DELHI’S POLLUTION CRISIS: A DREARY WINTER

RELEVANCE TO UPSC SYLLABUS: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND DEGRADATION; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

 

THE CONTEXT: Air pollution is a big menace for the city of Delhi which faces this issue annually. The problems with poor air quality usually attract attention during late autumn when stubble burning is at its peak in the states neighbouring the NCR. However, data shows that good or even moderately satisfactory air evades the capital’s residents for most parts of the year, especially in winter.

 REASONS:

  • Crop Burning:Farmers of the states around Delhi carry out stubble burning which leads to generation of pollution and these pollutants are carried towards Delhi.
  • Vehicular Emissions: Vehicle emissions contribute to the dangerous impacts of smog and air pollution. Due to the sheer volume of automobiles on the road, this is a significant source of pollution.
  • Construction Dust: Increase in construction and other infrastructure work in the region has led to generation of construction dust, which acts as a pollutant.
  • Industrial Pollution: Delhi-NCR’s industries have not embraced environmentally friendly fuels and methods. They emit harmful gases which cause pollution.
  • Stagnant Winds: During winter months, the upward movement of air from the layers below is stopped which causes polluted air to be stagnant over the region. Due to stagnant winds, the pollutants generated in the area get trapped over the region which increases the chances of pollution to a great extent.
  • Geographical Reason: As Delhi is land-locked from all sides, the north-westerly winds coming from Pakistan and Afghanistan bring in large amounts of dust particles to the region. Due to the presence of Himalayas, which block the escape route of the air, the dust and pollutants settle in the region.
  • Lack in programme implementation: There is lack of effectiveness in programme implementation to tackle air pollution. For example, CAQM has not developed a synergy between the different bodies whose work is crucial to ensure clean air pollution. In 2019, the government launched the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) to reduce pollution by 20-30% by 2024 compared to 2017. In 2022, the programme’s goalposts were shifted 40% reduction in pollution by 2026. Most independent studies show that progress under NCAP has been slow.
  • Unutilised funds: Recently, Centre told Parliament that cities in Delhi-NCR have utilised less than 40 per cent of the funds allocated to curb air pollution.

RECENT STEPS TAKEN:

  • Commission for Air Quality Management is monitoring agency set up in 2021 and it has imposed restrictions under phase III of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP).
  • GRAP is a set of incremental anti-pollution measures that are triggered to prevent further worsening of air quality once it reaches a certain threshold in the Delhi-NCR region.
  • The implementation of Stage-III GRAP mandates immediate action on multiple fronts. The Sub-Committee decides to invoke 8 point action plan as per Stage-III of revised GRAP in the entire NCR with immediate effect.
  • The anti-pollution steps under the 8-point action plan by the central commission are:
  1. Intensify the frequency of mechanised and vacuum-based sweeping of roads.
  2. Ensure daily water sprinkling, along with dust suppressants, before peak traffic hours on roads and pollution hotspots.
  3. Intensify public transport services and introduce differential rates to encourage off-peak travel.
  4. Enforce a strict ban on construction and demolition activities in the entire NCR, except essential projects.
  5. Close down operations of stone crushers.
  6. Close down all mining and associated activities in NCR.
  7. Impose strict restrictions on the operation of BS III petrol and BS IV diesel LMVs.
  8. Make a decision on discontinuing physical classes in schools for children up to class 4 and conduct classes in an online mode.

THE WAY FORWARD:

  • Address Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) burning: A study found that Delhi burns 190 to 246 tons of MSW every day, which severely pollutes the air. Therefore, any form of garbage burning must be stopped and authorities need to develop infrastructure for effective collection and disposal of MSW.
  • Promote the use of electric and BS-VI vehicles: On an average vehicle can contribute up to 25% to PM 2.5 levels and at some locations, it can spike to 35%. Using Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) can significantly reduce emissions from diesel vehicles. The introduction of more electric, hybrid and BS-VI vehicles can also help reduce the pollution. Improvement of public transport is also necessary to address the problem.
  • Limit biomass burning: Burning of crop residue in Haryana and Punjab needs to stop on urgent basis. Instead of burning, the residue can be used for energy production, biogas generation and feeding cattle.
  • Tackle fly ash: During summers, fly ash is one of the biggest contributors to PM 10 in Delhi. To deal with the pollutants, water spraying, installation of windbreakers and plantations should be done.
  • Need of long-term plan: There are several measures that are being taken from spraying water to implementing GRAP to odd even solution. However, these measures provide temporary relief, therefore, the persistent problem of air pollution needs a long-term solution like drafting out an all-year action plan to improve air quality.
  • Enhanced powers to the authorities: Though CAQM has taken various steps, but the agency has functioned more like a regulator whose primary responsibility is to implement the Graded Action Response Plan. There is a need for more independent power to authorities to take pre-emptive actions and allow denser monitoring.

THE CONCLUSION: Despite several steps taken for combating air pollution in Delhi, it continues to be a much more serious problem. To significantly improve air quality in Delhi, a host of preventive steps need to be taken to provide a long-term solution to this problem.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

  1. Describe the key points of the revised Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) recently released by the World Health Organisation (WHO). How are these different from its last update in 2005? What changes in India’s National Clean Air Programme are required to achieve revised standards? (2021)
  2. What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the Government of India? (2020)

 MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Delhi registered severe air pollution on the Air Quality Index (AQI) recently. In this context, analyse the major factors contributing to Delhi’s pollution and suggest measures that need to be taken to address the persistent problem of air pollution in Delhi.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/delhi-air-quality-aqi-aqi-register-caqm-pollution-monitoring-agency-9110840/#:~:text=The%20persistent%20problem%20frames%20the,So%20far%2C%20mechanisms%20are%20failing&text=Delhi’s%20problems%20with%20poor%20air,the%20states%20neighbouring%20the%20NCR.




WSDP Bulletin (04-12-2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

  1. What the World Malaria Report says about India READ MORE
  2. COP28: What is Global Stocktake — and why is it important? READ MORE
  3. RBI monetary policy: Why is the Monetary Policy Committee likely to leave repo rate unchanged? READ MORE
  4. BCG revaccination study in high-risk adults to begin in 23 States READ MORE
  5.  ‘India will be the largest cotton producer’ READ MORE
  6. COP28 climate meet | India not among 118 nations that pledged to triple green energy READ MORE
  7. Lithium supply strategy: India’s initiative with Argentina’s CAMYEN gains traction READ MORE
  8. Natural superhero fungi boosts crop yields by 40% READ MORE
  9. After COVID break, Centre approves fourth phase roll-out of GIAN scheme READ MORE
  10. India agreed to withdraw soldiers from country, says Maldives President Muizzu READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

  1. Re-criminalising adultery as a gender-neutral offence READ MORE
  2. Weather Report: East India braces for wet days ahead as Cyclone Michaung builds up; North India to remain dry READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

  1. The legal net to trap peddlers of deepfakes READ MORE
  2. Private job quota for locals ends with order READ MORE
  3. Role of Governors in focus again READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

  1. India, disability inclusion and the power of ‘by’ READ MORE  

 INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

  1. Kissinger: Cold warrior of realpolitik READ MORE  
  2. Time for a reset in India-US ties READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  1. Growth surprise points to status quo on repo rate READ MORE
  2. Economy well on track but growth not yet broad-based READ MORE
  3. Why government is not worried about missing disinvestment target READ MORE
  4. How Indian economy has silenced ‘perennial pessimists’ READ MORE
  5. India’s geo-digital age is here – tech partnerships, data protection, semiconductors READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

  1. Why India will continue to rely on coal for foreseeable future READ MORE  
  2. India reduced emissions intensity 33% in 2005-2019, shows new submission to UN READ MORE
  3. COP28 must put global climate action back on track READ MORE
  4. Will COP28 UAE shape climate justice amid clash between urgency and economic realities in global climate action? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  1. The transformative benefits of population-level genome sequencing | Explained READ MORE   
  2. Artificial Intelligence: Benefits outweigh the detriments READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

  1. Combating cybercrimes READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

  1. The Uttarakhand tunnel workers have been rescued. It’s time to ask hard questions about the project READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

  1. Panacea for grief: Realise the eternity within READ MORE
  2. Your anger, your energy READ MORE
  3. Serve Param Purush READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

  1. A bottom-up approach to disability inclusion is needed to ensure that persons with disabilities are recognised as active members of society and the economy. In the light of the statement critically examine the schemes established as part of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016).
  2. The goal of social justice cannot be achieved without the inclusion of persons with disabilities in all spheres of development, starting with rural areas and rural resilience. Comment.
  3. The historic marginalisation of persons with disabilities and the backsliding of the progress on the Sustainable Development Goals, a fundamental shift in commitment, solidarity, financing and action is critical. Discuss how the voices and needs of persons with disabilities be prioritised at the centre of the global development agenda.
  4. ‘Strategic Autonomy’ deployed by India in recent times owes itself to the foundational principle of realpolitik, as it allows the practitioner to not get closeted within the linear grouping. Critically examine the statement.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it.
  • There needs to be more inclusive opportunities and employment in the rural areas as a majority of persons with disabilities live here.
  • The first step is awareness to ensure last-mile connectivity of the benefits enumerated for people with disabilities by the government, which begins with the capacity-building of community leaders who can advocate for this at the grass-roots level.
  • A bottom-up approach to disability inclusion is crucial to build productive pathways out of poverty and ensure that persons with disabilities are recognised as active members of society and the economy.
  • The goal of social justice cannot be achieved without the inclusion of persons with disabilities in all spheres of development, starting with rural areas and rural resilience.
  • A bi-directional link to poverty, nutrition, and hunger, and as a consequence, there needs to be more inclusive opportunities and employment in rural areas.
  • The historic marginalisation of persons with disabilities and the backsliding of the progress on the Sustainable Development Goals, a fundamental shift in commitment, solidarity, financing and action is critical.
  • It is about time that the voices and needs of persons with disabilities be prioritised at the centre of the global development agenda.
  • Though the domestic economy is on a stronger footing, inflation needs to sustain at 4 per cent for interest rates to be cut.
  • Though the domestic economy is on a stronger footing and global headwinds are not too threatening as to upset inflation-growth dynamics, the lingering El Nino impact on the farm sector could be a cause of concern.
  • ‘Strategic Autonomy’ deployed by India in recent times owes itself to the foundational principle of realpolitik, as it allows the practitioner to not get closeted within the linear grouping and associated puritanism of ‘allies’ to which a sovereign subscribed.
  • As India meanders and navigates its rise in global relevance and animus simultaneously, it would do well to mull over and keep pace with the evolving nature of diplomacy.
  • The extent of moral compromises, leniencies and even suppressions done by Superpowers in their quest to assert their geopolitical agendas and interests, is even more pronounced.
  • It is imperative to foster a constructive working relationship to resolve the disharmony between the Centre and the states.
  • Instead of engaging in public arguments, Chief Ministers and Governors should create a more conducive environment for the federal structure to operate seamlessly. Establishing a positive and productive relationship is crucial for the efficient functioning of the state.
  • The core commitment of COP28 is to conceptualise a sustainable socio-economic model that will substantively decouple itself from conventional reliance on the fossil-related energy model.
  • The alignment of AI use cases with the vision of the organisation is the most important aspect of the adoption of AI.
  • The development of AI should not be an ad-hoc process but a part of a well-thought-out strategy which has the support of the top management and confidence of all stakeholders as a tool for reducing their burden rather than replacing them or their work.

