TOPIC- PRIMARY HEALTHCARE NEEDS SHARP FOCUS TO ERADICATE COMMUNICABLE DISEASE FROM INDIA

THE CONTEXT: The health sector being a crucial arena of discussion at G20 Summit 2023 held in Delhi, the Prime Minister launched the sixth edition of One Earth and One Health Advantage Healthcare India 2023, where he reinstated India’s vision and commitment towards universal health coverage not just for humans but for their entire ecosystem. Although the initiatives are laudable, however, in order to achieve the objective of one health and universal health coverage it is necessary to focus on primary health care. This article analyses various aspects of primary healthcare in India from the UPSC perspective.

STATUS OF NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) AND RELATED INITIATIVE

  • Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioural factors.
  • India is experiencing a rapid health transition with a rising burden of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) surpassing the burden of Communicable diseases like water-borne or vector borne diseases, TB, HIV, etc.
  • The four major NCDs are cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) and diabetes which share four behavioural risk factors – unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, and use of tobacco and alcohol.
  • A study ‘India: Health of the Nation’s States – The India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative in 2017’ by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) estimated that the proportion of deaths due to NCDs in India have increased from 37.9% in 1990 to 61.8% in 2016.
  • Recently, the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) programme has been renamed National Programme for Prevention & Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NP-NCD) for widening coverage and expansion.
  • Now, the NP-NCD Scheme subsume all types of NCDs with an addition of diseases to the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS), such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic kidney disease etc.

GOVT POLICY AND SCHEMES RELATED WITH PRIMARY HEALTH CARE:

  • Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs): HWC are created under Ayusham Bharat Programme by converting the existing primary health centres and subcentres. They provide comprehensive primary health care (CPHC) including a child and maternal health services, non-communicable diseases, and also diagnostic services, and free essential drugs.
  • Primary Health Centre (PHC): Under the National Health Mission (NHM), Primary Health Centre (PHC) are established to cover a population of 30,000 in rural areas and 20,000 in hilly, tribal and desert areas. PHCs are established to cover defined population.
  • Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK): The scheme is to benefit pregnant women and infant who access Government health facilities for their delivery and post-delivery care.
  • Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0:  It seeks to address the challenging situation of malnutrition among children up to the age of 6 years, adolescent girls (14-18 years) and pregnant and lactating women. The scheme is open to all eligible beneficiaries and the only pre-condition is that the beneficiary has to be registered at the nearest Anganwadi centre with Aadhaar identification.

ONE EARTH AND ONE HEALTH ADVANTAGE HEALTHCARE INDIA 2023:

  • One Earth One Health is a holistic approach that emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.
  • Recently, the sixth edition of One Earth and One Health has been launched for universal health coverage not just for humans but for their entire ecosystem. It aligns with India’s G20 Presidency theme of ‘One Earth, One Family, One Future’.
  • It was organised in partnership with the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI), the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
  • Its primary objective is to showcase India’s competence in the medical value travel industry as a provider of Value-Based Healthcare services and exporter of Healthcare Workforce.

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria that people spread to one another through contact with contaminated surfaces, bodily fluids, blood products, insect bites, or through the air. There are many examples of communicable diseases. Some examples of reportable communicable disease include HIV, hepatitis A, B and C, measles, salmonella, measles, and blood-borne illnesses.

  • State of Communicable Diseases in India:

India, a country with a population of over 1.3 billion, has made significant strides in various facets of healthcare. Yet, communicable diseases remain a looming challenge, causing a substantial number of deaths and illnesses annually. From diseases like tuberculosis, which has long haunted the nation, to more recent challenges like the dengue and chikungunya outbreaks, India’s battle against infectious diseases is ongoing.

OVERVIEW OF PRIMARY HEALTHCARE IN INDIA

Primary Healthcare: The First Line of Defense

Primary health care (PHC) refers to a broad range of health services provided by medical professionals in the community. This means universal health care is accessible to all individuals and families in a community.

General health-care practitioners, nurses, pharmacists, and allied health-care providers are exclusive components of the primary health-care team. Basically, the PHC service is the process and practice of immediate health services, including diagnosis and treatment of a health condition, support in managing long-term health care, including chronic conditions such as diabetes. PHC also includes regular health checks, health advice when an unhealthy person seeks support for ongoing care.

With a vast rural populace and dense urban settlements, primary healthcare becomes even more significant for India. It’s not just about treating diseases but preventing them, educating the public, and ensuring early intervention.

Effective PHC systems are characterized by the following:

  • Accessibility:PHC facilities should be accessible to all members of the community, regardless of their income or social status.
  • Affordability:PHC services should be affordable to all members of the community.
  • Quality:PHC services should be of high quality, and PHC workers should be skilled and knowledgeable.
  • Comprehensiveness:PHC services should be comprehensive and include preventive care, curative care, and rehabilitative care.

Why Strengthening Primary Healthcare is Imperative

While tertiary healthcare institutions, like specialized hospitals, play a role in treating advanced stages of diseases, the importance of primary healthcare cannot be overstated.

In a country as vast and diverse as India, the eradication of communicable diseases necessitates a bottom-up approach, where Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) become the epicenters of change.

By bolstering our primary healthcare systems, we can ensure that every Indian, regardless of their socio-economic background or geographical location, has access to timely and effective medical care.

GLOBALIZATION AND THE SPREAD OF DISEASE

In the age of globalization, the world has become a smaller place. Borders are more porous, and people, goods, and services move across countries with ease. While this brings countless benefits, it also comes with its share of challenges, particularly in the realm of health. Communicable diseases, which once were localized, can now spread globally within days, as evidenced by recent pandemics.

  • The Indian Context: Localized Spreading

For a country like India, with its diverse landscapes, dense urban settlements, and vast rural expanses, the concept of ‘local globalization’ is especially pertinent. A disease outbreak in one part of the country can quickly spread to other parts, given the high mobility of the population. This inter-state and inter-district transmission can be likened to global disease transmission but on a national scale.

THE SWOT ANALYSIS OF INDIA’S PRIMARY HEALTHCARE IN ADDRESSING COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

STRENGTHS

  • Vast Network of Healthcare Centers: India boasts a vast network of primary healthcare centers (PHCs), sub-centers, and community health centers (CHCs) spread across the country, reaching even the remotest regions.
  • Diverse Healthcare Workforce: From ASHA workers to specialized doctors, the healthcare workforce in India is diverse, ensuring varied expertise at the grassroots level.
  • Government Initiatives: Over the years, the Indian government has launched various health schemes like Ayushman Bharat, which focus on making healthcare accessible to all.
  • Traditional Medical Knowledge: India’s rich heritage in traditional medicine, including Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani, offers alternative methods for disease prevention and treatment.

WEAKNESSES

  • Infrastructure Gaps: Many PHCs and CHCs lack adequate infrastructure, from basic amenities to specialized equipment.
  • Staff Shortages: Vacant positions, especially in rural areas, make it challenging to deliver consistent healthcare services.
  • Inadequate Training: While the workforce is vast, there’s often a gap in training, particularly in understanding and managing emerging diseases.
  • Lack of Technology Integration: Modern health technologies, including telemedicine and health informatics, are yet to be fully integrated into primary healthcare.

