protection and green technology development. Initiatives include the Indo-Pacific Parks Partnership and the creation of a joint fund for scaling up green technologies. This dimension underscores the strategic importance of the Indo-Pacific region for both countries.
• Innovation and Future Initiatives: Innovation is a central theme in the Indo-French partnership, focusing on blending social inclusion with sustainability. The Indo-French Year of Innovation announcement in 2026 aims to spotlight innovative solutions. Additionally, the partnership includes joint research in clean energy, decarbonized hydrogen, digital technology, and precision agriculture.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Scaling Up Renewable Energy Projects: India and France should intensify their collaboration on renewable energy projects, particularly solar and wind energy. The International Solar Alliance (ISA), co-founded by India and supported by France, is a prime example of such collaboration. Expanding this initiative to include more countries and increasing investment in solar infrastructure can significantly contribute to global climate change mitigation efforts.
• Indo-Pacific Parks Partnership and Kiwa Initiative: The Indo-Pacific Parks Partnership, which pools expertise from France, India, and other regional partners, aims to protect biodiversity. Additionally, the Kiwa Initiative, a multi-donor fund, focuses on strengthening the resilience of ecosystems, economies, and communities in Oceania to climate change. Expanding these initiatives to cover more regions and species, such as the one-horned rhino in Assam, can enhance biodiversity conservation efforts.
• Smart Cities and Sustainable Infrastructure: Projects like Pune’s metro system and Chandigarh’s future water supply system, supported by the French Development Agency (AFD), exemplify sustainable urban development. Expanding such projects to more Indian cities can promote low-carbon urbanization, improve public transportation, and enhance water management systems.
• Investment in Green Technologies and Sustainable Agriculture: Proparco’s investments in projects like Sahyadri, a farmer-led organization, and Quadria, a healthcare-focused private equity firm, demonstrate the potential of private sector-led initiatives. Expanding investments in green technologies, such as electric buses, energy-efficient housing, and sustainable agriculture practices, can drive socioeconomic development while protecting the environment.
• Indo-French Year of Innovation 2026: Celebrating 2026 as the Indo-French Year of Innovation will spotlight innovative solutions that blend social inclusion with sustainability. This initiative can foster joint research and development in clean energy, decarbonized hydrogen, and precision agriculture, promoting knowledge exchange and technological advancements.

THE CONCLUSION:

The Indo-French partnership, exemplified by the ‘Partnership for the Planet,’ is a testament to India and France’s robust and dynamic relationship. Both countries are making significant strides towards a greener, more inclusive future through tangible projects and strategic initiatives. As the partnership continues to evolve, with a growing focus on the Indo-Pacific region and innovation, it stands as a model of international cooperation to achieve sustainable development goals. France remains a steadfast ally in India’s journey towards resilience and equity, showcasing the power of collaboration in addressing global challenges.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:

Q. The time has come for India and Japan to build a contemporary solid relationship involving global and strategic partnership that will have an excellent significance for Asia and the world.’ Comment 2019

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q. Discuss the significance of the ‘Partnership for the Planet’ as one of the three pillars of the Indo-French Horizon 2047 Roadmap. How does this partnership reflect the convergence of views between India and France on sustainable development and environmental protection?

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/france-indias-steady-partner-in-green-growth/article68358833.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Project Cheetah, an ambitious wildlife conservation initiative, aims to reintroduce cheetahs into India, with Kuno National Park being the primary site. However, the dwindling population of chital, a crucial prey base, and the rising presence of leopards have posed significant challenges.

EXPLANATION:

• The authorities are now considering moving surplus cheetahs to Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary and introducing larger predators, like tigers, to balance the ecosystem.

Reassessment of Cheetah Carrying Capacity

• The initial carrying capacity for cheetahs at Kuno National Park was set at 21 as per the Project Action Plan.
• However, Kuno currently hosts 26 cheetahs, including 13 cubs and sub-adults.
• A significant reassessment was prompted by a staggering loss of over 25% of Kuno’s chital population since 2022, which was the prime prey base for cheetahs.
• An estimated 2,250 chital have disappeared within a year.
• Given that the seven cheetahs that managed to hunt in the wild only accounted for around 50 chital kills, the loss remains largely unexplained.
• Authorities have ruled out large-scale poaching due to extensive surveillance, focusing instead on the impact of the park’s 90-strong leopard population.