ESSAY TOPIC

  • Strategy is not the consequence of planning, but the opposite: its starting point.

50-WORD TALK

  • Tamil Nadu police have a new target. It’s called ED. Scenes of police raiding ED office upend the playbook of what has become so routine and partisan that nobody even ponders anymore. It shows how broken the federal compact is. The primary responsibility of repairing centre-state balance lies with centre.
  • China has become the first nation to accept the Taliban’s ambassador, starting the normalisation of the outfit in the global order. This is the destiny of Afghanistan that everyone will have to accept, even as efforts continue to sustain international pressure on the Taliban for women’s rights and curbing terrorism.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
  • Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.



21ST NOVEMBER 2023 DNA TOPICS

TOPIC 1: ELECTRIC VEHICLE (EV) BATTERY RECYCLING

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: India’s ambition to lead in electric vehicle (EV) adoption is strongly linked to the necessity of safeguarding its battery supply chain. Despite the country’s shortage of mineral reserves, the emphasis on battery recycling to guarantee material security shows significant potential.

EXPLANATION:

  • The electric vehicle (EV) battery recycling has a critical role in India’s pursuit of decarbonization and sustainable mobility.
  • We will explain in this article about the challenges, opportunities and other aspects associated with recycling lithium-ion batteries, which are vital components of EVs.
  • Challenges in the Battery Supply Chain:
    • India’s dependence on imported battery cells for its electric vehicles exposes the sector to geopolitical risks and supply chain vulnerabilities.
    • The lack of domestic mineral reserves, particularly for crucial materials like lithium, cobalt, and nickel, intensifies this reliance.
  • Opportunity in Recycling:
    • Recycling retired batteries emerges as a strategic solution to mitigate supply chain risks, ensure material security, and reduce reliance on raw material imports.
    • It will minimize environmental hazards from e-waste.
    • It will advance towards achieving Net Zero emissions.
    • This approach aligns with India’s ambitions for clean energy and reduced carbon emissions.
  • Growing Volume of Retired Batteries:
    • Although the electric vehicle industry in India is still in its early stages, the arrival of used batteries has commenced.
    • It suggests the potential increase in retired batteries due to the nation’s ambitious plans for electrification.
  • Scope for Recycling and Second-Life Usage:
    • Retired batteries, even after reaching 70-80% of their original capacity, can still be repurposed for non-automotive applications, like stationary energy storage.
    • Recycling involves extracting valuable materials such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese for reuse in manufacturing new batteries.
  • Current Recycling Infrastructure:
    • Presently, India’s lithium-ion battery recyclers primarily focus on pre-treatment to extract valuable materials.
    • However, there’s limited high-end refining capacity for the separation and recovery of battery-grade materials.
  • Investment and Market Challenges:
    • Establishing battery recycling units requires substantial capital investment, making it a capital-intensive endeavour.
    • Moreover, without a robust domestic market for battery components, recyclers depend on global markets both for sourcing raw materials and selling final products.
    • It hinders India’s self-reliance in the battery supply chain.
  • Global Dynamics and Export Restrictions:
    • Global trends, such as protectionist policies limiting black mass exports and the rising costs of transporting battery scrap, further complicate India’s reliance on importing recycled materials.
      • Black Mass is a mixture of all the valuable materials contained in a lithium-ion cell.
      • The black mass is checked for quality and relevant batches go through extraction, which is essentially a chemical process in which first graphite is recovered, followed by lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese in that order.
      • These materials can then be used to manufacture anode and cathode and are ready to enter the supply chain again.
    • Efforts for Self-Sufficiency:
      • Initiatives are underway to develop domestic capabilities in cell manufacturing and refining processes to retain extracted materials within India for reuse in its industries.

CONCLUSION:

  • Domestic battery manufacturers are gearing up to establish cell manufacturing capabilities, which could potentially reduce dependence on imports and strengthen India’s position in the battery supply chain.
  • There is a dire need for revised Battery Waste Management Rules to enhance recycling efficiency and promote the development of a robust domestic market for recycled battery materials.
  • The challenges in infrastructure, investment, and market dynamics must be addressed to achieve self-sufficiency in the battery supply chain.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/energy/ev-battery-recycling-can-give-wings-to-india-s-decarbonisation-dreams-but-faces-stiff-challenges-92899

TOPIC 2: NITROGEN-9

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: As per the study published in “Physical Review Letters” a specific resonant state indicating the existence of nitrogen-9, an unusual isotope, has been discovered.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE STUDY:

  • Isotope Characteristics and Stability:
    • Nitrogen-9 is highlighted due to its unique proton-to-neutron ratio, which places it outside conventional stability thresholds.
    • The unusual properties of this isotope raise questions about its existence and stability, prompting scientific investigation.
  • Drip Lines and Isotope Limits:
  • Drip Lines:
    • Drip lines are theoretical boundaries that indicate the limits of nuclear stability concerning the number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.
    • There are two types of drip lines: the neutron drip line and the proton drip line.
  • Neutron Drip Line:
    • It represents the boundary beyond which an atomic nucleus becomes unstable due to an excess of neutrons.
    • For instance, oxygen-24 with 16 bound neutrons represents the heaviest stable isotope of oxygen.
    • Adding more neutrons beyond this point causes the nucleus to become too unstable.
  • Proton Drip Line:
    • This concept refers to the boundary beyond which nuclei become unstable due to an excess of protons.
    • Nuclei with imbalanced ratios of protons to neutrons pose a challenge, especially beyond these drip lines.
  • Challenges in Understanding:
    • Nuclei with unbalanced proton-neutron ratios, particularly those situated beyond the drip lines, are difficult to categorize and predict their stability. This lack of understanding poses a significant challenge to physicists in classifying and comprehending these nuclei.
  • Experimental Study on Nitrogen-9:
    • The study aimed to confirm the existence of nitrogen-9 through experimental methods.
    • By bombarding beryllium-9 with an oxygen-13 beam, researchers observed resulting particles and utilized detectors to analyze the reactions.
    • They discovered specific resonant states indicating the existence of nitrogen-9.
  • Resonant States and Findings:
    • The detection of distinct peaks in the energy spectrum revealed stable resonant states of nitrogen-9, corroborated by the Gamow shell model’s theoretical predictions.
    • These findings strongly supported the existence of nitrogen-9, challenging previous interpretations and expanding the nuclide chart’s boundaries.
  • Implications and Future Studies:
    • The discovery of nitrogen-9 suggests the potential for more isotopes beyond conventional limits.
    • This challenges existing knowledge and offers insights into subatomic structures.
    • Theoretical models like the Gamow shell model enhance understanding and pave the way for further research into exotic isotopes’ properties and their role in astrophysical processes.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/nitrogen-9-nucleus-stability-challenge-nuclear-structure/article67550743.ece

TOPIC 3: HIJACKING OF THE SHIP BY HOUTHIS

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Yemen rebel group of Houthis seized an Israel-linked ship bound for India, raising fears of another dimension being added to the ongoing Gaza conflict.

EXPLANATION:

  • Houthi fighters descended on the ship from helicopters and took all 25 crew members hostage.
  • The crew is being treated “in accordance with Islamic values”.
  • Israel has claimed the ship is British-owned and Japanese-operated while terming the hijack “another Iranian act of terrorism”.

WHY WAS THE SHIP HIJACKED?

  • The ship, Galaxy Leader, was heading from Turkey towards Pipavav in Gujarat, and had no cargo on board.
  • Its crew members are from Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Mexico, and the Philippines.
  • The hijacking is in line with the Houthis’ earlier statement, where they had said they would attack Israel-linked ships in the Red Sea and the crucial Bab al-Mandeb, a narrow strait that connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden, if Israel continued its bloodshed in Palestine.
  • After the hijacking, the Houthis’ chief negotiator and spokesman, said that the Israelis only understand “the language of force,”.

HOW HAS ISRAEL REACTED, AND WHY IS JAPAN INVOLVED?

  • Israel’s Denial and Accusations:
    • Israel denied ownership or operation of the ship and clarified that no crew members were Israeli.
    • However, the office of Israel Prime Minister accused Iran of engaging in an act of terrorism, indicating a perceived escalation in Iran’s aggression against global citizens and the potential impact on international shipping security.
  • Israeli Connection:
    • Although Israel disclaimed ownership, there are reported links between the ship and an Israeli billionaire associated with Ray Car Carriers.
    • This association raised eyebrows given the ship’s ownership details, with Ungar being known as one of Israel’s wealthiest individuals.
    • Notably, a previous explosion on a vessel linked to Ungar in the Gulf of Oman in 2021 had been attributed by Israeli media to Iran.
  • Global Response:
    • The Israeli military termed the hijacking a serious incident with global implications, indicating the severity and broader ramifications of the event.
    • Meanwhile, Japanese officials condemned the hijacking as well, as the Galaxy Leader was operated by the Japanese company Nippon Yusen.
    • Japan is actively engaging in negotiations with the Houthis while seeking assistance from Saudi Arabia, Oman, and Iran to secure the release of the ship and its crew.