OPPORTUNITIES

  • Digital Health: With the rising penetration of smartphones and internet connectivity, there’s immense potential for digital health solutions, from remote consultations to health apps.
  • Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Collaborations between the government and private entities can bring in investments, expertise, and innovative healthcare delivery models.
  • Community Engagement: By involving communities in health decision-making, there’s potential for more tailored, effective health interventions.
  • Global Collaborations: Partnerships with international health bodies can bring in global best practices, funding, and expertise.

THREATS

  • Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases: New diseases, like COVID-19, or the resurgence of old ones, like tuberculosis, pose constant challenges to primary healthcare.
  • Climate Change: Altered weather patterns can lead to the spread of vector-borne diseases, challenging existing healthcare strategies.
  • Healthcare Funding Cuts: Economic challenges might lead to reduced healthcare budgets, impacting service delivery.
  • Socio-cultural Barriers: Misinformation, superstitions, or resistance to certain medical practices can hinder effective disease management at the grassroots level.

CONSEQUENCES OF NEGLECTING PRIMARY HEALTHCARE

Primary healthcare (PHC) forms the bedrock of a nation’s health system. Serving as the first point of contact for individuals with the healthcare system, its role is pivotal in disease prevention, health promotion, and timely intervention. A neglected primary healthcare system can have dire consequences, ranging from health to socio-economic impacts.

RISE IN DISEASE TRANSMISSION

  • Without robust PHC systems, routine immunization drives can suffer, early disease detection can be compromised, and timely interventions can be delayed.
  • According to a WHO report from 2021, disruptions in essential health services due to the COVID-19 pandemic could result in an additional 200,000 child deaths and 12,000 maternal deaths every month globally. Much of these deaths can be attributed to weakened primary healthcare services.

ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS

  • Loss in Productivity: Sick employees or those taking care of sick family members can lead to reduced working hours and absenteeism. A study published in Health Affairs in 2020 estimated that absenteeism due to illness can cost the global economy around $530 billion annually.
  • Increased Healthcare Costs: With a compromised PHC, there’s a higher reliance on tertiary care, which is often more expensive and may involve advanced treatments due to delayed interventions resulting in high out of the pocket expenditure. According to the World Bank, India spends less than 2% of its GDP on healthcare. This is one of the lowest levels of healthcare spending in the world. As a result, many people in India are unable to afford to access healthcare services.

SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS

Disruption of Communities: High disease prevalence can lead to stigmatization, loss of workforce, and even community displacement in extreme cases. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant concern in India.

  • In 2020, the Global Tuberculosis Report cited an estimated 2.64 million TB cases in India. Neglected PHC can result in delayed TB diagnosis, thereby affecting community health. Stigmatized diseases can lead to reduced social interactions, community cohesion loss, and even mental health issues.
  • According to the National Sample Survey, the poorest 20% of the population in India accounts for only 9% of total healthcare spending. The richest 20% of the population, on the other hand, accounts for 42% of total healthcare spending. This means that the poorest people in India are less likely to be able to afford healthcare services than the richest people in India.

Impact on Families: Families bear the emotional, financial, and physical burden of caring for sick members. As per a report by the World Economic Forum in 2021, families in Southeast Asia, including India, spent approximately 7.3% of their monthly income on healthcare, a number that escalates with weak PHC.

CHALLENGES IN NAVIGATING THE COMPLEX LANDSCAPE OF PRIMARY HEALTHCARE IN INDIA

LIMITED RESOURCES AND FUNDING

  • Despite the vastness of the healthcare system, funding remains a pivotal concern. The allocation for healthcare in India’s budget, as a percentage of GDP, has historically been low (less than 2%) compared to global standards.
  • Underfunded PHCs also result in compromised services, lack of essential medications, inadequate diagnostic tools, and sub-par infrastructure.

GEOGRAPHICAL AND CULTURAL BARRIERS

  • India’s diverse terrain, from hilly regions to remote villages, poses logistical challenges. Additionally, cultural differences, language barriers, and traditional beliefs can influence healthcare-seeking behavior.
  • These barriers can lead to delayed treatments, reluctance in adopting preventive measures, and non-adherence to medical advice.

OVERBURDENED PHCS

  • With the population surge and the increasing burden of both communicable and non-communicable diseases, PHCs often cater to more patients than their capacity allows.
  • Overcrowding lead to reduced consultation times, long waiting periods, and potential misdiagnoses. Furthermore, healthcare workers under continuous stress are more prone to burnout.

TRAINED MEDICAL PERSONNEL

  • The demand for skilled healthcare professionals, particularly in rural areas, outstrips the supply. Specialized training for emerging diseases is also lacking. This gap can lead to mismanagement of diseases, reliance on under-qualified personnel, and decreased trust in the healthcare system.

FRAGMENTED HEALTHCARE DATA AND LACK OF INTEGRATION

  • The Indian healthcare system often operates in silos, with limited integration between primary, secondary, and tertiary care. Additionally, there’s a lack of unified health records. Fragmented data can hinder effective disease tracking, lead to repetitive diagnostic tests, and impede coordinated care.

RESISTANCE TO MODERN MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS

  • Misinformation, fuelled in part by myths, superstitions, and occasionally mistrust of modern medicine, poses hindrance to effective primary healthcare. Resistance can manifest in various ways, from vaccine hesitancy to reluctance in seeking timely medical interventions.

SUPPLY CHAIN INEFFICIENCIES

  • The timely availability of essential drugs, vaccines, and medical equipment can be compromised due to logistical issues, bureaucratic delays, or inadequate storage facilities. Inefficiencies can lead to stock-outs, hampering disease treatment and prevention efforts.

GOVERNANCE: THE BEDROCK OF EFFECTIVE DISEASE CONTROL

The rapid spread of diseases places an enormous responsibility on governance structures. Effective governance doesn’t just imply a reactive approach to outbreaks but necessitates a proactive stance, focusing on prevention, early detection, and rapid response.

Primary health infrastructures play a pivotal role in either curbing or exacerbating the spread of diseases. On the one hand, robust local health systems can quickly identify and contain outbreaks, reducing transmission rates. On the other hand, weak systems can result in delayed responses, furthering the spread and complicating treatment efforts.

Lack of foresight, underfunded health initiatives, and inadequate infrastructure can result in uncontrolled disease proliferation. Not only does this strain already overburdened healthcare systems, but it also leads to economic repercussions, hampers development, and erodes public trust in authorities.

Governance in healthcare isn’t merely about allocating funds or building infrastructure; it’s about orchestrating a symphony of diverse functions, stakeholders, and resources towards a unified goal of disease control and improved public health.

  • The Indian Duality: Central vs. State Governance: India’s federal structure necessitates a delicate balance between central and state healthcare policies. While the central government provides overarching guidelines and support, the implementation largely falls on state governments, each contending with unique demographics, health challenges, and resources.
  • The Role of Local Self-Governance Bodies: Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and urban local bodies play a pivotal role in health governance at the grassroots level. Their on-the-ground presence, understanding of local issues and direct engagement with communities make them instrumental in driving localized health initiatives.

The Analysis:

Continuous and comprehensive care provided by the primary health care team can provide effective health education and prevention interventions based on the medical and social needs of patients. This helps tackle risk factors and other social determinants of health, which in turn improves equity of health outcomes.