Role of Leopards in Prey Depletion

• The leopards in Kuno are believed to be a significant factor in the declining chital numbers.
• The presence of leopards is also complicating efforts to establish a cheetah prey base at Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary, where they have been sneaking into enclosures to feed on chital brought from prey-rich forests in the state.
• Madhya Pradesh is planning to introduce 1,500 chitals to replenish Kuno’s dwindling stock and another batch to Gandhi Sagar.
• However, without addressing leopard predation, these efforts might be insufficient.

Proposed Solutions and Challenges

• The Cheetah Project Steering Committee is considering introducing larger cats, like tigers, to Kuno to reduce leopard activities and ease the pressure on the prey base.
• This approach is seen as a biological strategy to foster ecological niches, as larger cats could dominate the space and impact leopard predation and breeding.
• While introducing tigers could theoretically work, it raises concerns about potential man-animal conflicts due to dispersal.
• Over the past 15 years, four male tigers from Rajasthan’s Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve have reached Kuno, with one believed to be still present.
• The plan involves translocating a couple of female tigers to establish a founder population.

Relocation of Surplus Cheetahs

• Project Cheetah authorities have decided to shift surplus cheetahs from Kuno to Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary after the monsoon.
• However, this plan is contingent upon removing leopards from the prey enclosure and completing prey augmentation.
• While Gandhi Sagar awaits cheetahs, the challenge remains in securing compartments within the sanctuary from leopard intrusion.
• Kuno’s experience in managing cheetah and leopard dynamics will inform strategies at Gandhi Sagar.

Controversies and Differing Opinions

• A retired forest officer and some state officials question the extent to which leopards are responsible for the chital population decline, suggesting potential underestimation of bushmeat poaching or inconsistencies in population estimates.
• Over the past two decades, chital density estimates in Kuno have varied widely, ranging from 5 per sq km in 2006 to 69 per sq km in 2013.
• The most recent estimates in 2021 suggested densities of 38 and 23 per sq km using different methods, translating to over 8,000 chitals in Kuno.
• Despite releasing at least 750 chitals since then, the population has continued to decline, reaching an estimated 6,500.

Project Cheetah

• Project Cheetah is the world’s first intercontinental large wild carnivore translocation project.
• The project aimed at the reintroduction of Cheetahs in the country which had become extinct in 1950s in the country.
• The cheetahs, including Jwala and Aasha, were translocated from Namibia as part of this ambitious conservation initiative.
• The cheetahs were translocated from Namibia and South Africa, showcasing global collaboration in wildlife conservation.
• The first batch of eight cheetahs arrived in India in September 2022, followed by a second batch of 12 cheetahs from South Africa in February.
• Project Cheetah aimed at establishing a self-sustaining population of about 35 cheetahs in the country over the next decade.
• However, the Project has faced several criticisms with the death of 9 cheetahs (6 adults and 3 cubs) out of the 20 translocated cheetahs from Namibia and South Africa.
• The birth of three cubs by Namibian cheetah Jwala adds to the growing success of the reintroduction program at Kuno National Park.

Kuno National Park

• The topography of Madhya Pradesh in Central India is fascinating. Perhaps, it is the only Indian state with such a diversity of habitats—the dense forests on the Satpura foothills, the open dry grasslands, and the sparse, thorny forests found across the state and the wetlands of River Chambal.
• Located in the northern district of Sheopur, Kuno National Park predominantly consists of grasslands and sparse forests that are home to an abundance of mammals, reptiles, birds, and butterflies. Although there has been a lot written about the tiger reserves of Madhya Pradesh, the beautiful Kuno National Park (KNP) has emerged in general discourse because of Cheetah’s reintroduction.
• Kuno National Park has a rich floral diversity with more than 129 species of trees. These tropical dry deciduous forests mainly consist of Anogeissus pendula (Kardhai), Senegalia catechu (Khair) Boswellia serrata (Salai), and associated flora.
• Kuno’s forests are arguably the finest remnants of the Central Indian Highlands; they were once the hunting grounds of the Gwalior maharajas.
• They are inhabited by carnivores such as the Indian Leopard, Indian Wolf, Golden Jackal, Sloth Bear, Indian Fox, and Striped Hyena. The herbivores found here are Spotted Deer, Sambhar, Nilgai, Chousingha, and Blackbuck. The high density of ungulates in Kuno can be attributed to the abundance of short grass species to feed on and the tall grass which provides shelter to the fawns.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chital-stock-dwindling-in-kuno-plan-to-move-out-excess-cheetahs-9427104/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has joined Project Nexus, a multilateral initiative aimed at revolutionizing cross-border retail payments by interlinking domestic Fast Payment Systems (FPSs).

