TAG: GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: The PM Vishwakarma Scheme, launched by the Centre on September 17, has received over 21 lakh applications in two and a half months, data from the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) show.

EXPLANATION:

• The PM Vishwakarma Scheme, initiated by the Centre, aims to support artisans and craftspeople by providing skill-upgradation training.
• Launched on September 17, the scheme garnered a significant response, receiving over 21 lakh applications within a span of two and a half months.

Application Statistics and Regional Participation

• Regional Distribution:
  • Karnataka led with 6.28 lakh applications, followed by West Bengal (4.04 lakh), Assam (1.83 lakh), Uttar Pradesh (1.53 lakh), and Andhra Pradesh (1.21 lakh).
  • Conversely, 15 states including Haryana, Kerala, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and northeastern states have fewer than 10,000 applications each.
• Top Trades:
  • Tailors accounted for 43% (9.13 lakh) of the applications, followed by masons (4.72 lakh), carpenters (1.86 lakh), and contributions from basket-makers, barbers, and armourers.

FEATURES OF THE SCHEME:

• The scheme will be fully funded by the central government.
• Under the scheme, beneficiaries will also be provided Rs 15,000 each as toolkit incentives through e-vouchers or e-RUPI.
• It will be a purpose-specific voucher issued by banks on behalf of the central government. This means the voucher can be utilized only for the purpose of purchase of toolkits.
• The minimum age of the beneficiary should be 18 years on the date of registration.
• The name of the scheme is kept in honour of the divine builder and craftsman lord Vishwakarma. The PM Vishwakarma scheme is a central sector scheme.
• The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) will handle the scheme.
• It would be open to traditional artists and crafters from 2023-24 to 2027-28.

Objectives and Framework of the Scheme

• Skill Development:
  • The scheme provides formal training to modernize traditional skills amid evolving economic landscapes.
  • It encompasses 18 trades and crafts, offering financial assistance and avenues for market linkage.
• Vetting Process:
  • Applications are undergoing vetting at village, district, and state levels to ensure scrutiny and credibility.
• Training and Stipends:
  • Successful candidates will undergo basic training for 5-7 days and advanced training for 15 days, receiving a stipend of ₹500 per day.
  • Training includes exposure to modern tools, technologies, design elements, and digital and financial skills.

Implementation and Future Targets

• Training Programs:
  • The Ministry conducted a five-day training program for 41 master trainers across ten states.
  • These trainers will educate candidates in various trades.
• Master Trainer’s Perspective:
  • Master trainers are focusing on masonry and are upgrading local skills by incorporating modern techniques like ‘cross line laser level’ for levelling and aligning floors, ensuring knowledge transfer during training sessions.
• Incentives and Financial Support:
  • Upon completion of training, artisans will receive a tool kit incentive of ₹15,000 for purchasing modern tools and collateral-free loans at a lower interest rate (around 8%) up to ₹1 lakh, with an additional ₹2 lakh for establishing their businesses.

Importance of Digital and Financial Skills

• Enhancing Financial Literacy:
  • The scheme aims to improve digital and financial skills among traditional artisans to ensure proper income tracking, aligning with the country’s economic growth goals.
• The Vishwakarma Scheme stands as a comprehensive effort to empower artisans and craftspeople by bridging the gap between traditional skills and modern demands while facilitating their economic progress.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2115-lakh-applications-received-under-pm-vishwakarma-scheme-says-skill-ministry/article67624765.ece

THE CONTEXT: There arise differences between Ambedkar’s expectations and the current situations of the marginalized communities of India under the rise of neoliberalism. Thus, there is a call for a redefined social justice framework aligned with Ambedkar’s principles, emphasizing inclusive integration into the economic order for marginalized groups.

ABOUT MODERN DEMOCRACY:

• Modern democracy is synonymous with both the values of social harmony and reforms that ensure dignity and self-respect to its participants, especially the historically deprived and socially marginalised people.
• Further, democratic institutions are mandated to engage with the worst-off social groups and ensure their substantive participation as a significant governing class in political affairs.
• The socially oppressed groups in India, especially Dalits, adored and celebrated such modern virtues because of their liberative potential and egalitarian goals.
• Though the mechanism of social justice is not radical and transformative, it provides moral sensibilities to institutions and makes it responsible towards the diverse population.

ISSUES:

• Neo-liberal Impact: Neo-liberal market is alien to the concept of social justice and celebrates the exclusive control of few corporate bodies and businessmen over capitalist development. Neo-liberal economic development has disrupted traditional support for Dalits and Adivasis from state institutions and their concerns has been neglected.
• Tokenistic presence: Various sectors witness the dominance of social elites, perpetuating the control of the conventional ruling class. In this scenario, socially marginalized groups experience tokenistic representation in power and privileges.
• Little impact of government policies: Though various political regimes vouch to implement social justice policies, this has little impact in ensuring the significant participation of the marginalized social groups in the domain of power.
• Exploitative impact: In the neo liberal market, there is distancing of the market from social responsibilities. It leads to neglect towards the aspirations and the demands of Dalits and Adivasis which make market enterprise more exploitative and closer to a crony capitalist mode. This version of the market economy needs reforms.
• Contrast views with Ambedkar: Ambedkar looked upon the modern state as the key transformative force for the emancipation of Dalits and Adivasis. However, in the neo-liberal realm, the state has been converted as the passive associate of big business that readily deviates from its social responsibilities and welfarist values.

AMBEDKAR VISION:

• Babasaheb Ambedkar emerged as a torchbearer of liberal enlightened ideas and expected that post-colonial India would be distinct from the exploitative Brahmanical past. He invited Dalits and other marginalised communities to be equal shareholders in the nation’s economic and political development.
• R. Ambedkar’s principles of social justice would disapprove the current realm of neo-liberal economy for its neglect of the concerns of Dalits and Adivasis. It would direct the market to be more responsible towards the marginalized groups.
• It would also direct the state to reduce the pitfalls and slippages now in social justice policies and make them more relevant in the present day.
• Ambedkar becomes crucial in such a discourse because his approach allows us to diagnose illnesses in the social and economic order. He offers ethical corrective measures to make institutions more democratic, representative and closer to the claims and the desires of marginalised social groups.