Drawing on these efforts to strengthen primary health care, efforts by states and the central government in India have been growing. At the state level, many have adopted varied models of primary health care like mohalla clinics in Delhi, Basti Dawakhana in Telangana, Apala dawakhana in Mumbai, and so on.

Nevertheless efficient and fully functionally primary health care facilities are distant in all regions. Neoliberalism and privatisation is to blame as proliferation of private hospitals and private clinics have drawn patients away from the public health system. In urban areas this phenomenon is prevalent although it has begun penetrating rural regions too.

This has led to a shift in focus from primary health care and the public health system to private health care. Efforts and strategic advancement is required to reinstate the importance and efficient working of primary health centres in the public health system.

THE WAY FORWARD TOWARDS ROBUST HEALTH GOVERNANCE:

  • Political Will: The commitment of policymakers to address pressing health challenges. It translates into budgetary allocations, policy prioritizations, and the creation of a conducive environment for healthcare reforms.

          For instance, India’s commitment to eradicating polio, which was realized in 2014, was underpinned by political will. Leaders across the spectrum recognized the importance of the issue and mobilized resources accordingly.

  • Collaboration: Collaborative federalism ensures that health policies are not only universally designed but are also locally relevant. However, it also necessitates greater communication and coordination between the two levels of government to prevent duplication of efforts and ensure the best use of resources.

          For instance, The National Health Mission (NHM) is a central government initiative, but its execution is tailored by state governments based on regional health challenges.

  • Increased cooperation of International Organizations and NGOs: International organizations (like WHO, UNICEF) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) complement the efforts of the government. They bring in expertise, funds, and global best practices.

          For instance, The WHO played a pivotal role in India’s battle against tuberculosis, providing technical assistance, monitoring, and evaluation. Similarly, NGOs such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation have contributed significantly to various health campaigns in the country. India should reap the benefits of such cooperation ensuring that India’s health initiatives are in line with global standards and benefit from international experiences.

  • (Awareness, Investment and Rethinking) AIR Strategy: Awareness to bring back people’s knowledge about the importance of an efficient primary health care structure.

          Investment in this domain is the need of the hour. Considering the staggering importance of a primary health centre, it is crucial to have a uniform, mandatory and enthusiastic investment in the primary health structure to overcome the health challenges faced by the country. Without uniformity, a strengthening of the primary health system and universal health coverage is not possible.

Need to rethink and reassess the primary health care needs of the community. The current primary health care system in India follows the guidelines outlined by the Bhore Committee report of 1946. People, society and health care challenges have transitioned over the years. Today the health care needs of the people are different from what people in post-partition India required.

BEST PRACTICES

Kerala’s Community-Based Approach: Kerala stands out for its robust public health system. The state adopted a community-based approach, actively involving local governing bodies and leveraging a network of community health workers. The state boasts high literacy rates, low infant and maternal mortality rates, and has been at the forefront in managing various health crises effectively, including the Nipah virus outbreak and COVID-19.

Tamil Nadu’s Health System Strengthening: Tamil Nadu has invested in strengthening its health infrastructure, including establishing well-equipped PHCs, introducing electronic health records, and ensuring a regular supply of medicines through the Tamil Nadu Medical Services Corporation. The state consistently ranks high in healthcare indices, with reduced mortality rates and efficient disease management systems.

THE CONCLUSION: Despite commendable government initiatives, India’s primary healthcare system requires augmented focus. While strides have been made, many areas, especially rural regions, still face infrastructural deficits, shortage of medical professionals, and inadequate facilities. Fortifying primary healthcare isn’t just a necessity; it’s a cornerstone for achieving comprehensive nation building. SDG 3, which aims to ensure health and well-being for all, underscores the importance of universal health coverage, including quality primary healthcare. Meeting SDG targets is not merely about global commitment but also about ensuring holistic well-being for India’s vast populace. Strengthening primary healthcare is pivotal in this quest.

Mains Practice Questions:

Q.1 The effective and timely implementation of well-designed primary healthcare policies result in improved health outcomes. Comment.

Q.2 What are the challenges faced by Primary Healthcare in India? Discuss the Awareness, Investment and Rethinking (AIR) strategy for improving the efficacy of the primary healthcare services in India.

Additional Information



WSDP Bulletin (28/11/2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1.  EC tells Telangana govt to stop disbursal of Rythu Bandhu, cites model code READ MORE

2.  Webb space telescope spies precocious ‘teenage’ galaxies READ MORE

3.  Lightning strikes kills 24 persons in Gujarat, as sudden rains and thunderstorms batter the State READ MORE

4.  As deaths due to work-related factors increase, ILO report calls for countries to strengthen safety net READ MORE

5.  SC rejects undertrial’s plea to use its powers to club 30 FIRs arraigned against him across seven States READ MORE

6.  Fibre optic cables: its origins, working and different functions READ MORE

7.  COP, carbon market, loss and damage: A glossary of climate terms READ MORE

8.  How Napoleon’s failed Egypt expedition gave birth to Egyptology READ MORE

9.  What is rat-hole mining, being done to rescue trapped Uttarkashi tunnel workers READ MORE

10. North India can tackle smog using eco-friendly farm practices from the South, say experts READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Why do Nepal, Bangladesh beat India in social indicators? Starts with caste READ MORE

2. Tropical cyclones cause more damage than we think — and India among countries facing high social cost of carbon READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. It’s time to revamp the structure of the Supreme Court READ MORE

2. In international law, government cannot override Parliament READ MORE

3. Judicial service: President’s pitch can help build consensus READ MORE

4. Governor-govt discord and the power of the unwritten word READ MORE

5. Governors must now fall in line with definition of role READ MORE

6. Governing the Governors READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. For government schemes, a path to dignity for the poor READ MORE

2. Bihar’s quixotic battle against alcohol READ MORE

 INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. The many grave risks confronting the world today READ MORE   

2. Delhi must be firm with Maldives’ new leader READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Can dollarisation save an economy? | Explained READ MORE

2. Producing more from less: How Indian agriculture has grown with limited ‘factors of production’ READ MORE

3. The revenue record READ MORE

4. Onionomics: Peeling back the layers READ MORE

5. ‘Jobs for locals only’ laws are unjust READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Winter blues READ MORE

2. Can the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund make a difference? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Is AI an ally in fight for gender equality? READ MORE  

2. Deepfake crackdown: Need to create robust regulatory framework READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. 15 years after 26/11: A tragedy that could have been averted READ MORE

2. Review internal security challenges READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. A touchstone of risk: On the rescue efforts in the Silkyara tunnel in Uttarkashi READ MORE

2. Mining tragedy: Joint task force a must to curb illegal quarrying READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. A padlocked gate in the middle of an open field READ MORE

2. Formless divinity READ MORE

3. Towards A Harmonious Milieu READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. DBT ended the poverty parade with the government reaching the poor rather than the other way around. Discuss how, apart from the effective delivering of subsidies, DBT has become an effective tool to preserve the dignity of the poor?

2. How far do you agree with this view that the Governor enjoys a unique position In India as he is neither answerable to the legislature nor Parliament? Justify your view with some cases.

3. Critically examine the discretionary power of the Governor. How far do you agree with this view that the state executive’s concept of ‘aid and advice’ to the Governor has lost its relevance, and discretionary power has become a significant guide for the Governor?