WHO ARE THE HOUTHIS, AND WHY ARE THEY INVOLVED AT ALL?

  • The Houthis are a rebel group locked in a civil war with the Yemen government for almost a decade.
  • They are in power in northern Yemen, including the official capital Sanaa. The official government now operates out of Aden.
  • The group is named after the Houthi tribe.
  • The Houthis are Zaydi Shias backed by Iran, while the Yemen government has the support of Iran’s biggest rival Saudi Arabia and the West.
  • The group’s origins lie in a Zaydi religious revival movement of the early 1990s.
  • Houthis’ support for “brothers and sisters in Palestine” stems from a staunch opposition to Israel and the West.

Military Significance:

  • The Houthi rebels possess a substantial fighting force with tens of thousands of fighters and a considerable arsenal of ballistic missiles and armed drones.
  • While their stronghold geographically may not directly threaten Israel, they have launched missiles towards Israel, presenting a risk of escalating conflict.

Potential Consequences and Regional Implications:

  • The involvement of the Houthis in conflicts and their actions, such as seizing vessels at sea, pose significant risks.
  • Their activities have the potential to escalate conflicts and draw in other nations, particularly Iran and Saudi Arabia.
  • Additionally, attacks or retaliations involving Israel may necessitate crossing Saudi Arabian territory, potentially dragging Saudi Arabia into the conflict.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/why-houthis-seized-india-bound-ship-gaza-war-9035068/

TOPIC 4: RISK WEIGHT AND ITS IMPACTS

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has increased the risk weight by 25 percent on consumer credit exposure of commercial banks and non-banking finance companies (NBFCs).

EXPLANATION:

  • This move by the RBI aims to address concerns arising from the rapid growth of unsecured loans and the potential risks associated with them.
  • There are certain implications of the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) decision to increase risk weights on certain categories of loans, primarily unsecured loans like credit cards, consumer durable loans, and personal loans. We will discuss the implications one by one now.

What are Risk Weights?

  • Risk weights are used by banks to determine the capital requirement for loans based on their inherent risk.
  • Each type of loan is assigned a risk weight, which influences the bank’s capital allocation to cover potential losses.

Impact on Borrowers:

  • Lower risk weights typically lead to lower interest rates for borrowers.
  • Loans with lower risk weights, such as home loans, tend to have lower interest rates compared to higher-risk loans like personal loans and credit cards, which have higher interest rates.

RBI’s Decision on Risk Weights:

  • The RBI increased risk weights on unsecured loans, particularly credit cards, consumer durable loans, and personal loans.
  • This decision means that banks will need to allocate more capital to cover these loans’ potential risks.

Reasons for RBI’s Concern:

  • The RBI is worried about the increasing share of unsecured loans, which has risen to 10% of the banking system.
  • These loans, especially consumer durable loans, may not generate income and could pose repayment challenges as the end-use of the borrowed money cannot be effectively monitored.

Potential Impact on Retail Loans:

  • The new risk weight limits could lead to banks needing more capital to cover these loans, which might affect their lending capacities.
  • However, since most lenders are well-capitalized (above the statutory threshold), an immediate need to raise more capital might not arise.

Impact on Loan Demand and Pricing:

  • Despite the increase in risk weights, it is suggested that there might not be an immediate curb on loan growth, as demand for loans has been robust regardless of interest rates.
  • However, banks’ overall pricing power might be affected, which could influence the cost of borrowing for consumers.

CONCLUSION:

  • This RBI measure aims to mitigate risks arising from the rapid growth of unsecured loans by increasing the capital buffer that banks must set aside.
  • While it might not immediately restrict lending due to robust demand, it could affect the overall pricing dynamics of loans, potentially impacting borrowers’ borrowing costs.
  • The RBI’s decision to increase risk weights on certain loans is aimed at addressing concerns about the rising share of unsecured loans and potential risks they pose to the banking system, but its immediate impact on loan growth and interest rates remains to be closely observed.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blexplainer/bl-explainer-what-rbis-increase-in-risk-weights-mean-to-the-borrower/article67554070.ece

TOPIC 5: INDIA-AUSTRALIA 2+2 MINISTERIAL DIALOGUE

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: As part of the India-Australia 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue, Indian Defence Minister and Australian Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister held a bilateral meeting recently, reaffirming their commitment to strengthening the defence relations between the two nations.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE MEETING:

  • Military-to-Military Cooperation:
    • Both ministers expressed satisfaction with the increasing military-to-military cooperation, citing joint exercises, exchanges, and institutional dialogues as essential elements in solidifying the bond between India and Australia.
    • This highlights the practical steps taken to bolster collaboration beyond mere diplomatic rhetoric.
  • Acknowledgment of Achievements:
    • Defence Minister congratulated Australia on the successful execution of the ‘Malabar’ multilateral exercise in August.
    • The acknowledgment demonstrates recognition and appreciation for Australia’s efforts in promoting regional security.
  • Focus on Maritime Cooperation:
    • Emphasis was placed on the necessity to strengthen cooperation in information exchange and maritime domain awareness.
    • Advanced discussions on hydrography cooperation and air-to-air refuelling arrangements indicate a shared interest in enhancing maritime security capabilities.
  • Collaboration in Specialized Areas:
    • Union Minister highlighted the importance of collaboration in specialized training areas such as artificial intelligence, anti-submarine and anti-drone warfare, and cybersecurity.
    • It indicates a proactive approach in addressing evolving security challenges by leveraging technological advancements.
  • Defence Industry and Research Collaboration:
    • Both parties discussed deepening cooperation in the defence industry and research.
    • Identified areas include shipbuilding, ship repair, aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul, as well as joint research in underwater technologies.
    • This signifies a mutual interest in enhancing defence capabilities through joint projects and research initiatives.
  • Focus on Defence Start-ups:
    • Exploration of collaboration between defence start-ups from both countries signifies a forward-looking approach to addressing security challenges in the evolving security landscape.
    • This indicates a recognition of the importance of innovation and technology in defence capabilities.
  • Regional Security Significance:
    • Both ministers agreed that a robust India-Australia defence partnership not only benefits both nations but also contributes significantly to the overall security of the Indo-Pacific region.
    • The meeting highlighted the broader regional implications and shared responsibility in maintaining regional stability and security.

What is the 2+2 Dialogue?

  • 2+2 Ministerial is the highest-level institutional mechanism between the two countries.
  • It is a format of dialogue where the defence/foreign ministers or secretaries meet with their counterparts from another country.
  • India has 2+2 dialogues with four key strategic partners: the US, Australia, Japan, and Russia.
  • Besides Russia, the other three countries are also India’s partners in the Quad.

SOURCE: https://ddnews.gov.in/international/india-australia-bolster-defence-cooperation-during-22-ministerial-dialogue#:~:text=As%20part%20of%20the%20India,relations%20between%20the%20two%20nations




TOP 5 TAKKAR NEWS OF THE DAY (20th NOVEMBER 2023)

TOPIC 1: RHODODENDRON

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT  

THE CONTEXT: The rhododendron flower in Uttarakhand, is portrayed as an integral part of the region’s culture, rituals, mythology, and even culinary practices.

RHODODENDRON AS A CULTURAL SYMBOL:

  • Cultural and Ritual Importance:
    • The rhododendron is deeply embedded in Uttarakhand’s culture, being an essential part of local rituals and mythology.
    • Its presence in rituals and temples signifies purity and endurance, demonstrating the reverence people hold for this flower.
  • Pilgrimage Significance:
    • The flower is central to the Nanda Devi Raj Jat Yatra, a significant pilgrimage in Uttarakhand that occurs every 12 years.
    • This underscores the strong bond between the local people and their natural environment.

UTILIZATION BEYOND AESTHETICS:

  • Culinary and Medicinal Use:
    • Beyond its visual appeal, the rhododendron finds usage in regional cuisine, with its blossoms being used to create sweets, drinks, jams, and juice.
    • Its distinct flavour and purported cooling properties make it popular among locals and visitors alike.
  • Environmental Concerns:
    • Climate change-induced alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns are impacting the rhododendron’s growth and flowering cycles.
    • Consequently, conservation efforts are gaining importance, with initiatives in place to safeguard these Himalayan flowers, including the establishment of conservation zones and promoting eco-friendly travel practices.

ECONOMIC AND TOURISTIC VALUE:

  • Cultural Tourism:
    • The rich cultural connection with the rhododendron offers a unique opportunity for cultural tourism.
    • Visitors are drawn not only to the natural beauty but also to the rituals and traditions associated with the flower.
  • Local Economy:
    • The utilization of rhododendron in cuisine and traditional practices also contributes to the local economy, providing opportunities for culinary ventures and indigenous products.

IMPLICATIONS:

  • Cultural Heritage Preservation:
    • The importance of preserving not just the flower itself but also the associated cultural heritage and traditions has been emphasized.
    • The emphasis on conservation and sustainable practices reflects a holistic approach to safeguarding this floral emblem and the surrounding ecosystem while acknowledging its cultural significance.
  • Sustainable Development:
    • Balancing conservation with tourism and economic activities is crucial to ensure sustainable development, where efforts to protect the rhododendron align with the promotion of eco-friendly practices.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/the-power-of-the-rhododendron/article67529485.ece

TOPIC 2: ONATTUKARA SESAME

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Efforts are being made to expand the cultivation of Geographical Indication (GI)-tagged Onattukara sesame in the Kerala region.

INITIATIVE TO EXPAND SESAME CULTIVATION:

  • Increase in Cultivation Area:
    • The Onattukara Vikasana Agency (OVA) plans to significantly increase the area under sesame cultivation.
    • It aimed to expand it to 2,000 hectares from the current 600 hectares in the region encompassing three districts of Kerala: Alappuzha, Kollam, and Pathanamthitta.
  • Incentive Scheme:
    • To encourage farmers, a financial assistance program has been announced, offering ₹40 for a cent of land for cultivating sesame within the Thekkekara Krishi Bhavan limits.
    • This incentive is expected to attract individuals, farming collectives, Kudumbashree groups, self-help groups, and joint liability groups towards sesame cultivation.
  • Collaborative Efforts:
    • The initiative is a joint venture involving local Krishi Bhavan, Onattukara Vikasana Agency (OVA), Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station (ORARS), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kayamkulam, and Mavelikara Thekkekara Panchayat.
    • Collaboration between these entities indicates a concerted effort to promote sesame cultivation.
  • Support Mechanisms:
    • Farmers and groups engaging in sesame cultivation are offered additional support.
    • It also includes access to workforce from Thekkekara Karshika Karma Sena and tractor rental at a nominal charge of ₹750 per hour.