THE WAY FORWARD

• Implementing Policies: There is a need for adoption of affirmative policies to empower Dalit and Adivasi groups as industrialists, market leaders, and influencers. For which there is a need for expansion of social justice policies to the private economy for democratizing working classes and reducing poverty.
• Inclusivity of marginalized groups: There is a need for integration of Dalits and Adivasis as influential contributors to the market economy. This can make marginalised groups an integral part of the new economic order by reducing their perpetual subjugation as a passive exploited class. Dalits and Adivasis should not be identified only as the poor and migrant working class that is dependent upon the benevolence of corporate social responsibility for their livelihood. Instead, these groups should be advanced as the essential components of urbanisation, industrial production and technological innovations.
• Inculcating Ambedkar’s vision: Adopting Ambedkar’s version of social justice would help to redefine capitalism as a pluralist and cooperative mode of economic order. It can guarantees the participation of Dalits and Adivasis in the market economy and in the associated institutions of power and privileges.
• Marginalised groups as influential arbitrators: Marginalised groups concerns to protect their habitats, ecological order and cultural autonomy must be addressed, while endorsing the fact about the market economy’s inevitability. Therefore, it is necessary that the current phase of economic development and the expansion of the market economy should also be directed toward making marginalized as influential arbitrators in the neo-liberal discourse.

THE CONCLUSION:

Neo liberal economic model has significant impact on the marginalized groups that is in contrast to vision of Ambedkar’s vision of social justice. The leaders of the market economy should be educated to adopt welfarist measures for the marginalized groups to make them integral to economic development.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 There is a growing divergence in the relationship between poverty and hunger in India. The shrinking of social expenditure by the government is forcing the poor to spend more on non-food essential items squeezing their food-budget – Elucidate. (2019)

Q.2 Multiplicity of various commissions for the vulnerable sections of the society leads to problems of overlapping jurisdiction and duplication of functions. Is it better to merge all commissions into an umbrella Human Rights Commission? Argue your case. (2018)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 With the ascent of neo-liberal economic development, the conventional support that Dalits and Adivasis have received from state institutions has derailed. In this context, assess the impact of the neo-liberal economic model on social justice policies.

Q.2 Evaluate Ambedkar’s vision for making the neo liberal economic model more democratic and representative to address the concern of neglect of marginalized groups.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-ambedkar-touch-in-rethinking-social-justice-policies/article67608373.ece

THE CONTEXT: The All-India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) recently announced its plans to open a Centre of Excellence for transgender healthcare in 2024.  

ABOUT THE CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE:

• The centre will be established at the Burns and Plastic Surgery department of the institute.
• The move comes after a collaboration with the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment, the National Aids Control Organization (NACO), and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoH&FW).
• It aims to not only deliver holistic care but become the seat of learning in the subject of Transgender Health under one roof and save patients from the hassle of running from one OPD to another.
• The institute has already been conducting gender-reassignment surgeries and aims to offer surgical, endocrinology-related, and psychiatry services.

ISSUES FACED BY TRANSGENDERS

• Discrimination: Transgenders face discrimination in employment, educational institutes, and within families which severely affects their overall wellbeing. They often face difficulty in property inheritance or child adoption. Because of being socially marginalised they are compelled to take up menial jobs despite good qualifications or forced into sex work. They face issues with the accessibility of even basic amenities as public toilets and public spaces.
• Inadequate access to healthcare: They have been subject to unscientific and inhuman practices like “conversion therapy” by medical practitioners. The community lacks access to healthcare because of structural barriers like exclusionary infrastructure, lack of services and trained and sensitised healthcare workers. State policies in primary and secondary healthcare have made no effort to ensure access for the community. Mental healthcare continues to be dominated by tertiary institutes that have failed to provide for gender-diverse people.
• Issue of legal recognition of gender: There are issues of legal recognition of gender in India. Certain documents in India, such as the passport, still do not have the provision of transgender as a gender marker. They are often forced to identify with a gender with which they are not associated despite Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 which allows the community the right to self-perceived gender identity.
• Against NALSA judgement: The Transgender Act makes it mandatory for a transgender person to undergo surgery to change their gender within the binaries of male and female. This is in contravention of the NALSA judgment, which states that any insistence on sex reassignment surgery for declaring one’s gender is illegal. There is a misplaced focus on tertiary care and surgical procedures. This is pushing transgender people to undergo surgery to get a binary gender marker.