EXPLANATION:

• This strategic move will integrate India’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI) with the FPSs of Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, with potential expansion to other countries in the future.

What is Project Nexus?

• Project Nexus is an initiative spearheaded by the Innovation Hub of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS).
• The primary goal of Nexus is to enhance and streamline cross-border payments by connecting multiple domestic Instant Payment Systems (IPSs) on a global scale.
• This project is the first in the BIS Innovation Hub’s payments area to progress towards live implementation, marking a significant milestone in the evolution of international payment systems.
• Nexus aims to standardize the interconnection of various IPSs, allowing payment system operators to establish a single connection to the Nexus platform rather than building custom connections for each new country.
• This unified approach facilitates seamless and instant cross-border payments, reducing the transaction time to mere seconds in most cases.

RBI’s Role and Bilateral Collaborations

• The RBI has been actively collaborating bilaterally with various countries to link India’s Fast Payments System (FPS), UPI, with their respective FPSs.
• These collaborations support cross-border Person to Person (P2P) and Person to Merchant (P2M) payments.
• The integration with Project Nexus is a natural progression of these efforts, aiming to further enhance the international reach of Indian payment systems.
• While bilateral connections have been beneficial, a multilateral approach like Project Nexus offers a more scalable and efficient solution.
• It accelerates the growth of instant cross-border payments, enabling seamless transactions across multiple countries with a single connection to the Nexus platform.

Benefits of Project Nexus

• Project Nexus is designed to standardize the connectivity between IPSs.
• This standardization simplifies the process for payment system operators, allowing them to connect to multiple countries through a single integration with the Nexus platform.
• This approach significantly reduces the complexity and cost associated with establishing multiple bilateral connections.
• By connecting IPSs from different countries, Project Nexus enables near-instant cross-border payments.
• In over 70 countries, domestic payments already reach their destination in seconds at near-zero cost.
• Nexus extends this efficiency to cross-border transactions, ensuring that payments from sender to recipient are completed within 60 seconds in most cases.
• Nexus could significantly accelerate the adoption and growth of instant cross-border payments, fostering greater economic integration and cooperation among participating countries.
• It simplifies the payment process, making it more accessible and efficient for businesses and individuals alike.

Participating Countries

• The founding members and first mover countries of Project Nexus include four Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries—Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand—and India.
• An agreement formalizing this collaboration was signed by the BIS and the central banks of these countries on June 30, 2024, in Basel, Switzerland.
• Indonesia is also slated to join the Nexus platform in the future, indicating the project’s potential for further expansion and inclusion of more countries.
• This growing network will enhance the platform’s utility and reach, making instant cross-border payments a reality for a larger portion of the global population.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/what-is-project-nexus-that-rbi-has-signed-up-for-9427023/

TAG: GS 1: ART AND CULTURE, GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The recent discovery of a 41,000-year-old ostrich nest in Prakasam, Andhra Pradesh by a team of archaeologists provides crucial insights into the extinction of megafauna in the Indian subcontinent.

EXPLANATION:

• This finding sheds light on the presence of ostriches in southern India during prehistoric times and contributes to the broader understanding of megafauna extinction.

Prehistoric Ostrich Shell

• A team of archaeologists unearthed the world’s oldest known ostrich nest at the Prakasam site.
• The nest, measuring 9-10 feet in width, contained remnants of 9-11 eggs but had the capacity to hold 30-40 eggs at a time.
• This significant discovery highlights the prehistoric presence of ostriches in southern India.
• The earliest documented evidence of ostriches in the Indian subcontinent dates back to Richard Lydekker’s 1884 findings in the Upper Siwalik Hills of present-day Pakistan.
• He identified the extinct species Struthio asiaticus or the Asian ostrich.
• Subsequent discoveries, such as ostrich eggshell beads and engraved pieces reported by an archaeologist in 1989 at Patne, Maharashtra, further support the presence of ostriches in India during the Upper Palaeolithic period.

