REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN THE INCOMING LOK SABHA

TAG: GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The 2024 Lok Sabha elections have seen a significant representation of women in the elected body.

EXPLANATION:

Historical Trend

  • The representation of women in the Lok Sabha has shown a general trend towards increasing women’s representation over the years.
  • However, progress has been slow and not linear.
  • In 1952, women made up just 4.41% of the strength of the Lower House.
  • This number increased to more than 6% in the election held a decade later, but again dipped to below 4% in 1971.
  • Since then, there has been a slow, but steady rise in women’s representation, which crossed the 10% mark in 2009 and peaked in 2019 at 14.36%.

Current Representation

  • In the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, 73 women have been elected, making up 13.44% of the elected strength of the Lower House.
  • This is a decrease from the 78 women elected in 2019, but still one of the highest proportions since 1952.
  • Party-wise Representation
    • The representation of women varies across political parties.
    • The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leads with 31 women MPs, followed by the Congress (13), Trinamool Congress (11), Samajwadi Party (5), and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (3).
    • Seven parties have one woman MP each.
    • The Trinamool Congress boasts the highest proportion of women MPs at 37.93%, followed by the Congress (13.13%) and the BJP (12.92%).
  • New Faces and Age Profile
    • Of the 74 women MPs elected, 43 are first-time MPs, and one (Misa Bharti of the Rashtriya Janata Dal) is a first-time Lok Sabha MP.
    • This is higher than the overall percentage of newcomers in the House (59% Vs 52%).
    • Women MPs have only 0.76 Lok Sabha terms of experience, indicating a relatively new group of representatives.
    • The average age of women MPs is 50 years, younger than the overall age of the House at 56 years.

Education and Experience

  • Women MPs are as educated as their male counterparts, with 78% completing undergraduate studies.
  • They have an average of 0.76 Lok Sabha terms of experience, indicating a relatively new group of representatives.

Candidates’ Composition

  • Out of the total 8,360 candidates who stood in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, just around 10% were women.
  • This number has increased over time, standing at 3% in 1957.
  • This is the first time that women candidates’ proportion has touched 10%.
  • Roughly 16% of BJP’s candidates were women, as opposed to 13% of Congress candidates — both higher than the overall average.

Challenges and Opportunities

  • Despite the progress made, women still face significant challenges in entering and staying in politics.
  • The Women’s Reservation Bill, which aims to reserve one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and state legislatures for women, is yet to be implemented.
  • The bill’s implementation will depend on a delimitation exercise based on the first Census post-enactment.

Women’s Reservation Act, 2023

  • It modifies a single constitutional provision, Article 239AA, and adding three new articles: Articles 330A, 332A, and 334A.
  • Article 239AA (Amended)
    • Article 239AA to the constitution grants special status to the Union Territory of Delhi as national capital with regards to its administrative and legislative functioning.
    • Article 239AA(2)(b) was amended by the Act accordingly to add that the laws framed by parliament shall apply to the National Capital territory of Delhi.
  • Articles 330A
    • The Act provided that reserved seats for women may be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in states or Union Territories for representation in the Lok Sabha.
    • In the seats reserved for SCs/STs, the Act sought to provide one-third of the seats to be reserved for women on rotational basis.
  • Articles 332A
    • The reservation of seats for women in every state Legislative Assembly.
    • Additionally, one-third of the seats reserved for SCs and STs must be allocated for women, and one-third of the total seats filled through direct elections to the Legislative Assemblies shall also be reserved for women (Article 332).
  • Articles 334A
    • The reservation will be effective after the census conducted after the commencement of this Act.
    • Based on the census, delimitation will be undertaken to reserve seats for women.
    • The reservation will be provided for a period of 15 years (Sunset Clause).
    • However, it shall continue till such date as determined by a law made by Parliament.
    • Provisions of this act shall not affect any representation in legislative assemblies and the Lok Sabha until their dissolution.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/slight-dip-in-number-of-women-in-ls-well-under-proposed-33-quota-9374922/



DARK MATTER Vs MOND

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The debate between dark matter and Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) has been ongoing in astrophysics.

EXPLANATION:

  • Dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter that is believed to address the missing mass problem in galaxies, while MOND proposes that gravity behaves differently at low accelerations.
  • The missing mass problem in galaxies was first identified by Oort in 1932.
  • The discrepancy between the observed rotation curves of galaxies and the predicted curves based on Newton’s law of gravity led to the proposal of dark matter.
  • However, the nature of dark matter remains unknown, and alternative theories like MOND have been proposed to explain the observed phenomena.

MOND Theory

  • MOND has been proposed by Mordehai Milgrom in 1982.
  • It suggests that gravity behaves differently at low accelerations.
  • The theory is successful in predicting galaxy rotation without dark matter, but it has its limitations.
  • MOND only changes the behavior of gravity at low accelerations, not at a specific distance from an object.
  • This means that MOND effects would typically kick in several thousand light years away from a galaxy, making it difficult to detect at smaller scales.

Cassini Mission and MOND

  • The Cassini mission, which orbited Saturn between 2004 and 2017, provided a crucial test for MOND.
  • The mission aimed to measure the Earth-Saturn distance and track Saturn’s orbit to test the predictions of MOND.
  • However, the results showed that Newton’s laws still work well for Saturn, and MOND failed to match the data.
  • The study concluded that the chance of MOND matching the Cassini results is the same as a flipped coin landing heads up 59 times in a row, making it highly unlikely.

Wide Binary Stars and MOND

  • Another test of MOND is provided by wide binary stars.
  • MOND predicted that such stars should orbit around each other 20% faster than expected with Newton’s laws.
  • However, a recent study led by Indranil Banik ruled out this prediction, showing that the chance of MOND being right given these results is the same as a fair coin landing heads up 190 times in a row.

Small Bodies in the Outer Solar System and MOND

  • MOND also fails to explain the motions of small bodies in the distant outer Solar System.
  • Comets coming in from out there have a much narrower distribution in energy than MOND predicts.
  • These bodies also have orbits that are usually only slightly inclined to the plane that all the planets orbit close to.
  • MOND would cause the inclinations to be much larger.

Galaxy Clusters and MOND

  • MOND cannot provide enough gravity in the central regions of galaxy clusters.
  • However, it provides too much gravity in their outskirts.
  • Assuming Newtonian gravity with five times as much dark matter as normal matter seems to provide a good fit to the data.

Dark Matter

  • Dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter that is believed to address the missing mass problem in galaxies.
  • It is not directly observable, but its presence can be inferred through its gravitational effects.
  • Dark matter is composed of particles that do not absorb, reflect, or emit light, so they cannot be detected by observing electromagnetic radiation.
  • Dark matter is material that cannot be seen directly.
  • Dark matter is a key component of the standard model of cosmology, which struggles to explain certain phenomena such as the universe’s expansion rate and giant cosmic structures.

Comparison of Dark Matter and MOND

  • Several studies have compared the dark matter and MOND hypotheses using Bayesian statistics.
  • The results suggest that both hypotheses are equally plausible in explaining the data, with no strong evidence in favor of either theory.
  • However, the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) values strongly favor the dark matter hypothesis.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/with-bad-news-from-cassini-is-dark-matter-main-rival-theory-dead/article68254867.ece



INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY WILL CONTINUE, SO WILL ITS CHALLENGES

THE CONTEXT: Indian voters have switched to coalition mode for their national government, and the compulsions of collectivism will affect policy matters, including foreign relations. Despite this, much foreign policy remains a continuum, with political consensus often prevailing on issues of utmost national interest. However, coalition compulsions could lead to a less risk-taking approach, tempering the distinctive BJP flavor to reflect the diversity within the National Democratic Alliance (NDA).

THE ISSUES:

  • Compulsions of Collectivism: Coalition politics often necessitate compromises, making foreign policy less risk-taking and more reflective of the diverse interests within the coalition. This can temper the distinctiveness of any party’s foreign policy agenda, such as the BJP’s.
  • Regional Interests: Regional parties can influence foreign policy, especially when their interests are directly affected. For instance, Tamil parties have historically influenced India’s policy towards Sri Lanka due to concerns about the Tamil population there.
  • Complex Global Environment: The global landscape is becoming more complex, with ongoing conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine war and the Israel-Hamas conflict impacting India’s foreign policy priorities. These conflicts influence India’s strategic decisions, such as maintaining neutrality in the Ukraine conflict to balance relations with both Russia and the West.
  • China’s Ambitions: China’s growing geopolitical ambitions in India’s neighborhood pose a significant challenge. India’s strategy involves balancing cooperation and competition with China while strengthening ties with other regional and global powers.
  • Geo-Economic Foreign Policy: Economic considerations are increasingly driving India’s foreign policy. Managing economic pressures and seizing opportunities has led to a more pragmatic and strategic approach to international relations.
  • Energy Security: India’s energy needs, particularly its reliance on oil imports, significantly influence its foreign policy. Despite Western pressure, the country has been buying discounted Russian oil to mitigate the economic impact of the Ukraine war.

THE WAY FORWARD:

  • Strengthening Coalition Diplomacy: Enhance intra-coalition consultation mechanisms to ensure a unified foreign policy stance that reflects the diverse interests of coalition partners. Establish formal channels for regular consultations among coalition partners on foreign policy issues to build consensus and avoid conflicting positions. Utilize the regional expertise of smaller coalition partners to inform and shape foreign policy decisions, particularly on issues that directly impact their constituencies.
  • Navigating Geopolitical Tensions: Continue the realpolitik approach in dealing with the Russia-Ukraine conflict, balancing relations with Russia and the West to safeguard India’s strategic interests. Actively participate in multilateral forums like BRICS, G20, and the Quad to strengthen India’s global standing and influence. Maintain strategic autonomy by diversifying defense and economic partnerships, reducing over-reliance on any single country.
  • Enhancing Economic Diplomacy: Focus on economic diplomacy to drive growth and secure India’s position as a critical player in the emerging world order. Expand and deepen trade agreements with key partners like the UAE and Japan to boost economic ties and attract investment. Leverage initiatives like ‘Make in India’ to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) and enhance domestic manufacturing capabilities. Develop and promote economic corridors like the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC) to improve connectivity and trade.
  • Addressing Regional Security Concerns: Revive and strengthen regional frameworks to ensure a stable and peaceful neighborhood. Work towards reviving the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) to foster regional cooperation and address common security challenges. Enhance counter-terrorism cooperation with neighboring countries and key partners to address security threats. Engage in sustained diplomatic efforts with China to manage border tensions and prevent escalation.
  • Fostering Strategic Partnerships: Partner with key countries to enhance India’s global influence and address common challenges. Build on the solid foundation of India-UAE relations by exploring new areas of cooperation in technology, renewable energy, and defense. Revitalize the India-Japan partnership by focusing on economic, technological, and security collaboration, leveraging the complementarities between the two economies. Position India as a leading voice of the Global South by advocating for equitable global governance and addressing development challenges.

THE CONCLUSION:

In every likelihood, the new government needs a big bang moment on the foreign policy front — this is important to send the message (both domestically and internationally) that though India now has a coalition government, India’s foreign policy resolve is as sharp as ever. The new government’s economic policies will directly affect the scope of its foreign policy, necessitating a renewed focus on transformative relationships and regional frameworks to ensure a peaceful periphery for India.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 What is meant by the Gujral doctrine? Does it have any relevance today? Discuss. 2013

Q.2 Regarding India — Sri Lanka relations, discuss how domestic factors influence foreign policy. 2013

Q.3 India’s energy security is essential to its economic progress. Analyze India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian Countries. 2017

Q.4 The time has come for India and Japan to build a solid contemporary relationship involving global and strategic partnership that will have great significance for Asia and the world.’ Comment. 2019

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Discuss the impact of coalition politics on India’s foreign policy, particularly in the context of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government. How do ongoing global conflicts and regional dynamics influence India’s foreign policy priorities? Illustrate your answer with examples from India’s relations with major international powers and neighboring countries.

SOURCE:

https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/indias-foreign-policy-will-continue-so-will-its-challenges-3055070



BIZARRE JUDGMENT: ON THE MADHYA PRADESH HIGH COURT’S ORDER

THE CONTEXT: The Madhya Pradesh High Court’s ruling on the invalidity of a marriage between a Muslim man and a Hindu woman under the Special Marriage Act (SMA) reflects a significant misunderstanding of the law. The SMA was designed to facilitate interfaith marriages without the need for religious conversion or adherence to personal law rituals.