STEPS TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT

• NALSA v Union of India (2014): The community was first given legal recognition in India in NALSA v Union of India(2014). The NALSA case judgement led to the recognition of transgender people as the ‘third gender’ by the Supreme Court of India. It affirmed that the fundamental rights granted under the Constitution will be equally applicable to them, and gave them the right to self-identification of their gender as male, female or third gender.
• Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019: The Act aims to stop discrimination against a transgender person in various sectors such as education, employment, and healthcare. It also directs the central and state governments to provide welfare schemes for them. It re-emphasised the role of governments in holistic healthcare services to the community as providing sex reassignment surgery, counselling services and mental health services. It also asked for a review of the medical curriculum and medical research that caters to transgender persons. Most importantly, it called for facilitating trans peoples’ access to hospitals and healthcare institutions.
• The Transgender Persons Rules, 2020: The Rules have been made under the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. The rules seek to recognise the identity of transgenders and prohibit discrimination in the fields of education, employment, healthcare, holding property and use of public services and benefits. It added that state governments shall ensure the provision of separate wards and washrooms for transgender people in hospitals by 2022. It asked states to undertake the sensitisation of healthcare professionals and directed the publishing of an equal opportunity policy and notification of a complaint officer by every establishment. It also suggested that at least one government hospital in a state should provide safe and free gender-affirming surgery and related services.
• National Portal for Transgender Persons: It would help transgenders in digitally applying for a certificate and identity card from anywhere in the country, thus preventing any physical interaction with officials.It will help them track the status of application, rejection, grievance redressal, etc. which will ensure transparency in the process.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Increase in number of centre of excellence: One centre of excellence cannot cater to the needs of transgender people across India. All government medical colleges and hospitals in India should provide gender-affirming services. This must be in addition to quality, inclusive, and accessible primary and secondary healthcare. Institutions aiming to be Centres of Excellence must comply with legal necessities like transgender-inclusive wards, washrooms, equal opportunity policy, and grievance mechanisms.
• Transgender-Inclusive Policies:There is a need to frame transgender inclusive policies by sensitizing the legal and law enforcement systems. It will increase their chance to be included in policies formulation and increase their public participation.
• Financial Security: There is a need to ensure financial security among transgenders to mainstream the community in the society. For example, liberal credit facilities and financial assistance must be ensured to start up their career as an entrepreneur or businessman.
• Sensitization and awareness:There is a need to increase awareness and sensitise the legal and law enforcement systems towards the challenges of the community. This requires a concerted effort from all stakeholders, including the transgender community, the government, civil society, and religious leaders.

THE CONCLUSION:

Transgenders face various disadvantages in the Indian society. Therefore, state along with civil society must develop effective measures and also there should be efforts in sensitising the society and increasing awareness for fostering a sense of respect and acceptance for transgender community.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (2021)

Q.2 “Micro-Finance as an anti-poverty vaccine is aimed at asset creation and income security of the rural poor in India”. Evaluate the role of Self-Help Groups in achieving the twin objectives along with empowering women in rural India. (2020)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 What are the roadblocks in improving the status of transgenders in India? Highlight some major government initiatives related to their empowerment.

Q.2 Despite the constitutional safeguards and special legislation, transgenders are historically marginalized and disadvantaged groups in accessing healthcare in India. Comment.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/aiims-transgender-care-centre-conversion-therapy-unscientific-practices-9054488/

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. What the World Malaria Report says about India READ MORE
2. COP28: What is Global Stocktake — and why is it important? READ MORE
3. RBI monetary policy: Why is the Monetary Policy Committee likely to leave repo rate unchanged? READ MORE
4. BCG revaccination study in high-risk adults to begin in 23 States READ MORE
5.  ‘India will be the largest cotton producer’ READ MORE
6. COP28 climate meet | India not among 118 nations that pledged to triple green energy READ MORE
7. Lithium supply strategy: India’s initiative with Argentina’s CAMYEN gains traction READ MORE
8. Natural superhero fungi boosts crop yields by 40% READ MORE
9. After COVID break, Centre approves fourth phase roll-out of GIAN scheme READ MORE
10. India agreed to withdraw soldiers from country, says Maldives President Muizzu READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Re-criminalising adultery as a gender-neutral offence READ MORE
2. Weather Report: East India braces for wet days ahead as Cyclone Michaung builds up; North India to remain dry READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. The legal net to trap peddlers of deepfakes READ MORE
2. Private job quota for locals ends with order READ MORE
3. Role of Governors in focus again READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. India, disability inclusion and the power of ‘by’ READ MORE  

 INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Kissinger: Cold warrior of realpolitik READ MORE  
2. Time for a reset in India-US ties READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Growth surprise points to status quo on repo rate READ MORE
2. Economy well on track but growth not yet broad-based READ MORE
3. Why government is not worried about missing disinvestment target READ MORE
4. How Indian economy has silenced ‘perennial pessimists’ READ MORE
5. India’s geo-digital age is here – tech partnerships, data protection, semiconductors READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Why India will continue to rely on coal for foreseeable future READ MORE  
2. India reduced emissions intensity 33% in 2005-2019, shows new submission to UN READ MORE
3. COP28 must put global climate action back on track READ MORE
4. Will COP28 UAE shape climate justice amid clash between urgency and economic realities in global climate action? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. The transformative benefits of population-level genome sequencing | Explained READ MORE   
2. Artificial Intelligence: Benefits outweigh the detriments READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Combating cybercrimes READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. The Uttarakhand tunnel workers have been rescued. It’s time to ask hard questions about the project READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Panacea for grief: Realise the eternity within READ MORE
2. Your anger, your energy READ MORE
3. Serve Param Purush READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. A bottom-up approach to disability inclusion is needed to ensure that persons with disabilities are recognised as active members of society and the economy. In the light of the statement critically examine the schemes established as part of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016).
2. The goal of social justice cannot be achieved without the inclusion of persons with disabilities in all spheres of development, starting with rural areas and rural resilience. Comment.
3. The historic marginalisation of persons with disabilities and the backsliding of the progress on the Sustainable Development Goals, a fundamental shift in commitment, solidarity, financing and action is critical. Discuss how the voices and needs of persons with disabilities be prioritised at the centre of the global development agenda.
4. ‘Strategic Autonomy’ deployed by India in recent times owes itself to the foundational principle of realpolitik, as it allows the practitioner to not get closeted within the linear grouping. Critically examine the statement.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it.
• There needs to be more inclusive opportunities and employment in the rural areas as a majority of persons with disabilities live here.
• The first step is awareness to ensure last-mile connectivity of the benefits enumerated for people with disabilities by the government, which begins with the capacity-building of community leaders who can advocate for this at the grass-roots level.
• A bottom-up approach to disability inclusion is crucial to build productive pathways out of poverty and ensure that persons with disabilities are recognised as active members of society and the economy.
• The goal of social justice cannot be achieved without the inclusion of persons with disabilities in all spheres of development, starting with rural areas and rural resilience.
• A bi-directional link to poverty, nutrition, and hunger, and as a consequence, there needs to be more inclusive opportunities and employment in rural areas.
• The historic marginalisation of persons with disabilities and the backsliding of the progress on the Sustainable Development Goals, a fundamental shift in commitment, solidarity, financing and action is critical.
• It is about time that the voices and needs of persons with disabilities be prioritised at the centre of the global development agenda.
• Though the domestic economy is on a stronger footing, inflation needs to sustain at 4 per cent for interest rates to be cut.
• Though the domestic economy is on a stronger footing and global headwinds are not too threatening as to upset inflation-growth dynamics, the lingering El Nino impact on the farm sector could be a cause of concern.
• ‘Strategic Autonomy’ deployed by India in recent times owes itself to the foundational principle of realpolitik, as it allows the practitioner to not get closeted within the linear grouping and associated puritanism of ‘allies’ to which a sovereign subscribed.
• As India meanders and navigates its rise in global relevance and animus simultaneously, it would do well to mull over and keep pace with the evolving nature of diplomacy.
• The extent of moral compromises, leniencies and even suppressions done by Superpowers in their quest to assert their geopolitical agendas and interests, is even more pronounced.
• It is imperative to foster a constructive working relationship to resolve the disharmony between the Centre and the states.
• Instead of engaging in public arguments, Chief Ministers and Governors should create a more conducive environment for the federal structure to operate seamlessly. Establishing a positive and productive relationship is crucial for the efficient functioning of the state.
• The core commitment of COP28 is to conceptualise a sustainable socio-economic model that will substantively decouple itself from conventional reliance on the fossil-related energy model.
• The alignment of AI use cases with the vision of the organisation is the most important aspect of the adoption of AI.
• The development of AI should not be an ad-hoc process but a part of a well-thought-out strategy which has the support of the top management and confidence of all stakeholders as a tool for reducing their burden rather than replacing them or their work.