SIGNIFICANCE OF ONATTUKARA SESAME:

  • Geographical Indication (GI) Tag:
    • The Onattukara sesame holds a GI tag, signifying its unique characteristics and origin from a specific geographical location, adding value to its identity and quality.
  • Medicinal and Nutritional Value:
    • Studies by the Kerala Agricultural University reveal the medicinal value of Onattukara sesame.
    • It contains high levels of Vitamin E, antioxidants, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitoleic acid, promoting good health.
  • Varieties Cultivated:
    • Apart from the traditional Ayali variety, farmers in the region are cultivating varieties like Kayamkulam-1, Thilak, Thilathara, and Thilarani, developed by the Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station (ORARS).

POTENTIAL BENEFITS:

  • Economic Development:
    • Expanding sesame cultivation holds the potential to boost local economies, generate employment opportunities, and contribute to the agricultural sector’s growth in the region.
  • Health and Nutritional Benefits:
    • Highlighting the nutritional and medicinal values of Onattukara sesame could create consumer awareness, potentially increasing demand for this particular variety.
  • Collaborative Approach:
    • The joint efforts involving various agricultural institutions, local governance bodies, and farmers’ groups indicate a coordinated strategy towards agricultural development and sustainability.
  • GI Tag and Quality Assurance:
    • The GI tag signifies quality, authenticity, and unique characteristics associated with the geographical region, contributing to the promotion and branding of Onattukara sesame.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/measures-on-to-expand-cultivation-of-gi-tagged-onattukara-sesame/article67551308.ece/amp/

TOPIC 3: INDIA-UK FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (FTA)

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: External Affairs Minister of India discussed the India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Britain’s Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary recently.

EXPLANATION:

  • The agreement is under negotiation and has not been signed yet.
  • When signed, the India-UK FTA will serve as a template for an agreement with the European Union (EU).

INDIA-UK FREE TRADE AGREEMENT:

  • Strategic Importance as a Template for EU Agreement:
    • The FTA between India and the UK is seen as a model for a similar pact with the European Union, India’s second-largest trade partner.
    • It signifies a shift in India’s trade strategy towards Western nations and African countries rather than solely focusing on the East, as previously done under the UPA government.
  • China Factor and Supply Chain Disruptions:
    • The disruption in supply chains during the pandemic has prompted Western companies to reconsider their over-dependence on China, leading to a ‘China-plus one’ strategy.
    • This shift has motivated countries like Australia and the UK to seek stronger economic ties with India.
  • Brexit-Induced Insecurities for the UK:
    • Brexit has created uncertainties for the UK, making an FTA with India crucial to compensate for the loss of access to the European Single Market.
    • However, concerns exist regarding offering work permits to Indian service sector workers due to political reasons.
  • Potential Gains and Challenges for India:
    • For India, the FTA presents an opportunity to revive declining sectors like apparel and gems/jewellery by reducing tariffs in the UK.
    • However, concerns have been raised about the impact on Least Developed Countries (LDCs) like Bangladesh if India gains zero-duty access for its textiles.
  • Beneficial Aspects for the UK:
    • The UK aims to gain deeper access to the Indian market, especially for goods like cars, Scotch whisky, and wines, which currently face significant tariffs.
    • Elimination or reduction of tariffs on these goods could enhance British exports to India.
  • Tariff Disparity and Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs):
    • There exists a substantial tariff disparity between goods imported from India into the UK and vice versa.
    • The FTA negotiations might focus on reducing these tariff barriers.
    • Additionally, addressing non-tariff barriers such as regulations and standards could be crucial for Indian exporters, particularly in agriculture and manufacturing.
  • Carbon Tax and Border Adjustment Mechanism:
    • The UK’s plan to impose a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) similar to the EU’s strategy might affect India’s exports, especially in sectors like cement, chemicals, steel, and others.
    • This imposition aims to reduce dependence on high carbon-emitting imports and could potentially impact Indian exports to the UK.

IMPACTS AND CHALLENGES:

  • Strategic Shift: India’s reorientation towards Western nations and away from over-dependence on China is evident. However, concerns persist regarding the impact on LDCs, especially in terms of textiles.
  • Potential Imbalance: While India aims to boost declining sectors, the disparity in tariffs and non-tariff barriers presents a challenge. Addressing these barriers will be critical for ensuring mutual benefits.
  • Carbon Tax Implications: The UK’s plan for a carbon tax and CBAM could pose challenges for India’s exports, especially in energy-intensive sectors.
  • Negotiation Dynamics: The negotiations hold importance for both countries, but balancing mutual benefits while addressing concerns of sectors vulnerable to tariff changes and non-tariff barriers is crucial.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/proposed-india-uk-fta-its-politics-and-why-the-uk-may-benefit-more-9031599/

TOPIC 4: 30th ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) ECONOMIC LEADERS’ MEETING

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The 30th Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Leaders’ Meeting concluded in San Francisco recently with the adoption of the Golden Gate Declaration. The declaration underscores the commitment to creating a resilient and sustainable future for all member economies.

EXPLANATION:

  • For the first time since 2011, USA hosted annual APEC
  • Theme of the meeting was creating a “Resilient and Sustainable Future for All”.

GOLDEN GATE DECLARATION:

  • The declaration aims to harness the technological and economic progress to continue to unleash the enormous potential and tremendous dynamism across regions, spur economic growth.
  • The declaration was adopted after the two-day meeting, during which the leaders focused on the subjects of sustainability, climate, just energy transition, interconnectedness and building inclusive and resilient economies.
  • The importance of the rules-based multilateral trading system, with the World Trade Organization at its core, which continues to catalyze APEC region’s extraordinary growth has been reaffirmed.
  • APEC economies vow to accelerate the transition towards low and zero emissions vehicles; sustainable aviation fuels; and low and zero emission maritime shipping and port decarbonization, reads the document.

APEC:

  • It was formed in 1989 with 12 members.
  • Now, it has 21 members.
  • Grouping of economies around Pacific Ocean aiming to promote trade, investment, and economic development in region.
  • Accounts for nearly 62% of global GDP, half of global trade and covers 38% of global population.
  • Operates on basis of non-binding commitments with decisions reached by consensus. India is an observer since 2011.

SOURCE: https://www.wionews.com/world/apec-summit-live-updates-biden-meets-mexican-president-lopez-obrador-659895

TOPIC 5: GOVERNOR’S ROLE IN LEGISLATION

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Tamil Nadu Governor R. N. Ravi has withheld assent for certain Bills passed by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. In this article, we will analyse the governor’s role in legislation.

EXPLANATION:

  • The role of a Governor in the legislative process within a state is a crucial aspect of India’s federal structure.
  • The Governor, as the constitutional head of a state, plays a significant role in the enactment of laws.

GOVERNOR’S ROLE IN LEGISLATION:

  • Options When Receiving a Bill for Assent:
    • Article 200 of the Indian Constitution provides a structured approach for the Governor’s actions concerning bills, emphasizing the Governor’s role as a link between the State Legislature and the Union.
    • It also outlines four alternatives available to a Governor upon receiving a bill from a State Legislature:
      • Give Assent: The Governor approves the bill, making it law.
      • Withhold Assent: The Governor refuses to approve the bill, effectively rejecting it.
      • Return for Reconsideration: If it’s not a Money Bill, the Governor can send the bill back to the State Legislature for reconsideration.
      • Reserve for President’s Consideration: Certain bills need to be reserved for the President’s consideration, such as those that reduce High Court powers or conflict with Union laws.
    • Exercise of Discretionary Powers:
      • According to judicial precedents like the Shamsher Singh case, the Governor typically acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers while withholding assent or returning a bill.
      • Discretionary powers might be exercised in rare cases where the Governor believes a bill contravenes the Constitution and should be reserved for the President’s consideration.
    • Recommendations and Unimplemented Suggestions:
      • Reports like the Sarkaria Commission and the Punchhi Commission have suggested limiting the Governor’s discretionary powers, emphasizing adherence to ministerial advice.
      • Recommendations also proposed time limits for decision-making on bills but have not been implemented.
    • Resolution of Impasses:
      • The politicization of the Governor’s role has been a persistent issue.
      • Suggestions include consulting Chief Ministers before a Governor’s appointment, and the possibility of impeachment by the State Legislature to remove an uncooperative Governor.
      • Amendments are proposed to ensure responsible cooperation between the Centre and States in matters related to Governors’ appointments and functioning.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO THE GOVERNOR

  • Article 153 says that there shall be a Governor for each State. One person can be appointed as Governor for two or more States.
  • A Governor is appointed by the President and is a nominee of the Central Government.
  • It is stated that the Governor has a dual role.
  • He is the constitutional head of the state, bound by the advice of his Council of Ministers (CoM).
  • He functions as a vital link between the Union Government and the State Government.
  • Articles 157 and 158 specify eligibility requirements for the post of governor. A governor must:
  • Be a citizen of India.
  • Be at least 35 years of age.
  • Not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature.
  • Not hold any office of profit.
  • Governor has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, etc. (Article 161).
  • There is a CoM with the CM at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except some conditions for discretion. (Article 163).
  • The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other Ministers (Article 164).
  • Governor assents, withholds assent, or reserves the bill for the consideration of the President passed by the Legislative Assembly (Article 200).
  • Governors may promulgate the Ordinances under certain circumstances (Article 213).
  • Governor’s role:
  • The Governor holds a constitutional position and is expected to perform specific functions, including granting assent to bills passed by the state legislature and ensuring the proper functioning of state administration.
  • The Governor’s actions are perceived as a hindrance to these responsibilities.
  • FOR FURTHER RINFORMATION PLEASE REFER TO THE DNA ARTICLE OF 1ST OCTOBER 2023.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-role-of-the-governor-in-legislature-explained/article67552112.ece/amp/




RAINING PROMISES: COMPETITIVE POPULISM IN THE ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS IN FIVE STATES

RELEVANCE TO UPSC SYLLABUS: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE: IRRATIONAL FREEBIES, FREEBIES AND ITS IMPLICATION ON ECONOMY; ELECTORAL REFORMS


THE CONTEXT

The ongoing assembly elections in five states are seen as a prelude to the general election expected in the first half of 2024. Competitive populism seems to have replaced communalism in these campaigns. Whether its ruling party or opposition, India’s political landscape stuck with the dilemma of populist policies, which may end up shifting the country from reforms to retrogression.