THE ISSUES:

  • Misinterpretation of the Special Marriage Act: The Madhya Pradesh High Court’s decision reflects a fundamental misunderstanding of the SMA. The Act was specifically designed to allow interfaith couples to marry without adhering to the religious rituals of their respective faiths. By examining marriage through the lens of Muslim personal law, the court ignored the secular nature of the SMA, which aims to provide a legal framework for marriages irrespective of religious affiliations.
  • Irrelevance of Personal Law in SMA Marriages: The court’s focus on whether the marriage would be valid under Muslim law is irrelevant when the marriage is intended to be registered under the SMA. The SMA overrides personal rules and aims to facilitate marriages between individuals of different faiths without requiring them to convert or perform religious rituals. The court’s reliance on personal law undermines the very essence of the SMA.
  • Legal Protection for Interfaith Couples: The couple sought police protection to appear before the Marriage Registration Officer, not a validation of their marriage under personal law. The court’s refusal to grant protection based on personal law considerations fails to address the couple’s immediate need for safety and legal recognition under the SMA.
  • Impact on Secularism and Uniform Civil Code: The judgment privileges Muslim personal law over the secular provisions of the SMA, potentially driving individuals to convert for the sake of marriage. This undermines the move towards a uniform civil code, which aims to provide a consistent legal framework for all citizens, irrespective of their religion. The decision could deter interfaith marriages and contradicts the constitutional principles of secularism and individual rights.
  • Judicial Overreach and Misapplication of Law: The court’s decision to dissect personal law requirements for a marriage intended to be registered under the SMA represents judicial overreach. The SMA explicitly states that marriages performed under it cannot be challenged based on the non-performance of religious rituals. The court’s interpretation extends beyond the scope of the Act and imposes unnecessary religious considerations on a secular legal process.

THE WAY FORWARD:

  • Clarification and Amendment of the Special Marriage Act: Amend the SMA to explicitly state that it overrides personal laws regarding interfaith marriages, ensuring that such marriages are valid regardless of religious prohibitions. The Law Commission has previously recommended reforms to the SMA to make it more inclusive and transparent in its application to interfaith marriages. The Supreme Court in Lata Singh v. State of U.P. emphasized the protection of interfaith couples and the need for explicit legal provisions to support their rights.
  • Judicial Training and Sensitization: Implement regular training programs for judges and legal practitioners on the interpretation and application of the SMA, focusing on its secular nature and purpose. The National Judicial Academy can develop modules on the SMA and interfaith marriage laws to ensure judges are well-informed. The Supreme Court has often highlighted the need for judicial training to ensure uniform law application across different jurisdictions.
  • Public Awareness Campaigns: Launch public awareness campaigns to educate citizens about the rights and protections available under the SMA, emphasizing its role in facilitating interfaith marriages. National Commission for Women (NCW) can spearhead campaigns to inform women about their rights under the SMA. The Ministry of Law and Justice can collaborate with NGOs to disseminate information about the SMA and its benefits.
  • Establishment of Safe Houses and Support Systems: Create safe houses and support systems for interfaith couples facing threats or violence, ensuring their safety and well-being. The Supreme Court’s Judgment in Shakti Vahini v. Union of India directed the establishment of safe houses for couples facing threats due to interfaith marriages. The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) can monitor the implementation of safe houses and provide guidelines for their operation.
  • Legal and Social Support Mechanisms: Develop comprehensive legal and social support mechanisms, including counseling services and legal aid, to assist interfaith couples in navigating societal and familial opposition. The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) can provide free legal assistance to interfaith couples facing legal challenges. The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment can fund interfaith couples’ counseling services and support groups.

THE CONCLUSION:

Addressing the issues raised by the Madhya Pradesh High Court’s ruling requires a multifaceted approach involving legal reforms, judicial training, public awareness, and robust support systems. By implementing these solutions, India can better uphold the rights of interfaith couples and ensure the SMA fulfills its intended purpose of facilitating secular marriages.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:

Q. Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting a uniform civil code for its citizens as provided in the Directive Principles of State Policy.2015

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q. Critically analyze the implications of the Madhya Pradesh High Court’s ruling that declined to give protection to a couple because a marriage between a Muslim man and a Hindu woman would not be valid, even if registered under the Special Marriage Act (SMA), 1954. Discuss how this judgment could affect the application of the SMA and the broader implications for inter-faith marriages and the move towards a uniform civil code in India.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/bizarre-judgment-on-the-madhya-pradesh-high-courts-order/article68259173.ece



PANDEMIC PACT REMAINS WORK IN PROGRESS

THE CONTEXT: The world pandemic agreement, currently under negotiation since the COVID-19 pandemic, aims to protect the world from future pandemic emergencies and ensure better preparedness. The agreement seeks to “strengthen pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response” with a focus on equity. The World Health Assembly (WHA) has decided to continue negotiations among 194 countries, aiming to finalize the agreement by next year.

THE ISSUES:

  • Equity in Pandemic Response: The agreement aims to ensure equitable access to medical products, technology transfer, and benefit-sharing to bridge the gap between rich and poor countries in pandemic preparedness and response.
  • Pathogen Surveillance and Data Sharing: There is significant disagreement over sharing pathogens and their genetic codes. Developing countries are hesitant to share such data without guaranteed access to the benefits derived from related research.
  • Intellectual Property Rights: Developed countries have concerns about waivers of intellectual property rights, which are crucial for the production and distribution of vaccines, tests, and treatments.
  • Financing: The issue of financing pandemic preparedness and response measures is a significant point of contention, with developed countries having reservations about the financial commitments required.
  • Implementation and Oversight: The proposal to establish a Conference of Parties (COP) to oversee the agreement’s implementation is critical, ensuring that the provisions are effectively implemented and monitored.

THE WAY FORWARD:

  • Pathogen and Genetic Code Sharing with Benefit-Sharing Mechanisms: Implement a structured Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) system that ensures equitable sharing of benefits derived from pathogen research. WHO’s Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework can serve as a model. It ensures that countries sharing influenza viruses receive benefits such as vaccines and antivirals. The Nagaya protocol under the Convention on Biological Diversity emphasizes fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, which can be adapted for pathogen sharing.
  • Innovative Financing Mechanisms: Establish a dedicated Pandemic Fund to provide financial support for pandemic preparedness and response, particularly for low- and middle-income countries. The Pandemic Fund, established by the World Bank, provides long-term financing to strengthen pandemic preparedness and response capabilities in low- and middle-income countries.
  • Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Flexibilities: To ensure rapid and equitable access during emergencies, incorporate time-bound waivers of intellectual property rights for pandemic-related products. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) waiver during the COVID-19 pandemic allowed for the temporary suspension of certain IP rights to facilitate access to vaccines and treatments. Encourage voluntary licensing agreements, such as Pfizer and Merck’s licensing of COVID-19 treatments to the Medicines Patent Pool, which enabled generic production.
  • Strengthening Health Systems and Universal Health Coverage: Commit to strengthening health systems and achieving universal health coverage to ensure resilience against future pandemics. WHO emphasizes the importance of UHC in ensuring that all individuals have access to necessary health services without financial hardship. The EU’s strategy focuses on building resilient health systems and ensuring equitable access to healthcare, which can be a guiding framework.
  • Establishment of a Conference of Parties (COP): Set up a Conference of Parties (COP) to oversee the implementation and compliance of the pandemic agreement, ensuring accountability and continuous improvement. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) COP meetings provide a successful model for international cooperation and responsibility in addressing global challenges. WHO’s International Health Regulations (IHR) Review Committee can serve as a model for periodic assessment and improvement of the pandemic agreement.

THE CONCLUSION:

While developing countries generally support the draft text, developed countries have raised concerns regarding financing and intellectual property rights. The challenge lies in reaching a consensus without diluting the agreement’s provisions. The world must collaborate on this agreement, as the threat it addresses is global.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 What is the research in developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poor sections of the society? 2021

Q.2 What do you understand by nanotechnology, and how is it helping in the health sector? 2020

Q.3 The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are readily available to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to manage the pandemic. 2020

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 The ongoing negotiations for a world pandemic agreement aim to strengthen global pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response with equity as a central goal. Discuss the critical elements of the draft negotiating text and the challenges in reaching a consensus. How can the international community ensure that the agreement effectively addresses the disparities observed during the Covid-19 pandemic?

SOURCE:

https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/editorial/pandemic-pact-remains-work-in-progress-3054624



THE ROADS TO INDIA’S DEMOCRATIZATION, THE CHALLENGES

THE CONTEXT: The 18th Indian general election probably marks the end of a cycle, even though it has not resulted in an alternation in power, a dimension usually needed for characterizing an election as “critical.” The Bharatiya Janata Party’s loss of its majority seems to be sufficient. It might well be — but under certain conditions — for a re-democratization process to reach its logical conclusion.

THE ISSUES:

  • The trajectory of De-democratisation: For the past decade, India has experienced a concentration of political and economic power in the hands of a few, leading to increased inequalities and the marginalization of minorities. This period has been marked by identity politics and communal polarisation, overshadowing social issues.
  • Shift in Power Dynamics: Although the BJP remains the dominant party, it has lost its majority, necessitating coalition politics. This shift could weaken Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s authority and potentially allow institutions like the judiciary, media, and Election Commission to regain some independence and resist liberticide laws.
  • Federalism and Coalition Politics: The need for coalition support from state parties like the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and Janata Dal (United) (JD(U)) could revitalize federalism. This scenario might lead to greater recognition of state autonomy and the role of Chief Ministers, contrasting with the centralized decision-making seen in recent years.
  • Competing Ideological Agendas: There is a potential ideological shift from Hindutva to social equality. Rahul Gandhi’s focus on social issues and forming the INDIA bloc (Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance) could counter the BJP’s ethno-religious identity politics, promoting social justice and equality.
  • Role of Civil Society: Civil society is expected to rejuvenate India’s democracy. The change in government alone will not suffice; sustained efforts from civil society are necessary to counter the influence of RSS-related vigilantes and ensure the recovery of democratic institutions.

THE WAY FORWARD:

  • Strengthening Federalism and State Autonomy: Enhance state governments’ autonomy by ensuring greater involvement in national decision-making processes. This includes consulting state governments on major policy decisions and respecting their unique needs and contexts. Promote decentralization by empowering local governments and ensuring that Chief Ministers and state leaders have a significant say in governance matters, especially those affecting their states directly.
  • Enhancing Institutional Independence: Ensure the independence of the judiciary and bureaucratic institutions like the Election Commission of India. This can be achieved by safeguarding their appointments and functioning from political interference. Protect the freedom of the press by repealing or amending draconian laws restricting freedom of expression and individual rights.
  • Promoting Social Justice and Equality: Implement policies that address social inequalities, such as conducting a nationwide caste census to understand better and address marginalized communities’ needs. Develop and implement policies to reduce economic disparities and ensure that economic growth benefits all sections of society.
  • Encouraging Civil Society Participation: Encourage civil society organizations to actively participate in policy advocacy and mass mobilizations to hold the government accountable and push for democratic reforms. Foster community engagement initiatives that empower citizens to participate in local governance and decision-making processes.
  • Building Inclusive Political Narratives: Develop and promote inclusive political narratives prioritizing social equality and justice over identity politics and communal polarization. Support the emergence of new political leaders who advocate for inclusive and progressive policies, similar to the initiatives led by Rahul Gandhi with the Bharat Jodo Yatra.

