TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Stanford researchers, driven by curiosity and “recreational biology,” have made a groundbreaking discovery in the field of cellular behavior.

EXPLANATION:

• They have identified a form of complex behavior in a single-cell organism, Lacrymaria olor, that mimics the principles of origami, without the involvement of a nervous system.
• This discovery has profound implications for understanding cellular mechanics and geometry in biology.

Lacrymaria olor

• An associate professor of bioengineering at Stanford University and his graduate student spent seven years studying Lacrymaria olor.
• Their fascination began with observing the organism through a paper Foldscope.
• This free-living protist, shaped like a teardrop, exhibits a remarkable behavior: it extends a long, thin “neck” up to 1,500 microns from its 40-micron body, then retracts it seamlessly.
• This is akin to a 6-foot human extending their head over 200 feet.

Form and Function: The Mechanism Behind Cellular Origami

• Lacrymaria olor’s behavior is not only mesmerizing but also complex, given that it lacks a nervous system.
• It was discovered that the organism’s behavior is dictated by its cytoskeletal structure, specifically thin, helical microtubules that function similarly to the principles of traditional origami.
• This phenomenon, termed “cellular origami” or “lacrygami,” involves a subset of origami known as “curved-crease origami.”

Cytoskeletal Structure and Geometry

• Using transmission electron microscopy, the researchers identified 15 stiff, helical microtubule ribbons encasing the cell membrane, forming a cytoskeleton.
• These tubules coil and uncoil, enabling the cell to extend and retract its neck in a controlled manner.
• The membrane tucks neatly inside the cell in well-defined pleats, demonstrating a sophisticated geometric control.
• The unfolding and refolding process of Lacrymaria olor is mathematically precise.
• It involves a singularity, or a d-cone, where the structure simultaneously folds and unfolds, acting as a controller.
• This geometric mechanism ensures that the cell’s behavior is consistent and flawless, even after 50,000 cycles of extension and retraction.

A side-by-side comparison of Lacrymaria olor, a remarkable ciliate with its “neck” extended and retracted

Implications and Practical Applications

• The discovery of cellular origami opens new avenues for biotechnological advancements.
• The development of deployable microscale “living machines,” can potentially revolutionise fields like space technology and medical robotics.
• These machines could be designed to mimic the precise and reliable folding mechanisms observed in Lacrymaria olor.

SOURCE: https://phys.org/news/2024-06-cellular-origami-protist.html

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In response to the drug supply shortages experienced during the Covid-19 pandemic, five major global players—South Korea, India, the United States, Japan, and the European Union—have launched a Biopharmaceutical Alliance.

EXPLANATION:

• This initiative aims to build a resilient and sustainable supply chain in the biopharmaceutical sector.
• The inaugural meeting of the Biopharmaceutical Alliance took place in San Diego during the Bio International Convention 2024.
• This significant event saw the participation of government officials and representatives from bio and pharmaceutical companies of the involved nations.
• South Korea’s Yonhap news agency reported the details of this meeting, highlighting the collaborative spirit and mutual commitment of the participating countries.

Objectives and Agreements

• The primary objective of the alliance is to ensure a reliable and sustainable supply chain for biopharmaceuticals.
• The participants recognized the critical need for a stable supply of essential raw materials and ingredients, which are predominantly produced in a few countries.
• The alliance members agreed to:
  • Coordinate Bio Policies and Regulations: Harmonize bio policies, regulations, and research and development (R&D) support measures across member countries.
  • Develop a Detailed Supply Chain Map: Work collaboratively to create a comprehensive map of the pharmaceutical supply chain to identify and address potential vulnerabilities.
  • Enhance R&D Collaboration: Foster greater collaboration in biopharmaceutical research and development to innovate and improve production processes and product availability.

Historical Context and Formation

• The formation of this alliance can be traced back to the dialogue on core emerging technologies between South Korea and the United States in December 2023.
• During these discussions, the idea of forming an alliance was agreed upon to strengthen biopharmaceutical supply chains.
• The scope of the alliance was subsequently expanded to include Japan, India, and the EU, reflecting the global nature of the biopharmaceutical industry and the shared interest in addressing supply chain challenges.

Strategic Importance of the Alliance

• The Covid-19 pandemic exposed significant vulnerabilities in the global supply chain for pharmaceuticals, leading to critical shortages of drugs and essential medical supplies.
• This alliance is a strategic response to these challenges, aiming to:
  • Enhance Supply Chain Resilience: By pooling resources and expertise, member countries can better withstand future disruptions and ensure a steady supply of biopharmaceutical products.
  • Promote Innovation: Collaborative efforts in R&D can accelerate the development of new biopharmaceutical technologies and products, improving global health outcomes.
  • Economic Benefits: A more resilient supply chain can reduce production costs and lead times, benefiting the economies of member countries and ensuring that essential drugs are more accessible.

Global Health Impact

• The establishment of the Biopharmaceutical Alliance is a proactive measure to safeguard global health.
• By addressing the vulnerabilities exposed by the pandemic, the alliance aims to prevent future drug shortages and ensure that essential medicines are available when and where they are needed most.
• This initiative represents a significant step towards greater global cooperation in the biopharmaceutical sector, setting a precedent for how countries can work together to tackle shared challenges.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/india-s-korea-us-japan-eu-launch-biopharmaceutical-alliance/article68258492.ece

TAG: GS 1: MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

THE CONTEXT: On June 7, 1893, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, then a young lawyer, experienced a life-changing incident that would lay the foundation for his philosophy of nonviolent resistance, or satyagraha.

EXPLANATION:

• This pivotal event occurred at the Pietermaritzburg railway station in South Africa and marked the beginning of Gandhi’s lifelong struggle against oppression and racial discrimination.

The Incident at Pietermaritzburg

• Gandhi was traveling from Durban to Pretoria when a railway official demanded he relinquish his first-class seat, reserved for white passengers, and move to the third-class compartment.
• Despite holding a valid first-class ticket, Gandhi refused to comply.
• This act of defiance led to his forcible removal from the train by a police constable.
• He spent a cold night in the station’s waiting room, resolving to challenge the systemic racial prejudice he encountered.

The Birth of Nonviolent Resistance

• The incident at Pietermaritzburg is widely regarded as a critical turning point in Gandhi’s life.
• In his autobiography, Gandhi reflected on the event, describing it as a symptom of the broader “disease of colour prejudice.”
• He felt a profound sense of duty to combat this injustice.
• This experience catalyzed his development of satyagraha, a concept that emphasizes truth and nonviolent resistance to oppression.

Gandhi’s Transformation in South Africa

• Gandhi’s 21 years in South Africa were formative, shaping his personal and philosophical outlook.
• During this period, he engaged in debates with Christians, which challenged his own religious orthodoxy and led to a more inclusive spirituality.
• He also legally defended Indian traders against discrimination and worked to counter efforts to disenfranchise Indian voters in Natal.
• Additionally, Gandhi wrote a guidebook for Indian students, demonstrating his commitment to both personal and professional development.