Understanding Megafauna

• Megafauna generally refers to large animals weighing more than 50 kg.
• The term was first coined by English naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace in his 1876 book, The Geographical Distribution of Animals.
• Megafauna are classified based on their dietary habits into:
  • Megaherbivores: Plant-eaters
  • Megacarnivores: Meat-eaters
  • Megaomnivores: Animals that consume both plants and meat
• Ostriches, considered megaomnivores, typically weigh between 90 and 140 kg and stand 7 to 9 feet tall.

Implications of the Andhra Discovery

• The discovery in Andhra Pradesh confirms that ostriches were present in southern India 41,000 years ago.
• This finding is crucial for understanding the geographic distribution of these birds during prehistoric times.
• Research on Fossilized Eggshells
• In 2017, researchers at the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) in Hyderabad analyzed fossilized eggshells from Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat, establishing the presence of ostriches in India 25,000 years ago.
• This presence is attributed to biogeographical dispersion following the continental drift of Gondwanaland.
• A 2020 study involving researchers from Yale University and the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History compiled a database of fossils from 25 sites in India.
• The study, titled “Late Quaternary extinctions in the Indian Subcontinent,” indicated that the disappearance of large animals in the region began around 30,000 years ago, coinciding with the arrival of humans.
• This supports the “co-evolution hypothesis,” which suggests that fauna evolved alongside hominins, impacting their resilience to extinction.
• Geographic isolation and abiotic factors may have also accelerated their extinction.

The Need for Robust Datasets

• The discovery of the 41,000-year-old ostrich nest underscores the importance of compiling robust datasets to enhance the understanding of megafauna extinction in the subcontinent.
• Detailed classifications and descriptions of species are essential for constructing accurate biological and ecological models.
• Future research should focus on:
  • Detailed analysis of newly discovered fossils
  • Genetic studies to understand evolutionary links
  • Examination of environmental and climatic factors influencing extinction

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/discovery-prehistoric-ostrich-shells-andhra-9426318/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Union Minister of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC), has launched a groundbreaking portal documenting all animal species in India.

EXPLANATION:

• This initiative, claimed to be the first of its kind globally, was unveiled during a meeting held in Kolkata on June 30, 2024, coinciding with the 109th foundation day celebration of the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI).

The Portal: A Comprehensive Faunal Database

• The portal, featuring records of over 100,000 animal species, was meticulously prepared by more than 150 ZSI scientists over two years.
• It serves as a comprehensive database, documenting India’s entire fauna since the 1750s.
• This ambitious project positions India as a global leader in biodiversity conservation.
• During the inauguration, Minister emphasized the portal’s significance as an invaluable resource for scientists and policymakers worldwide.
• The ‘Fauna of India Checklist Portal’ aims to be a reference point for ongoing and future biodiversity studies and conservation efforts.

2023 Discoveries: An Overview

• In 2023, scientists and researchers, including those from ZSI, recorded 641 newly discovered animal species across India.
• Kerala led the discoveries with 101 new species, followed by West Bengal with 72, and Tamil Nadu with 62.
• The report “Animal Discoveries–2023” lists 442 species new to science and 199 species newly recorded in India.
• The Hymenopterans (ants, bees, and wasps) and Arachnids (spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks) dominated the findings with 112 and 86 new species, respectively.
• Additionally, 47 new fish species, 20 reptiles, and two mammals were documented.
• Notable Mammal Discoveries
  • Capra himalayensis: A new ibex species discovered in Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh within the Himalayan range.
  • Miniopterus srinii: A new bat species found in Kodagu district, Karnataka.
• Regional Contributions
  • Kerala: 101 new discoveries
  • West Bengal: 72 new discoveries
  • Tamil Nadu: 62 new discoveries
  • Arunachal Pradesh: 45 new discoveries
  • Karnataka: 45 new discoveries

India’s Global Biodiversity Leadership

• Since the 1750s, 104,561 species have been recorded in India.
• This comprehensive catalog positions India as a leader in documenting and conserving biodiversity, as highlighted by the ZSI report.
• India is recognized as one of the world’s 17 megadiverse nations, containing approximately 7-8% of the world’s documented species and home to four of the 34 globally recognized biodiversity hotspots.
• This underlines the critical importance of India’s efforts in biodiversity conservation.