THE CONCLUSION:

However, besides the political actors, civil society is also bound to play a vital role again in rejuvenating India’s democracy. Suppose this election is probably marking a transition towards a new era. In that case, eventually, a change of guard at the State level will not be enough to re-democratize India—and to counter the dense network of RSS-related vigilantes.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 Pressure group politics is sometimes seen as the informal face of politics. Regarding the above, assess the structure and functioning of pressure groups in India. 2013

Q.2 How do pressure groups influence the Indian political process? Do you agree with the view that informal pressure groups have emerged as more powerful than formal pressure groups in recent years? 2017

Q.3 While the national political parties in India favor centralization, the regional parties favor State autonomy. Comment. 2022

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 The 18th Indian general election has been described as a potential turning point in India’s political landscape. Discuss the implications on India’s democratic processes and federal structure. Provide a critical analysis considering the role of various political actors and civil society.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-roads-to-indias-redemocratisation-the-challenges/article68255386.ece



WSDP Bulletin (06/06/2024)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. Explained: The representation of women in the incoming Lok Sabha, how it compares to previous years READ MORE

2. UNESCO’s State of Ocean Report highlights key knowledge gaps in research & data on spiking oceanic warming READ MORE

3. World Environment Day: Environmentalists Jai Dhar Gupta and Vijay Dhasmana create India’s first biosphere in a tiger reserve READ MORE

4. Shape and depth of ocean floor profoundly influence how carbon is stored there, study shows READ MORE

5. On the Brink of Extinction – Scientists Develop Genetic Rescue Plan for Arabian Leopards READ MORE

6. With bad news from Cassini, is dark matter’s main rival theory dead? READ MORE

7. Global project ‘paints’ evidence of air pollution in India READ MORE

8. PMI signals Services growth receded to a 5-month low in May READ MORE

9. Health Ministry reworks protocol as India’s TB elimination drive plateaus READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Rajasthan village girls struggle for sports opportunities READ MORE

2. Empowering women in agriculture: A gendered approach to climate change and food security READ MORE

3. Leveraging emerging technologies to combat desertification and land degradation READ MORE

4. Groundwater to heat over 3 degrees C by century end, risking safety: Report READ MORE

5. Droughts and deficits: Robust partnerships for resilience READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Why India needs an intergovernmental institution for climate change READ MORE

2. Policy and Institutional Imperatives for India’s Urban Renaissance READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. What does Mission Antyodaya data say about rural deprivation? READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. India’s and China’s divergent energy paths in Sri Lanka READ MORE

2. Squad and the rise of minilateralism in the Indo-Pacific READ MORE

3. Chabahar’s opportunities and challenges READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Decoding RBI’s surplus transfer to govt READ MORE

2. Sustaining growth must be a priority of new govt READ MORE

3. Bridging global workforce gaps: An Indian perspective READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Biodiversity solutions to battle heatwave menace READ MORE

2. Fight to preserve our fragile ecosystems READ MORE

3. Minimise e-waste for a sustainable future READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. AI as a catalyst for sustainable development READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Operation Blue Star: Trauma and lessons READ MORE

2. Quantum Computing: Current Scenario and Future Prospects READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. The great Himalayan tragedy READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Good leadership prevents burnouts READ MORE

2. Mantra is a tool for transformative living READ MORE

Case study

1. Rajasthan village girls struggle for sports opportunities READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. On complex issues like climate change, it is time for the Indian leadership to create a robust intergovernmental body to minimise the frictions and help shape nationally coherent policies and actions against climate change. Comment.

2. AI offers tremendous potential for advancing the SDGs, but its development and deployment must be approached responsibly and ethically. Comment.

3. India’s relations with Iran and the continuity of Chabahar’s development, which offers access to difficult political terrain such as Central Asia, and even Afghanistan, could bring in a significant level of integration and help in building alternatives to China-backed projects. Examine.

4. Governance lies at the heart of effective urban management like the cornerstone for formulating, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating policies. Discuss how this compendium examines governance mechanisms and the intricate interplay between central, state, and local authorities?

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • Two cheers for democracy: one because it admits variety and two because it permits criticism.
  • A crucial lesson of the violence in Punjab is that given India’s plurality, regional aspirations have to be blended with the mainstream.
  • The serious environmental risks associated with e-waste are significant and multifaceted, affecting ecosystems, wildlife as well as human health.
  • It is time to embrace the power of circular thinking as one transforms waste into opportunity, by taking one step at a time.
  • It is crucial to adopt sustainable practices to protect our environment and ensure a secure future for the coming generations, or it may be too late before we realise it.
  • Cooperative federalism is the need of the hour to take on decarbonisation and adaptation efforts to mitigate climate change.
  • On complex issues like climate change, it is time for the Indian leadership to create a robust intergovernmental body to minimise the frictions and help shape nationally coherent policies and actions against climate change.
  • Although stopping droughts completely remains a challenge, technological innovations and bolstering institutional and community-level capacities can substantially help reduce their impacts.
  • Although India has made a commendable effort to meet its Bonn Challenge commitments, adopting technology solutions would help substantiate it.
  • AI offers tremendous potential for advancing the SDGs, but its development and deployment must be approached responsibly and ethically.
  • Addressing negative public perceptions through public awareness campaigns and highlighting the positive contributions of migrants can help create a more favourable environment for labour mobility.
  • Effectively aligning India’s abundant workforce with global demand requires a multifaceted approach involving targeted skilling initiatives, enhanced labour mobility frameworks, and robust support systems for migrant workers.
  • India’s relations with Iran and the continuity of Chabahar’s development, which offers access to difficult political terrain such as Central Asia, and even Afghanistan, could bring in a significant level of integration and help in building alternatives to China-backed projects.
  • Governance lies at the heart of effective urban management—the cornerstone for formulating, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating policies. This compendium examines governance mechanisms and the intricate interplay between central, state, and local authorities.
  • International cooperation depends on peaceful co-existence, respecting sovereignty, equality, and mutual benefit in cooperation initiatives, competition, and conflict management.

ESSAY TOPIC

  • A leader is one who knows the way, goes the way and shows the way.

50-WORD TALK

  • Steep US tariff increases on China, and ally UK hauling in Beijing’s ambassador over spying charges underline hardening of their policy. This emerging trade war could inevitably grow into a new Cold War. There are obvious lessons for India, at the receiving end of Chinese trade domination and military bullying.
  • India has signed a 10-year contract to manage Iran’s Chabahar port in a boost to the country’s energy security. Described by Jaishankar as a “crucial contract” that would lead to bigger investment in the port, the move is also about India standing up for its own interests despite western pressures.
  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
  • Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.


Day-645 | Daily MCQs | UPSC Prelims | POLITY

Day-645

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  1. Question 1 of 5
    1. Question

    1. The Fundamental Duties under the Indian Constitution can be most appropriately described as:

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    • Option A is correct: Fundamental Duties listed under Article 51A of the Indian Constitution emphasize certain civic and moral responsibilities that citizens are expected to adhere to. These duties include respecting the Constitution, the national flag, and the national anthem, cherishing the noble ideals of the freedom struggle, upholding and protecting the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India, and promoting harmony among all people of India transcending religious, linguistic, and regional diversities. These duties serve as a constant reminder to citizens to act towards the betterment of the nation and society at large. However, these duties are not enforceable by law, which means that they are intended as moral guidelines rather than legal obligations.
    • Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution represent responsibilities intended to promote a sense of discipline and commitment among citizens. They are described as civic and moral because they emphasize personal and societal improvement without the backing of legal enforcement mechanisms. Option is B incorrect because, while the duties are listed in the Constitution, they are not enforceable by law. They are meant as moral guidelines for citizens to follow voluntarily.
    • Option C is incorrect because Fundamental Duties do not replace or stand in lieu of Fundamental Rights. Instead, they complement Fundamental Rights, aiming to encourage a responsible citizenry that respects the rights and freedoms of others.
    • Option D is incorrect because there is no legal penalty for not observing these duties; they are not legally enforceable in a court of law. Their purpose is more to foster a culture of moral accountability among citizens.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    • Option A is correct: Fundamental Duties listed under Article 51A of the Indian Constitution emphasize certain civic and moral responsibilities that citizens are expected to adhere to. These duties include respecting the Constitution, the national flag, and the national anthem, cherishing the noble ideals of the freedom struggle, upholding and protecting the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India, and promoting harmony among all people of India transcending religious, linguistic, and regional diversities. These duties serve as a constant reminder to citizens to act towards the betterment of the nation and society at large. However, these duties are not enforceable by law, which means that they are intended as moral guidelines rather than legal obligations.
    • Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution represent responsibilities intended to promote a sense of discipline and commitment among citizens. They are described as civic and moral because they emphasize personal and societal improvement without the backing of legal enforcement mechanisms. Option is B incorrect because, while the duties are listed in the Constitution, they are not enforceable by law. They are meant as moral guidelines for citizens to follow voluntarily.
    • Option C is incorrect because Fundamental Duties do not replace or stand in lieu of Fundamental Rights. Instead, they complement Fundamental Rights, aiming to encourage a responsible citizenry that respects the rights and freedoms of others.
    • Option D is incorrect because there is no legal penalty for not observing these duties; they are not legally enforceable in a court of law. Their purpose is more to foster a culture of moral accountability among citizens.

  2. Question 2 of 5
    2. Question

    2. How many of the following are the correct explanation/s of the relationship between the Fundamental Rights and the DPSP?
    1. Both determine the conscience of the Constitution.
    2. If one restricts powers, then the other gives powers to states.
    3. One works as the means and the other as the ends.
    4. The harmony between them is a basic structure.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Correct

    Answer: D
    Explanation:
    • Statement 1 is correct: Both Fundamental Rights and the DPSP shape the core values and the guiding philosophy of the Constitution. Fundamental Rights protect individual liberties while DPSP guides the state in making policies towards a social welfare state.
    • Statement 2 is correct: Fundamental Rights often place limitations on state power, protecting individual liberties against the state’s arbitrary use of power. Conversely, the DPSP empowers the state to make laws and policies that aim to achieve social and economic reforms, even if it means imposing certain restrictions on individual freedoms for the greater good.
    • Statement 3 is correct: Fundamental Rights can be seen as the means through which individuals ensure their liberties and freedoms are protected, whereas the DPSP represents the ends or goals that the state aims to achieve, such as social and economic equity.
    • Statement 4 is correct: The coexistence and balance between Fundamental Rights and DPSP are essential for the underlying framework of the Constitution, aligning with the doctrine of the basic structure which holds certain features of the Constitution beyond the reach of amendment. This harmony ensures that while individual rights are protected, the state also fulfills its role in promoting greater good as guided by the DPSP. In Minerva Mills Ltd. v Union of India (1980) the apex court held that a law enacted to implement a DPSP can be struck down if it has no reasonable connection to the directive or violates the fundamental rights of citizens.

    Incorrect

    Answer: D
    Explanation:
    • Statement 1 is correct: Both Fundamental Rights and the DPSP shape the core values and the guiding philosophy of the Constitution. Fundamental Rights protect individual liberties while DPSP guides the state in making policies towards a social welfare state.
    • Statement 2 is correct: Fundamental Rights often place limitations on state power, protecting individual liberties against the state’s arbitrary use of power. Conversely, the DPSP empowers the state to make laws and policies that aim to achieve social and economic reforms, even if it means imposing certain restrictions on individual freedoms for the greater good.
    • Statement 3 is correct: Fundamental Rights can be seen as the means through which individuals ensure their liberties and freedoms are protected, whereas the DPSP represents the ends or goals that the state aims to achieve, such as social and economic equity.
    • Statement 4 is correct: The coexistence and balance between Fundamental Rights and DPSP are essential for the underlying framework of the Constitution, aligning with the doctrine of the basic structure which holds certain features of the Constitution beyond the reach of amendment. This harmony ensures that while individual rights are protected, the state also fulfills its role in promoting greater good as guided by the DPSP. In Minerva Mills Ltd. v Union of India (1980) the apex court held that a law enacted to implement a DPSP can be struck down if it has no reasonable connection to the directive or violates the fundamental rights of citizens.

  3. Question 3 of 5
    3. Question

    3. Which one of the following is not correct about ‘zero hour’ as a device to promote discussion and deliberations in Parliament?

    Correct

    Answer: D
    Explanation:
    • Option A is correct because ‘zero hour’ is not officially listed in the rules of procedure of the Indian Parliament. It developed organically over time as members of parliament felt the need for a platform to raise matters without a prior notice.
    • Option B is correct because during ‘zero hour’, members can raise issues of urgent public importance without the requirement of a prior notice, which distinguishes it from other times during parliamentary proceedings.
    • Option C is correct as ‘Zero hour’ is a practice that is unique to Indian parliamentary procedure and does not find a mention in the parliamentary rules of other countries.
    • Option D is incorrect because ‘zero hour’ is not mentioned in the official rules of procedure either of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. (Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Council of States). It functions as an informal convention that has become an integral part of parliamentary proceedings through practice and tradition, not through formal codification in the rule books.
    • Hence the Correct answer is Option D.

    Incorrect

    Answer: D
    Explanation:
    • Option A is correct because ‘zero hour’ is not officially listed in the rules of procedure of the Indian Parliament. It developed organically over time as members of parliament felt the need for a platform to raise matters without a prior notice.
    • Option B is correct because during ‘zero hour’, members can raise issues of urgent public importance without the requirement of a prior notice, which distinguishes it from other times during parliamentary proceedings.
    • Option C is correct as ‘Zero hour’ is a practice that is unique to Indian parliamentary procedure and does not find a mention in the parliamentary rules of other countries.
    • Option D is incorrect because ‘zero hour’ is not mentioned in the official rules of procedure either of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. (Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Council of States). It functions as an informal convention that has become an integral part of parliamentary proceedings through practice and tradition, not through formal codification in the rule books.
    • Hence the Correct answer is Option D.