Evolution of Satyagraha

• The South African years were crucial in developing the unique form of political protest that Gandhi later used in India.
• He theorized and practiced satyagraha through various means: writing letters, articles, and petitions, mobilizing mass support, and willingly facing imprisonment if demands were unmet.
• These strategies of nonviolent resistance became central to India’s struggle for independence from British rule.

Impact on Global Movements

• Gandhi’s principles of nonviolent resistance influenced numerous global movements.
• In India, his methods were pivotal during the Non-Cooperation Movement (1919-22), the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34), and the Quit India Movement (1942).
• Internationally, leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. in the United States and Nelson Mandela in South Africa adopted Gandhi’s techniques in their own fights against injustice and oppression.

Lasting Legacy of Gandhi’s Philosophy

• Ramachandra Guha, in his book “Gandhi Before India” (2012), emphasized the enduring significance of Gandhi’s years in South Africa.
• Guha noted that the distinctive form of political protest Gandhi developed during this period remains influential long after the end of colonial rule and apartheid.
• Gandhi’s words and methods continue to inspire ongoing nonviolent struggles for democracy and dignity around the world, from Burma to Tibet, and from Yemen to Egypt.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/131-years-ago-gandhis-first-satyagraha-9378555/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Panama is facing a pivotal moment in its history as it becomes the first nation to evacuate an entire island community due to the impacts of climate change.

EXPLANATION:

• Approximately 300 indigenous Guna families residing on Gardi Sugdub, an island in the Caribbean, are being forced to leave their ancestral home as rising sea levels threaten their existence.
• This unprecedented move highlights the severe and immediate effects of climate change on vulnerable coastal and island communities.

The Plight of Gardi Sugdub

• Gardi Sugdub is one of around 50 inhabited islands within the Guna Yala territory’s archipelago.
• The island measures roughly 400 yards in length and 150 yards in width.
• For generations, the Guna people have lived in harmony with their environment, but the relentless rise in sea levels is now disrupting their way of life.
• Saltwater intrusion has contaminated freshwater reserves, and frequent flooding is eroding the island’s foundation, making it increasingly uninhabitable.

Government and Scientific Perspectives

• Both scientists and government officials agree on the gravity of the situation.
• The evacuation of Gardi Sugdub is only the beginning.
• According to reports, an estimated 63 communities along Panama’s Pacific and Caribbean coasts are at risk of a similar fate in the coming decades.
• Rising sea levels are expected to erase these vibrant coastal communities, turning them into submerged memories.

The Cultural Impact

• The forced relocation of the Guna families is not just a logistical challenge but a profound cultural upheaval.
• The Guna people have deep connections to their land, which has nurtured them for generations.
• Residents expressed the community’s sorrow, noting the emotional weight of leaving behind their homes, the sea where they fish, bathe, and welcome tourists.
• The sea, once a source of life and livelihood, is now becoming a threat as it encroaches on their island.

            Panama

Government Response and Future Outlook

• Recognizing the severity of the crisis, the Panamanian government is taking proactive measures.
• Authorities are providing the Guna community with new homes on the mainland of Carti Sugtupu in the Indigenous Guna Yala Comarca.
• Ligia Castro, the Environmental Ministry’s climate change director, estimated the relocation costs for the near future at approximately $1.2 billion.
• This substantial investment underscores the significant resources required to address the immediate and long-term impacts of climate change on vulnerable populations.

Implications for the Future

• Panama’s efforts to relocate the Guna people offer a sobering glimpse into the future.
• As global sea levels continue to rise, many island nations and coastal communities worldwide may face similar difficult choices: to abandon their homes or succumb to the encroaching waters.
• The evacuation of Gardi Sugdub serves as a stark reminder of the urgent need for comprehensive climate action to protect vulnerable communities and mitigate the devastating effects of climate change.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/rising-tide-shifting-lives-panama-becomes-first-nation-to-evacuate-island-community-over-climate-impact-96580

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: A groundbreaking research effort led by a team at the Innovative Genomics Institute at the University of California, Berkeley (UCB), has utilized CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology to enhance gene expression in a food crop.

EXPLANATION:

• This achievement represents a significant milestone as it is the first unbiased approach using CRISPR/Cas9 to increase gene expression and subsequent photosynthetic activity.
• Published in Science Advances, this study deviates from traditional CRISPR applications that primarily focus on gene knockouts or reducing gene expression.

Key Contributions and Innovations

• The study’s lead author and a former postdoctoral researcher in the Niyogi Lab at UCB emphasized the novel approach of using CRISPR/Cas9 to fine-tune gene expression rather than merely turning genes off.
• Previous research primarily utilized CRISPR to diminish gene activity, particularly genes involved in trade-offs like plant architecture and fruit size.
• The research was inspired by a 2018 Nature Communications paper that successfully increased water-use efficiency in crops by overexpressing the PsbS gene, which is involved in photoprotection.
• The Niyogi lab aimed to enhance the expression of native plant genes without incorporating foreign DNA, thus avoiding the complexities associated with synthetic biology strategies that use external genes.

Choice of Model System

• Rice, a staple food crop that provides 20% of the world’s calories.
• It was chosen as the model system due to its possession of only one copy of each of the three key photoprotection genes.
• This made it an ideal candidate for the study, which was part of the Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE) project.
• RIPE, an international collaboration led by the University of Illinois and supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Foundation for Food & Agriculture Research, and the U.K. Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, seeks to boost global food production by improving photosynthetic efficiency.

Technique and Results

• The researchers employed CRISPR/Cas9 to modify the upstream regulatory DNA of the target gene, controlling its expression levels.
• Their hypothesis was that alterations in this regulatory region would significantly impact downstream gene activity.
• Remarkably, the changes in DNA resulted in a more substantial increase in gene expression than anticipated, showcasing the inherent plasticity of plant genomes.
• Plants have adapted to extensive genetic changes over millions of years, which researchers can now leverage for rapid improvements in crop efficiency and climate adaptability.

Findings of the study

• The study revealed that inversions or “flipping” of the regulatory DNA led to increased expression of the PsbS gene.
• Following the largest inversion, RNA sequencing was conducted to assess the overall gene activity in the modified rice plants.
• The results indicated a minimal number of differentially expressed genes compared to similar transcriptome studies, suggesting that their gene-editing approach did not disrupt other essential processes in the plants.

Challenges and Future Implications

• While the study demonstrated the potential of this gene-editing method, the success rate was relatively low, with only about 1% of the plants exhibiting the desired phenotype.
• Patel-Tupper highlighted that although this proof-of-concept study shows the feasibility of using CRISPR/Cas9 to generate significant genetic variations in crops, it remains a challenging task compared to traditional plant breeding methods.
• Despite the difficulty, this approach has the advantage of potentially circumventing regulatory hurdles associated with transgenic plants.
• By altering existing genetic material rather than introducing foreign genes, this method may expedite the development and deployment of improved crop varieties to farmers.