Environmental Initiatives

• “Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam”
  • MoEFCC Minister reiterated his commitment to the “Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam” campaign, inspired by Prime Minister.
  • This initiative encourages citizens to plant trees in honor of their mothers, celebrating both motherhood and the environment.
  • The campaign was highlighted during the World Environment Day celebrations and Modi’s “Mann ki Baat” address on June 30, 2024.
• Mission LiFE
  • Another priority for Minister of MoEFCC is Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment), a public movement advocating for pro-planet lifestyle changes.
  • It was launched by PM Modi in November 2021.
  • Mission LiFE aims to foster environmentally sustainable living practices.
• Climate Financial Support
  • On the climate front, the need for increased financial support from developed countries has been emphasised.
  • India’s efforts to push this agenda at upcoming international forums, including COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan has been highlighted.
  • As chair of a key climate finance meeting, MoEFCC is committed to securing the necessary funding to address climate change challenges.

Criticism and Environmental Performance Concerns

• Despite these initiatives, India faces criticism regarding its environmental performance.
• An environmental activist from Delhi pointed out that India ranks among the bottom five countries in the recent global Environmental Performance Index, reflecting ongoing challenges in environmental regulation and management.
• The environment ministry has rebutted this index, arguing that the assessment indicators were extrapolated and based on unscientific methods.

Zoological Survey of India (ZSI)

• The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) was established on 1st July, 1916.
• It aims to promote survey, exploration and research leading to the advancement in our knowledge of various aspects of exceptionally rich life of the erstwhile ´British Indian Empire´.
• The survey has its genesis in the establishment of the Zoological Section of the Indian Museum at Calcutta in 1875.
• By gradually strengthening its staff and expanding its research programme, the Survey has met the challenge of the past and is on its way to meet the demands of the future.
• It has maintained its primary objectives unchanged from its inception

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/wildlife-biodiversity/bhupender-yadav-launches-portal-documenting-indian-fauna-641-new-faunal-species-recorded-in-india-during-2023

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A groundbreaking discovery has emerged from the forests of Arunachal Pradesh, where a team of researchers from the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) has identified a new species of horned frog.

EXPLANATION:

• This species, named Xenophrys apatani, was found in the Talle Wildlife Sanctuary located in the Lower Subansiri district.
• The discovery was led from ZSI Shillong. Their collaborative efforts resulted in the identification and classification of the new species.

Xenophrys apatani

• The species has been named Xenophrys apatani in honor of the Apatani community, which is prominent in the region.
• This naming serves as recognition of the community’s dedication to the conservation of wild flora and fauna in their area.
• The identification of Xenophrys apatani adds a valuable entry to India’s herpetofaunal diversity, reflecting the rich and varied biodiversity of the region.
• This discovery is particularly notable in the context of the Eastern Himalayan and Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspots.
• The researchers also provided valuable insights into the biogeographic distribution of Xenophrys species within India.
• Their findings contribute to a better understanding of amphibian evolution and distribution in these ecologically significant regions.

Significance of the Discovery

• This new identification corrects a previous error made in 2019, where researchers from ZSI Shillong misidentified the species as the Maoson horned frog (Xenophrys maosonensis).
• Subsequent analysis revealed significant genetic differences between the Indian specimens and those from Vietnam and China, leading to the re-evaluation and correct identification as a new species.
• The revised conclusion was based on thorough genetic analysis, highlighting substantial disparities that prompted this significant update.
• This discovery underscores the necessity of rigorous taxonomic studies to fully understand and appreciate the rich biodiversity present in India.

Future Conservation Efforts

• The findings from this study are expected to inform and guide future conservation efforts.
• Understanding the distribution and genetic diversity of species like Xenophrys apatani is crucial for developing effective strategies to protect these unique amphibians and their habitats.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-pradesh-yields-new-species-of-horned-frog/article68358509.ece

THE CONTEXT: The recent controversial remarks by JD(U) MP Devesh Chandra Thakur have reignited the debate on voter privacy and electoral integrity in India. Thakur’s statement about not helping specific communities who didn’t vote for him highlights the risks of booth-wise voting data being available. This incident brings renewed attention to the long-pending proposal to introduce totalizer machines for vote counting to protect voter secrecy.