4. The role of the governor is not clearly defined in Indian Constitution and the time has come to strengthen the Constitution and bring more clarity to the roles and responsibilities of the governor. Critically comment on the statement in the light of recent state governments governor tussle.

5. Deepfake technology not only poses a threat to the privacy of individuals but can be a challenge to national security. In the light of the statement do you think that a robust regulatory framework should be implemented?

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • If the freedom of speech is taken away, dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the slaughter.
  • The work of the Supreme Court could be split so that there is a Final Court of Appeal and a permanent Constitution Bench. This would ensure greater judicial stability and consistency by explicitly distinguishing cases filed under constitutional authority from those filed under appellate and review jurisdiction.
  • Despite several instances of roads being washed away and dams breached, there is still the lack of an awareness that infrastructure development in fragile terrain requires much greater scrutiny, expertise and project-monitoring skills.
  • In a civil and humane society, it is essential to recognise that all individuals, irrespective of their economic and social circumstances, have equal rights to dignity.
  • DBT ended the poverty parade with the government reaching the poor rather than the other way around.
  • Tax-to-GDP ratio, a critical economic metric, has increased over the last few years. That’s very good news. Govt’s next goals should be a simple tax code & a system to tax self-employed professionals.
  • Better regulation, adequate de-addiction centres, health and safety checks, and more government attention on policing could curb ill-effects of prohibition.
  • The Governor also enjoys a unique position as he is neither answerable to the legislature nor Parliament. The President of India can be impeached, but there is no such provision in respect of a Governor. He serves only at the pleasure of the President, which actually means the Central Government.
  • Ironically, our forebears could not have foreseen that this humble, tear-inducing vegetable would influence politics and economics alike to the surprise of economists and policymakers, drawing worldwide attention.

50-WORD TALK

  • Election Commission’s ground for withdrawal of permission to Telangana government to make disbursals under Rythu Bandhu is flimsy. Calling minister’s announcement of disbursal time MCC violation but keeping silent on PM Modi declaring free foodgrain scheme’s extension is blatant partisanship. Poll watchdog losing credibility is bad news for Indian democracy.
  • It must be remembered that it is the right of the citizens to benefit from the laws passed by the legislatures. It is hence incumbent upon the apex court, armed under Article 142 with the discretionary power to “pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it” to remove every impediment that stands between the citizen and legislative actions. Fixing a time limit for the governors to decide on giving assent to bills will remove one such impediment.
  • The rescue mission to take out the 41 labourers stuck inside the collapsed tunnel in Uttarakhand is benefitting from the accumulated knowledge of six different government agencies. The first breakthrough has been made with food and essential medicines sent inside. India is rooting their valiant efforts to bring them home.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
  • Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.


WSDP Bulletin (27/11/2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1.  India announces phased introduction of biogas blending for domestic use READ MORE

2.  India’s agri imports from South Australia grew 200% under zero-tariff regime READ MORE

3.  Antarctica’s ozone hole expands mid-spring since 2001 READ MORE

4.  Rejection by Governor does not mean death of Bill, says Supreme Court READ MORE

5.  Pulses, oil seeds, fruit output to lag demand till at least 2030-31: report READ MORE

6. SC Constitution Day celebrations: Murmu calls for an all-India judicial service to recruit judges, says will boost representation READ MORE

7.  What is Thanksgiving, and why some Native Americans see it as a day of remembrance READ MORE

8. How gene therapy will revolutionise treatment of sickle cell disease READ MORE

9. Time for version 2.0: IUCN Red List outdated and unreliable, claim scientists in new paper READ MORE

10.  East Africa ‘super El Nino’: Death toll rises as flooding crisis worsens in Kenya, Somali READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Why do Nepal, Bangladesh beat India in social indicators? Starts with caste READ MORE

2. Tropical cyclones cause more damage than we think — and India among countries facing high social cost of carbon READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Why is Bihar demanding the Special Category Status? | Explained READ MORE

2. Court draws the red line for governors READ MORE

3. Govt vs Court – the problem is structural READ MORE

4. Need to bring more constitutional clarity to governors’ powers READ MORE

5. Electoral bonds go against political equality READ MORE

6. Aadhaar can help India gamify healthcare. Give citizens points for positive behaviour READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Significance of creativity in the curriculum READ MORE

 INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. A deep, stable partnership READ MORE  

2. India-Australia ties: 2+2 dialogue gives strategic boost READ MORE

3. Calling names will not help READ MORE

4. Geopolitical implications of energy transition READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. On fiscal consolidation, so far, so good READ MORE

2. Sovereign gold bonds should be phased out READ MORE

3. Not easy to replace paddy with millets READ MORE

4. Address the disquiet among the states READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Fleet electrification to tackle urban pollution READ MORE

2. Can the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund make a difference? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Is AI an ally in fight for gender equality? READ MORE  

2. Deepfake crackdown: Need to create robust regulatory framework READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. 15 years after 26/11: A tragedy that could have been averted READ MORE

2. Review internal security challenges READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Moulding the Himalayas needs caution READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. The two imposters: Triumph and disaster READ MORE

2. Good and Evil READ MORE

3. Formless divinity READ MORE

4. Success in failure READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. Governors must stick to their Constitutional role and holding of bills by the Governor is a brazen interference in the elected government’s functioning. Critically examine.

2. Recent developments in India’s neighbourhood shows Neighbourhood First policy, introduced in 2014, needs an upgrade. Comment.

3. Electoral bonds pose not merely legal questions about informational rights and parliamentary procedures, but the fundamental question of political equality. Argue.

4. The role of the governor is not clearly defined in Indian Constitution and the time has come to strengthen the Constitution and bring more clarity to the roles and responsibilities of the governor. Critically comment on the statement in the light of recent state governments governor tussle.

5. Deepfake technology not only poses a threat to the privacy of individuals but can be a challenge to national security. In the light of the statement do you think that a robust regulatory framework should be implemented?

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • You cannot have a great powerful country if you cannot manage its internal security.
  • Creativity in education is the catalyst for transforming knowledge into innovation, encouraging learners to think, explore, and connect.
  • It’s time leaders of the US and China stopped wincing or winking away from the real issues related to sustainable development goals.
  • Aadhaar data can be used to nudge public behaviour through a points-based incentive system, with additive benefits the more health-positive actions one takes.
  • The Centre claimed electoral bonds would bring in transparency. But they are tools for the wealthy to hijack democracy. Public funding could be a way out.
  • Electoral bonds pose not merely the legal questions about informational rights and parliamentary procedures, but also the fundamental question of political equality.
  • Though successive governments have done everything to discredit the idea of socialism in the preamble to the Constitution, it remains a formidable and effective tool to assert political equality, a basic feature of the Constitution.
  • Legitimising electoral bonds, which enable corporations to hijack the country’s democracy, is antithetical to the constitutional value of socialism.
  • Socialism, as a notion, is manifest in different ways in the equality clauses under Part III and the directive principles under Part IV of the Constitution.
  • The framers of the Constitution had perhaps not foreseen how the governor’s role would evolve. The time has come to strengthen the Constitution and bring more clarity to the roles and responsibilities of the governor.
  • Deepfake technology not only poses a threat to the privacy of public figures but can also be used to foment trouble, spread disinformation and fake news, and jeopardise national security.