CRISPR/Cas9

• CRISPR-Cas9 is a unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence.
• It is currently the simplest, most versatile and precise method of genetic manipulation and is therefore causing a buzz in the science world.
• The CRISPR-Cas9 system consists of two key molecules that introduce a change (mutation) into the DNA. These are:
  • an enzyme called Cas9. This acts as a pair of ‘molecular scissors’ that can cut the two strands of DNA at a specific location in the genome so that bits of DNA can then be added or removed.
  • a piece of RNA called guide RNA (gRNA). This consists of a small piece of pre-designed RNA sequence (about 20 bases long) located within a longer RNA scaffold. The scaffold part binds to DNA and the pre-designed sequence ‘guides’ Cas9 to the right part of the genome. This makes sure that the Cas9 enzyme cuts at the right point in the genome.
• The guide RNA is designed to find and bind to a specific sequence in the DNA. The guide RNA has RNA bases that are complementary to those of the target DNA sequence in the genome. This means that, at least in theory, the guide RNA will only bind to the target sequence and no other regions of the genome.

SOURCE: https://phys.org/news/2024-06-team-crisprcas9-photosynthesis.html

THE CONTEXT: India’s new government faces the pressing challenge of resolving tensions over climate disaster compensation between the Union government and its southern states. These states, which significantly contribute to the national economy, are demanding their fair share within the federal framework and rebelling against perceived fiscal injustice. The main contention lies in the alleged discrimination in the distribution of central funds, particularly in climate-related disasters.

THE ISSUES:

• Disparity in Central Fund Allocation: The southern states allege discrimination in the distribution of central funds, claiming that they receive less support than the northern states, particularly those governed by the BJP, despite contributing significantly more to the national economy.
• Economic Contribution vs. Fiscal Returns: The southern states, which contribute over 30% to India’s GDP and significantly to its forex reserves, feel they are not receiving a fair share of central funds in return, leading to accusations of fiscal injustice.
• Climate Disaster Compensation: There is a recurring issue of inadequate and delayed compensation from the Union government for climate disasters affecting the southern states. This has led to legal actions and protests by the state governments to secure necessary relief funds.
• Urbanization and Environmental Vulnerability: Rapid and unplanned urbanization in southern states, particularly in cities like Bengaluru, has increased their vulnerability to climate-related disasters such as floods, landslides, and water shortages. This is exacerbated by poor environmental planning and management.
• Political and Populist Pressures: State governments in the south are under significant political pressure to provide immediate relief and compensation to their citizens affected by climate disasters, often leading them to allocate state funds beyond what the central government offers.
• Call for Climate Justice: The southern states are demanding greater recognition and support from the Union government for managing climate disasters. They argue that New Delhi must address these internal issues to maintain its credibility in global climate change debates and ensure equitable treatment within India’s federal structure.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Equitable Distribution of Central Funds: The Union government should adopt a more transparent and equitable formula for the distribution of central funds. This could involve revising the criteria used by the Finance Commission to ensure that states contributing more to the national economy receive a fairer share of central funds. This would help address the grievances of South Indian states and ensure they are adequately compensated for their economic contributions.
• Enhanced Climate Disaster Relief Mechanisms: Establish a streamlined and efficient mechanism to disburse disaster relief funds. This could include setting up a dedicated climate disaster relief fund with predefined criteria for quick disbursement based on the severity of the disaster. Additionally, the process for states to access these funds should be simplified to ensure timely assistance.
• Strengthening Cooperative Federalism: Promote cooperative federalism by enhancing the role of inter-state councils and the NITI Aayog in mediating disputes and fostering collaboration between the Union and state governments. This could involve regular consultations and joint decision-making processes on fiscal policies, disaster management, and other critical issues.
• Decentralization of Fiscal Powers: Decentralize fiscal powers by allowing states to retain a larger share of the taxes they generate. As some experts suggest, this could involve increasing the states’ share of the divisible tax pool from the current 41% to 50%. This would empower states to address their unique challenges more effectively and reduce their dependence on central funds.
• Climate-Resilient Urban Planning: Implement climate-resilient urban planning practices to mitigate the impact of climate change. This could include investing in sustainable infrastructure, improving drainage systems, and enforcing stricter land use and construction regulations. Additionally, promoting green spaces and enhancing the capacity of local governments to manage urban growth can help build more resilient cities.

THE CONCLUSION:

The new government in India must address the recurring climate disasters and associated casualties affecting its economically vital southern states. These states, which drive the country’s growth engine, strive for ‘climate justice’ within India’s federal arrangements. New Delhi must reconcile its leadership role in global climate change debates with the urgent need to support its southern states.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 While the national political parties in India favor centralization, the regional parties favor State autonomy. Comment. 2022

Q.2 Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India, departing from the earlier reactive approach. 2020

Q.3 The frequency of urban floods due to high-intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods. Highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. 2016

Q.4 How far do you agree that the behavior of the Indian monsoon has been changing due to humanizing landscapes? Discuss. 2015

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Discuss the economic and political implications of the alleged fiscal injustice faced by South Indian states in the context of climate disaster compensation. How should the new government address these issues to ensure equitable distribution of central funds and effective climate disaster management?

SOURCE:

https://thewire.in/environment/climate-change-deepens-indias-north-south-divide

THE CONTEXT: The results of India’s 2024 general election suggest a trend towards greater democratization, with regional parties performing well and set to have representation on both the ruling and opposition benches in Parliament. This outcome could help strengthen federalism in India, which has been under strain in recent years. However, center-state relations became contentious during the election campaign, with some perceiving the ruling party’s rhetoric as threatening to opposition-ruled states.

THE ISSUES:

• Contentious Centre-State Relations: There has been increasing tension between the Centre and Opposition-ruled States, exacerbated by perceived threats and stepmotherly treatment from the Centre. This includes issues like inadequate resource transfers and biased treatment in allocating funds and projects.
• Bias in Resource Allocation: The Finance Commission’s role in devolving funds from the Centre to the States is seen as biased. The Centre’s predominant role in setting the terms of reference for the Commission introduces a bias in favor of the Centre, leading to conflicts over resource allocation.
• Diverse Needs of States: There is a vast diversity among Indian States, which necessitates greater autonomy for each State to address its unique issues. A common approach imposed by a dominant Centre is not conducive to the progress of such diverse States.
• Economic Disparities Among States: There is a significant gap between rich and poor States, with richer States resenting the proportionately more substantial share of resources allocated to poorer States. This economic disparity remains despite the efforts of the Finance Commission.
• Political Influence in Resource Distribution: The Centre’s allocation of resources and projects is often influenced by political considerations, favoring States governed by the same party as the Centre. This undermines the autonomy of Opposition-ruled States and weakens federalism.
• Need for Cooperative Federalism: There is a need to reverse fraying federalism and strengthen the spirit of India as a ‘Union of States.’ It suggests that the Sixteenth Finance Commission should ensure even-handed treatment of all States and reduce friction by transferring more resources to poorer States to keep rising inequality in check.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Expansion of the Divisible Pool: One of the primary concerns is the exclusion of cesses and surcharges from the divisible pool, which constitutes around 23% of the Centre’s gross tax receipts. Including a portion of these cesses and surcharges in the divisible pool could enhance revenue sharing among states, ensuring a more equitable distribution of resources. This recommendation has been echoed by various experts and committees, emphasizing the need for a more inclusive approach to tax devolution.
• Enhanced Weightage for Efficiency: The current criteria for horizontal devolution focus heavily on equity and need-based factors such as income distance and population. Increasing the weightage for efficiency criteria, such as GST contribution and tax collection efficiency, can promote a more balanced and fair distribution of resources. This approach would reward states that perform better in revenue generation and fiscal management, thereby encouraging overall efficiency.
• Greater State Participation in the Finance Commission: Establishing a formal mechanism for state participation in the Finance Commission’s constitution and functioning, like the GST Council, can ensure a more inclusive decision-making process. This would give states a more significant say in allocating resources and more effectively address their specific concerns. Such a participatory approach is crucial for maintaining the spirit of cooperative federalism.
• Revisiting the Criteria for Horizontal Devolution: The criteria for horizontal devolution should be periodically reviewed and updated to reflect states’ changing economic landscape and development needs. For instance, the 15th Finance Commission introduced the demographic performance criterion to reward states for controlling population growth. Similar innovative criteria can be introduced to address contemporary challenges and ensure a fair distribution of resources.
• Strengthening the Role of the Finance Commission: The Finance Commission should act as a neutral arbiter of Centre-State relations, maintaining a delicate balance in deciding on contesting claims. It should also ensure the Centre does not unduly assert its dominance over states. Recommendations for increasing the devolution of resources from the Centre to the States from 41% to a higher percentage could help reduce the Centre’s undue control over resources and strengthen federalism.
• Improving Flexibility in Fund Utilization: States often face constraints in utilizing devolved funds due to rigid guidelines and conditionalities imposed by the Centre. Providing greater flexibility in fund utilization can help states address their local priorities more effectively. This approach would empower states to tailor their development programs according to their unique needs and circumstances, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency and effectiveness of public spending.

THE CONCLUSION:

To reduce the central government’s domination over states, the 16th Finance Commission could recommend substantially raising the devolution of resources from the current 41% and curtailing the center’s role in specific joint schemes. The center’s assertiveness has undermined federalism, and it’s time for the utilization of the country’s resources to be jointly decided by the central and state governments as equal partners. The changed political situation following the 2024 election results makes this a more feasible prospect.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 How have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India enabled the States to improve their fiscal position? 2021

Q.2 How is the Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you think about the terms of reference of the recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss. 2018

Q.3 Discuss the recommendations of the 13th Finance Commission, which has been a departure from the previous commissions for strengthening the local government’s finances. 2013

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Financing States and devolving resources from the Centre to the States had been a significant source of conflict in Indian federalism. Discuss the role of the Finance Commission in this context and suggest reforms to make the process of fiscal federalism more equitable, transparent, and conducive to reducing regional disparities.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-centre-is-notional-the-states-the-real-entities/article68264096.ece

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TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) is organizing a two-day Clean Economy Investor Forum meet in Singapore recently.

EXPLANATION:

• Senior officials from India’s commerce ministry, including Commerce Secretary and Additional Secretary are participating in the event.
• This forum aims to mobilize investments into sustainable infrastructure, climate technology, and renewable energy projects, showcasing India’s leadership in the clean economy sector.

Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF)

• It was launched in May 2022.
• The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) includes 14 partner countries: Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, the US, and Vietnam.
• The IPEF focuses on promoting resilient, sustainable, and inclusive economic growth in the region, with four pillars of cooperation:
  • Trade,
  • Supply Chain,
  • Clean Economy, and
  • Fair Economy.
• Notably, India is not part of the trade pillar.
• The IPEF is not a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), but it allows members to negotiate the parts they want to.

Objectives of the Clean Economy Investor Forum

• The IPEF Clean Economy Investor Forum aims to:
  • Mobilize investments into sustainable infrastructure and climate technology projects.
  • Facilitate collaboration among top investors, philanthropies, financial institutions, innovative companies, startups, and entrepreneurs in the region.
  • Showcase India’s innovative solutions and leadership in the clean economy space to global investors.

Indian Participation

• The Department of Commerce is the nodal agency for India’s IPEF engagements, and Invest India, the national investment promotion agency, manages the IPEF Clean Economy Investor Forum.
• The Indian delegation aims to pitch projects and attract investment from over 150 participating investors.
• The focus will be on two main tracks:
  • Climate technology and
  • Sustainable infrastructure.

Climate Technology Track

• Under this track, the forum will:
  • Hold an open call to recognize the top climate tech companies and startups from member countries.
  • Present these companies to global investors to attract investment and support.

Infrastructure Track

• India will showcase investible sustainable infrastructure projects, focusing on sectors such as:
  • Energy Transition: Projects related to electric grids, renewable energy (solar and onshore wind), sustainable aviation fuel, battery storage, hydrogen, and green data centers.
  • Transport and Logistics: Initiatives involving electric vehicles (EVs) and EV charging points.
  • Waste Management: Projects converting waste to energy.

Strategic Importance

• The Clean Economy Investor Forum is crucial for:
  • Highlighting India’s capabilities and initiatives in clean technology and sustainable infrastructure.
  • Attracting foreign investment to support India’s transition to a clean economy.
  • Strengthening collaboration with IPEF partner countries to enhance regional economic stability and prosperity.

SOURCE: https://www.business-standard.com/economy/news/ipef-s-clean-economy-investor-forum-meet-in-singapore-to-begin-on-jun-5-124060401409_1.html

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The southern cassowary, often referred to as a “dinosaur bird” due to its striking appearance and fearsome demeanor, faces the threat of extinction.

EXPLANATION:

Dinosaur bird or Cassowary:

• It is found only in Australia, New Guinea, and some Pacific islands.
• These flightless birds are vital to the ecosystems of the rainforests they inhabit.
• The southern cassowary stands about 1.5 meters (five feet) tall and can weigh up to 75 kilos (165 pounds).
• They possess a neon blue neck and rapier-sharp talons measuring up to 10 centimeters (four inches).
• Cassowaries are fiercely territorial.
• When threatened, they hiss and produce a deep rumbling boom.
• Their intimidating stare and large eyes contribute to their fearsome reputation.
• The Australian government lists the southern cassowary as endangered, with an estimated population of about 4,500 individuals remaining in the wild.
• Cassowaries play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and aiding in seed dispersal within rainforests.
• Their extinction would have detrimental effects on these ecosystems.
• The clearing of native habitats is a significant threat to cassowaries, reducing their living and breeding areas.
• Vehicle collisions are a common cause of injury and death among cassowaries.
• Domestic dogs pose a considerable threat, often attacking these birds.
• Environmental changes due to global warming affect their habitat and food sources.