  4. Question 4 of 5
    4. Question

    4. The censure motion doesn’t signify:

    Correct

    Answer: C
    Explanation:
    • Statement A is incorrect: A censure motion does not specifically require one-tenth of the members to initiate it. Any member of the Lok Sabha can move a censure motion against any individual Minister, group of Ministers.
    • Statement B is incorrect: A censure motion, if passed, serves as a strong expression of the Parliament’s disapproval of the actions of specific members, particularly ministers. It can indeed be seen as an act of humiliation as it publicly discredits the actions or policies of the concerned members.
    • Statement C is correct: A censure motion does not lead to the withholding of the normal business of the house. It is discussed and dealt with alongside other ongoing business of the house.
    • Statement D is incorrect: A censure motion is a tool used by the Parliament to hold ministers accountable for their actions or policies. It is a way to ensure that ministers are upholding their responsibilities and adhering to the acceptable standards of conduct and governance.

    Incorrect

    Answer: C
    Explanation:
    • Statement A is incorrect: A censure motion does not specifically require one-tenth of the members to initiate it. Any member of the Lok Sabha can move a censure motion against any individual Minister, group of Ministers.
    • Statement B is incorrect: A censure motion, if passed, serves as a strong expression of the Parliament’s disapproval of the actions of specific members, particularly ministers. It can indeed be seen as an act of humiliation as it publicly discredits the actions or policies of the concerned members.
    • Statement C is correct: A censure motion does not lead to the withholding of the normal business of the house. It is discussed and dealt with alongside other ongoing business of the house.
    • Statement D is incorrect: A censure motion is a tool used by the Parliament to hold ministers accountable for their actions or policies. It is a way to ensure that ministers are upholding their responsibilities and adhering to the acceptable standards of conduct and governance.

  5. Question 5 of 5
    5. Question

    5. Consider the following statements regarding Lok Sabha elections and the eligibility of candidates to stand in elections:
    1. A candidate cannot stand in elections for more than two constituencies.
    2. The candidates can stand in elections from any constituency throughout the territory of India irrespective of the domiciles of the candidates.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    • Statement 1 is correct: As per Section 33 (7) of Representation of People Act, 1951, a candidate is allowed to contest from a maximum of two parliamentary constituencies. However, if a candidate wins from two seats, they must vacate one of the seats.
    • Statement 2 is incorrect: In India, there is no domicile requirement for parliamentary elections. A candidate can contest from any constituency in the country without the necessity of being a resident of that constituency in the country except Assam, Lakshadweep and Sikkim, as per Section 4 (c), 4 (cc) and 4 (ccc) of the Representation of People Act, 1951.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    • Statement 1 is correct: As per Section 33 (7) of Representation of People Act, 1951, a candidate is allowed to contest from a maximum of two parliamentary constituencies. However, if a candidate wins from two seats, they must vacate one of the seats.
    • Statement 2 is incorrect: In India, there is no domicile requirement for parliamentary elections. A candidate can contest from any constituency in the country without the necessity of being a resident of that constituency in the country except Assam, Lakshadweep and Sikkim, as per Section 4 (c), 4 (cc) and 4 (ccc) of the Representation of People Act, 1951.

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APPOINTMENT OF VIJAYA BHARATHI SAYANI AS ACTING CHAIRPERSON OF NHRC

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: On June 2, 2024, the Ministry of Home Affairs announced the appointment of Vijaya Bharathi Sayani as the acting chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India.

EXPLANATION:

  • This appointment comes following the end of Justice Arun Mishra’s three-year term as the chairperson of the NHRC.
  • Justice Arun Mishra, a former Supreme Court judge, was appointed as the eighth chairperson of the NHRC in June 2021.
  • His appointment came nine months after his retirement from the Supreme Court and nearly seven months after the position had become vacant.
  • His tenure as chairperson lasted for three years, during which he oversaw various human rights issues and cases brought before the commission.

Legislative Changes Affecting NHRC Appointments

  • In 2019, the Indian Parliament amended the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
  • This amendment revised the eligibility criteria for the post of chairperson of the NHRC and the state human rights commissions.
  • Prior to this amendment, only a retired Chief Justice of India could be appointed as the NHRC chairperson.
  • The amendment expanded the eligibility to include any judge of the Supreme Court, thus broadening the pool of candidates for the position.

Appointment of Vijaya Bharathi Sayani

  • The appointment of Vijaya Bharathi Sayani was formalized through a notification issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
  • The notification stated that the President, under Section 7(1) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, authorized Sayani to act as the chairperson of the NHRC from June 2, 2024.
  • She will serve in this capacity until a new chairperson is appointed to fill the vacancy permanently.

National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)

  • The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India was established on 12 October, 1993.
  • The statute under which it is established is the Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA), 1993 as amended by the Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2006.
  • It is in conformity with the Paris Principles, adopted at the first international workshop on national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights held in Paris in October 1991, and endorsed by the General Assembly of the United Nations by its Regulations 48/134 of 20 December, 1993.
  • The NHRC is an embodiment of India’s concern for the promotion and protection of human rights.
  • Section 2(1)(d) of the PHRA defines Human Rights as the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India.
  • Its functions include inquiring into complaints of human rights violations, intervening in court proceedings involving allegations of human rights violations, and conducting research and awareness programs on human rights issues.
  • The role of the NHRC chairperson is crucial in steering the commission’s efforts to address human rights abuses effectively.
  • With Sayani’s appointment, there is an expectation that she will bring her legal expertise and dedication to pro bono work to the fore, ensuring that the NHRC continues to uphold the rights and dignity of individuals, particularly those from marginalized communities.

SOURCE: https://www.barandbench.com/news/vijayabharathi-sayani-acting-chairperson-nhrc



WORLD ENVIRONMENT DAY 2024

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: World Environment Day, led by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), is celebrated annually on June 5th.

EXPLANATION:

  • Since its inception in 1973, it has grown to become the largest global platform for environmental public outreach.
  • Millions of people worldwide participate in various activities aimed at promoting environmental awareness and action.
  • The theme for 2024, hosted by Saudi Arabia, is “Our Land, Our Future” focusing on land restoration, halting desertification, and building drought resilience.

The Significance of World Environment Day

  • World Environment Day was established to encourage worldwide awareness and action for the protection of the environment.
  • Over the years, it has become a crucial event that mobilizes governments, businesses, and individuals to take concrete steps towards environmental conservation.
  • The primary objective of World Environment Day is to drive awareness and promote action on urgent environmental issues.
  • The event aims to:
    • Encourage global participation in environmental protection activities.
    • Highlight critical environmental issues and advocate for policy changes.
    • Foster a global community committed to environmental sustainability.

Focus on Land Restoration

  • According to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), up to 40% of the planet’s land is degraded, directly affecting half of the world’s population.
  • The degradation of ecosystems, including forests, drylands, farmlands, and lakes, poses a significant threat to humanity’s existence.
  • The frequency and duration of droughts have increased by 29% since 2000.
  • Without urgent action, it is projected that droughts may affect over three-quarters of the world’s population by 2050.
  • This highlights the need for immediate measures to combat land degradation and build drought resilience.

The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030)

  • The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration is a global rallying call for the protection and revival of ecosystems.
  • It aims to halt the degradation of ecosystems and restore them to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
  • Land restoration is a key pillar of this initiative.
  • Efforts include growing forests, reviving water sources, and restoring soils.
  • These actions are critical to ensuring sustainable land use and improving the resilience of ecosystems against climate change.

30th Anniversary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification

  • The year 2024 marks the 30th anniversary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD).
  • Established to address the problems of land degradation and desertification, the UNCCD plays a crucial role in promoting sustainable land management practices.
  • The sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 16) to the UNCCD will be held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from December 2 to 13, 2024.
  • This conference will bring together global leaders, policymakers, and experts to discuss and advance solutions for combating desertification and promoting land restoration.

The Urgency of Environmental Action

  • To keep global warming below 1.5°C this century, it is imperative to halve annual greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.
  • This requires immediate and concerted efforts across all sectors to reduce carbon footprints and promote renewable energy sources.
  • Without action, exposure to air pollution beyond safe guidelines will increase by 50% within the decade.
  • Additionally, plastic waste flowing into aquatic ecosystems is expected to nearly triple by 2040.
  • These pressing issues demand urgent and effective measures to protect air quality and reduce plastic pollution.

Why Take Part in World Environment Day?

  • Participating in World Environment Day helps raise awareness about critical environmental issues.
  • It educates the public on the importance of environmental conservation and the steps individuals and communities can take to make a difference.
  • The event motivates people to take concrete actions to protect the environment.
  • This can range from participating in local clean-up activities to advocating for policy changes at the national and international levels.
  • By engaging in World Environment Day activities, individuals and organizations contribute to building a sustainable future.
  • These collective efforts help ensure that natural resources are preserved for future generations and that ecosystems remain healthy and resilient.

SOURCE: https://www.un.org/en/observances/environment-day



DISCOVERY OF A FUNGUS CAPABLE OF BREAKING DOWN OCEAN PLASTIC

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A groundbreaking study has identified the fungus Parengyodontium album as capable of degrading polyethylene (PE) plastic in marine environments.

EXPLANATION:

  • This finding, published in the journal Science of the Total Environment, highlights the potential of marine fungi in mitigating plastic pollution in oceans.
  • Researchers from the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) and their international collaborators conducted this study, emphasizing the role of UV radiation in facilitating the degradation process.

Parengyodontium album

  • Parengyodontium album is a marine fungus that resides within biofilms on plastic debris in the ocean, coexisting with other marine microbes.
  • The NIOZ team discovered that this fungus can degrade particles of polyethylene, which is the most prevalent type of plastic in oceanic pollution.
  • The research demonstrated that P. album degrades PE at a rate of approximately 0.05% per day.
  • This process primarily converts the plastic into carbon dioxide (CO2), with minimal assimilation of the plastic’s carbon into the fungal biomass.
  • The CO2 release by the fungus is comparable to the amount exhaled by humans and does not pose additional environmental concerns.

A plastic particle (red) is colonized by the marine fungus Parengyodontium album.

Importance of UV Radiation

  • The degradation ability of album is contingent upon prior exposure of the plastic to UV radiation from sunlight.
  • UV light mechanically breaks down the plastic, facilitating subsequent biological degradation by the fungus.
  • This implies that P. album can only act on plastic that has floated near the ocean’s surface, where it can be exposed to sunlight.

Broader Implications for Marine Fungi

  • The discovery of P. album adds to the small list of known marine fungi capable of degrading plastic—currently, only four species are identified.
  • However, researchers believe that many more such fungi exist, particularly in the deeper ocean layers.
  • The ability of marine fungi to decompose complex carbon-based materials suggests that other species may also contribute to plastic degradation.
  • Further research is needed to explore the dynamics of plastic degradation in deeper ocean layers.
  • The study anticipates discovering additional fungi with similar capabilities, which could be crucial for addressing plastic pollution at various ocean depths.

The Urgency of Addressing Plastic Pollution

  • Humanity produces over 400 billion kilograms of plastic annually, with projections indicating a potential tripling by 2060.
  • A significant portion of this plastic ends up in the ocean, polluting surface waters, sinking to greater depths, and accumulating on the seafloor.
  • Large amounts of plastic waste are trapped in subtropical gyres—vast, slow-moving circular ocean currents.
  • For instance, the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre alone contains around 80 million kilograms of floating plastic.
  • This phenomenon underscores the pressing need for effective strategies to combat plastic pollution.

Collaborative Efforts and Future Directions

  • The study involved a collaborative effort among researchers from NIOZ, Utrecht University, the Ocean Cleanup Foundation, and institutions in Paris, Copenhagen, and St. Gallen, Switzerland.
  • This international cooperation highlights the global recognition of and response to the plastic pollution crisis.

Potential for Biotechnological Applications

  • The findings from this research could pave the way for innovative biotechnological solutions to plastic pollution.
  • Harnessing the plastic-degrading capabilities of marine fungi could become a critical component of broader environmental remediation strategies.

SOURCE: https://phys.org/news/2024-06-fungus-ocean-plastic.html



NOTA IN INDIAN ELECTIONS

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: In a remarkable development during the recent elections, the Indore Lok Sabha constituency saw NOTA receiving 2,18,674 votes, the highest ever recorded for NOTA in any constituency.

EXPLANATION:

  • The BJP’s Shankar Lalwani won the seat with 12,26,751 votes, but NOTA emerged as his closest competitor, highlighting significant voter discontent.
  • The previous record for the highest NOTA votes was in Gopalganj, Bihar, in 2019, where 51,660 voters chose NOTA.
  • The Indore result significantly surpasses this, indicating a growing trend of voters using NOTA to express their dissatisfaction with the available candidates.

The Legal and Political Debate Around NOTA

  • The current legal framework does not attach any consequences to a high NOTA count.
  • However, a petition by founder of the Country First Foundation, is pushing for reforms.
  • He argues that elections should be declared “null and void” if NOTA receives the majority of votes, and fresh elections should be held.
  • He cites examples from states and union territories like Maharashtra, Haryana, Puducherry, Delhi, and Chandigarh, where local elections have recognized NOTA as a “Fictional Electoral Candidate,” leading to re-elections if NOTA wins.
  • His petition contends that NOTA has not achieved its intended purpose of improving voter participation or encouraging political parties to field better candidates.
  • He proposes that candidates who poll fewer votes than NOTA should be barred from contesting elections for five years, thereby adding a punitive element to NOTA and increasing its pressure on political parties.