THE ISSUES:

• Breach of Democratic Principles: Devesh Chandra Thakur’s statement, which suggested that he would not help members of the Muslim and Yadav communities because they did not vote for him, directly contradicts the democratic principle that elected representatives should serve all constituents impartially, regardless of their voting behavior. This assertion of a transactional relationship undermines the constitutional spirit of equal representation and service to all citizens.
• Violation of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC): Thakur’s remarks were seen as a breach of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC), which aims to ensure free and fair elections by preventing actions that could intimidate or discriminate against voters. Although the MCC was no longer in force at the time of his statement, its principles remain relevant to maintaining the integrity of the electoral process.
• Rekindling Interest in Dormant Writ Petitions: Thakur’s controversial statement has rekindled interest in dormant writ petitions related to electoral reforms, particularly those aimed at enhancing voter anonymity and preventing post-election retribution. These petitions highlight ongoing concerns about the need for legal and procedural changes to protect voter privacy and avoid intimidation.
• Proposal for Totaliser in Vote Counting: The Election Commission of India’s (ECI) proposal to introduce a totalizer for counting votes is a significant issue. The totalizer would mask booth-level voting patterns by aggregating votes from multiple polling stations, thereby enhancing voter anonymity and reducing the risk of post-election harassment. This proposal has seen varying support and opposition from political parties and government bodies.
• Political and Legal Responses: The political and legal responses to Thakur’s statement have varied. While some political leaders and parties condemned his remarks and called for his retraction, others supported him, citing similar experiences of voter behavior. Legal actions, including court cases, have been initiated against Thakur for his statements, reflecting the contentious nature of the issue and its potential legal ramifications.
• Broader Implications for Electoral Reforms: The controversy underscores the broader need for electoral reforms in India, particularly those aimed at protecting voter privacy and ensuring that elected representatives serve all constituents fairly. The debate over totalizers and other measures to enhance voter anonymity highlights the ongoing challenges in balancing transparency, accountability, and voter protection in the electoral process.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Strengthen enforcement of Model Code of Conduct: The Election Commission of India (ECI) could consider extending specific critical provisions of the MCC beyond the election period to ensure elected representatives uphold democratic values after office. This could be done through an amendment to the Representation of the People Act of 1951. Former Chief Election Commissioner S.Y. Quraishi has advocated for giving statutory backing to the Model Code of Conduct to make it more enforceable.
• Implement the totalizer for vote counting: The ECI’s proposal to use a totalizer for counting votes from multiple EVMs together would help protect voter privacy and reduce the risk of post-election intimidation based on voting patterns. This aligns with the constitutional right to ballot secrecy under Article 21. In People’s Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India (2013), the Supreme Court held that the right to vote freely is part of freedom of expression under Article 19(1)(a), and secrecy of the ballot is integral to free and fair elections.
• Amend Conduct of Election Rules: The government should consider amending Rule 66A of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961, to empower the ECI to use totalizers that were deemed necessary, similar to the existing Rule 59A for mixing ballot papers.
• Sensitization programs for elected representatives: Conduct mandatory sensitization programs for newly elected representatives on their constitutional duties and the principles of inclusive governance. This could be made a prerequisite for taking the oath of office.
• Grievance redressal mechanism: Establish a dedicated grievance redressal mechanism where citizens can report discriminatory behavior by elected representatives. This could be overseen by the ECI or an independent ethics committee.
• Legal action for discriminatory statements: Consider amending the Representation of the People Act, 1951, to include provisions for acting against elected representatives who make openly discriminatory statements against any community. This could consist of disqualification in extreme cases. Article 14 of the Constitution guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of laws to all persons.

THE CONCLUSION:

The totalizer issue remains unresolved between the Election Commission’s advocacy and the government’s reluctance. While some parties support its introduction to enhance voter privacy, others oppose it, citing potential drawbacks. As India grapples with balancing electoral transparency and voter protection, the totalizer debate exemplifies the ongoing challenges in strengthening the country’s democratic processes.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India, considering the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. 2022

Q.2 Discuss the procedures to decide the disputes arising from the election of a Member of the Parliament or State Legislature under The Representation of the People Act, 1951. What grounds on which any returned candidate’s election may be declared void? What remedy is available to the aggrieved party against the decision? Refer to the case laws. 2022

Q.3 “There is a need to simplify the procedure for disqualifying persons found guilty of corrupt practices under the Representation of Peoples Act.” Comment. 2020

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Examine the issues surrounding the introduction of a totalizer for vote counting in Indian elections. Discuss the arguments for and against its implementation and evaluate its potential impact on electoral integrity and voter behavior.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-tool-to-ensure-complete-voter-anonymity/article68356097.ece