Conservation Efforts

• President of a community group dedicated to cassowary protection emphasizes the importance of saving these birds to preserve broader biodiversity.
• His group’s efforts include:
  • Road Safety: Installing signs to urge drivers to slow down and redesigning roads to protect native habitats.
  • Cassowary Hospital: Establishing a facility to care for injured cassowaries.
• The Australian government has implemented a national recovery plan that involves collaboration with Indigenous and conservation groups.
• The plan focuses on protecting keystone species, which indirectly benefits other species within the same habitat.

Challenges

• WWF Australia’s acting chief conservation officer highlights the scarcity of resources available for conservation efforts.
• With approximately 2,000 species on Australia’s threatened species list, the rate of extinction is expected to increase.
• Climate change, habitat loss, and invasive species continue to pose significant challenges.

Importance of Cassowaries

• Cassowaries are not only important for their ecological role but also as a symbol of the broader struggle to conserve Australia’s unique wildlife.
• Despite their intimidating nature, they are not aggressive when treated well. However, caution is advised when encountering them in the wild, as they are powerful and naturally cranky.

SOURCE: https://phys.org/news/2024-06-australia-fearsome-dinosaur-bird-extinction.html

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Two wetlands in Bihar, the Nagi and Nakti bird sanctuaries, have been added to the Ramsar list of Wetlands of International Importance.

EXPLANATION:

• This recognition highlights their significance in biodiversity conservation and habitat for migratory birds, increasing the total number of Ramsar sites in India to 82.

Nagi and Nakti Bird Sanctuaries

• Both sanctuaries are situated in Bihar’s Jamui district within the Jhajha forest range.
• These man-made reservoirs are surrounded by dry deciduous forests and hills, making them unique ecosystems.
• Nagi Bird Sanctuary
  • Formation: Created by damming the Nagi River.
  • Biodiversity: The wetland supports over 75 bird species, 33 fish species, and 12 types of aquatic plants.
  • Migratory Birds: Known for hosting large congregations of bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) during migration periods.
  • Local and International Recognition: Designated as a Bird Sanctuary in 1984 and recognized as an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) by BirdLife International.
• Nakti Bird Sanctuary
  • Formation: Developed primarily for irrigation through the construction of Nakti Dam.
  • Biodiversity: Home to over 150 species, including birds, mammals, fish, aquatic plants, reptiles, and amphibians.
  • Endangered Species: Provides habitat for the endangered Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) and the vulnerable native catfish (Wallago attu).
  • Migratory Birds: Hosts over 20,000 birds during winter months, including one of the largest congregations of red-crested pochard (Netta rufina) on the Indo-Gangetic plain.
  • Local Recognition: Declared a Bird Sanctuary in 1984.

Conservation Efforts

• The Ramsar designation for Nagi and Nakti bird sanctuaries will bolster conservation efforts by:
  • Enhancing protection measures for habitats and species.
  • Promoting sustainable use of wetland resources.
  • Raising awareness about the ecological importance of these wetlands.

Biodiversity Significance

• These wetlands are crucial for the survival of various species, particularly migratory birds.
• They provide feeding and breeding grounds, thereby maintaining ecological balance and supporting biodiversity.

Ramsar Sites:

• Any wetland site which has been listed under the Ramsar Convention that aims to conserve it and promote sustainable use of its natural resources is called a Ramsar Site.
• Ramsar Convention is known as the Convention of Wetlands.
• It was established in 1971 by UNESCO and came into force in 1975.
• India is a party to the Ramsar Convention. India signed under it on 1st February 1982.
• The Ramsar Convention works closely with six organizations known as International Organization Partners(IOPs).
• These are:
  • Birdlife International
  • International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
  • International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
  • Wetlands International
  • World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
  • International Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT)

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-bird-sanctuaries-added-ramsar-list-9376849/lite/#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17177313651766&csi=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Pakistan, Denmark, Greece, Panama, and Somalia are poised to secure seats on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) following a secret ballot by the General Assembly.

EXPLANATION:

• The election, involving all 193 member states, will fill five non-permanent seats for two-year terms starting January 1, 2025.

Election Process

• The General Assembly is scheduled to vote to elect five countries to serve on the UNSC.
• The 15-member council comprises five permanent members with veto power—United States, Russia, China, United Kingdom, and France—and ten non-permanent members serving staggered two-year terms.
• The non-permanent seats are distributed among regional groups, which usually nominate their candidates.
• This year, the regional groups have agreed on their candidates without contention.

Regional Group Nominees

• Africa: Somalia
• Asia-Pacific: Pakistan
• Latin America and Caribbean: Panama
• Western Group: Denmark and Greece
• These countries are set to replace Mozambique, Japan, Ecuador, Malta, and Switzerland, whose terms end on December 31, 2024.

Background of Newly Elected Members

• All five countries expected to join the UNSC have prior experience serving on the council:
  • Pakistan: Seven terms
  • Panama: Five terms
  • Denmark: Four terms
  • Greece: Two terms
  • Somalia: One term
• Current Members
• The new members will join the existing non-permanent members elected last year:
  • Algeria
  • Guyana
  • South Korea
  • Sierra Leone
  • Slovenia
• There is a widespread consensus that the UNSC needs to expand to better reflect contemporary global realities, as its current structure is rooted in the post-World War II era.
• However, the exact nature of the reform remains a contentious issue, preventing significant changes for the past four decades.

United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

• The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the principal organs of the United Nations (UN), established to maintain international peace and security. It plays a critical role in addressing global conflicts, crises, and threats to international peace.
• Composition: The UNSC is composed of 15 member states, with five permanent members (P5) and ten non-permanent members. The P5, (United States, Russia, China, France & UK) also known as the “Great Powers,” have veto power, which allows them to block any substantive resolution, making their decisions particularly influential.
• Membership Rotation: Non-permanent members are elected for two-year terms, with five seats opening up each year. This rotation ensures that different regions of the world are represented over time.

Criteria for Membership: To become a member of the UNSC, a country must meet the following criteria:

• UN Membership: A nation must first be a member of the United Nations to be eligible for UNSC membership.
• Election: Non-permanent members are elected by the UN General Assembly through a two-thirds majority vote. The geographical distribution of seats is a key consideration, ensuring fair representation across regions.
• Rotation: Members serve two-year terms and can be re-elected, but there is a limit on consecutive terms. This rotation helps maintain diversity and a balance of interests.