ESSAY TOPIC

• Strategy is not the consequence of planning, but the opposite: its starting point.

50-WORD TALK

• Tamil Nadu police have a new target. It’s called ED. Scenes of police raiding ED office upend the playbook of what has become so routine and partisan that nobody even ponders anymore. It shows how broken the federal compact is. The primary responsibility of repairing centre-state balance lies with centre.
• China has become the first nation to accept the Taliban’s ambassador, starting the normalisation of the outfit in the global order. This is the destiny of Afghanistan that everyone will have to accept, even as efforts continue to sustain international pressure on the Taliban for women’s rights and curbing terrorism.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

THE CONTEXT: Disability as an identity and entity exists at the intersection of multiple vulnerabilities social, economic and gender with each facet requiring careful consideration when conceptualising action for equity. Globally, 1.3 billion people live with some form of disability, of them, 80% live in developing countries and further, 70% of them live in rural areas. People with disabilities face unjustifiable discrimination, and consequently exclusion and they are often not at the receiving ends.

CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE DISABLED:

• Article 41 of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP): Itstates that the State shall make effective provisions for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, within the limits of its economic capacity and development.
• Seventh Schedule of the constitution: The subject of ‘relief of the disabled and unemployable’is specified in the state list of the Seventh Schedule of the constitution.

ISSUES :

• Discriminatory approach: Current systems are designed for persons without disabilities and end up being exclusionary to people with disabilities. This leads disabled persons experiencing higher instances of poverty, lack of access to education and opportunities, informality and other forms of social and economic discrimination.
• Inadequate representation: Disabled people are not represented enough at all three levels of governance. This often leads to their isolation and decrease in financial resources.
• Limited economic opportunities: The current employment scenario is limited, providing fewer jobs for persons with disabilities. It perpetuates stereotypes that create further barriers for people with disabilities to access the labour market.
• Not aligned with UN treaty: Discrimination is also in direct contravention of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. It advocates changing attitudes and perceptions towards persons with disabilities and viewing inclusion from a social development dimension.
• Greater challenges in rural areas: Majority of persons with disabilities live in rural areas. Rural areas also have high agricultural dependence and face the heightened risk of climate calamities which put rural people at the frontlines of these challenges.
• Exclusion from government schemes: Some developmental schemes, too, exclude them. They are viewed as objects of charity and not as persons with agency with an ability to participate in decision-making processes.

STEPS TAKEN IN THIS REGARD:

• Accessible India Campaign (AIC): It is the nationwide flagship campaign of the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD), Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. The aim of the Campaign is to make a barrier-free and conducive environment for Divyangjans (Persons with Disabilities – PwDs) all over the country.
• Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016: It is the disability legislation passed to fulfil its obligation to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which India ratified in 2007. It provides a Unique id for persons with disabilities (UDID) card. Under the act, disability has been defined based on an evolving and dynamic concept. The types of disabilities have been increased from the existing 7 to 21 and the Central Government has been given the power to add more types of disabilities.
• Ratification of UN treaty: India signed theUnited Nations Convention on Rights of Persons with Disability and subsequently ratified it on October 1, 2007.

About United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD)

• The Convention was adopted by the General Assembly in December 2006 and it came into force on in May 2008.
• Parties to the convention are required to promote, protect, and ensure the full enjoyment of human rights by persons with disabilities and ensure that persons with disabilities enjoy full equality under the law.
• It is intended to protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities.
• The convention is monitored by the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