 MORE ON THE NEWS

  • Polling has concluded in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Mizoram while campaigning is peaking in Rajasthan and Telangana, which will vote on November 25 and 30, 2023.
  • Competitive populism has been the defining theme of campaigning so far, and attempts at communal polarisation have been relatively understated.
  • The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Congress, the main contestants in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh, have sought to outdo each other in promising a widening array of welfare schemes.
  • In Telangana, the Congress, which is mounting a serious challenge to incumbent Bharat Rashtra Samithi, has promised to expand the State’s saturated welfare regime even further.
  • Incumbents in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, the Congress and the BJP, respectively, have relied on new welfare architectures to fight for another term.
  • Tribal voters have received special attention from the BJP and the Congress. Prime Minister launched a ₹24,000-crore PM Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan for last-mile welfare scheme delivery and protection for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups. Congress and BJP have both claimed a better track record in delivering on election promises they make.

WHAT IS COMPETITIVE POPULISM?

  • Competitive populism is the idea of framing the policies and campaigns by the political parties that focuses more on the individual problem rather than the country as a whole.
  • The thrust is majorly on promising schemes for the poor, senior citizens, women and children, patients, farmers, the homeless and differently-abled people, pensioners and home makers.
  • This results in the implementation of short term plans and lack proper outcomes, resulting in the wastage of financial resources.

 ISSUES WITH COMPETITIVE POPULISM

Financial issues: Competitive populism raise questions about welfare schemes without specifying details about resource mobilisation. Example: Loan waiver schemes for farmers cause big relief from farmers’ perspective but cause huge problems in Indian economy by widening the fiscal deficit. Many of our states are deep in debt. The national average of liabilities of states is as high as 31% of their total GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product).This creates a financial situation that is untenable in the long run.

Temporary solutions: Competitive populism among political parties offers in the run up to elections are just temporary solutions. It does not address structural changes needed to sustainable development.

Loss of trust of people: Competitive populism causes the loss of trust and confidence of people on Government thus affecting the mechanism of good governance in India at all levels of administration.

Centralisation of power: This competitive populism leads to centralisation of power, not just institutionally but also within the Party. It implies that the voter is increasingly likely to attribute the delivery of economic benefits to one leader rather than the party as a whole.

 THE WAY FORWARD

Empowering Election Commission of India: ECI should be provided more powers to regulate and monitor the announcement of freebies by political parties during elections. This would include giving the ECI more powers to de-register parties, impose penalties on violation of model code of conduct.

Voter awareness: There is a need for educating voters about the economic and social consequences of freebies and false promises. This can be done by creating awareness campaigns to empower voters to make rational and ethical choices.

Right approach for welfare schemes: Welfare schemes can result in more equitable development outcomes, but a more thoughtful and researched approach would be healthier for public finances.

Capacity creation: There is a need for skill development rather than providing unemployment allowances that will further breed an aversion to work. There is need of building social infrastructure such as rural schools and public healthcare over vote catching vows that are seldom fulfilled.

 THE CONCLUSION

With the campaign going for competitive populism, the impact of these promises on the economy would be vast. In this condition, there is a need to focus on inclusive development that would create a more conducive environment for economic growth and social progress rather than freebies.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

Q. In what way could the replacement of price subsidy with direct benefit Transfer (DBT) change the scenario of subsidies in India? Discuss. (2015)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

  1. Regular electioneering forces parties to indulge in competitive populism to differentiate themselves and attract voters. Can simultaneous elections help in overcoming this challenge? Argue.
  2. Critically examine the socio-economic implications of competitive populism which is a recent phenomenon devised by political parties to attract voters.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/raining-promises-the-hindu-editorial-on-competitive-populism-in-the-assembly-elections-in-five-states/article67551104.ece

 




DISCRIMINATES AGAINST OTHER INDIANS, CREATES ‘WALL’ AROUND STATE: WHY P&H HIGH COURT STRUCK DOWN HARYANA DOMICILE QUOTA

RELEVANCE TO UPSC SYLLABUS: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE: LOCAL RESERVATION IN JOBS, ARTICLE 14,16,19.

THE CONTEXT: The Punjab & Haryana High Court has struck down the Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 stating that it is violative of the Part-III of the constitution.

LOCAL RESERVATIONS ATTEMPT IN STATES:

  • Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 requires firms with 10 or more employees to reserve 75% of all jobsoffering a salary of less than Rs. 30,000 a month for eligible candidates of State domicile.
  • Job reservation Bills or laws for domiciles have also been announced in other States including Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand.
  • The job quota Bill passed in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 2019, also reservingthree-fourths of private jobs for locals.

WHY  THE COURT HAS DECLARED THE LAW AS “UNCONSTITUTIONAL”?

  • The term fraternity connoting a sense of common brotherhood is to embrace all Indians. In this respect, a blind eye could not be turned to other citizens of the country irrespective of the State they belong to.
  • The court stated that the legislation is violative of right to equality under Article 14. The Court referred to Navtej Singh Johar and others vs. Union of India, where it states ‘miniscule minority have a right to participate as a citizen and an equal right of enjoyment of living regardless of what majority may believe’.
  • The Court said that freedom given under Article 19 of the Constitution could not be taken away. The Court particularly referred to the freedoms guaranteed by Article 19(1)(d) and 19(1)(g).
  1. The Act is imposing unreasonable restrictions regarding the right to move freely throughout the territory of India or to reside and settle in any part or the territory of India.
  2. As per Article 19(6), the right of the State is to impose restrictions regarding professional or technical qualifications and not domicile requirements. It can, thus, be said that the Act as such cannot be said to be reasonable in any manner and it was directing the employers to violate the constitution provisions, the Court concluded.
  • Article 35 of the Constitution bars state from legislating on requirement of domicile in employment under Article 16(3). The same further provides that there has to be equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
  • The power under Article 16(3) gives power only to the Parliament for making any law prescribing in regard to the class or classes of employment or appointment to an office under the Government or any local or other authority.
  • The bench said that the concept of constitutional morality has been openly violated by introducing a secondary status to a set of citizens not belonging to the State of Haryana and curtailing their fundamental rights to earn their livelihood.

ISSUES WITH LOCAL RESERVATION:

Violation of fundamental rights of Constitution: The Act was a violative of fundamental rights as Article 14, Article 16 and Article 19.

Treated as secondary citizen: 75% reservation for the locals was discriminatory as it discriminates against the individuals on account of the fact that they do not belong to a certain State. It has a negative discrimination against other citizens of the country as treating them as secondary citizens.

Fuels Sons-of-the-Soil Theory: The ‘Son of the soil’ theory puts forward the idea of reservation based on regionalism. Reservation law based on domicile law will fuel such theories across States and in the long run destabilise the foundations of Indian democracy i.e., ‘Unity in diversity’.

Affects industrialisation: Raising the son of the soil issue and preventing free movement of manpower resources in the State from other regions can have an adverse effect on the existing industries in the State.  It could trigger an exodus of large domestic and multinational investors across sectors such as auto, IT that rely on highly skilled manpower.

THE WAY FORWARD

Implementation of reservation: The reservation policy could be implemented in a way that does not hamper the free movement of manpower resources in the Country. The reservation policy could be revisited periodically to assess its impact on the economy and industries in the state.

Protect fundamental rights: It is important to ensure that any policy decision taken is in compliance with the Constitution of India and does not violate the fundamental rights of citizens.

Skill impartation: To ensure job creation state governments should provide youths with skill training and proper education as key focus areas, enabling the masses to compete in the free market.

Engagement with industries: Government should involve industry’s engagement in the State because reservation affects productivity and industry competitiveness. The State governments can come up with certain incentives to companies which are investing a certain amount of money for training the local youths.

THE CONLCUSION: Enactment of local reservation in state is a violation of fundamental right of the citizens. Thus, High Court concluded that Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 is ” unconstitutional and violative of Part III of the Constitution of India. In this respect, state governments should enable the reservation system in such a way that it serves its original purpose of making India a more just society.
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

  1. Whether the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine. (2018)
  2. “The reservation of seats for women in the institution of local self-government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian political process”. Comment. (2019)


MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

  1. What are the challenges associated with the reservations for locals in the private sector? Suggest measures to generate enough job opportunities in the Indian economy.
  2. Local reservation in private sector fuels the concept of sons of soils theory”. Critically examine the statement and give your views.

SOURCE: https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/punjab-and-haryana-high-court/punjab-haryana-high-court-struck-down-75-reservation-for-haryana-domicile-in-private-sector-unconstitutional-242457#:~:text=The%20Court%20said%20that%20freedom,Constitution%20could%20not%20be%20curtailed




UNDERSTANDING THE QUANTUM REALM THROUGH FRACTALS

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Fractals can offer a new way to see the quantum realm. In this article, we will see in detail how fractals contribute to new ways of working in the quantum realm.

FRACTAL DIMENSIONS AND QUANTUM SYSTEMS:

  • Introduction to Fractal Dimensions:
    • Fractal dimensions are non-integer dimensions that offer a unique way to study quantum systems.
    • They are a response to the inherent uncertainty present in these systems.
  • Dimensionality’s Significance:
    • The behaviour of quantum systems differs concerning their dimensions.
    • For instance, electrons in 1D and 2D systems exhibit distinctive characteristics.

QUANTUM SYSTEMS IN NON-INTEGER DIMENSIONS:

  • Fractal Geometry in Quantum Studies:
    • Physicists explore quantum systems in dimensions like 1.55 or 1.58, between one and two dimensions, using fractal geometry.
  • Fractality and Its Significance:
    • Fractals, exhibiting self-similarity at different scales, are employed to study quantum systems in these non-integer dimensions.

MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC FRACTALS:

  • Macroscopic Fractals:
    • They’re visible in various natural phenomena like fingerprints, trees, shells, river networks, clouds, tumours, etc.
  • Microscopic Fractals in Quantum Realm:
    • Studies reveal fractal behaviour in the magnetic properties of materials like neodymium nickel oxide and in graphene’s electron density patterns.

APPLICATIONS OF FRACTALITY:

  • Fractals in Physics:
    • Initially applied to describe Brownian motion, fractals uncover new orders in systems, enabling insights into familiar shapes in unfamiliar dimensions.
  • Practical Applications:
    • Fractality aids in data compression, antenna design, studying celestial bodies, chromatography, ion-exchange processes, and cellular biology.

IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS:

  • Unveiling Complexity:
    • Fractals offer insights into complex structures and processes in various realms, providing new perspectives on natural phenomena.
  • Interdisciplinary Significance:
    • Their interaction with different processes widens their implications, facilitating a deeper understanding of the quantum realm and other natural systems.

WAY FORWARD:

  • Fractal dimensions provide a comprehensive view and serve as a tool for understanding the intricacies of quantum systems.
  • It explains the significance of non-integer dimensions in quantum studies, highlighting the unique behaviour exhibited by particles in these dimensions.
  • Furthermore, it bridges the gap between macroscopic and microscopic fractals, elucidating their presence in both observable natural patterns and quantum phenomena.
  • The practical applications of fractality across multiple disciplines underscore their interdisciplinary importance, ranging from data compression to celestial body study.
  • In essence, the piece captures the role of fractals in unravelling the mysteries of quantum physics and their broader relevance across various scientific fields, reflecting the intricate relationship between fundamental theories and practical applications in scientific exploration.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/fractal-dimensions-quantum-physics-explained/article67535596.ece




WSDP Bulletin (16-11-2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

  1. India sees 6.2% rise in goods exports in October READ MORE
  2. PM launches Rs 24,000-cr scheme for vulnerable tribal groups’ welfare READ MORE
  3. NASA, ISRO gearing up to launch joint space mission to map globe every 12 days READ MORE
  4. Gold pushed trade deficit to new high of $31.46 billion in October READ MORE
  5. Greenhouse gases hit record high in 2022: UN READ MORE
  6. FATF team in India to hold on-site review meetings READ MORE
  7. Tribal body declares ‘self-rule’ in a few districts of Manipur READ MORE
  8. India to host 2nd Voice of Global South Summit on November 17 READ MORE
  9. WHO roadmap to end TB in children focuses for 1st time on pregnant, post-partum women affected by disease READ MORE
  10. CBD’s Geneva meetings: Benefit sharing on traditional knowledge & digital sequence information on agenda READ MORE  
  11. Why adultery was struck off IPC, and why a House panel wants to make it a crime again READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

  1. Let society evolve; resist return of regressive laws READ MORE
  2. Challenges to curbing community-based prostitution READ MORE  
  3. Does It Work To Pay People Not To Cut the Forest? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

  1. The growing wave of decentralisation: Comparative evidence from developing countries READ MORE
  2. The price of persistent federal frictions READ MORE
  3. Life over death: On death penalty abolition and parliamentary panel report READ MORE
  4. Regulating OTT: Draft Broadcasting Regulation Bill may be an attempt to control digital infrastructure READ MORE
  5. A grave error in the law READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

  1. Improve teacher quality to raise school standards READ MORE
  2. Extend political discourse on poverty to redistributive justice READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

  1. India Once Was a Strong Ally of Palestine. What Changed? READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  1. Food flux: On food costs and the October tidings READ MORE
  2. IPEF supply chain pact is unfair READ MORE
  3. Is there more room for competitive populism? READ MORE
  4. Electrification of last-mile mobility and logistics READ MORE
  5. RBI, Narendra Modi and the Subtle Art of Ignoring Concerns READ MORE
  6. How a gendered digital divide, low quality of jobs keeps Indian women out of the workforce READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

  1. Climate pledges lacking: 87% of remaining global carbon budget to limit warming may be depleted by 2030, finds UN READ MORE
  2. Global emissions: UN report exposes inadequacy of efforts READ MORE
  3. Climate concerns or trade barriers? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  1. AI can play the sleuth to expose scientific fraud READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

  1. MHA extends UAPA ban against eight Meitei extremist organisations READ MORE
  2. Realism, not machismo, to counter terror READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

  1. Another warning in the Himalayas READ MORE
  2. Tunnel tragedy is another eco-warning we need to heed READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

  1. In the age of Kalyug, it is time to leverage the power of the collective READ MORE
  2. Does Philosophical Reflection Still Hold Value? READ MORE
  3. Tolerance is the key to achieving peace READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

  1. AI is one of the most significant technical advancements in recent times, but it is posing a great danger to humanity by unleashing misinformation and deepfakes. Justify with recent examples.
  2. The cause of poverty in the country is not only economic but the issue of caste plays a substantial role. Argue and justify.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • We are on a highway to climate hell with our foot still on the accelerator.
  • Improving teacher quality and pedagogical innovation to enhance the overall rigour of education in the country, must be an immediate and urgent priority.
  • Higher than expected tax revenues provide a cushion for the government. However, concerns remain about the medium-term fiscal deficit
  • For an economy whose resilience relies on its domestic demand buffer against global shocks, reluctant or budget-cramped consumers are the biggest headwind for policymakers to strive to address.
  • Any interest rate hike over and above the 2.5 percentage points already administered in this rate hike cycle would have hurt growth significantly.
  • The agreement on Supply Chain Resilience will enhance the resilience of the US, while deepening the vulnerability of India and other developing countries.
  • AI is one of the biggest technical advancements in recent times but it can pose a great danger to humanity by unleashing misinformation and deepfakes.
  • Ensuring AI safety would require the convergence of multiple branches of activity, including skills, talent, and physical infrastructure.
  • Transitioning to low-carbon cities can significantly reduce CO2 levels.
  • The future will either be green or not at all.
  • Energy justice and social equity issues can have severe implications for the economic well-being of people, livelihoods, and economic development.
  • A beginning can be made by providing gig workers with EVs. The Govt must support them and acknowledge their contribution to the economy.
  • As the demand for reservation reaches a crescendo, the original justification for this departure from formal equality has become more difficult.
  • The cause of poverty in the country is not only economic. A substantial number of the poor belong to the Scheduled and Backward Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
  • If background inequalities force certain people to live below the poverty line, this should be seen as a serious infringement of the right to equality granted by our Constitution.
  • The idea of caste is the greatest dividing factor… all caste either on the principle of birth or of merit is bondage.
  • India this time around has taken a much stronger pro-Israel stand than is typical during Israeli-Palestinian conflicts.
  • The state and central governments also need to acknowledge the contributions and the critical nature of these gig workers.
  • COP28 presents an opportunity to India and other nations to hold the West accountable and liable for the environmental crisis.

ESSAY TOPIC

  • The future will either be green or not at all.

50-WORD TALK

  • Irrational and unscientific fixed-dose combination drugs ruling the Indian pharma market is a menace that has gone on unchecked for too long. A study shows 70% of antibiotic FDC drugs in the market are banned or unapproved. This is a public health hazard; convoluted and inefficient regulations are bad medicine.
  • The ordeal of 40 men trapped inside a collapsed tunnel in Uttarakhand is a reminder of the tightrope walk infrastructure development is in Garhwal Himalayas. Aggressive construction without mountain-appropriate plans is a slippery slope. We hope they are rescued soon, but disregarding the region’s vulnerability will only endanger more lives.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
  • Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.



WSDP Bulletin (09-11-2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

  1. G7 appeals for humanitarian pauses in Gaza, seeks hostages’ release READ MORE
  2. The problem with India’s new guidelines on genetically modified insects | Explained READ MORE
  3. RBI to cut rates in 2024-25 if food inflation remains under control: S&P Global Ratings READ MORE
  4. World will overshoot 2030 coal limit to tame warming by twice over READ MORE
  5. Kerala Government forms Organic Farming Mission to boost climate-smart agriculture READ MORE
  6. One year of Project Cheetah: Hits, misses and paradigm shift ahead READ MORE
  7. Possible answer to farm fires: New rice variety can replace Pusa-44 READ MORE
  8. India’s Energy Conservation Building Code, 2017: Why the IEA called it a ‘notable exception’ among developing countries READ MORE
  9. Horn of Africa facing deadly floods due to El Nino-linked ‘above average’ rains READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

  1. Language: Emotional connect and more READ MORE
  2. Bihar survey exposes disparities among OBCs READ MORE  
  3. The role of caste and gender in determining science education in India READ MORE
  4. Climate change made the multi-year drought 25 times more likely in Syria and Iraq, 16 times in Iran: Analysis READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

  1. Move towards e-FIR, but with caution READ MORE
  2. Reviewing freedom READ MORE
  3. Reserving poverty READ MORE
  4. As our democracy matures, my role is becoming more vital READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

  1. Look beyond quota politics READ MORE
  2. Mensural hygiene: Adolescents continue to use cloth, pads are rare READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

  1. Taiwan, a Malacca blockade and India’s options READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  1. How tech can make India a farming powerhouse READ MORE
  2. Two-wheeler EV startups: The new growth engines READ MORE
  3. Local products can boost exports READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

  1. Importance of ‘loss and damage’ funds READ MORE  
  2. Douse the fires without enraging farmers READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  1. The perils of patent amendments READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

  1. Hurdles delaying formation of integrated theatre commands READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

  1. How ignored landslide warnings led to Subansiri running dry READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

  1. Why purush and prakriti are gender-neutral READ MORE
  2. Living with tempests READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