None of The Above (NOTA)

  • The “None of The Above” (NOTA) option in Indian elections was introduced following a directive from the Supreme Court in September 2013.
  • This decision aimed to protect voter secrecy and allow voters to express their disapproval of all contesting candidates.
  • This landmark ruling emerged from a petition by the People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) in 2004, which sought to safeguard the confidentiality of voters who chose not to vote.
  • The PUCL argued that the existing Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, compromised voter secrecy because the Presiding Officer recorded details of those who opted not to vote.
  • This record included the voters’ signatures or thumb impressions, thus violating their privacy.
  • The central government countered that the right to vote is a statutory right, not a constitutional one, and therefore, only those who voted deserved secrecy.
  • However, the Supreme Court, led by a three-judge Bench comprising Chief Justice P Sathasivam and Justices Ranjana Prakash Desai and Ranjan Gogoi, ruled in favor of maintaining secrecy for all voters, irrespective of their choice to vote or abstain.
  • The court emphasized that secrecy is crucial for free and fair elections.
  • It also noted the importance of ensuring that the act of not voting remained confidential, especially with the introduction of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs), where a lack of any light or sound would indicate a non-vote.

Implementation and Impact of NOTA

  • The Supreme Court directed the Election Commission of India (ECI) to include a NOTA button in EVMs, allowing voters to register their disapproval of the candidates.
  • The court believed that NOTA would compel political parties to field candidates with integrity, reflecting the true will of the people.

Consequences and Legal Implications of NOTA

  • Despite its introduction, NOTA has no legal bearing on the election results.
  • If NOTA receives the highest number of votes, the candidate with the next highest votes is declared the winner.
  • This provision means that NOTA, even with the majority, does not invalidate the election or lead to re-elections.
  • This has been a subject of debate and legal scrutiny, as evident in the extraordinary result from the Indore Lok Sabha constituency.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/more-than-2-lakh-votes-nota-indore-9372026/



ROLE OF REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE IN GENETIC ADAPTATION AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The unprecedented challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic brought reverse transcriptase (RT) to the forefront of molecular diagnostics.

EXPLANATION:

  • This enzyme, known for its ability to convert RNA into DNA, became essential for developing diagnostic tests for the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
  • It is playing a crucial role in surveillance, public healthcare, and vaccine development.

Reverse Transcriptase

  • Reverse transcriptase was independently discovered by researchers in the laboratories of Howard Temin and David Baltimore in 1970.
  • Their groundbreaking work, published in Nature, challenged the Central Dogma of molecular biology, which posited that genetic information flows only from DNA to RNA to protein.
  • They demonstrated that RNA could be reverse-transcribed into DNA, thus transforming the field of molecular biology.
  • The editor of Nature coined the term “reverse transcriptase” in an article discussing this significant advance.

A researcher holds up a plate showing a growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria from a positive blood culture

Impact on Molecular Biology and Diagnostics

  • The discovery of reverse transcriptase revolutionized research methods.
  • Researchers could now reverse-transcribe messenger RNAs into DNA, clone these DNA segments into bacterial vectors, and study gene functions.
  • Clinicians used reverse transcriptase to convert viral RNA into DNA, enabling accurate estimation of viral loads in diagnostic tests.
  • This technique became pivotal in studying RNA viruses such as hepatitis B and HIV.

Role in HIV Management

  • The discovery of reverse transcriptase significantly impacted HIV management.
  • Antiviral agents targeting reverse transcriptase transformed HIV from a deadly disease into a manageable condition.
  • It improves long-term outcomes for people living with AIDS.
  • Studies on the enzyme provided insights into viral replication mechanisms, further advancing HIV treatment.

Retroelements and Human Genome Evolution

  • Reverse transcriptases have played a crucial role in shaping the human genome.
  • Human DNA contains sequences, known as retroelements, that likely originated from retroviruses through horizontal gene transfer.
  • Initially considered “junk” DNA, recent evidence suggests these retroelements profoundly impact human biology and evolution.
  • A study in Nature Communications linked the expression of endogenous retroviruses to neuropsychiatric disease risks, indicating their physiological significance.

Bacterial Reverse Transcriptases and Genetic Evolution

  • Bacterial reverse transcriptases are believed to be the precursors of their eukaryotic counterparts.
  • It was discovered in 1989.
  • Bacterial reverse transcriptases belong to three groups:
    • Group II introns,
    • retrons, and
    • diversity-generating retroelements.
  • These enzymes exhibit mechanisms analogous to those in eukaryotes, highlighting their evolutionary continuity and functional versatility.

Klebsiella pneumoniae and the Neo Protein

  • Recent research by Stephen Tang and Samuel Sternberg at Columbia University explored the role of reverse transcriptase in bacterial defense.
  • Their study, published as a preprint on bioRxiv, revealed that Klebsiella pneumoniae uses a non-coding RNA to bind reverse transcriptase and create DNA.
  • This DNA contains multiple copies of a gene encoding the Neo protein, which halts bacterial replication and stalls bacteriophage infection.
  • This discovery underscores reverse transcriptase’s potential in innovative biotechnology and medicine applications.

Future Directions and Biotechnological Potential

  • The recent findings on reverse transcriptase in bacterial defense against bacteriophages hint at new avenues for combating antimicrobial resistance.
  • Understanding reverse transcriptase mechanisms can lead to novel genetic evolution insights and therapeutic strategies.
  • As researchers continue to explore the enzyme’s capabilities, reverse transcriptase may unlock new biotechnological tools and applications in medicine.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/klebsiella-pneumoniae-central-dogma-new-genes-reverse-transcriptase/article68249504.ece



Day-644 | Daily MCQs | UPSC Prelims | SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Day-644

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  1. Question 1 of 5
    1. Question

    1. Which of the following statements best describes the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) value?

    Correct

    Answer: B
    Explanation
    The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) value is a measure used to quantify the rate at which energy from electromagnetic fields is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency electromagnetic fields. It represents the amount of radio frequency energy absorbed by a unit mass of tissue, typically expressed in watts per kilogram (W/kg). SAR values are important for assessing the potential health risks associated with exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by electronic devices such as mobile phones, Wi-Fi routers, and microwave ovens. Higher SAR values indicate higher levels of radiation absorption, which may increase the risk of adverse health effects such as tissue heating and other biological responses. Regulatory agencies often set SAR limits to ensure that exposure to electromagnetic fields remains within safe levels for human health.
    Smartphone makers usually mention the SAR level on the manual box. As per the rules, the SAR level of any device should not exceed 1.6 W per Kg.
    You can also check the SAR level by dialing a number. The number is *#07#. When you dial the number, the phone will automatically show the SAR level. If it is more than 1.6 W/Kg, it will harm you.
    Telecom Enforcement Resource & Monitoring (TERM) Cells have been entrusted with the job of conducting audits on the self certification furnished by the Service Providers.

    Incorrect

    Answer: B
    Explanation
    The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) value is a measure used to quantify the rate at which energy from electromagnetic fields is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency electromagnetic fields. It represents the amount of radio frequency energy absorbed by a unit mass of tissue, typically expressed in watts per kilogram (W/kg). SAR values are important for assessing the potential health risks associated with exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by electronic devices such as mobile phones, Wi-Fi routers, and microwave ovens. Higher SAR values indicate higher levels of radiation absorption, which may increase the risk of adverse health effects such as tissue heating and other biological responses. Regulatory agencies often set SAR limits to ensure that exposure to electromagnetic fields remains within safe levels for human health.
    Smartphone makers usually mention the SAR level on the manual box. As per the rules, the SAR level of any device should not exceed 1.6 W per Kg.
    You can also check the SAR level by dialing a number. The number is *#07#. When you dial the number, the phone will automatically show the SAR level. If it is more than 1.6 W/Kg, it will harm you.
    Telecom Enforcement Resource & Monitoring (TERM) Cells have been entrusted with the job of conducting audits on the self certification furnished by the Service Providers.

  2. Question 2 of 5
    2. Question

    2. Consider the following statements:
    Statement-I: Catalytic converter helps lower the emission of toxic gases in the atmosphere.
    Statement-II: Oxidation catalyst converts Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions into Nitrogen gas which is largely non-toxic.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    Correct

    Answer: C
    Explanation
    A catalytic converter is an emissions control device. The job of the catalytic converter is to convert harmful pollutants into less harmful emissions before they ever leave the car’s­ exhaust system.
    • Statement 1 is correct: Catalytic converters are designed to reduce toxic emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (Nox), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into benign emissions like Nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide, water vapour etc.

    • Statement 2 is incorrect: It is the reduction catalyst which changes NOx into nitrogen gas. Reduction catalysts oxidize themselves and reduce others. This way the nitrogen-oxygen bond is broken to change the gas.
    • Oxidation catalyst on the other hand oxidises carbon monoxide (CO) into carbon dioxide (CO2) which is less toxic.

    Incorrect

    Answer: C
    Explanation
    A catalytic converter is an emissions control device. The job of the catalytic converter is to convert harmful pollutants into less harmful emissions before they ever leave the car’s­ exhaust system.
    • Statement 1 is correct: Catalytic converters are designed to reduce toxic emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (Nox), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into benign emissions like Nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide, water vapour etc.

    • Statement 2 is incorrect: It is the reduction catalyst which changes NOx into nitrogen gas. Reduction catalysts oxidize themselves and reduce others. This way the nitrogen-oxygen bond is broken to change the gas.
    • Oxidation catalyst on the other hand oxidises carbon monoxide (CO) into carbon dioxide (CO2) which is less toxic.

  3. Question 3 of 5
    3. Question

    3. With reference to antimatter, consider the following statements:
    1. They have opposite charge and spin as compared to matter.
    2. When antimatter collides with matter, dark matter is formed.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation
    • Statement 1 is correct: Antimatter particles are almost identical to their matter counterparts except that they carry the opposite charge and spin. Antimatter occurs in natural processes like cosmic ray collisions and some types of radioactive decay, but only a tiny fraction of these have successfully been bound together in experiments to form antiatoms.
    • Statement 2 is incorrect: When matter and antimatter collide, the particles destroy each other, with a huge energy release. Depending on the colliding particles, not only is there a great energy release, but new, different particles may also be produced (such as neutrinos and various quarks). Dark matter is an altogether another cosmic concept which does not interact with electromagnetic waves.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation
    • Statement 1 is correct: Antimatter particles are almost identical to their matter counterparts except that they carry the opposite charge and spin. Antimatter occurs in natural processes like cosmic ray collisions and some types of radioactive decay, but only a tiny fraction of these have successfully been bound together in experiments to form antiatoms.
    • Statement 2 is incorrect: When matter and antimatter collide, the particles destroy each other, with a huge energy release. Depending on the colliding particles, not only is there a great energy release, but new, different particles may also be produced (such as neutrinos and various quarks). Dark matter is an altogether another cosmic concept which does not interact with electromagnetic waves.

  4. Question 4 of 5
    4. Question

    4. Consider the following statements:
    1. While carbon nanotubes (CNT) are made from graphene, carbon fibers are produced through Carbon Vapour Deposition (CVD) technique.
    2. Carbon fibers are thousand times larger than carbon nanotubes.
    3. Both carbon fibers and CNT can be included to create high-strength composite materials.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: B
    Explanation
    Statement 1 is incorrect: It is carbon nanotube (CNT) which is produced through the CVD technique. In this technique, carbon-bearing gases deposit carbon atoms on a growing nanotube. Carbon fibers, on the other hand, are made up of interlocking sheets of graphene, which in turn are made up of carbon atoms.

    Statement 2 is correct: Carbon fibers exist at the microscale of 10^-6 meters whereas CNT are at nanoscale (10^-9 meters). Thus, carbon fibers are about thousand times larger than CNT.

    Statement 3 is correct: Like nanotubes, the fibers have a notably high tensile strength and are very stiff. Thus, both of them are ideally used to create composite materials to improve the tensile performances of products.

    Incorrect

    Answer: B
    Explanation
    Statement 1 is incorrect: It is carbon nanotube (CNT) which is produced through the CVD technique. In this technique, carbon-bearing gases deposit carbon atoms on a growing nanotube. Carbon fibers, on the other hand, are made up of interlocking sheets of graphene, which in turn are made up of carbon atoms.

    Statement 2 is correct: Carbon fibers exist at the microscale of 10^-6 meters whereas CNT are at nanoscale (10^-9 meters). Thus, carbon fibers are about thousand times larger than CNT.