The SPARK project

• The ILO and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), in collaboration with the Women’s Development Corporation in Maharashtra, are implementing the Sparking Disability Inclusive Rural Transformation (SPARK) project.
• Through this project, persons with disabilities were put in the lead, being identified from the villages, and trained as Disability Inclusion Facilitators (DIFs).
• The DIFs engage with the community, persons with disabilities, caregivers of persons with disabilities, women from self-help groups and other stakeholders to raise awareness about disability inclusion and barriers to inclusion.
• The DIFs identify women with disabilities and mainstream them in existing self-help groups for social and economic development, where these women have been able to access funds to start an enterprise.
• The SPARK project has been able to bring an attitudinal shift towards persons with disabilities, right from the societal to administrative levels.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Increasing representation: Representation plays an important role in furthering the interests of the marginalised community. Our Constitution makers have also recognised this when they provided for reservation for Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribes in the legislature. Therefore, there is a need to increase the representation of disabled in the law making process as well.
• Inclusive policies: Disability inclusion is rooted in assuring the rights of persons with disabilities and recognising the economic benefits of inclusion. There needs to be more inclusive opportunities and employment in both urban and rural areas for the disabled persons. The inclusion of persons with disabilities into the economy can help boost global GDP between 3% to 7%, as per the study by the International Labour Organization (ILO), “The price of exclusion: The economic consequences of excluding people with disabilities from the world of work”.
• Public Awareness: Governments, voluntary organisations, and professional associationsshould consider running social campaigns that change attitudes on stigmatised issues related to person with disabilities.
• Bottom up approach: A bottom-up approach to disability inclusion is crucial to build productive pathways out of poverty and ensure that persons with disabilities are recognised as active members of society and the economy.
• Benefits outreach to disabled: There is a need to ensure last-mile connectivity of the benefits enumerated for people with disabilities by the government. It can be done by capacity-building of community leaders who can advocate for this at the grass-roots level. This is especially important in rural areas, where persons with disabilities tend to face greater challenges when compared to their urban counterparts, with even more limited access to education and employment.
• Role of private sector: The private sector holds a key in promoting the employment of persons with disabilities. Private sector can play important role in building the confidence of companies to hire and retain workers with disabilities. Engagement of employers’ federations and trade unions can have great potential to promote the employment of persons with disabilities.

THE CONCLUSION:

The goal of social justice cannot be achieved without the inclusion of persons with disabilities in all spheres of development.  There needs to be more inclusive opportunities to ensure socio economic justice to disabled persons. This can be done by creating awareness and sensitization at the community level and capacity building of government frontline workers and professionals to make lives of disabled persons easier.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (2021)

Q.2 “Micro-Finance as an anti-poverty vaccine is aimed at asset creation and income security of the rural poor in India”. Evaluate the role of Self-Help Groups in achieving the twin objectives along with empowering women in rural India. (2020)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 Despite several steps taken for the betterment of persons with disabilities they still face considerable barriers in access to basic resources. Suggest measures to facilitate inclusivity and empowerment of persons with disabilities in India.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/india-disability-inclusion-and-the-power-of-by/article67601986.ece

THE CONTEXT: The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India has not conducted a Union level performance audit of the implementation of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Generation Act (MGNREGA) since 2013.

MORE ON THE NEWS

• According to CAG reports available on its website, a performance audit of the implementation of the scheme, which guarantees 100 days of work to rural households every year, was last conducted in 2013.
• The scheme was taken up for audit by CAG at the national level in 2016, but not as a performance audit but only to examine the Social Audit Units.
• 2013 report was comprehensive and covered the MGNREGA’s implementation across the country.
  • There was a plan after that to cover the social impact of the scheme, which was done in the 2016 report. However, after that, there has been no elaborate report on MGNREGA.

MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT (MGNREGA)

• The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), also known as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS) is a legislation enacted on August 25, 2005.
• MGNREGA guarantees hundred days of wage employment in a financial year, to a rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.
• MGNREGA focuses on the economic and social empowerment of women.
• Social Audit of MGNREGA works is mandatory, which lends to accountability and transparency.
• The scheme now covers 648 Districts, 6,849 Blocks and 2,50,441 Gram Panchayats in the financial year 2015-16.

MGNREGA’s shrinking budget:

• It initially came into force in 200 districts from February 2, 2006, and was expanded to cover all rural areas by April 1, 2008.
• The scheme is implemented by the Department of Rural Development under the Ministry of Rural Development.
• According to an analysis by PRS Legislative Research, in 2023-24, MGNREGS (38%) gets the highest budgetary allocation in the department’s accounting.
  • The rural development department also implements other major social sector schemes such as Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) and Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G).
• In the 2023 budget, the MGNREGS was allocated Rs 60,000 crore. Concerns have been raised that the allocation to the MGNREGS has declined by 33% as compared to the revised estimates of 2022-23.

Union-level CAG reports on MGNREGA:

• CAG’s 2013 report covered the period from April 2007 to March 2012.
• The first performance audit of the scheme was undertaken in 2007-08 and covered the period from February 2006 to March 2007.
• The 2013 report noted that there had been a “significant decline” in per rural household employment generation in the previous two years and a “substantial decline” in the proportion of work completed.
• The 2016 report examined the functioning of Social Audit Units under MGNREGA.
  • This report noted several irregularities including that SAU had not been set up in seven states, while in eight states they were set up but not functional.
• Social audit is mandated under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Audit of Schemes Rules, 2011.
  • The rules were framed by the Ministry of Rural Development in consultation with CAG.
  • The rules provide for the state government to facilitate identification and creation of independent organisations i.e., Social Audit Units (SAU), process of conducting these audits and obligations of persons related to the audits.

WHY CAG AUDIT REPORTS ARE IMPORTANT?

• As a constitutional authority, CAG is the sole authority that the constitution entrusts the responsibility of auditing the accounts of the Union and state governments.
• CAG’s performance audits examine the extent to which an activity, programme or organisation operates economically, efficiently, and effectively.
• CAG presented twelve reports that revealed corruption and irregularities in the functioning of several Union government ministries and departments.

ISSUES

Lack of accountability: There needs to be   accountability at the moment for the person who is supposed to be the chief accountability officer.

• The CAG is an external auditor and can only give his opinion.
• The government has internal auditors in the form of the CAG (Controller General of Accounts who is responsible for exchequer control and internal audits of the Union government).

Non-release of MGNREGA funds: Several oppositions-ruled states like West Bengal have accused the Union government of non-release of MGNREGA funds.