  1. The CAG promotes good governance practices and helps governments streamline their operations, reduce inefficiencies and adhere to financial discipline. Critically examine.
  2. The CAG plays a crucial role in this democratic framework by ensuring transparency, accountability, and financial integrity in the government’s functioning. Comment.
  3. The CAG helps maintain the separation of powers between legislature and executive by ensuring that the government’s financial activities align with legislative intentions. Comment.
  4. As India’s democracy matures, the role of CAG has become more vital in promoting good governance and safeguarding the people’s interests. Critically comment.
  5. Leveraging technology and digital solutions make audit’s citizen engagement more effective and scalable. Examine.
  6. Social audit is an effective tool for facilitating citizen oversight. How would you justify this statement?
  7. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments marked a quantum leap in India’s democratic set-up in creating tiers of self-governance below the level of states. Critically examine.
  8. Due to the envision of grassroots participation, Local bodies not only implement the schemes of governments but ensure transparency and visibility in these schemes. Justify with the help of relevant examples.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • The solution to crop stubble burning lies in turning waste into wealth by upcycling it.
  • In peace, sons bury their fathers. In war, fathers bury their sons.
  • The CAG promotes good governance practices and helps governments streamline their operations, reduce inefficiencies and adhere to financial discipline.
  • As India’s democracy matures, the CAG’s role becomes even more vital in promoting good governance and safeguarding the people’s interests.
  • The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) plays a crucial role in this democratic framework by ensuring transparency, accountability, and financial integrity in government’s functioning.
  • CAG helps maintain the separation of powers between legislature and executive by ensuring that the government’s financial activities align with legislative intentions.
  • India stands as the world’s largest democracy, with a vibrant political landscape, a diverse society, and ongoing efforts to overcome various socio-economic challenges.
  • By placing the Indian citizen at the centre for implementation of government programmes and as ultimate beneficiaries, there is an onerous expectation of the CAG to assess the preparedness and planning, as well as to monitor and recommend corrective actions for realisation of these economic, social and environmental aspirations.
  • To effectively discharge this responsibility, it is important for audit to actively work in tandem with citizens, appreciating their concerns and feedback.
  • In India’s federal, multiparty democracy with both Union and state governments responsible for implementation of numerous schemes, projects and programmes, enhancing engagement with stakeholders is imperative for audit.
  • Leveraging technology and digital solutions make audit’s citizen engagement more effective and scalable.
  • Social audit is an interesting tool for facilitating citizen oversight.
  • The 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments marked a quantum leap in India’s democratic set up, as they created tiers of self-governance below the level of states.
  • Empowering PRIs and urban local bodies and municipalities, envisions people’s participation in the process of planning, decision-making, implementation and delivery of a set of functions to be devolved to local governments by state legislatures.
  • Carrying forward this recognition of local self-governance as the true manifestation of democracy and the CAG’s responsibility for ensuring accountability, an international centre for local governance has been envisaged.
  • Female labour force participation rates have, in the past, tended to rise during times of financial stress as women stepped out to augment their household incomes.
  • While the CAG catalyses good governance, transparency and accountability, the responsibility to nurture and protect democratic principles falls not only on our institutions but on every citizen.
  • The proposed changes in patent law will endanger access to affordable medicines and benefit global big pharma.
  • Both Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir must strive to understand each other’s viewpoints, fostering mutual trust and loyalty within the community.
  • By adopting the principles of sustainability, non-violence, and respect for all life forms, we can work towards a more harmonious relationship with nature.

ESSAY TOPIC

  • Many worlds: Multipolarity in the new world order

50-WORD TALK

  • In a transforming India, where education and technology act as levelling forces, caste-based affirmative action, refined through caste numbers, can drive more extensive dialogues on aspiration, ambition, freedom, opportunity, and the necessity for a system where citizens are not unfairly privileged or confined by their identities. If a robust methodology were to be used, this effort would be vital in identifying and addressing fault lines to promote gender justice.
  • Extending free food for another 5 years is an acknowledgement that the poor continue to need ample support for years ahead. The move also rings the final death knell of farm laws. If government grain procurement is going to be so high, then that rules out entry of private sector.
  • Indian envoy in Ottawa describing Canadian police probe into Nijjar killing as tainted and wiretapping of diplomats as illegal shows Delhi is doubling down. But Canada is being duplicitous in citing Vienna Convention on parity even as it illegally tapped diplomats. G7 and Five Eyes can’t play by different rules.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
  • Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.



WSDP Bulletin (02-11-2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

  1. India and Sri Lanka re-launch negotiations of the Economic and Technology Cooperation Agreement (ETCA) READ MORE
  2. UPSC tightens guidelines for appointment of State DGPs READ MORE
  3. Haemoglobin isn’t used only in blood, scientists find in major discovery READ MORE
  4. Manufacturing PMI falls to an eight-month low READ MORE
  5. Gwalior, Kozhikode now on Unesco list of creative cities READ MORE
  6. Bangladesh PM Hasina’s daughter Saima Wazed voted as new WHO regional director READ MORE
  7. India-born author Nandini Das wins 2023 British Academy Book Prize READ MORE
  8. Rajya Sabha panel to hold meeting, take up pending cases of privilege breach READ MORE
  9. India’s cotton yield may be lowest in 15 years, to drop by 20% READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

  1. Divorce: Changing attitudes and social mores READ MORE
  2. WWF: 32 million acres of grasslands across US & Canadian Great Plains ploughed up since 2012 READ MORE
  3. View from the Himalayas | The ‘Third Pole’ is drying up READ MORE
  4. With El Nino around, the heat is on READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

  1. The blueprint to develop India by 2047 must factor in critical governance reforms READ MORE
  2. Impacting a woman’s freedom to reproductive choices READ MORE
  3. Law doesn’t bar states from counting castes READ MORE
  4. Small projects, big impact READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

  1. Challenges in equipping job seekers with skills READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

  1. Hope floats for a thaw in China-US relations READ MORE
  2. US can help India become battery manufacturing powerhouse. And decouple from China READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  1. India is proud to be the biggest development partner of Bangladesh: PM READ MORE
  2. Why GST collections surged sharply in October READ MORE
  3. Supreme Court’s decision on tax treaties clarifies India’s Most Favoured Nation approach READ MORE
  4. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation: India and global supply chains READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

  1. India’s race to a green hydrogen future READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  1. AI and the issue of human-centricity in copyright law READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

  1. Malware malice: On the Apple cyberattack alert READ MORE
  2. India’s Need for a National Security Strategy Cannot Be Ignored READ MORE
  3. Is it Time to Call India a Digital Dystopia? READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

  1. Farm fires rage on: Stakeholders not doing enough to curb menace READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

  1. The birth and death of Ego READ MORE
  2. Essence of the Upanishads READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

  1. One of the strengths of an effective administrator is the ability to retain equanimity and restraint in any situation and those in power do not act as the instruments of nemesis due to their inflamed egos. With the help of some real-life examples, justify this statement.
  2. To address the challenges posed by rapid and mass urbanisation, policymakers must shift their focus to organic rural development that involves farmers and local communities. Do you think, in this regard, a bottom-up infrastructure development approach over a top-down approach would be an effective strategy?
  3. Policymakers in India need to assume a more cautious approach against diluting the human-centricity in copyright law. Discuss why there is a need to have a cautious approach in extending existing IP protections to work generated by Artificial Intelligence?
  4. Caste censuses are essential for addressing socioeconomic inequalities and informing policymaking. How far do you agree with this view? Justify your view.
  5. India is deploying smart fencing, but there should be a balance between manned security and technologies. Comment on the statement in light of recent developments.
  6. Recent data breach shows that digital India, in reality, is too far from the claim and India needs to renew its efforts to de-mystify technology with the aim of surveillance reforms. Comment.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind.
  • One of the strengths of an effective administrator is the ability to retain equanimity and restraint in any situation and those in power do not act as the instruments of nemesis due to their inflamed egos.
  • Policymakers and courts in India also need to assume a more cautious approach against diluting the human-centricity in copyright law.
  • The popularity and importance of the right to a piece of information has been used to hold local governments accountable for lapses in the delivery of services and secure access to basic rights and entitlements.
  • Aiming for a high 9% growth rate between 2030 and 2047 is laudable but factoring in alternative scenarios and changing course when warranted, is advisable.
  • There needs to be cautious approach in extending existing IP protections to work generated by Artificial Intelligence.
  • There is no place within our constitutional structure to see a foetus as anything but dependent on the mother. To see it as a separate, distinct personality would be tantamount to conferring a set of rights on it that the Constitution grants to no other class of person.
  • As economic realities change, negotiated relations among countries must also adapt. There is a need for periodic review of tax treaties, especially with respect to their economic benefits.
  • The Hamas attack on Israel and this colossal human crisis that is unfolding before our eyes has key lessons for India and the world.
  • Engaging with research organisations and academic institutions that focus on education, skills, and labour markets is critical to building capability.
  • India needs infrastructure, but the issue is that policymakers often prioritise large and impressive projects that often benefit only those directly connected to the larger economy.
  • To address the challenges posed by rapid and mass urbanisation, policymakers must shift their focus to organic rural development that involves farmers and local communities.
  • India is deploying smart fencing but the recent developments show that there needs to be a balance between manned security and technologies.
  • It is time to renew efforts to de-mystify technology with the aim of surveillance reforms, before this Digital Dystopia becomes a permanent future.
  • Digital India isn’t what it is being claimed, the reality is different on the ground. It is time to renew efforts to de-mystify technology with the aim of surveillance reforms, before this Digital Dystopia becomes a permanent future.

50-WORD TALK

  • India’s major IT companies have laid off 21,000 people between June and September, largely citing operational efficiency. This data is important. While there is the social cost of such a move, this is how markets function. It’s important for IT giants to think long and hire responsibly, not on impulse.
  • India is testing smart fencing in Kashmir using sensors by Magal, which developed systems in Gaza and US. But the Israel episode shows that there needs to be a balance between manned security and technologies that enable unmanned defence at borders. Reliance on such technologies can only go so far.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
  • Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.