Mandate and Functions: The UNSC’s mandate and functions are outlined in Chapter VI and Chapter VII of the UN Charter:

• Maintenance of International Peace and Security: The primary mandate of the UNSC is to address threats to international peace and security. It does so through various means, including conflict resolution, peacekeeping, and the authorization of the use of force when necessary.
• Conflict Resolution: The UNSC actively seeks to resolve international conflicts through diplomatic means, negotiation, and the promotion of peaceful settlements.
• Peacekeeping: It authorizes and oversees UN peacekeeping missions, which involve the deployment of military and civilian personnel to regions experiencing conflict to help maintain or restore peace.
• Imposition of Sanctions: The UNSC can impose economic and diplomatic sanctions against states that threaten international peace and security. These measures are intended to pressure nations into compliance with international norms.
• Authorization of Use of Force: In cases of imminent threats to international peace, the UNSC can authorize the use of force, which may include military intervention, to restore or maintain peace. This is a controversial but necessary function to respond to some crises.
• Supervision of Armistices and Agreements: The UNSC monitors and supervises armistices and agreements to ensure compliance by the parties involved.
• Protection of Civilians and Humanitarian Action: The UNSC plays a role in protecting civilians in conflict zones and promoting humanitarian assistance.
• Recommendations on General Principles of Cooperation: The UNSC can make recommendations on principles of cooperation and the peaceful settlement of international disputes.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/news/world/pakistan-denmark-greece-panama-and-somalia-are-set-to-get-seats-on-the-un-security-council/amp-11717647878111.html#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17177315234565&csi=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The World Health Organization (WHO) has confirmed the first-ever human death caused by the H5N2 strain of avian influenza.

EXPLANATION:

• This case marks a significant development in the understanding and monitoring of avian influenza’s impact on human health.
• The victim was a 59-year-old resident of the State of Mexico with underlying health conditions.
• The individual, who had no known history of exposure to poultry or other animals, was hospitalized in Mexico City on April 24, 2024.
• The patient exhibited symptoms such as fever, shortness of breath, diarrhea, nausea, and general discomfort.
• Despite medical intervention, the patient passed away in April. Laboratory tests confirmed that the cause of death was due to the H5N2 virus.

Public Health Response

• The WHO and Mexican health authorities are treating this case with high priority due to its potential public health implications under the International Health Regulations (IHR), 2005.
• Despite this, WHO has assessed that the virus poses a low risk to the general population.
• Health officials have identified and tested 17 close contacts of the deceased.
• Among these, one individual reported a runny nose between April 28 and 29, but tests for influenza and SARS-CoV-2 were negative.
• Additionally, twelve other contacts (seven symptomatic and five asymptomatic) from the patient’s vicinity were tested, all of which returned negative results for influenza A, B, and SARS-CoV-2.
• The results of serology or blood serum tests are still pending.

Outbreaks in Poultry

• Prior to this human case, there were multiple outbreaks of the H5N2 strain in poultry within Mexico:
• March 2024: An outbreak in a backyard poultry farm in Michoacán, which borders the State of Mexico.
• Late March 2024: An outbreak in Texcoco, State of Mexico.
• April 2024: Another outbreak in Temascalapa, State of Mexico.
• Authorities have not been able to link the human case directly to these poultry outbreaks.

Background of Avian Influenza in the Region

• In addition to the H5N2 strain, Mexico has experienced other avian influenza outbreaks:
• March 2024: The H5N1 strain was found in dairy cattle across nine states, leading to some human infections among those who had close contact with the animals.
• May 2024: Australia reported its first human infection with the H5N1 strain, with no evidence of human-to-human transmission.
• 2021: An outbreak of the H5N6 strain led to the deaths of 18 herons in China, according to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

H5N2 Bird flu:

• H5N2 is a subtype of the Avian Influenza A virus.
• Influenza A viruses are categorised by subtypes based on the proteins on their surfaces.
• There are 18 different hemagglutinin (H) and 11 different neuraminidase (N) subtypes, including H5N2.
• Hemagglutinin is a glycoprotein found on the surface of influenza viruses and neuraminidase is an enzyme found on the surface of the viruses that enable them to be released from the host cell.
• H5N2 has been first reported in poultry in Mexico.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/who-confirms-first-death-from-bird-flu-strain-h5n2-in-mexico-96552

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TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The United States recently conducted an unarmed intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) test launch from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California.

EXPLANATION:

• The Minuteman III ICBM, equipped with one reentry vehicle, was launched at 12:56 a.m. Pacific Time on June 4, 2024.
• This test launch marks the first of two scheduled for the week and is part of the routine and periodic activities intended to demonstrate the safety, security, effectiveness, and readiness of the weapon system.

Background and Significance

• The Minuteman III ICBM has been in service since 1970 and is a strategic weapons system designed to serve as a reliable and effective nuclear deterrent.
• The test launch program is designed to validate and verify the safety, security, effectiveness, and readiness of the weapon system.
• This test launch is significant not only for national defense but also for showcasing the exceptional capabilities and expertise of the dedicated team involved.
• The Minuteman III ICBM was launched from Vandenberg Space Force Base.
• It flew approximately 4,200 miles to the U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command’s Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site on the U.S. Army Garrison-Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands.
• The missile’s reentry vehicle traveled at speeds exceeding 15,000 miles per hour, demonstrating the weapon system’s capabilities.

Joint Effort and Partnerships

• The test launch involved a joint team of airmen from the Air Force Global Strike Command and Space Force guardians.
• The announcement noted that the test launch program is designed to demonstrate that the United States’ nuclear deterrent is safe, secure, reliable, and effective to deter 21st century threats and reassure allies.
• The test launch is a culmination of months of preparation that involve multiple government partners.

Historical Context

• Similar tests have been carried out more than 300 times before, and this test is not the result of current world events.
• The Minuteman III ICBM is scheduled to be replaced by the LGM-35A Sentinel, which is expected to be operational through 2075.
• The Air Force is committed to ensuring the Minuteman III remains a viable deterrent until full capability is achieved in the mid-2030s.

Minuteman III:

• The LGM-30G Minuteman III is a solid-fueled, intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), which the United States Air Force (USAF) first deployed in the 1960s.
• It is the sole land-based component of the S. nuclear triad.
• It was designed and manufactured by the Boeing Corporation.
• It is a three-stage, solid-fuel missile.
• The missile is 18.2 m long with a diameter of 1.85 m and a launch weight of 34,467 kg.
• It has a maximum range of 13,000 km and is capable of carrying a payload of three reentry vehicles.
• It now carries a single nuclear warhead pursuant to arms control agreements between the United States and Russia.
• It has a fast launch time, nearly 100 percent testing reliability, and backup airborne launch controllers to preserve retaliatory capabilities.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/world-news/on-cam-nuclear-capable-minuteman-iii-icbm-lights-up-u-s-skies-amid-tensions-with-russia-101717513357113.html

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The oceans play a key role in regulating climate. Yet the world’s understanding is still insufficient to design solutions for multiple ocean crises and validate new technologies that aim to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, according to the UNESCO State of Ocean Report.