    Statement 3 is correct: Like nanotubes, the fibers have a notably high tensile strength and are very stiff. Thus, both of them are ideally used to create composite materials to improve the tensile performances of products.

  5. Question 5 of 5
    5. Question

    5. With reference to Ketogenic diet, consider the following statements:
    1. It is a very low-carb and high-fat diet which aids weight loss.
    2. It pushes the human body into ketosis, which starts consuming glycogen to fuel metabolic activities.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation
    • Statement 1 is correct: This is a very low carb, moderate protein and high fat diet. It typically contains 70% fat, 20% protein, and only 10% carbs. A ketogenic diet is an effective way to lose weight and lower risk factors for various lifestyle diseases.
    • Statement 2 is incorrect: Ketosis is a metabolic state in which our body uses fat for fuel instead of carbs. Blood, urine, and breath tests are available, which can help determine whether one has entered ketosis by measuring the amount of ketones produced by the body. Moreover, as the diet is low in carb, so all the glycogen (stored glucose) must be already consumed before the body enters into ketosis.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation
    • Statement 1 is correct: This is a very low carb, moderate protein and high fat diet. It typically contains 70% fat, 20% protein, and only 10% carbs. A ketogenic diet is an effective way to lose weight and lower risk factors for various lifestyle diseases.
    • Statement 2 is incorrect: Ketosis is a metabolic state in which our body uses fat for fuel instead of carbs. Blood, urine, and breath tests are available, which can help determine whether one has entered ketosis by measuring the amount of ketones produced by the body. Moreover, as the diet is low in carb, so all the glycogen (stored glucose) must be already consumed before the body enters into ketosis.

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ISRO DEVELOPS PraVaHa CFD SOFTWARE

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has developed an in-house Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software called PraVaHa (Parallel RANS Solver for Aerospace Vehicle Aero-thermo-dynamic Analysis) at its Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC).

EXPLANATION:

  • This software can simulate external and internal flows on various aerospace vehicles, including launch vehicles, winged and non-winged re-entry vehicles.

Importance of PraVaHa

  • Initial aerodynamic design studies for launch vehicles require evaluating a large number of potential configurations.
  • Any aerospace vehicle moving through the Earth’s atmosphere during launch or re-entry is subjected to severe aerodynamic and aerothermal loads in terms of external pressure and heat flux.
  • Understanding the airflow around aircraft, rocket bodies, or crew modules during re-entry is essential to design the shape, structure, and Thermal Protection System (TPS) for these bodies.

Role of CFD in PraVaHa

  • The unsteady part of aerodynamics contributes to serious flow issues around rocket bodies and creates significant acoustic noise during missions.
  • CFD is a tool to predict aerodynamic and aerothermal loads by numerically solving the equations for conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, along with the equation of state.
  • CFD has matured enough in terms of accurate predictions for complex aerodynamic flows and faster simulation turnaround times on High-Performance Computing Clusters.

Applications of PraVaHa

  • PraVaHa has been extensively used in the Gaganyaan program for aerodynamic analysis of human-rated launch vehicles, including HLVM3, Crew Escape System (CES), and Crew Module (CM).
  • It is designed to leverage both CPU and GPU architectures of available and upcoming supercomputing facilities.
  • The software framework is flexible and secure enough to allow collaborative development with academic institutions and government labs.

Current Capabilities and Future Developments

  • Currently, the PraVaHa code can simulate airflow for Perfect Gas and Real Gas conditions.
  • Validations are underway to simulate the effects of chemical reactions during air dissociation upon re-entry and combustion in scramjet vehicles.
  • PraVaHa is expected to replace most of the CFD simulations for aero characterization, which are currently being carried out using commercial software.
  • This indigenous software is expected to help academia and other institutions engaged in the design of missiles, aircraft, and rockets to find solutions to complex aerodynamic problems.

PraVaHa (Parallel RANS Solver for Aerospace Vehicle Aero-thermo-dynamic Analysis):

  • PraVaHa (Parallel RANS Solver for Aerospace Vehicle Aero-thermo-dynamic Analysis) is a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) at its Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC).
  • This software can simulate external and internal flows on various aerospace vehicles, including launch vehicles, winged and non-winged re-entry vehicles.
  • The software has been extensively used in the Gaganyaan program for aerodynamic analysis of human-rated launch vehicles, such as HLVM3, Crew Escape System (CES), and Crew Module (CM).
  • PraVaHa is designed to leverage both CPU and GPU architectures, ensuring compatibility with existing and future supercomputing facilities, and fostering collaboration with academic and government institutions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-develops-pravaha-software-for-aerodynamic-design-and-analysis/article68246269.ece



ICAR’s HERBICIDE-TOLERANT RICE

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has commercialized herbicide-tolerant (Ht) basmati rice varieties, claiming they can control weeds in rice crops while promoting water-saving direct seeded rice (DSR) systems.

EXPLANATION:

  • However, these claims are viewed as an overstatement of scientific facts, and the technology is seen as a threat to national food security.

Risks of Herbicide-Resistant Rice

  • Monopolization of Seed and Agrochemical Markets:
    • The Ht-rice technology will raise cultivation costs by monopolizing the seed-agrochemical market, favoring specific varieties with the ALS gene over others.
    • This could lead to a loss of genetic diversity in Indian rice.
  • Increased Cultivation Costs:
    • Farmers would need to use multiple herbicides to control different types of weeds, increasing cultivation costs.
    • This could be particularly challenging for small-scale farmers who may not have the resources to adopt such practices.
  • Evolution of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds:
    • The continued use of the same herbicides over time will result in the evolution of herbicide-resistant, more potent weeds via gene mutation and physiological changes that confer resistance to herbicides.
    • This is a serious threat to rice production and food security in India.
  • Impact on Rice Production:
    • Weeds are a major biological constraint in rice production, causing losses ranging from 30-100%.
    • The development of herbicide-resistant weeds could further exacerbate these losses, leading to reduced rice yields and lower food security.
  • Comparison to Eco-Friendly Methods:
    • Scientists argue that eco-friendly methods such as hand weeding at 20 and 40 days after DSR sowing are more effective than repeated applications of Imazethapyr in Ht-rice for weed control and higher seed yield.

Direct seeded rice (DSR) and Ht-Rice

  • ICAR claims that Ht-rice varieties allow for the direct application of the herbicide Imazethapyr to eradicate weeds in the DSR system because they contain a mutated ALS gene.
  • ICAR’s research published in The Pharma Innovation Journal in 2022 concluded that eco-friendly hand weeding at 20 and 40 days after DSR sowing is more effective than repeated applications of Imazethapyr in Ht-rice for weed control and higher seed yield.
  • Imazethapyr is recommended for soybean and pulse crops globally, but not for rice crops due to the different weed flora.

Historical Context

  • North Western Plains: The North Western Plains, which include Punjab and Haryana, have long used the DSR system to grow aromatic Basmati rice.
  • Green Revolution: Policymakers introduced the water-guzzling transplanted rice system during the Green Revolution to control weeds in rice crops and ensure national food security.
  • DSR Technology: To overcome the adverse impact of the water-guzzling transplanted rice system, policymakers promoted economically non-viable crop diversification to paddy farmers without considering the climatic conditions of this zone.

Success of Eco-Friendly DSR Technology

  • Improved TAR-VATTAR DSR Technology:
    • Researchers at IARI Karnal improved TAR-VATTAR DSR technology to control weeds using climatic factors such as advancing sowing dates starting from May 15 to June 10 in hot and dry climates and cost-effective herbicides.
  • Adoption by Farmers:
    • Improved DSR technology became popular among farmers as it saved about 40% of groundwater irrigation and cultivation costs, with savings in energy consumption (electricity, diesel, manpower, etc.) without any loss of seed yield compared to water-guzzling transplanted rice.
  • Water Conservation:
    • The Haryana Chief Minister’s office press note dated April 1, 2023 acknowledged that by adopting DSR on 72,000 acres, farmers saved 31,500 crore liters of water during the 2022 Kharif cropping season.
  • Pandemic-Induced Adoption:
    • During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, farmers in Punjab planted 600,000 hectares of paddy under DSR, demonstrating the viability of this improved, farmer- and eco-friendly cropping method.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/agriculture/icar-s-herbicide-tolerant-rice-is-not-farmer-friendly-and-is-a-threat-to-national-food-security-96490



ICMR SEEKS PAEDIATRIC ORAL FORMULATION OF HYDROXYUREA FOR SICKLE CELL DISEASE TREATMENT IN INDIA

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the apex biomedical research body in India, has invited Expressions of Interest (EoI) from eligible organizations, companies, and manufacturers to undertake the “Joint Development & Commercialization” of a low-dose or paediatric oral formulation of hydroxyurea to treat sickle cell disease (SCD) in India.

EXPLANATION:

Challenges with Current Hydroxyurea Formulations

  • India has the highest prevalence of SCD in South Asia, with over 20 million affected individuals.
  • Most pharmaceutical companies in India market hydroxyurea in 500 mg capsules or 200 mg tablets.
  • The biggest challenge is the lack of availability of a hydroxyurea suspension formulation for effective use in paediatric SCD patients.
  • Since only high-dose hydroxyurea tablets are available, initiating low-dose treatment becomes difficult for healthcare providers, as the capsule or tablet has to be broken down appropriately to be administered based on the child’s body weight, risking the efficacy of the measured doses.

Paediatric Hydroxyurea Formulation and its Need

  • Hydroxyurea, a myelosuppressive agent, is an effective drug for treating SCD and thalassemia patients by inducing fetal haemoglobin (HbF).
  • In India, according to the National Health Mission’s guidelines, healthcare providers initiate hydroxyurea therapy only for symptomatic SCD patients among children, due to the lack of availability of paediatric doses and the fear of toxicity.
  • The prescribed dose for children is 10-15 mg per kilogram of body weight after two years of age.
  • This titration of the dose is difficult, as it is currently done by using a fraction of the broken capsules, which can lead to less accurate administration of the drug and its dose-related side effects.
  • With the availability of a paediatric formulation, the titration of the drug can be better, and its dose-related side effects can be reduced.
  • The ICMR has stated that there is a need for a paediatric formulation of hydroxyurea, considering the number of SCD cases in India and the launch of the National Mission to eliminate Sickle Cell Anaemia/SCD by 2047.

ICMR’s Invitation for Collaboration

  • The ICMR is inviting EoIs from eligible organizations, companies, and manufacturers for the “Joint Development & Commercialization” of a low-dose or paediatric oral formulation of hydroxyurea for SCD treatment in India.
  • The ICMR is willing to collaborate with the selected organizations and provide technical support through its team of experienced scientists in study planning, product development, clinical studies, and other aspects.
  • The ICMR may enter into exclusive or non-exclusive agreements with the eligible manufacturing companies for the joint development and commercialization of the paediatric oral formulations of hydroxyurea for SCD.

Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)

  • The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, the apex body in India for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research, is one of the oldest medical research bodies in the world.
  • The ICMR is funded by the Government of India through the Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
  • It aims to translate Research into Action for Improving the Health of the Population.
  • Its objective are:
    • Generate, manage and disseminate new knowledge.
    • Increase focus on research on the health problems of the vulnerable, the disadvantaged and marginalized sections of the society.
    • Harness and encourage the use of modern biology tools in addressing health concerns of the country.
    • Encourage innovations and translation related to diagnostics, treatment, methods/ vaccines for prevention.
    • Inculcate a culture of research in academia especially medical colleges and other health research institutions by strengthening infrastructure and human resource.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/icmr-seeks-to-provide-oral-formulation-of-hydroxyurea-to-treat-sickle-cell-disease-in-children/article68246282.ece



PRESTON CURVE POSTULATE

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Preston curve refers to a certain empirical relationship that is witnessed between life expectancy and per capita income in a country.

EXPLANATION:

Preston Curve: Linking Income and Life Expectancy

  • The Preston curve is an empirical relationship that describes the association between a country’s per capita income and the life expectancy of its population.
  • It was first proposed by American sociologist Samuel H. Preston in his 1975 paper “The changing relation between mortality and level of economic development”.
  • The curve demonstrates that individuals living in richer countries generally have longer life spans compared to those in poorer countries.

Relationship Between Income and Life Expectancy

  • The key insights from the Preston curve are:
    • Positive Relationship:
      • There is a positive correlation between a country’s per capita income and the life expectancy of its population.
      • As a country’s income rises, its people tend to live longer on average.
    • Diminishing Returns:
      • The positive relationship between income and life expectancy is not linear.
      • The curve flattens out at higher income levels, indicating diminishing returns – further increases in income lead to smaller gains in life expectancy.
    • Upward Shift Over Time:
      • The Preston curve has shifted upwards over the 20th century, meaning that life expectancy has increased independently of changes in income.
      • Preston attributed this to factors like medical progress, education, public health services, and improved nutrition.