ESSAY TOPIC

  • Power is no blessing in itself, except when it is used to protect the innocent.

50-WORD TALK

  • India’s troubles in the neighbourhood are growing. After Bhutan and Nepal, it’s Maldives now. The new Maldivian President has asked Kiren Rijiju to pull out Indian troops. This indicates the direction in which the ties between the two countries is headed. PM Modi’s 2014 Neighbourhood First policy needs an upgrade.
  • Tamil Nadu governor RN Ravi’s return of 10 bills to Assembly, withholding assent was a brazen interference in elected government’s functioning. Now that assembly has re-adopted them, he mustn’t delay assent anymore. Governors must stick to their Constitutional role. Their involvement in politics is eroding public trust in Raj Bhawans.
  • The rescue mission to take out the 41 labourers stuck inside the collapsed tunnel in Uttarakhand is benefitting from the accumulated knowledge of six different government agencies. The first breakthrough has been made with food and essential medicines sent inside. India is rooting their valiant efforts to bring them home.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
  • Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.


Day-541 | Daily MCQs | UPSC Prelims | CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS

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  1. Question 1 of 5
    1. Question

    1. With reference to the Gender Social Norms Index, consider the following statements:
    1. It is published annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF).
    2. It benchmarks the people’s attitudes towards women across four key dimensions.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: B
    Explanation:
    Context: The UNDP’s 2023 Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI) provides insights into the persistence of the biases and their impact on various aspects of women’s lives.
    Statement 1 is incorrect: It is published annually by the United Nations Development Programme.
    Statement 2 is correct: The UNDP tracked people’s attitudes towards women in four dimensions: political, educational, economic and physical integrity. The UNDP reports that nearly 90% of people still hold at least one bias against women.
    Additional information:
    Findings in gender social norms 2023:
    ▪ Political Participation and Representation: Biases in gender social norms contribute to a lack of equality in political participation. Approximately half of the world’s population believes men make better political leaders, while two in five believe men make better business executives.
    ▪ Economic Empowerment: Despite progress in education, gender gaps in economic empowerment persist. The increase in women’s education has not translated into better economic outcomes. In 59 countries where adult women are more educated than men, the average income gap is 39%.

    Incorrect

    Answer: B
    Explanation:
    Context: The UNDP’s 2023 Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI) provides insights into the persistence of the biases and their impact on various aspects of women’s lives.
    Statement 1 is incorrect: It is published annually by the United Nations Development Programme.
    Statement 2 is correct: The UNDP tracked people’s attitudes towards women in four dimensions: political, educational, economic and physical integrity. The UNDP reports that nearly 90% of people still hold at least one bias against women.
    Additional information:
    Findings in gender social norms 2023:
    ▪ Political Participation and Representation: Biases in gender social norms contribute to a lack of equality in political participation. Approximately half of the world’s population believes men make better political leaders, while two in five believe men make better business executives.
    ▪ Economic Empowerment: Despite progress in education, gender gaps in economic empowerment persist. The increase in women’s education has not translated into better economic outcomes. In 59 countries where adult women are more educated than men, the average income gap is 39%.

  2. Question 2 of 5
    2. Question

    2. With reference to the SACRED Portal, consider the following statements:
    1. It is developed by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
    2. It provides assisted living devices to eligible senior citizens suffering from any of the age-related disabilities.
    How many of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Context: In a first of its kind move, the government has come up with Senior Able Citizens for Re-Employment in Dignity(SACRED) Portal, an online employment exchange platform to cater to senior citizens seeking job opportunities.
    Statement 1 is correct: It is a portal developed by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
    Statement 2 is incorrect: The portal provides opportunities for senior citizens to find suitable jobs and work options that match their preferences and skills.
    Additional information:
    ▪ SACRED Portal empowers the senior citizens and provide them with opportunities for re-employment.
    ▪ This portal specifically targets citizens aged 60 years and above, focusing on the needs and requirements of this age group.
    ▪ The SACRED Portal employs a virtual matching system that aligns the preferences of senior citizens with private enterprises seeking experienced individuals.
    ▪ Through job opportunities, the SACRED Portal helps senior citizens attain financial security and reduces their dependence on external support.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Context: In a first of its kind move, the government has come up with Senior Able Citizens for Re-Employment in Dignity(SACRED) Portal, an online employment exchange platform to cater to senior citizens seeking job opportunities.
    Statement 1 is correct: It is a portal developed by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
    Statement 2 is incorrect: The portal provides opportunities for senior citizens to find suitable jobs and work options that match their preferences and skills.
    Additional information:
    ▪ SACRED Portal empowers the senior citizens and provide them with opportunities for re-employment.
    ▪ This portal specifically targets citizens aged 60 years and above, focusing on the needs and requirements of this age group.
    ▪ The SACRED Portal employs a virtual matching system that aligns the preferences of senior citizens with private enterprises seeking experienced individuals.
    ▪ Through job opportunities, the SACRED Portal helps senior citizens attain financial security and reduces their dependence on external support.

  3. Question 3 of 5
    3. Question

    3. Consider the following pairs:
    Operations – Related events
    1. Operation Kaveri – Evacuation of citizens during crisis in Afghanistan
    2. Operation Ajay – Evacuation of citizens during crisis in Israel
    3. Operation Rahat – Evacuation of citizens during crisis in Yemen
    How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

    Correct

    Answer: B
    Explanation:
    Context: Operation Ajay has been launched to facilitate the evacuation of Indians after a series of attacks on Israeli towns by Hamas militants.
    Operations – Related events
    1) Operation Kaveri – Evacuation of citizens during crisis in Sudan
    2) Operation Ajay – Evacuation of citizens during crisis in Israel
    3) Operation Rahat – Evacuation of citizens during crisis in Yemen
    ▪ Operation Kaveri: Operation Kaveri is a code name for India’s evacuation effort to bring back its citizens stranded in Sudan amid intense fighting between the army and a rival paramilitary force there. The operation involves the deployment of Indian Navy’s INS Sumedha, a stealth offshore patrol vessel, and two Indian Air Force C-130J special operations aircraft on standby in Jeddah.
    ▪ Operation Ajay: Operation Ajay is to bring back Indians from Israel as the conflict escalated with Israel retaliating against Hamas’s attack.
    ▪ Operation Rahat: In 2015, a conflict raged between the Yemeni government and Houthi rebels. Thousands of Indians were stranded and Yemen was not accessible by air due to a no-fly zone announced by Saudi Arabia. Under Operation Raahat, India evacuated nearly 5,600 people from Yemen.
    ▪ Operation Devi Shakti: It was India’s complex mission to evacuate its citizens and Afghan partners from Kabul after its swift takeover by the Taliban.