EXPLANATION:

Key Findings from the UNESCO State of Ocean Report 2024

• Ocean Warming and Its Impacts
  • The upper 2,000 metres (m) of oceans warmed at a rate of 0.32 ± 0.03 watt per square metre (W/m2) from 1960 through 2023.
  • The rate of ocean warming has doubled to 0.66 ± 0.10 W/m2 in the past two decades.
  • Increased ocean heat content (OHC) prevents ocean layers from mixing, leading to deoxygenation, which can have long-term negative impacts on coastal and marine ecosystems.
  • It is still unclear whether deoxygenation is accelerating in response to increased OHC.
• Ocean Acidification
  • The open ocean has experienced a continuous decline in pH, with an average global surface ocean pH decline of 0.017-0.027 pH units per decade since the late 1980s.
  • The current coverage of pH monitoring stations (638 in 2024) is inadequate, with time series not long enough to determine trends and data gaps in all areas.
  • Coastal waters can turn acidic due to natural processes and human activities, and longer-term data sets are needed to determine the time of emergence of ocean acidification trends.
• Sea Level Rise
  • The global mean sea level from 1993 to 2023 increased at a rate of 3.4 +/-0.3 mm/yr.
  • Improving space-based and in situ observing systems for monitoring sea level rise at global, regional, and coastal scales is necessary.

Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal (mCDR) Technologies

• Since 2020, there has been a surge of interest in mCDR using wide-ranging methods, which may pose many technical, environmental, political, legal, and regulatory challenges.
• There are still many unknowns regarding the potential of using mCDR to enhance the ocean carbon sink and its interactions with the ocean carbon cycle.

Coastal Blue Carbon Habitats

• There is an increased interest in restoring or expanding coastal blue carbon habitats such as mangrove forests, seagrass meadows, and tidal saltmarshes to increase carbon sequestration.
• Questions remain on the effectiveness of these efforts.

UNESCO:

• The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was born on 16 November 1945.
• UNESCO has 195 Members and 8 Associate Members and is governed by the General Conference and the Executive Board.
• The Secretariat, headed by the Director-General, implements the decisions of these two bodies. The Organization has more than 50 field offices around the world.
• Its headquarters are located in Paris.
• UNESCO’s mission is to contribute to the building of a culture of peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information.
• UNESCO works to create the conditions for dialogue among civilizations, cultures and peoples, based upon respect for commonly shared values.
• It is through this dialogue that the world can achieve global visions of sustainable development encompassing observance of human rights, mutual respect and the alleviation of poverty, all of which are at the heart of UNESCO’s mission and activities.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/unesco-s-state-of-ocean-report-highlights-key-knowledge-gaps-in-research-data-on-spiking-oceanic-warming-96534

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A recent groundbreaking study suggests that carefully selected, captive-bred Arabian leopards could be reintroduced into the wild to significantly aid the recovery of this Critically Endangered species.

EXPLANATION:

• The study, conducted by an international team of researchers from the UK and Oman, provides hope for the survival of the Arabian leopard by outlining a genetic rescue plan to enhance the dwindling wild populations in Oman.

Alarming Decline in Wild Arabian Leopard Population

• The study, published in the journal Evolutionary Applications, surveyed the remote Dhofar mountain range in southern Oman to determine the remaining population of Arabian leopards.
• Using camera traps and DNA analysis from wild leopard scat, the researchers estimate that only 51 wild leopards remain in Oman, distributed among three isolated, genetically impoverished but distinct subpopulations.
• The wild population has extremely low levels of genetic diversity, while captive leopards, particularly those from Yemen, harbor higher levels of genetic diversity.

Genetic Diversity in Captive Populations

• There are extremely low levels of genetic diversity found in the wild leopard population in Oman.
• The researchers discovered higher levels of genetic diversity in captive leopards across the region, particularly among several individuals originating from neighboring Yemen that helped found today’s captive-breeding population.
• This important genetic resource has the potential to play a major role in the successful recovery of the Arabian leopard.

Genetic Rescue: The Key to Recovery

• The researchers suggest that the dwindling regional wild population could most effectively be recovered through ‘genetic rescue’.
• It involves the introduction of offspring from captive-bred leopards — which harbor the greatest amount of genetic diversity — into the wild population.
• However, their predictions indicate that for genetic rescue to establish the most viable populations through leopard reintroductions, the benefit that new genes can bring needs to be carefully assessed, particularly because captive leopards may already be inbred.

Detailed Genetic Analysis and Computer Simulations

• The study used conservation genetic analysis, cutting-edge computer simulations, and extensive fieldwork in Oman to closely examine Arabian leopard DNA and assess the risk of future extinction, as well as forecast how genetic rescue can secure the leopard’s viability.
• The authors say their findings could help other threatened species as well.
• The only way to monitor these leopards in the wild is to deploy camera traps high up across the mountain ranges where the leopards live, and to collect the scats they leave behind on the mountain passes, for DNA analysis.”

Risks and Benefits of Genetic Rescue

• Benefits:
  • Reintroduction of captive-bred leopards can increase genetic diversity in the wild population, enhancing long-term viability.
  • Genetic rescue can reduce the genetic load, which is a major threat to the population’s survival.
• Risks:
  • Captive leopards may already be inbred, which could introduce new genetic issues into the wild population.
  • There is a risk of genomic incompatibilities between Yemen and Oman populations that could have evolved during reproductive isolation.
  • Professor from the University of East Anglia (UEA) highlighted the risks associated with genetic rescue: “The problem is that all individuals are somehow related to each other. They are the descendants of the few ancestors that managed to survive a major population crash. Hence, it becomes virtually impossible to stop inbreeding, and this exposes ‘bad’ mutations, what we call genetic load. In turn, this can increase the mortality rate, causing further population collapse.”
  • The researchers acknowledge that there is a risk of introducing other deleterious mutations from the captive population into the wild, so a careful balance is needed when implementing the genetic rescue plan.

Arabian Leopards:

• The Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) is the smallest leopard subspecies.
• It was described in 1830 and is native to the Arabian Peninsula, where it was widely distributed in rugged hilly and montane terrain until the late 1970s.
• Today, the population is severely fragmented and thought to decline continuously.
• Previously in 2008, an estimated 45–200 individuals in three isolated subpopulations were restricted to western Saudi Arabia, Oman and Yemen.
• However, as of 2023, it is estimated that 100–120 in total remains, with 70-84 mature individuals, in Oman and Yemen, and it is possibly extinct in Saudi Arabia.
• The current population trend is suspected to be decreasing.

SOURCE: https://scitechdaily.com/on-the-brink-of-extinction-scientists-develop-genetic-rescue-plan-for-arabian-leopards/

TAG: GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The 2024 Lok Sabha elections have seen a significant representation of women in the elected body.