Criticisms and Limitations

  • While the Preston curve is a well-established empirical relationship, it has faced some criticisms and limitations:
    • Lack of Longitudinal Evidence:
      • The curve is based on cross-country data, but some research suggests the relationship may not hold within individual countries over time.
      • Per capita incomes have generally diverged across countries, while life expectancies have converged.
    • Causality Concerns:
      • The relationship between income and health is complex, and the direction of causality is debated.
      • It is unclear whether higher incomes directly cause longer life expectancy, or if other factors drive both income growth and health improvements.
    • Oversimplification:
      • The curve may oversimplify the multifaceted determinants of health, as factors beyond just income, such as education, can also significantly impact life expectancy.

Implications and Interpretations

  • The Preston curve has had several important implications:
    • Redistributive Policies:
      • The concave shape of the curve suggests that transferring income from the rich to the poor could increase the average health of a society, but only if the relationship is causal.
    • Economic Growth vs. Health Improvements:
      • Some economists have used the curve to argue that poor countries should focus on economic growth, as health improvements will follow.
      • However, others have emphasized the importance of direct investments in health and education.
    • Broadening Development Measures:
      • The curve has contributed to the inclusion of longevity in broader measures of economic and social welfare, beyond just income-based metrics.
    • The Preston curve highlights the strong empirical relationship between a country’s per capita income and the life expectancy of its population.
    • While the curve has faced some criticisms, it remains an influential framework for understanding the complex links between economic development and human health outcomes.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/specials/text-and-context/what-does-the-preston-curve-postulate/article68247927.ece



THE EMERGENCE OF ALTRUISM IN NATURE: INSIGHTS FROM THE SOCIAL AMOEBA DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Scientists have gained valuable new insights into natural altruism by studying the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum recently.

EXPLANATION:

Altruism

  • Altruism is a widespread phenomenon in nature, where individuals sacrifice their own interests for the benefit of others.
  • This phenomenon is observed in various species, including worker honey bees, widow spiders, and meerkats.
  • The question of how altruism emerges in these diverse forms has long been a subject of interest among scientists.
  • Recent studies on the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum have provided valuable insights into the genetic mechanisms that underlie altruism in nature.

Green-Beard Genes

  • Green-beard genes are a type of genetic mechanism that allows individuals to recognize and cooperate with each other based on their genetic identity.
  • These genes encode a tag that helps the genome to identify self-recognition, which in turn leads to altruistic behavior.
  • In the context of D. discoideum, green-beard genes have been identified as crucial for the emergence of altruism.
  • The findings demonstrate the logic that green-beard genes use to produce altruism plus the corresponding ability to keep altruistic amoebae from being exploited by greedy ones.
  • The British-Indian geneticist is reputed to have said that he would jump into a river to save eight cousins but not seven — but also that he would jump in to save two brothers, yet not one.
  • His quip highlights the fact that we share one-half of our genes with a sibling and one-eighth with a first-cousin.

Social Amoeba Dictyostelium Discoideum

  • discoideum is a free-living, fast-growing, unicellular amoeba that feeds on bacteria.
  • In the wild, it feeds on bacteria that grow on decaying vegetation.
  • In the laboratory, researchers have been known to feed them a bacterial ‘lawn’ grown in a Petri dish.
  • When the bacteria run out, the amoebae stop multiplying and gather in the hundreds of thousands to form multicellular aggregates visible to the naked eye.
  • The aggregates then transform into fruiting bodies, each a few millimeters tall.
  • A fruiting body is composed of a slender stalk made of dead cells, and it holds aloft a droplet of spores.
  • About 20% of the amoebae in an aggregate altruistically sacrifice themselves to form the stalk. The remaining 80% become the spores.

Dictyostelium discoideum bacteria

Risk of Cheaters

  • Not all the amoebae in an aggregate necessarily share kinship.
  • Some could be only distantly related, so the aggregates can potentially be genetic chimaeras — structures in which not all amoebae have the exact same genome.
  • And when the genome differs, there is a risk that some strains may have found a way to ‘cheat’ and avoid becoming stalk cells, and as a result become represented in more than their fair share among the spores.

The Role of tgrB1 and tgrC1 Genes

  • In 2017, researchers from the University of Manchester reported that two genes in the D. discoideum genome — called tgrB1 and tgrC1 — displayed all the properties one would expect in a green-beard gene.
  • On May 11 this year, researchers at the Baylor College of Medicine reported evidence that D. discoideum amoebae use these genes to navigate the risk of chimerism.

Function of tgrB1 and tgrC1 Genes

  • The tgrB1 and tgrC1 genes are located next to each other in the D. discoideum genome, and are expressed together.
  • They contain information for cells to make two cell surface proteins called TgrB1 and TgrC1.
  • The TgrB1 protein on one cell binds to the TgrC1 protein on another. If the binding is strong, the TgrB1 protein is activated, and confers altruistic behavior — manifesting as the amoeba’s willingness to form the stalk.
  • The binding between the TgrB1 and the TgrC1 proteins of cells of the same strain is strong, and leads to self-recognition and cell-cell cooperation.
  • Pure cultures of cells that lack the tgrB1 and tgrC1 genes fail to develop because they are unable to recognize each other as being alike.
  • The tgrB1 and tgrC1 genes are also very polymorphic: within the same population of D. discoideum amoebae, they have multiple variants.
  • In fact, they are among the most variable genes in the Dictyostelium genome. When the researchers in the 2017 study examined 20 strains of the amoeba isolated from a common location, they found 18 different variants of each gene.

Correlation Between tgr Gene Sequences and Cell Segregation

  • The researchers were able to correlate differences in the tgr gene sequences between two strains to the efficiency with which their cells segregated from each other in mixed aggregates and formed separate fruiting bodies.
  • Specifically, when the binding of TgrB1 and TgrC1 proteins across the cells of diverged strains was weak, TgrB1 failed to be activated, and the cells split away from each other instead of cooperating.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/green-beard-genes-could-explain-how-altruism-arose-in-nature/article68246015.ece#:~:text=These%20findings%20demonstrate%20the%20logic,The%20British%2DIndian%20geneticist%20J.B.S



HOW POLITICS AND CLIMATE COULD AFFECT THE ANTARCTIC TREATY

THE CONTEXT: The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) has been a hallmark of international cooperation, successfully preserving Antarctica for peaceful and scientific purposes since its inception in 1959. However, recent developments and geopolitical shifts pose potential risks to this cooperative framework. The 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) and the 26th Meeting of the Committee for Environmental Protection in Kochi, India, have highlighted these tensions.

THE ISSUES:

  • Peaceful Use and Scientific Research: The treaty mandates that Antarctica be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and promotes freedom of scientific investigation. Military activities, nuclear tests, and the disposal of radioactive waste are strictly prohibited.
  • Territorial Claims: The treaty effectively freezes territorial claims, preventing new claims or expanding existing ones. This has helped mitigate conflicts among the seven claimant countries (Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom).
  • Geopolitical Tensions: The ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict has introduced political tensions into the ATS. Russia’s reported discovery of oil and gas in the British Antarctic Territory has raised alarms, as mining activities are banned under the Environmental Protocol. Such activities could be perceived as grey zone actions that undermine the treaty’s principles.
  • China’s Ambitions: China’s increasing presence in Antarctica, including the establishment of new research stations, has raised concerns about its long-term intentions, particularly regarding resource exploitation and dual-use technologies.
  • Climate Change: Global warming is melting Antarctic ice sheets, which poses significant environmental and geopolitical risks. Rising sea levels could have profound impacts, particularly on countries in the Indo-Pacific region, including Australia.
  • Tourism Regulation: The growing number of tourists visiting Antarctica has prompted discussions on regulating tourism to protect the continent’s fragile environment. The 46th ATCM, hosted by India, focused on developing a comprehensive framework for tourism management.

THE WAY FORWARD:

  • Strengthening International Cooperation and Governance: Increase the frequency and scope of Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM) to address urgent issues and ensure all parties are actively engaged. Develop a robust monitoring and enforcement mechanism to ensure compliance with the treaty’s provisions, particularly regarding the prohibition of mineral resource activities. To prevent the misuse of scientific expeditions for resource exploration, transparency should be promoted by requiring detailed reporting of all activities in Antarctica, including scientific research.
  • Addressing Geopolitical Tensions: Facilitate high-level diplomatic dialogues between conflicting parties, such as Russia and Ukraine, to address their concerns and promote peaceful cooperation. Establish conflict resolution mechanisms within the ATS to address disputes and prevent escalation. Encourage joint scientific research projects involving multiple countries to build trust and collaboration.
  • Enhancing Environmental Protection: Develop and implement comprehensive climate action plans to mitigate the impacts of climate change on Antarctica, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions and protecting ice shelves. Expand the network of marine protected areas (MPAs) to preserve critical habitats and biodiversity. Establish strict regulations for tourism activities to minimize environmental impact and prevent the introduction of invasive species.
  • Promoting Scientific Research and Innovation: Increase funding and support for scientific research programs focused on Antarctica, including climate science, marine biology, and glaciology. Foster international collaboration in scientific research to leverage expertise and resources from multiple countries. Invest in advanced technologies and innovative approaches to research Antarctica, such as autonomous vehicles and remote sensing.
  • Preparing for Future Challenges: Conduct scenario planning exercises to anticipate and prepare for potential challenges, such as resource conflicts, environmental disasters, and geopolitical shifts. Regularly review and update ATS policies and protocols to address emerging issues and ensure their relevance and effectiveness. Build the capacity of ATS member states to respond to challenges through training, resource allocation, and international cooperation.

THE CONCLUSION:

While the ATS has successfully fostered international cooperation, the current geopolitical tensions, resource exploration activities, and environmental changes pose significant challenges. Strengthening inspection mechanisms and maintaining a solid commitment to the treaty’s principles are crucial for ensuring that the ATS manages cooperation and conflict in Antarctica effectively.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted a global sea level rise of about one meter by AD 2100. What would be its impact on India and the other countries in the Indian Ocean region? 2023

Q.2 Critically evaluate the various ocean resources that can be harnessed to meet the world’s resource crisis. 2014

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 The Antarctic Treaty System has been a cornerstone of international cooperation and environmental protection for over six decades. However, recent geopolitical tensions and environmental challenges pose significant risks to its stability. Discuss the potential threats to the Antarctic Treaty System and the implications for global governance and environmental protection.

SOURCE:

https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/environment/how-politics-and-climate-could-affect-the-antarctic-treaty-96353



THE SUFFOCATING SHADOW HAS LIFTED, AND BALANCE RESTORED

THE CONTEXT: The general election of 2024 is a wondrous moment. The air of hopelessness, the suffocating shadow of authoritarianism, and the vile winds of communalism have lifted, at least for the moment. The NDA may form a government for the third time. This is a significant achievement that should not be underestimated.

THE ISSUES:

  • Democratic Erosion and Institutional Degradation: The election highlighted concerns about the erosion of democratic norms and the degradation of institutions under the BJP’s rule. Issues such as the misuse of investigative agencies, media control, and the perceived partisanship of the Election Commission were prominent.
  • Political Centralization and Resistance: The BJP’s political centralization strategy under Narendra Modi has led to significant resistance. This resistance has often manifested outside traditional democratic institutions, such as street protests and social movements, indicating a shift in how democratic pressures are exerted.
  • Electoral Fairness and Legitimacy: Concerns about the fairness of the electoral process, including debates over electronic voting machine (EVM) manipulation and the overall legitimacy of the elections, were significant. These issues contributed to a broader discourse on the need for fair and competitive elections to maintain democratic legitimacy.
  • Economic and Livelihood Issues: Voters’ focus on economic and livelihood issues over welfare schemes and free food distribution played a crucial role in the election. The underwhelming results for the BJP reflect a demand for more substantial economic policies and structural transformation.
  • Social and Cultural Dynamics: The election results indicate a shift in social and cultural dynamics, particularly the consolidation of a Hindutva identity and the BJP’s attempts to radicalize a significant portion of Hindu society. However, this strategy appears to have reached its limits, with evidence of Dalits and minorities moving towards the INDIA alliance.
  • Political Competition and Accountability: The election has restored a finer balance of power between political parties, enhancing political competition and accountability. The emergence of the INDIA alliance as a serious contender has challenged the BJP’s dominance, potentially leading to a more competitive and balanced political landscape.