    Incorrect

    Answer: B
    Explanation:
    Context: Operation Ajay has been launched to facilitate the evacuation of Indians after a series of attacks on Israeli towns by Hamas militants.
    Operations – Related events
    1) Operation Kaveri – Evacuation of citizens during crisis in Sudan
    2) Operation Ajay – Evacuation of citizens during crisis in Israel
    3) Operation Rahat – Evacuation of citizens during crisis in Yemen
    ▪ Operation Kaveri: Operation Kaveri is a code name for India’s evacuation effort to bring back its citizens stranded in Sudan amid intense fighting between the army and a rival paramilitary force there. The operation involves the deployment of Indian Navy’s INS Sumedha, a stealth offshore patrol vessel, and two Indian Air Force C-130J special operations aircraft on standby in Jeddah.
    ▪ Operation Ajay: Operation Ajay is to bring back Indians from Israel as the conflict escalated with Israel retaliating against Hamas’s attack.
    ▪ Operation Rahat: In 2015, a conflict raged between the Yemeni government and Houthi rebels. Thousands of Indians were stranded and Yemen was not accessible by air due to a no-fly zone announced by Saudi Arabia. Under Operation Raahat, India evacuated nearly 5,600 people from Yemen.
    ▪ Operation Devi Shakti: It was India’s complex mission to evacuate its citizens and Afghan partners from Kabul after its swift takeover by the Taliban.

  4. Question 4 of 5
    4. Question

    4. Consider the following statements:
    Statement I: Markets in Crypto Assets (MiCA) regulation is a European Union initiative which aims to bring largely unregulated cryptocurrency markets under government regulation.
    Statement II: MiCA aims to regulate Non Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and digital assets that would qualify as transferable securities.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    Correct

    Answer: C
    Explanation:
    Context: Recently, the European Parliament has approved the Markets in Crypto Assets (MiCA) regulation. The regulation will come into force after formal approval by member states.
    Statement 1 is correct: Markets in Crypto Assets (MiCA) regulation is an European Union initiative as the world’s first comprehensive set of rules that aims to bring largely unregulated cryptocurrency markets under government regulation.
    Statement 2 is incorrect: MiCA will not regulate digital assets that would qualify as transferable securities and function like shares or their equivalent and other crypto assets that already qualify as financial instruments under existing regulation. It will also exclude nonfungible tokens (NFTs).
    Additional information:
    Assets Covered under MiCA:
    ● The MiCA legislation will apply to crypto assets. These are broadly defined as “a digital representation of a value or a right that uses cryptography for security. And is in the form of a coin or a token or any other digital medium which may be transferred and stored electronically.
    ● This definition implies that it will apply not only to traditional cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum but also to newer ones like stablecoins.
    ● MiCA will also establish new rules for three types of stablecoins.
    Assets Out of MiCA’s Scope:
    ● MiCA will also not regulate central bank digital currencies issued by the European Central Bank and digital assets issued by national central banks of EU member countries when acting in their capacity as monetary authorities.

    Incorrect

    Answer: C
    Explanation:
    Context: Recently, the European Parliament has approved the Markets in Crypto Assets (MiCA) regulation. The regulation will come into force after formal approval by member states.
    Statement 1 is correct: Markets in Crypto Assets (MiCA) regulation is an European Union initiative as the world’s first comprehensive set of rules that aims to bring largely unregulated cryptocurrency markets under government regulation.
    Statement 2 is incorrect: MiCA will not regulate digital assets that would qualify as transferable securities and function like shares or their equivalent and other crypto assets that already qualify as financial instruments under existing regulation. It will also exclude nonfungible tokens (NFTs).
    Additional information:
    Assets Covered under MiCA:
    ● The MiCA legislation will apply to crypto assets. These are broadly defined as “a digital representation of a value or a right that uses cryptography for security. And is in the form of a coin or a token or any other digital medium which may be transferred and stored electronically.
    ● This definition implies that it will apply not only to traditional cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum but also to newer ones like stablecoins.
    ● MiCA will also establish new rules for three types of stablecoins.
    Assets Out of MiCA’s Scope:
    ● MiCA will also not regulate central bank digital currencies issued by the European Central Bank and digital assets issued by national central banks of EU member countries when acting in their capacity as monetary authorities.

  5. Question 5 of 5
    5. Question

    5. With reference to the Doha Political Declaration, consider the following statements:
    1. It is a 10-year plan to put the world’s most vulnerable countries back on track to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).
    2. It consists of three key focus areas of poverty, environment and potential of science and technology.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Context: Doha Political Declaration has been adopted by world leaders to fast-track progress in least developed countries.
    Statement 1 is correct: It is a 10-year plan to put the world’s 46 most vulnerable countries back on track to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).
    LDCs are a group of countries identified by the United Nations as having the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development. These countries are characterized by high levels of poverty, low levels of human capital, and limited access to basic services, such as healthcare and education.
    Currently, there are 46 countries on the United Nations’ list of LDCs.
    Africa (33);
    Asia (9);
    Caribbean (1): Haiti;
    Pacific (3): Kiribati, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu.
    Statement 2 is incorrect: It consisted of six key focus areas:
    ▪ eradicating poverty;
    ▪ leveraging the potential of science and technology;
    ▪ addressing climate change;
    ▪ environmental degradation;
    ▪ recovering from COVID-19 pandemic;
    ▪ building resilience against future shocks for risk-informed sustainable development
    Additional information:
    ● 5th United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries (LDC5) concluded with adoption of the ‘Doha Political Declaration’ by the world leaders.
    ● The declaration is a key outcome of the second part of LDC5 conference held under the theme “From Potential to Prosperity” in Qatar.
    Need for the Declaration:
    ● The 46 LDCs are being hit the hardest by multiple crises including the Covid-19 Pandemic, Climate Crisis, growing Inequalities, rising Debt Burdens and economic shocks.
    ● They have contributed minimally to Carbon Dioxide Emissions, but disproportionately bear the burden of climate change impacts.
    ● These countries, which include 33 African nations, face the challenge of high debt costs while having inadequate liquidity to provide essential services.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Context: Doha Political Declaration has been adopted by world leaders to fast-track progress in least developed countries.
    Statement 1 is correct: It is a 10-year plan to put the world’s 46 most vulnerable countries back on track to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).
    LDCs are a group of countries identified by the United Nations as having the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development. These countries are characterized by high levels of poverty, low levels of human capital, and limited access to basic services, such as healthcare and education.
    Currently, there are 46 countries on the United Nations’ list of LDCs.
    Africa (33);
    Asia (9);
    Caribbean (1): Haiti;
    Pacific (3): Kiribati, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu.
    Statement 2 is incorrect: It consisted of six key focus areas:
    ▪ eradicating poverty;
    ▪ leveraging the potential of science and technology;
    ▪ addressing climate change;
    ▪ environmental degradation;
    ▪ recovering from COVID-19 pandemic;
    ▪ building resilience against future shocks for risk-informed sustainable development
    Additional information:
    ● 5th United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries (LDC5) concluded with adoption of the ‘Doha Political Declaration’ by the world leaders.
    ● The declaration is a key outcome of the second part of LDC5 conference held under the theme “From Potential to Prosperity” in Qatar.
    Need for the Declaration:
    ● The 46 LDCs are being hit the hardest by multiple crises including the Covid-19 Pandemic, Climate Crisis, growing Inequalities, rising Debt Burdens and economic shocks.
    ● They have contributed minimally to Carbon Dioxide Emissions, but disproportionately bear the burden of climate change impacts.
    ● These countries, which include 33 African nations, face the challenge of high debt costs while having inadequate liquidity to provide essential services.