WSDP Bulletin (12-10-2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

  1. Cabinet approves royalty rates for mining of three critical and strategic minerals- Lithium, Niobium and Rare Earth Elements (REEs) READ MORE
  2. Cabinet approves establishment of an autonomous body Mera Yuva Bharat READ MORE
  3. ‘Operation Ajay’ set to evacuate Indian nationals from Israel READ MORE  
  4. Cauvery Committee retains water release recommendation of 3,000 cusecs to T.N. READ MORE
  5. The cases before the new CJI-led nine-judge Constitution Bench | Explained READ MORE
  6. Order on cleaning rivers not followed, NGT issues notice to Chief Secretaries of all States, Ministry of Jal Shakti READ MORE
  7. India, China agree to maintain momentum of ‘dialogue and negotiations’ READ MORE  
  8. How new royalty rates for strategic minerals lithium, REEs can help cut their imports READ MORE
  9. What the GI tag can mean for the cashew industry in Goa READ MORE
  10. India’s first bamboo-based biorefinery to start operations in March READ MORE
  11. Chhattisgarh Baiga tribe gets habitat rights under FRA READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

  1. Globally, 9 million girls face extreme risks of climate disaster and child marriage every year: Report READ MORE
  2. Changed outlook READ MORE
  3. Even temporary global warming above 2°C will affect life in the oceans for centuries READ MORE
  4. Is climate change the reason for Sikkim flash floods? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

  1. Women’s quota — rhetoric and reality READ MORE
  2. CrPC, IPC changes fall short of expectations READ MORE
  3. RTI Act: Time to make it more effective READ MORE
  4. Transparency Law | CIC’s evolution from defender to bystander READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

  1. Learning for the future READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

  1. UN Security Council reform is a song in a loop READ MORE
  2. Are reunifications the key to world peace? READ MORE
  3. Global Leadership Is Not Just About Drafting a Statement READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  1. India may face economic trouble as fertility levels drop READ MORE   
  2. The labour market is tougher on women. This is what the Economics Nobel for 2023 acknowledges READ MORE
  3. Good, do better: For India, to be the fastest growing major economy isn’t enough. Real change needs 8% growth READ MORE
  4. Focus on economy’s basics for 8% growth READ MORE
  5. India Needs Stronger Exports to Hold the Line READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

  1. Curbing air pollution: Centre, states need to work in close coordination READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  1. Generic drugs are everywhere – and that’s a problem READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

  1. How the government covered up the severity of Teesta floods by blaming them on a ‘cloudburst’ READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

  1. How the Khalistan movement is interlinked with Punjab’s growing drug problem, gun culture READ MORE
  2. Beyond ‘Black Mirror’s’ fiction – Impact of Generative AI on policing, security READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

  1. The inescapable meaning of life READ MORE
  2. Dealing with failure READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

  1. India’s economy is navigating a labyrinth of interconnected challenges, and addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach encompassing domestic policy reforms. Comment on the statement in light of global economic uncertainties and supply chain disruptions.
  2. The challenges against world leadership cannot be addressed if the global institutions are not reformed with time. Analyse the statement in the light of recent global challenges.
  3. If global institutions are not reformed as per occurring challenges, then instead of solving problems, they risk becoming part of the problem. In the light of statement, discuss the need for reforms in the United Nations.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • Unlike carbon-based fuels, the wind and the sun and the earth itself provide fuel that is free.
  • China’s Tibet policy is primarily based on ruthless exploitation hidden under the façade of mega infrastructure projects which are showcased to the rest of the world as a sign of development in this region.
  • Goldin’s Nobel and her own awarded work which took decades of research provides a tremendous intellectual platform for a wider level of global policy discussion and action on issues of gender wage gap, women and work, and more.
  • Based on its achievements in key fields of technology, India is not in the global game. Yet, as a geopolitical pivot whose importance is derived not by its national power but its sensitive location, India is being courted by all three geostrategic players.
  • The inclusion of the African Union as the new G-20 member was a pyrrhic victory compared with the six new members added to the BRICS (these include all global major energy exporters and importers) given that 50 of the 54 African nations attended the 2023 BRICS summit.
  • India’s economy is navigating a labyrinth of interconnected challenges and addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach encompassing domestic policy reforms, diversification of export markets and enhancing economic resilience to global shocks.
  • India’s ability to overcome global economic uncertainties and supply chain disruptions hurdles will be critical in ensuring continued economic growth and stability in an ever-evolving global landscape.
  • Non-urban India has remained blindsided for decades in terms of superannuation, benefits, and social security. Rural India will now catch up with its urban counterpart at a quicker pace.
  • The Central Information Commission’s job is to strike a balance between people’s right to know and the State’s legitimate need for limited secrecy.
  • Right to Information (RTI) has brought transparency and systemic reforms but there is need to prevent its misuse and plug in loopholes.
  • Climate change is exacerbating the risks. Because of global warming, more and more glaciers are melting.
  • We must be careful in granting permission for the design of our mega hydro projects. We must do proper environment assessment of these projects and ensure that these withstand any water discharge that may happen in case of a glacier outburst.
  • An increase in investment in traditional sectors such as mining and utilities because they trigger wider economic activities.
  • Frequent tweaks of irritants aside, the GST regime needs a holistic reform plan, including a road map to bring in excluded items such as electricity, petroleum and alcohol.

50-WORD TALK

  • A radical re-imagination of growth and developmental opportunities offering a wider platform for Indian (and other developing countries’) women (especially those at the margin in the employment landscape) through a greater, more assertive policy can be a starting point for subsequent transformations to happen across other nations too.
  • The disaster in Sikkim is only the latest in a string of related incidents. But it must serve as an urgent reminder at all levels of the state and Central governments that the fragile condition of the Himalayas as the effects of climate change escalate will pose a continued and imminent danger to residents of India’s hill states.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED. Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.



WSDP Bulletin (10-10-2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

  1. Harvard professor Claudia Goldin wins Nobel Economics Prize for gender gap research READ MORE
  2. Scientists untangle mystery about the universe’s earliest galaxies READ MORE
  3. Sri Lanka to take over as Chair of Indian Ocean Rim Association READ MORE  
  4. Ahead of Bima Vistaar rollout, IRDAI issues guidelines on Bima Vahaks READ MORE
  5. ICMR to set up study to develop solutions to remedy childhood undernutrition READ MORE
  6. What is multimodal artificial intelligence and why is it important? READ MORE
  7. Joint Statement during the State Visit of the President of Tanzania to India and launch of Strategic Partnership between India and Tanzania (8-10 October 2023) READ MORE  
  8. Appointment of Manipur HC CJ to be notified soon, Centre tells apex court READ MORE
  9. Unemployment rate drops to 6.6% in urban areas in Q1 READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

  1. Mental health and the floundering informal worker READ MORE
  2. Socio-economic takeaways from Bihar caste survey READ MORE
  3. Does India need a caste census? READ MORE
  4. Extreme weather impact: 20,000 children displaced every day in last 6 years READ MORE  
  5. How climate crisis will trigger more water wars in India READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

  1. The state of India’s Scheduled Areas READ MORE
  2. Uncertain timing, Census and delimitation hurdles cast shadow over women’s reservation READ MORE
  3. Law Commission age of consent recommendations threaten to criminalise the young READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

  1. The ‘invisible’ disability of mental illness: Challenges of social security access READ MORE
  2. Fundamental health services for women: Analysing gender disparities READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

  1. The end of the two-state solution: Hamas’s spectacular terrorism will push back Palestinian statehood by a generation READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  1. With food inflation limited to dal roti, why govt policy may need changes READ MORE  
  2. Economics Nobel 2023: How Claudia Goldin shed light on the status of women in the workforce READ MORE
  3. Is RBI heading in the right direction? READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

  1. Why India is launching a national framework for climate services Extreme weather impact: 20,000 children displaced every day in last 6 years READ MORE
  2. Natural disasters occur due to our apathy towards environment READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

  1. More people moved into high flood zones, exposing larger populations to water disasters: World Bank READ MORE
  2. Sikkim’s Chungthang dam collapse signals the need for dam safety & emissions reduction READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

  1. Back to square one on theatre commands READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

  1. It’s okay to be not okay READ MORE
  2. Only we can reform our society READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

  1. Empowering women with the right to a safe and inclusive online environment is a crucial step toward a more equitable and just society in the digital age. Comment.
  2. There is a need to redefine the relationship between the State and universities for a truly autonomous and thriving academic environment. Comment on the statement in light of recent developments.
  3. While constitutional safeguards and legal protection for Dalits exist, caste-based discrimination has taken on new forms in the modern era. Discuss why the safeguards and legal protection are failed to address the issue of discrimination in higher educational institutions?

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • Palestine is the cement that holds the Arab world together, or it is the explosive that blows it apart.
  • The disturbing trends seen in women’s mental health call for immediate gender mainstreaming action in mental health policies.
  • Policy neglect, uncertain job market, and increased contractualisation are making labourers’ economic condition worse. Inflation is negating purchasing power too.
  • Wages of informal labourers neither become an election issue nor do they count as a measure of poverty.
  • ]The only way to protect the Indian rupee is through price stability. Assured stability through firmer anti-inflationary measures sends an effective message to overseas investors.
  • We need to enhance our responsibility and responsiveness towards climate cure and healing; we must investment in climate-pro solutions.
  • Enhance cooperation for mitigation efforts, and develop sustainable and viable ecosystems for a crisis-free society.
  • A caste census is deemed discriminatory and opposed by those who seek equal rights for all. Besides, opinions are sharply divided on its impact.
  • The release of the socio-economic profile of various SRCs can bring back the lost focus on the ‘economic’ aspect of social justice.
  • The promise of a caste census could influence outcomes in the upcoming assembly elections but not do much for the cause of universal welfarism.
  • India and South Korea, guided by universal values, should build beyond bilateralism as they refuse to be bystanders amid global disorder.
  • Law Commission recommendations on age of consent sidestep key question of how to protect the young from sexual abuse, while ensuring they are not punished for consensual sexual activity with peers.
  • Informal workers, despite their significant contribution to national income, are perennially exposed to economic, physical, and, in turn, mental vulnerabilities.
  • The only way forward is for a Palestinian leadership that can credibly signal to the Israeli people that it will not use the freedoms it gains from any peace deal to hurt Israel. The prospects for that seem dim.

50-WORD TALK

  • The shocking failure of Israel’s security services to preempt Hamas’ brutal strikes illustrates the damage caused when elected dictators operate without scrutiny and the perils of emulating Erdogan-style rule. PM Netanyahu’s politics undermined Jerusalem’s military and intelligence leadership. Israel will prevail—but at a price that need not have been paid.
  • Army signing contracts worth Rs 18,000 crore under emergency procurement and asking it be institutionalised shows how convoluted military procurement has become. It is a shame that Services have to use EP to fill up critical gaps. This piecemeal approach should be stopped and procurement systems decluttered for faster procurement.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED. Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.



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Day-220 | Daily MCQs | UPSC Prelims | GEOGRAPHY

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