THE WAY FORWARD:

  • Strengthening Democratic Institutions: Reinforce the independence and functionality of democratic institutions such as the judiciary, Election Commission, and media. Ensure the judiciary remains independent by appointing judges through a transparent and merit-based process. Strengthen the Election Commission’s autonomy by insulating it from political influence. Promote media freedom by protecting journalists from harassment and ensuring diverse ownership of media outlets to prevent monopolies.
  • Promoting Inclusive Economic Growth: Implement policies that ensure economic growth benefits all sections of society, particularly marginalized groups. Expand and improve welfare programs, such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), to provide employment and social security to rural populations. Invest in skill development programs for youth and women, like Germany’s vocational training system, which integrates education with hands-on work experience. Enhance access to microfinance for small businesses and entrepreneurs, modeled after the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, which has successfully lifted many out of poverty through small loans.
  • Enhancing Political Accountability: Increase transparency and accountability in governance to reduce corruption and improve public trust. Strengthen the RTI Act by ensuring timely responses and protecting whistleblowers, like the Freedom of Information Act in the United States. Implement e-governance initiatives to make government services more accessible and transparent, as seen in Estonia, where digital platforms have streamlined public services and reduced corruption. Regular public audits of government projects and expenditures involving civil society organizations are conducted to ensure accountability, such as the participatory budgeting process in Brazil.
  • Fostering Social Cohesion and Reducing Communal Tensions: Promote social harmony and reduce communal tensions through inclusive policies and community engagement. Integrate peace education and communal harmony programs in school curricula, like the peace education initiatives in Northern Ireland that aim to bridge divides between communities. Implement community policing models that build trust between law enforcement and communities, as practiced in Japan, where police officers engage with local communities to prevent crime and resolve conflicts.
  • Encouraging Political Pluralism and Coalition Building: Promote a political environment that fosters coalition building and pluralism to ensure diverse representation and balanced governance. Encourage coalition governance by fostering alliances between parties with shared goals, as seen in the coalition governments in the Netherlands, which often require parties to work together and compromise on policies. Strengthen local governance by decentralizing power to state and local governments, like the federal system in Switzerland, where cantons have significant autonomy and decision-making power.

THE CONCLUSION:

This election proves that concentration of power is no panacea for India. But will the new political configuration allow the production of the kind of policy consensus that can create the conditions for national regeneration? This is an open question. But for now, this is a moment to savor the sweet elixir of freedom that greater political competition brings.

UPSC PAST YAER QUESTIONS:

Q.1 The Indian party system is passing through a transition phase full of contradictions and paradoxes. Discuss. 2016

Q.2 Individual Parliamentarians’ role as national lawmakers is declining, which, in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcomes. Discuss. 2019

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Discuss the implications of the 2024 Lok Sabha election on the balance of power, the role of the opposition, and the future of Indian democracy. What are the potential long-term impacts on India’s political and social fabric?

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/2024-lok-sabha-election-results-narendra-modi-9371534/



EMERGENCY-ORIENTED APPROACHES MUST GIVE WAY TO LONG-TERM PLANNING

THE CONTEXT: On May 29, Delhi’s Mungeshpur automatic weather station recorded an unprecedented temperature of 52.9 degrees Celsius, which provoked widespread disbelief. Although this anomaly was later attributed to a sensor error, it highlighted a broader issue of the consistent long-term rise in the summer heat index in Delhi. This trend, characterized by increasing air temperature, relative humidity, and land surface temperature, signals a new normal of growing heat stress in urban centers.

THE ISSUES:

  • Urban Heat Island Effect: The expansion of built-up areas in Delhi has increased heat-trapping concrete surfaces. Delhi’s built-up area grew from 31.4% in 2003 to 38.2% in 2022. This effect is exacerbated by the reduction in green spaces and water bodies, which traditionally help cool urban environments. Delhi lost half of its surface water between 1999 and 2021.
  • Inadequate Green Cover: Most urban development projects fail to meet the World Health Organization’s proposed nine sq m of green space per individual. Delhi has only 10.41 sq m per capita, insufficient to mitigate urban heat.
  • Increased Relative Humidity: Rising humidity levels, especially during the monsoon season, have significantly increased the heat index, making the weather feel hotter than the actual temperature. This combination of high heat and humidity limits the body’s ability to cool itself through sweating, leading to increased thermal discomfort and health risks.
  • Disappearing Water Bodies: The loss of water bodies, which can reduce ambient temperatures by 3-8 degrees in a microclimate, further exacerbates the heat problem. Delhi’s significant reduction in surface water contributes to higher temperatures.
  • Additional Heat Sources: Heat from vehicle tailpipes, industrial processes, and building air conditioning adds to the city’s overall heat load. However, no explicit policy action is taken to address these heat generators.
  • Poor Communities: Urban heat maps show that heat hotspots often overlap with areas where poor people live. These communities are more vulnerable due to underlying health conditions and lack of access to cooling resources.
  • Elderly and Children: The elderly and children are particularly susceptible to heat stress. The ‘2023 Lancet Countdown and Health and Climate Change report predicts a 370% increase in heat-related deaths among the elderly by mid-century.

THE WAY FORWARD:

  • Increase Urban Green Spaces: Expand and maintain urban green spaces to provide shade, reduce temperatures, and improve air quality. Singapore has successfully cooled down parts of its metropolitan areas by planting over 7 million trees and creating more than 300 parks and gardens. This has helped mitigate the urban heat island effect and improve the city’s livability. Green spaces can significantly reduce land surface temperatures (LST). For example, areas shaded by dense foliage can have an LST of 29.7°C compared to over 40°C in unshaded areas.
  • Implement Cool Roofs and Pavements: Adopt cool roofs and pavements that reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat. Los Angeles, USA, has tested cool pavement projects since 2017, reducing surface temperatures by up to 11°C (51.8°F). Since 2009, New York City has installed more than 10 million square feet of green and cool roofs, reducing its annual greenhouse gas emissions by 16,000 metric tons.
  • Enhance Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD): Incorporate water bodies and water-sensitive urban design to cool urban microclimates and improve thermal comfort. Adelaide, Australia’s WSUD features and irrigation have been shown to reduce surface temperatures by up to 1.8°C and improve human thermal comfort in urban environments. Water bodies can reduce ambient temperatures by 3-8 degrees in a microclimate, providing significant cooling benefits.
  • Promote the Use of Electric Vehicles (EVs): Encourage the adoption of electric vehicles to reduce heat emissions from traditional internal combustion engines. In Hong Kong, a study found that replacing conventional cars with electric vehicles could reduce the intensity of urban heat island by approximately 1°C.
  • Develop Comprehensive Heat Action Plans: Create and enforce comprehensive heat action plans that include long-term systemic changes to reduce heat risks. Chicago, USA, has established over 120 cooling centers and implemented various heat management strategies to protect residents during heat emergencies. Effective heat action plans should include measures such as increasing green cover, implementing cool roofs and pavements, enhancing water-sensitive urban design, and promoting the use of electric vehicles.

THE CONCLUSION:

The unprecedented temperature reading at Delhi’s Mungeshpur station underscores the urgent need for robust, long-term strategies to manage urban heat stress. Comprehensive heat action plans, supported by legal mandates and adequate funding, are essential to mitigate the impacts of rising temperatures and ensure the well-being of urban populations. Cooling actions must be prioritized to improve adaptive thermal comfort and prevent the entrenchment of urban heat traps in a changing climate.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 Discuss the various social problems that originated from the speedy urbanization process in India. 2013

Q.2 Identify the causes of the formation of heat islands in the urban habitat of the world. 2013

Q.3 Discuss global warming and its effects on the global climate. In light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997, explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases that cause global warming. 2020

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Delhi’s recent unprecedented heat peak highlights a broader trend of rising summer heat indices in urban centers. Discuss the factors contributing to this phenomenon and suggest comprehensive measures to mitigate the urban heat island effect and improve city thermal comfort.

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/mission-karmayogi-for-civil-servants-who-are-better-prepared-and-citizen-oriented-9370185/



PROPERTY IS REAL, AND SO SHOULD THE ‘COMPENSATION’

THE CONTEXT: Property rights have been a contentious issue in India’s constitutional history, witnessing a fierce tussle between the judiciary and the legislature. Initially envisaged as a fundamental right, they have undergone significant transformations, reflecting the evolving socio-political landscape of post-colonial India. The journey of property rights highlights critical judicial interpretations and legislative amendments that have shaped their status.

THE ISSUES:

  • Initial Vision and Fundamental Right: Property rights were fundamental under Articles 19(1)(f) and 31 of the Indian Constitution. This meant that any deprivation of property required just compensation and was subject to judicial review.
  • Bela Banerjee Case: The Supreme Court in the Bela Banerjee case interpreted “compensation” under Article 31(2) as a just equivalent of what the owner was deprived of. This interpretation led to the Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act of 1955, which restricted the courts from questioning the adequacy of compensation.
  • Twenty-Fifth Amendment: The Constitution (Twenty-Fifth Amendment) Act, 1971, replaced the word “compensation” with “amount,” thereby limiting judicial review over the adequacy of compensation. The Supreme Court upheld this amendment in the Kesavananda Bharati case but allowed judicial review of the principles for determining compensation.
  • Forty-Fourth Amendment: The Constitution (Forty-Fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, removed the right to property from the list of fundamental rights and reclassified it as a constitutional right under Article 300A. This amendment aimed to facilitate land reforms and reduce judicial interference in property acquisition cases.
  • Supreme Court’s Stance: The Supreme Court has consistently held that laws depriving property must be just, fair, and reasonable. In cases like M.C. Mehta and K. Ravichandra, the Court emphasized that Article 300A’s protection is akin to the protections under Articles 21 and 265, ensuring that property rights cannot be arbitrarily infringed.
  • Kolkata Municipal Corporation Case: In a recent landmark decision, the Supreme Court outlined seven facets of property rights under Article 300A: the right to notice, the right to be heard, the right to a reasoned decision, the duty to acquire only for public purposes, the right to fair compensation, the right to an efficient and expeditious process, and the right of conclusion. The absence of these features would render the law susceptible to challenge.

THE WAY FORWARD:

  • Strengthening Judicial Review and Compensation Mechanisms: The Law Commission emphasizes fair compensation and procedural fairness in property acquisition. Implement clear guidelines for determining compensation, ensuring it reflects the property’s market value. Strengthen judicial review mechanisms to ensure that compensation principles are adhered to, and that property acquisition is for a public purpose.
  • Establishing a Permanent Land Commission Recommendations: The Sarkaria Commission suggested establishing a permanent inter-state council to address land and property issues. Create a permanent Land Commission to oversee land acquisition processes, ensure compliance with legal standards, and address disputes efficiently.
  • Enhancing Transparency and Public Participation: The National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC) Advocated for greater transparency and public participation in governance. Mandate public hearings and consultations before any land acquisition, ensuring that affected parties have a voice. Implement robust information disclosure mechanisms to inform the public about land acquisition plans and compensation details.
  • Implementing Comprehensive Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policies: K. Ravichandra Case Highlighted the importance of fair compensation and procedural safeguards. Law Commission Recommended comprehensive rehabilitation and resettlement policies for displaced persons. Develop and enforce comprehensive rehabilitation and resettlement policies that ensure displaced persons are adequately compensated and resettled. Provide alternative land or housing, employment opportunities, and other support to ensure displaced persons can rebuild their lives.
  • Modernizing Land Records and Registration Systems: Article 265 ensures that no tax shall be levied or collected except by authority of law. The Vidya Devi Case Reaffirmed the need for fair compensation and procedural fairness. The National Statistical Commission stressed the importance of accurate and timely socio-economic data. Modernize land records and registration systems to ensure accuracy, transparency, and ease of access. Implement digital land records management systems to reduce disputes and enhance the efficiency of land transactions.

THE CONCLUSION:

The Supreme Court’s recent decision in Kolkata Municipal Corporation reaffirms the importance of fair compensation and procedural safeguards in property acquisition, echoing the principles established in the Bela Banerjee case. This development underscores the enduring significance of property rights, vindicating the prophetic insights of legal scholars and marking a full-circle moment in India’s constitutional journey.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 The Constitution of India is a living instrument with capabilities of enormous dynamism. It is a constitution made for a progressive society. Illustrate with reference to the expanding horizons of the right to life and personal liberty. 2023

Q.2 The right of movement and residence throughout the territory of India are freely available to Indian citizens, but these rights are not absolute. Comment 2022

Q.3 Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights considering the latest judgment of the Supreme Court on the Right to Privacy. 2017

Q.4 From inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. Considering the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy. 2014

Q.5 The Supreme Court of India keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament in amending the Constitution. Discuss critically. 2013

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Discuss the evolution of the right to property in India from a fundamental right to a constitutional one. How has the judiciary interpreted the right to property post the 44th Amendment Act of 1978? Illustrate your answer with relevant case laws.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/property-is-real-and-so-should-the-compensation/article68247139.ece