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Day-540 | Daily MCQs | UPSC Prelims | ECONOMY

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  1. Question 1 of 5
    1. Question

    1. Consider the following:
    1. Jowar
    2. Ragi
    3. Tur
    4. Gram
    5. Jute
    6. Wheat
    How many of the above are Kharif crops that receive MSP?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    ● Minimum Support Price (MSP) is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to insure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices. The minimum support prices are announced by the Government of India at the beginning of the sowing season for certain crops on the basis of the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). MSP is price fixed by the Government of India to protect the producer (farmers) against excessive fall in price during bumper production years.
    ● Minimum Support Prices for all Rabi and Kharif crops are given below:
    ● List of Kharif crops:
    o Paddy
    o Jowar
    o Bajra
    o Maize
    o Ragi
    o Arhar (Tur)
    o Moong
    o Cotton
    o Groundnut in shell
    o Sunflower seed
    o Soybean
    o Sesamum
    o Niger Seed
    ● List of Rabi crops:
    o Wheat
    o Barley
    o Gram
    o Masur (Lentil)
    o Rapeseed & Mustard
    o Safflower
    o Toria

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    ● Minimum Support Price (MSP) is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to insure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices. The minimum support prices are announced by the Government of India at the beginning of the sowing season for certain crops on the basis of the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). MSP is price fixed by the Government of India to protect the producer (farmers) against excessive fall in price during bumper production years.
    ● Minimum Support Prices for all Rabi and Kharif crops are given below:
    ● List of Kharif crops:
    o Paddy
    o Jowar
    o Bajra
    o Maize
    o Ragi
    o Arhar (Tur)
    o Moong
    o Cotton
    o Groundnut in shell
    o Sunflower seed
    o Soybean
    o Sesamum
    o Niger Seed
    ● List of Rabi crops:
    o Wheat
    o Barley
    o Gram
    o Masur (Lentil)
    o Rapeseed & Mustard
    o Safflower
    o Toria

  2. Question 2 of 5
    2. Question

    2. Consider the following statements:
    Statement I: Marginal standing facility (MSF) rate is always greater than the repo rate.
    Statement II: MSF can be availed by dipping SLR up to a limit at a penal rate of interest.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Marginal Standing Facility (MSF):
    ● It is a facility introduced in 2011, under which scheduled commercial banks can borrow additional amounts of overnight money (over and above what is available to them through repo rate) from the Reserve Bank by dipping into their SLR portfolio up to a limit (2%) at a penal rate of interest. This provides a safety valve against unanticipated liquidity shocks to the banking system.
    ● When banks take loans from RBI at Repo rate, banks need to keep Government Securities with RBI, but this security is in addition to the requirement under SLR. Banks cannot keep SLR securities to avail loan from RBI at Repo Rate.
    ● But under MSF, banks can borrow from the RBI by dipping into the SLR reserve. This means that the banks can keep 2% of the SLR securities with RBI (i.e., the SLR can go down up to 2% below the normal SLR requirement) and can borrow cash from RBI. This is called Marginal Standing Facility (MSF). But for deepening the SLR below their limit’s banks have to give some penalty. As a result, MSF is greater than the repo rate.
    ● MSF Rate = Repo Rate + 0.25%

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Marginal Standing Facility (MSF):
    ● It is a facility introduced in 2011, under which scheduled commercial banks can borrow additional amounts of overnight money (over and above what is available to them through repo rate) from the Reserve Bank by dipping into their SLR portfolio up to a limit (2%) at a penal rate of interest. This provides a safety valve against unanticipated liquidity shocks to the banking system.
    ● When banks take loans from RBI at Repo rate, banks need to keep Government Securities with RBI, but this security is in addition to the requirement under SLR. Banks cannot keep SLR securities to avail loan from RBI at Repo Rate.
    ● But under MSF, banks can borrow from the RBI by dipping into the SLR reserve. This means that the banks can keep 2% of the SLR securities with RBI (i.e., the SLR can go down up to 2% below the normal SLR requirement) and can borrow cash from RBI. This is called Marginal Standing Facility (MSF). But for deepening the SLR below their limit’s banks have to give some penalty. As a result, MSF is greater than the repo rate.
    ● MSF Rate = Repo Rate + 0.25%

  3. Question 3 of 5
    3. Question

    3. Consider the following statements:
    1. Currency convertibility refers to the freedom to convert the domestic currency into other currencies.
    2. India practices full current account as well as capital account convertibility.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is correct: Currency convertibility refers to the freedom to convert the domestic currency into other internationally accepted currencies and vice versa at the market-determined exchange rate.
    Current Account Convertibility:
    ● RBI allows full conversion of Rupee into foreign currencies and foreign currencies into Rupee (at market price i.e., Nominal Exchange Rate) for any transactions under the current account of balance of payments (BoP). This is called “rupee is fully convertible at current account”. So, suppose someone wants to import commodities worth $10 billion in India then RBI will convert that many Rupees into $10 billion without any restriction for import purposes.
    ● As a part of the economic reforms initiated in 1991 rupee was made fully convertible at current account in 1993.
    Capital Account Convertibility:
    ● RBI does not allow full conversion of Rupee into foreign currencies and foreign currencies into Rupee for transactions falling under the capital account of BoP. There are restrictions/limits imposed by the RBI and government on the value of transactions that anybody can do under a capital account. This is called “rupee is partially convertible at capital account”.
    ● There are restrictions on how much ECB can be raised in a particular year, there are restrictions on how much foreign investors can invest in Government securities, there are restrictions on how much individuals/companies can do capital account kind of transactions etc.
    ● Capital account convertibility leads to free exchange of currency at market rates and an unrestricted mobility of capital. It is beneficial for a country because it increases inflow of foreign investment. But the flip side is that it could destabilize an economy due to massive capital flows in and out of the country.
    ● Rupee will move to full capital account convertibility once the macroeconomic parameters like current account deficit, fiscal deficit, external debt, inflation become stable at low range and there is resilience to absorb shocks related to capital outflows.
    ● Since capital convertibility is risky and makes foreign exchange rate more volatile, it is introduced only sometime after the introduction of convertibility on current account when the exchange rate of currency of a country is relatively stable, deficit in balance of payments is well under control and enough foreign exchange reserves are available with the Central Bank.
    Statement 2 is incorrect: In India, there is full current account convertibility since August 20, 1993. But there is partial capital account convertibility in India.
    Balance of payments: The balance of payments (BOP), also known as the balance of international payments, is a statement of all transactions made between entities in one country and the rest of the world over a defined period, such as a quarter or a year. It summarizes all transactions that a country’s individuals, companies, and government bodies complete with individuals, companies, and government bodies outside the country.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is correct: Currency convertibility refers to the freedom to convert the domestic currency into other internationally accepted currencies and vice versa at the market-determined exchange rate.
    Current Account Convertibility:
    ● RBI allows full conversion of Rupee into foreign currencies and foreign currencies into Rupee (at market price i.e., Nominal Exchange Rate) for any transactions under the current account of balance of payments (BoP). This is called “rupee is fully convertible at current account”. So, suppose someone wants to import commodities worth $10 billion in India then RBI will convert that many Rupees into $10 billion without any restriction for import purposes.
    ● As a part of the economic reforms initiated in 1991 rupee was made fully convertible at current account in 1993.
    Capital Account Convertibility:
    ● RBI does not allow full conversion of Rupee into foreign currencies and foreign currencies into Rupee for transactions falling under the capital account of BoP. There are restrictions/limits imposed by the RBI and government on the value of transactions that anybody can do under a capital account. This is called “rupee is partially convertible at capital account”.
    ● There are restrictions on how much ECB can be raised in a particular year, there are restrictions on how much foreign investors can invest in Government securities, there are restrictions on how much individuals/companies can do capital account kind of transactions etc.
    ● Capital account convertibility leads to free exchange of currency at market rates and an unrestricted mobility of capital. It is beneficial for a country because it increases inflow of foreign investment. But the flip side is that it could destabilize an economy due to massive capital flows in and out of the country.
    ● Rupee will move to full capital account convertibility once the macroeconomic parameters like current account deficit, fiscal deficit, external debt, inflation become stable at low range and there is resilience to absorb shocks related to capital outflows.
    ● Since capital convertibility is risky and makes foreign exchange rate more volatile, it is introduced only sometime after the introduction of convertibility on current account when the exchange rate of currency of a country is relatively stable, deficit in balance of payments is well under control and enough foreign exchange reserves are available with the Central Bank.
    Statement 2 is incorrect: In India, there is full current account convertibility since August 20, 1993. But there is partial capital account convertibility in India.
    Balance of payments: The balance of payments (BOP), also known as the balance of international payments, is a statement of all transactions made between entities in one country and the rest of the world over a defined period, such as a quarter or a year. It summarizes all transactions that a country’s individuals, companies, and government bodies complete with individuals, companies, and government bodies outside the country.