• In August, the rural development ministry informed parliament that the Union government has pending payments under the wage component for 18 States and Union Territories.
• Of this, it owes the highest amounts to opposition ruled states: Rs 2,770 crore is owed to West Bengal, followed by Rajasthan (Rs 979 crore) and Bihar (Rs 669 crore).

Other centrally sponsored schemes: Other centrally sponsored schemes that have not been audited since 2018 reportedly include the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), the Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) and the PM Jal Jeevan Mission (PMJJM).

WAY FORWARD

Social auditing mechanism robust: According to the Kerala’s Rural Development Minister, they have taken a host of measures to make their social auditing mechanism robust.

• Including holding periodic panchayat-level public hearings where all stakeholders participate.
• Kerala has a healthy culture of people’s participation in governance.

Assessment of audit risks: Taking up a Performance Audit for a CAG  report depends on the assessment of audit risks because the audit department has limited resources while the audit mandate is vast. So, audit resource deployment depends on risk assessment.

Tackle diversion of funds: Management Information System (MIS) done by the Rural Development Ministry to digitise the scheme, as well as bringing in direct benefit transfer (DBT) to beneficiaries to tackle diversion of funds have helped to substantially mitigate audit risks.

Methodology of risk analysis:  The CAG  should present his methodology of risk analysis through which he deploys his resources to various audit concerns.

CONCLUSION:

Performance audits can promote transparency and accountability in the implementation of MGNREGA. This can build public trust in the program and ensure that it is being implemented in a fair and equitable manner.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION:

Q) Exercise of CAG’s powers in relation to the accounts of the Union and the States is derived from Article 149 of the Indian Constitution. Discuss whether audit of the Government’s Policy implementation could amount to overstepping its own (CAG) jurisdiction. (2016)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q) Examine the role of CAG in conducting the performance audit of developmental schemes.

SOURCE: No CAG Performance Audit of MGNREGA for 10 Years Poses Serious Questions (thewire.in)

TAG: GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: Out of the 34 States and union territories only six have completed social audit of works done under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) in more than 50% of gram panchayats.

EXPLANATION

• Kerala is the only State to cover 100%-gram panchayats.
• High rate of corruption is one of the primary complaints against the scheme and social audit is the inbuilt anti-corruption mechanism in the Act.
• These statistics are sourced from the Management Information System (MIS) on Social Audit maintained by the Union Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) as on November 10.
• Section 17 of the MGNREGA says the Gram Sabha “shall monitor the execution of works”.
• Each State has social audit units which are supposed to work independent of the implementing authorities.
• The auditing standards laid down by the Comptroller and Auditor General were issued only on December 19, 2016.
  • According to them, every Social Audit Unit is entitled to funds equivalent to 0.5% of the MGNREGA  expenditure incurred by the State in the previous year.
  • The audit involves quality checks of infrastructure created under the MGNREGA, financial misappropriation in wages, and checking for any procedural deviations.

UNIFORM PROBLEM

• The problem is uniform irrespective of the party in power across the country.
• The Centre has, multiple times, reminded the States that if the social audits are not conducted regularly, then the funds under the MGNREGS will be withheld.
• The States complain that the audit is delayed because the Centre does not release the funds for the social audit units, which work independent of the State governments, in time.
• There are recurrent complaints of delayed salaries for the village-level auditors.

States:

• Other than Kerala the only States to cross the 50% mark are Bihar (64.4%), Gujarat (58.8%), Jammu and Kashmir (64.1%), Odisha (60.42%) and Uttar Pradesh (54.97%).
• Only three States have covered 40% or more villages.
  • Telangana (40.5%), Himachal Pradesh (45.32%) and Andhra Pradesh (49.7%).
  • Other than Telangana, among the poll-bound States, the numbers are really low, Madhya Pradesh (1.73%), Mizoram (17.5%) Chhattisgarh (25.06%), and Rajasthan (34.74%).
• Kerala’s Rural Development Minister said theirs was the only State that also holds periodic Social Audit Public Hearings (Janakeeya Sabhas) at the panchayat level to subject the audit reports to close public scrutiny.
• In the other States, such public scrutiny is done only at the block level.

MEASURES

• According to the Kerala’s Rural Development Minister, they have taken a host of measures to make their social auditing mechanism robust.
  • Including holding periodic panchayat-level public hearings where all stakeholders participate.
  • Kerala has a healthy culture of people’s participation in governance.

THE MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME (MGNREGS)

• The Government of India passed the MGNREGA, September in 2005.
• The Act gives legal guarantee of a 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to adult members of a rural household who demand employment and are willing to do unskilled manual work.
• The Act will be applicable to areas notified by the Central Government.

Launching of Scheme:

• MGNREGS was launched by Govt. of India in all Gram Panchayats of districts Mahendergarh and Sirsa on 2nd February 2006 and this scheme was also extended in two more districts namely Ambala & Mewat on 1^st April 2007.
• The remaining districts of the State have been covered under the scheme in April 2008.

Objective:

• The objective of the Act is to enhance the livelihood security of the people in the rural areas by generating wage employment through works that develop the infrastructure base of that area.

Cost Sharing:

• Financial assistance shall be provided by Central and State Governments in the ratio of 90:10 respectively.

Source: MGNREGS audit crosses 50% local bodies in just six States – The Hindu

TOPIC 1: RHODODENDRON

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT  

THE CONTEXT: The rhododendron flower in Uttarakhand, is portrayed as an integral part of the region’s culture, rituals, mythology, and even culinary practices.

RHODODENDRON AS A CULTURAL SYMBOL:

• Cultural and Ritual Importance:
  • The rhododendron is deeply embedded in Uttarakhand’s culture, being an essential part of local rituals and mythology.
  • Its presence in rituals and temples signifies purity and endurance, demonstrating the reverence people hold for this flower.
• Pilgrimage Significance:
  • The flower is central to the Nanda Devi Raj Jat Yatra, a significant pilgrimage in Uttarakhand that occurs every 12 years.
  • This underscores the strong bond between the local people and their natural environment.