EXPLANATION:

Historical Trend

• The representation of women in the Lok Sabha has shown a general trend towards increasing women’s representation over the years.
• However, progress has been slow and not linear.
• In 1952, women made up just 4.41% of the strength of the Lower House.
• This number increased to more than 6% in the election held a decade later, but again dipped to below 4% in 1971.
• Since then, there has been a slow, but steady rise in women’s representation, which crossed the 10% mark in 2009 and peaked in 2019 at 14.36%.

Current Representation

• In the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, 73 women have been elected, making up 13.44% of the elected strength of the Lower House.
• This is a decrease from the 78 women elected in 2019, but still one of the highest proportions since 1952.
• Party-wise Representation
  • The representation of women varies across political parties.
  • The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leads with 31 women MPs, followed by the Congress (13), Trinamool Congress (11), Samajwadi Party (5), and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (3).
  • Seven parties have one woman MP each.
  • The Trinamool Congress boasts the highest proportion of women MPs at 37.93%, followed by the Congress (13.13%) and the BJP (12.92%).
• New Faces and Age Profile
  • Of the 74 women MPs elected, 43 are first-time MPs, and one (Misa Bharti of the Rashtriya Janata Dal) is a first-time Lok Sabha MP.
  • This is higher than the overall percentage of newcomers in the House (59% Vs 52%).
  • Women MPs have only 0.76 Lok Sabha terms of experience, indicating a relatively new group of representatives.
  • The average age of women MPs is 50 years, younger than the overall age of the House at 56 years.

Education and Experience

• Women MPs are as educated as their male counterparts, with 78% completing undergraduate studies.
• They have an average of 0.76 Lok Sabha terms of experience, indicating a relatively new group of representatives.

Candidates’ Composition

• Out of the total 8,360 candidates who stood in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, just around 10% were women.
• This number has increased over time, standing at 3% in 1957.
• This is the first time that women candidates’ proportion has touched 10%.
• Roughly 16% of BJP’s candidates were women, as opposed to 13% of Congress candidates — both higher than the overall average.

Challenges and Opportunities

• Despite the progress made, women still face significant challenges in entering and staying in politics.
• The Women’s Reservation Bill, which aims to reserve one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and state legislatures for women, is yet to be implemented.
• The bill’s implementation will depend on a delimitation exercise based on the first Census post-enactment.

Women’s Reservation Act, 2023

• It modifies a single constitutional provision, Article 239AA, and adding three new articles: Articles 330A, 332A, and 334A.
• Article 239AA (Amended)
  • Article 239AA to the constitution grants special status to the Union Territory of Delhi as national capital with regards to its administrative and legislative functioning.
  • Article 239AA(2)(b) was amended by the Act accordingly to add that the laws framed by parliament shall apply to the National Capital territory of Delhi.
• Articles 330A
  • The Act provided that reserved seats for women may be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in states or Union Territories for representation in the Lok Sabha.
  • In the seats reserved for SCs/STs, the Act sought to provide one-third of the seats to be reserved for women on rotational basis.
• Articles 332A
  • The reservation of seats for women in every state Legislative Assembly.
  • Additionally, one-third of the seats reserved for SCs and STs must be allocated for women, and one-third of the total seats filled through direct elections to the Legislative Assemblies shall also be reserved for women (Article 332).
• Articles 334A
  • The reservation will be effective after the census conducted after the commencement of this Act.
  • Based on the census, delimitation will be undertaken to reserve seats for women.
  • The reservation will be provided for a period of 15 years (Sunset Clause).
  • However, it shall continue till such date as determined by a law made by Parliament.
  • Provisions of this act shall not affect any representation in legislative assemblies and the Lok Sabha until their dissolution.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/slight-dip-in-number-of-women-in-ls-well-under-proposed-33-quota-9374922/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The debate between dark matter and Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) has been ongoing in astrophysics.

EXPLANATION:

• Dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter that is believed to address the missing mass problem in galaxies, while MOND proposes that gravity behaves differently at low accelerations.
• The missing mass problem in galaxies was first identified by Oort in 1932.
• The discrepancy between the observed rotation curves of galaxies and the predicted curves based on Newton’s law of gravity led to the proposal of dark matter.
• However, the nature of dark matter remains unknown, and alternative theories like MOND have been proposed to explain the observed phenomena.

MOND Theory

• MOND has been proposed by Mordehai Milgrom in 1982.
• It suggests that gravity behaves differently at low accelerations.
• The theory is successful in predicting galaxy rotation without dark matter, but it has its limitations.
• MOND only changes the behavior of gravity at low accelerations, not at a specific distance from an object.
• This means that MOND effects would typically kick in several thousand light years away from a galaxy, making it difficult to detect at smaller scales.

Cassini Mission and MOND

• The Cassini mission, which orbited Saturn between 2004 and 2017, provided a crucial test for MOND.
• The mission aimed to measure the Earth-Saturn distance and track Saturn’s orbit to test the predictions of MOND.
• However, the results showed that Newton’s laws still work well for Saturn, and MOND failed to match the data.
• The study concluded that the chance of MOND matching the Cassini results is the same as a flipped coin landing heads up 59 times in a row, making it highly unlikely.

Wide Binary Stars and MOND

• Another test of MOND is provided by wide binary stars.
• MOND predicted that such stars should orbit around each other 20% faster than expected with Newton’s laws.
• However, a recent study led by Indranil Banik ruled out this prediction, showing that the chance of MOND being right given these results is the same as a fair coin landing heads up 190 times in a row.

Small Bodies in the Outer Solar System and MOND

• MOND also fails to explain the motions of small bodies in the distant outer Solar System.
• Comets coming in from out there have a much narrower distribution in energy than MOND predicts.
• These bodies also have orbits that are usually only slightly inclined to the plane that all the planets orbit close to.
• MOND would cause the inclinations to be much larger.

Galaxy Clusters and MOND

• MOND cannot provide enough gravity in the central regions of galaxy clusters.
• However, it provides too much gravity in their outskirts.
• Assuming Newtonian gravity with five times as much dark matter as normal matter seems to provide a good fit to the data.

Dark Matter

• Dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter that is believed to address the missing mass problem in galaxies.
• It is not directly observable, but its presence can be inferred through its gravitational effects.
• Dark matter is composed of particles that do not absorb, reflect, or emit light, so they cannot be detected by observing electromagnetic radiation.
• Dark matter is material that cannot be seen directly.
• Dark matter is a key component of the standard model of cosmology, which struggles to explain certain phenomena such as the universe’s expansion rate and giant cosmic structures.

Comparison of Dark Matter and MOND

• Several studies have compared the dark matter and MOND hypotheses using Bayesian statistics.
• The results suggest that both hypotheses are equally plausible in explaining the data, with no strong evidence in favor of either theory.
• However, the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) values strongly favor the dark matter hypothesis.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/with-bad-news-from-cassini-is-dark-matter-main-rival-theory-dead/article68254867.ece