  4. Question 4 of 5
    4. Question

    4. With reference to the PM Vishwakarma scheme, consider the following statements:
    1. It is a centrally sponsored scheme for the upliftment of the traditional artisans and craftsmen.
    2. It is being implemented jointly by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship and the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
    3. It will be initially implemented over a five-year period.
    How many of the statements given above are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Context: PM inaugurates Vishwakarma Scheme for the upliftment of the marginalised.
    Statement 1 is incorrect: It is a central sector scheme for the upliftment of the traditional artisans and craftsmen.
    Statement 2 is incorrect: The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MoMSME) is the Nodal Ministry for the Scheme. The Scheme will be jointly implemented by the MoMSME, the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship and the Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
    Statement 3 is correct: It will initially be implemented over a five-year period, up to the fiscal year 2027-28.
    Additional information:
    Objectives of the Scheme:
    ● Enable recognition of artisans and craftspeople as Vishwakarma.
    ● Provide skill upgradation and training opportunities.
    ● Support access to modern tools.
    ● Facilitate easy access to collateral-free credit.
    ● Encourage digital transactions and empowerment.
    ● Create a platform for brand promotion and market linkages.
    Scheme Eligibility:
    ● Artisans or craftspersons engaged in one of the specified traditional trades.
    ● Minimum age of 18 years.
    ● Not availed loans under similar credit-based schemes in the past 5 years, except for MUDRA and SVANidhi beneficiaries who have fully repaid their loans.
    ● Registration and benefits restricted to one member per family.
    ● Government employees and their family members are not eligible.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Context: PM inaugurates Vishwakarma Scheme for the upliftment of the marginalised.
    Statement 1 is incorrect: It is a central sector scheme for the upliftment of the traditional artisans and craftsmen.
    Statement 2 is incorrect: The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MoMSME) is the Nodal Ministry for the Scheme. The Scheme will be jointly implemented by the MoMSME, the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship and the Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
    Statement 3 is correct: It will initially be implemented over a five-year period, up to the fiscal year 2027-28.
    Additional information:
    Objectives of the Scheme:
    ● Enable recognition of artisans and craftspeople as Vishwakarma.
    ● Provide skill upgradation and training opportunities.
    ● Support access to modern tools.
    ● Facilitate easy access to collateral-free credit.
    ● Encourage digital transactions and empowerment.
    ● Create a platform for brand promotion and market linkages.
    Scheme Eligibility:
    ● Artisans or craftspersons engaged in one of the specified traditional trades.
    ● Minimum age of 18 years.
    ● Not availed loans under similar credit-based schemes in the past 5 years, except for MUDRA and SVANidhi beneficiaries who have fully repaid their loans.
    ● Registration and benefits restricted to one member per family.
    ● Government employees and their family members are not eligible.

  5. Question 5 of 5
    5. Question

    5. Consider the following financial instruments:
    1. Postal Deposits
    2. Public Provident Fund
    3. Sukanya Samriddhi Scheme
    How many of the above are small savings instruments?

    Correct

    Answer: C
    Explanation:
    Context: Despite successive hikes in the interest rates on several small savings instruments (SSIs), the returns are still significantly lower than expected.
    Small savings instruments help individuals achieve their financial goals over a particular period. They are the major source of household savings in India.
    Collections from all small savings instruments are credited to the National Small Savings Fund (NSSF).
    The small savings instrument basket comprises 12 instruments which can be classified into three categories:
    ▪ Postal Deposits: (comprising savings account, recurring deposits, time deposits of varying maturities and monthly income scheme).
    ▪ Savings Certificates: National Small Savings Certificate (NSC) and Kisan Vikas Patra (KVP).
    ▪ Social Security Schemes: Sukanya Samriddhi Scheme, Public Provident Fund (PPF) and Senior Citizens ‘Savings Scheme (SCSS).
    Rates of Small Saving Instruments:
    ▪ The rates for small saving instruments are announced quarterly.
    ▪ Theoretically, it is based on yields of G-Secs of corresponding maturity but political factors also influence the rate change.
    ▪ The Shyamala Gopinath panel (2010) constituted on the Small Saving (SS) Scheme had suggested a market-linked interest rate system for SS Schemes.
    Formula for Small Savings Rates:
    ▪ It is used to calculate the interest rates for various SSIs in India and is based on the average quarterly yields on G-Secs in the first 3 of the preceding 4 months.
    ▪ The formula is used to decide how much interest to pay to savers who invest in SS schemes.

    Incorrect

    Answer: C
    Explanation:
    Context: Despite successive hikes in the interest rates on several small savings instruments (SSIs), the returns are still significantly lower than expected.
    Small savings instruments help individuals achieve their financial goals over a particular period. They are the major source of household savings in India.
    Collections from all small savings instruments are credited to the National Small Savings Fund (NSSF).
    The small savings instrument basket comprises 12 instruments which can be classified into three categories:
    ▪ Postal Deposits: (comprising savings account, recurring deposits, time deposits of varying maturities and monthly income scheme).
    ▪ Savings Certificates: National Small Savings Certificate (NSC) and Kisan Vikas Patra (KVP).
    ▪ Social Security Schemes: Sukanya Samriddhi Scheme, Public Provident Fund (PPF) and Senior Citizens ‘Savings Scheme (SCSS).
    Rates of Small Saving Instruments:
    ▪ The rates for small saving instruments are announced quarterly.
    ▪ Theoretically, it is based on yields of G-Secs of corresponding maturity but political factors also influence the rate change.
    ▪ The Shyamala Gopinath panel (2010) constituted on the Small Saving (SS) Scheme had suggested a market-linked interest rate system for SS Schemes.
    Formula for Small Savings Rates:
    ▪ It is used to calculate the interest rates for various SSIs in India and is based on the average quarterly yields on G-Secs in the first 3 of the preceding 4 months.
    ▪ The formula is used to decide how much interest to pay to savers who invest in SS schemes.

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