UTILIZATION BEYOND AESTHETICS:

• Culinary and Medicinal Use:
  • Beyond its visual appeal, the rhododendron finds usage in regional cuisine, with its blossoms being used to create sweets, drinks, jams, and juice.
  • Its distinct flavour and purported cooling properties make it popular among locals and visitors alike.
• Environmental Concerns:
  • Climate change-induced alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns are impacting the rhododendron’s growth and flowering cycles.
  • Consequently, conservation efforts are gaining importance, with initiatives in place to safeguard these Himalayan flowers, including the establishment of conservation zones and promoting eco-friendly travel practices.

ECONOMIC AND TOURISTIC VALUE:

• Cultural Tourism:
  • The rich cultural connection with the rhododendron offers a unique opportunity for cultural tourism.
  • Visitors are drawn not only to the natural beauty but also to the rituals and traditions associated with the flower.
• Local Economy:
  • The utilization of rhododendron in cuisine and traditional practices also contributes to the local economy, providing opportunities for culinary ventures and indigenous products.

IMPLICATIONS:

• Cultural Heritage Preservation:
  • The importance of preserving not just the flower itself but also the associated cultural heritage and traditions has been emphasized.
  • The emphasis on conservation and sustainable practices reflects a holistic approach to safeguarding this floral emblem and the surrounding ecosystem while acknowledging its cultural significance.
• Sustainable Development:
  • Balancing conservation with tourism and economic activities is crucial to ensure sustainable development, where efforts to protect the rhododendron align with the promotion of eco-friendly practices.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/the-power-of-the-rhododendron/article67529485.ece

TOPIC 2: ONATTUKARA SESAME

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Efforts are being made to expand the cultivation of Geographical Indication (GI)-tagged Onattukara sesame in the Kerala region.

INITIATIVE TO EXPAND SESAME CULTIVATION:

• Increase in Cultivation Area:
  • The Onattukara Vikasana Agency (OVA) plans to significantly increase the area under sesame cultivation.
  • It aimed to expand it to 2,000 hectares from the current 600 hectares in the region encompassing three districts of Kerala: Alappuzha, Kollam, and Pathanamthitta.
• Incentive Scheme:
  • To encourage farmers, a financial assistance program has been announced, offering ₹40 for a cent of land for cultivating sesame within the Thekkekara Krishi Bhavan limits.
  • This incentive is expected to attract individuals, farming collectives, Kudumbashree groups, self-help groups, and joint liability groups towards sesame cultivation.
• Collaborative Efforts:
  • The initiative is a joint venture involving local Krishi Bhavan, Onattukara Vikasana Agency (OVA), Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station (ORARS), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kayamkulam, and Mavelikara Thekkekara Panchayat.
  • Collaboration between these entities indicates a concerted effort to promote sesame cultivation.
• Support Mechanisms:
  • Farmers and groups engaging in sesame cultivation are offered additional support.
  • It also includes access to workforce from Thekkekara Karshika Karma Sena and tractor rental at a nominal charge of ₹750 per hour.

SIGNIFICANCE OF ONATTUKARA SESAME:

• Geographical Indication (GI) Tag:
  • The Onattukara sesame holds a GI tag, signifying its unique characteristics and origin from a specific geographical location, adding value to its identity and quality.
• Medicinal and Nutritional Value:
  • Studies by the Kerala Agricultural University reveal the medicinal value of Onattukara sesame.
  • It contains high levels of Vitamin E, antioxidants, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitoleic acid, promoting good health.
• Varieties Cultivated:
  • Apart from the traditional Ayali variety, farmers in the region are cultivating varieties like Kayamkulam-1, Thilak, Thilathara, and Thilarani, developed by the Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station (ORARS).

POTENTIAL BENEFITS:

• Economic Development:
  • Expanding sesame cultivation holds the potential to boost local economies, generate employment opportunities, and contribute to the agricultural sector’s growth in the region.
• Health and Nutritional Benefits:
  • Highlighting the nutritional and medicinal values of Onattukara sesame could create consumer awareness, potentially increasing demand for this particular variety.
• Collaborative Approach:
  • The joint efforts involving various agricultural institutions, local governance bodies, and farmers’ groups indicate a coordinated strategy towards agricultural development and sustainability.
• GI Tag and Quality Assurance:
  • The GI tag signifies quality, authenticity, and unique characteristics associated with the geographical region, contributing to the promotion and branding of Onattukara sesame.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/measures-on-to-expand-cultivation-of-gi-tagged-onattukara-sesame/article67551308.ece/amp/

TOPIC 3: INDIA-UK FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (FTA)

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: External Affairs Minister of India discussed the India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Britain’s Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary recently.

EXPLANATION:

• The agreement is under negotiation and has not been signed yet.
• When signed, the India-UK FTA will serve as a template for an agreement with the European Union (EU).

INDIA-UK FREE TRADE AGREEMENT:

• Strategic Importance as a Template for EU Agreement:
  • The FTA between India and the UK is seen as a model for a similar pact with the European Union, India’s second-largest trade partner.
  • It signifies a shift in India’s trade strategy towards Western nations and African countries rather than solely focusing on the East, as previously done under the UPA government.
• China Factor and Supply Chain Disruptions:
  • The disruption in supply chains during the pandemic has prompted Western companies to reconsider their over-dependence on China, leading to a ‘China-plus one’ strategy.
  • This shift has motivated countries like Australia and the UK to seek stronger economic ties with India.
• Brexit-Induced Insecurities for the UK:
  • Brexit has created uncertainties for the UK, making an FTA with India crucial to compensate for the loss of access to the European Single Market.
  • However, concerns exist regarding offering work permits to Indian service sector workers due to political reasons.
• Potential Gains and Challenges for India:
  • For India, the FTA presents an opportunity to revive declining sectors like apparel and gems/jewellery by reducing tariffs in the UK.
  • However, concerns have been raised about the impact on Least Developed Countries (LDCs) like Bangladesh if India gains zero-duty access for its textiles.
• Beneficial Aspects for the UK:
  • The UK aims to gain deeper access to the Indian market, especially for goods like cars, Scotch whisky, and wines, which currently face significant tariffs.
  • Elimination or reduction of tariffs on these goods could enhance British exports to India.
• Tariff Disparity and Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs):
  • There exists a substantial tariff disparity between goods imported from India into the UK and vice versa.
  • The FTA negotiations might focus on reducing these tariff barriers.
  • Additionally, addressing non-tariff barriers such as regulations and standards could be crucial for Indian exporters, particularly in agriculture and manufacturing.
• Carbon Tax and Border Adjustment Mechanism:
  • The UK’s plan to impose a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) similar to the EU’s strategy might affect India’s exports, especially in sectors like cement, chemicals, steel, and others.
  • This imposition aims to reduce dependence on high carbon-emitting imports and could potentially impact Indian exports to the UK.

IMPACTS AND CHALLENGES:

• Strategic Shift: India’s reorientation towards Western nations and away from over-dependence on China is evident. However, concerns persist regarding the impact on LDCs, especially in terms of textiles.
• Potential Imbalance: While India aims to boost declining sectors, the disparity in tariffs and non-tariff barriers presents a challenge. Addressing these barriers will be critical for ensuring mutual benefits.
• Carbon Tax Implications: The UK’s plan for a carbon tax and CBAM could pose challenges for India’s exports, especially in energy-intensive sectors.
• Negotiation Dynamics: The negotiations hold importance for both countries, but balancing mutual benefits while addressing concerns of sectors vulnerable to tariff changes and non-tariff barriers is crucial.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/proposed-india-uk-fta-its-politics-and-why-the-uk-may-benefit-more-9031599/

TOPIC 4: 30th ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) ECONOMIC LEADERS’ MEETING

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The 30th Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Leaders’ Meeting concluded in San Francisco recently with the adoption of the Golden Gate Declaration. The declaration underscores the commitment to creating a resilient and sustainable future for all member economies.

EXPLANATION:

• For the first time since 2011, USA hosted annual APEC
• Theme of the meeting was creating a “Resilient and Sustainable Future for All”.

GOLDEN GATE DECLARATION:

• The declaration aims to harness the technological and economic progress to continue to unleash the enormous potential and tremendous dynamism across regions, spur economic growth.
• The declaration was adopted after the two-day meeting, during which the leaders focused on the subjects of sustainability, climate, just energy transition, interconnectedness and building inclusive and resilient economies.
• The importance of the rules-based multilateral trading system, with the World Trade Organization at its core, which continues to catalyze APEC region’s extraordinary growth has been reaffirmed.
• APEC economies vow to accelerate the transition towards low and zero emissions vehicles; sustainable aviation fuels; and low and zero emission maritime shipping and port decarbonization, reads the document.

APEC:

• It was formed in 1989 with 12 members.
• Now, it has 21 members.
• Grouping of economies around Pacific Ocean aiming to promote trade, investment, and economic development in region.
• Accounts for nearly 62% of global GDP, half of global trade and covers 38% of global population.
• Operates on basis of non-binding commitments with decisions reached by consensus. India is an observer since 2011.

SOURCE: https://www.wionews.com/world/apec-summit-live-updates-biden-meets-mexican-president-lopez-obrador-659895

TOPIC 5: GOVERNOR’S ROLE IN LEGISLATION

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Tamil Nadu Governor R. N. Ravi has withheld assent for certain Bills passed by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. In this article, we will analyse the governor’s role in legislation.

EXPLANATION:

• The role of a Governor in the legislative process within a state is a crucial aspect of India’s federal structure.
• The Governor, as the constitutional head of a state, plays a significant role in the enactment of laws.

GOVERNOR’S ROLE IN LEGISLATION:

• Options When Receiving a Bill for Assent:
  • Article 200 of the Indian Constitution provides a structured approach for the Governor’s actions concerning bills, emphasizing the Governor’s role as a link between the State Legislature and the Union.
  • It also outlines four alternatives available to a Governor upon receiving a bill from a State Legislature:
    • Give Assent: The Governor approves the bill, making it law.
    • Withhold Assent: The Governor refuses to approve the bill, effectively rejecting it.
    • Return for Reconsideration: If it’s not a Money Bill, the Governor can send the bill back to the State Legislature for reconsideration.
    • Reserve for President’s Consideration: Certain bills need to be reserved for the President’s consideration, such as those that reduce High Court powers or conflict with Union laws.
  • Exercise of Discretionary Powers:
    • According to judicial precedents like the Shamsher Singh case, the Governor typically acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers while withholding assent or returning a bill.
    • Discretionary powers might be exercised in rare cases where the Governor believes a bill contravenes the Constitution and should be reserved for the President’s consideration.
  • Recommendations and Unimplemented Suggestions:
    • Reports like the Sarkaria Commission and the Punchhi Commission have suggested limiting the Governor’s discretionary powers, emphasizing adherence to ministerial advice.
    • Recommendations also proposed time limits for decision-making on bills but have not been implemented.
  • Resolution of Impasses:
    • The politicization of the Governor’s role has been a persistent issue.
    • Suggestions include consulting Chief Ministers before a Governor’s appointment, and the possibility of impeachment by the State Legislature to remove an uncooperative Governor.
    • Amendments are proposed to ensure responsible cooperation between the Centre and States in matters related to Governors’ appointments and functioning.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO THE GOVERNOR

• Article 153 says that there shall be a Governor for each State. One person can be appointed as Governor for two or more States.
• A Governor is appointed by the President and is a nominee of the Central Government.
• It is stated that the Governor has a dual role.
• He is the constitutional head of the state, bound by the advice of his Council of Ministers (CoM).
• He functions as a vital link between the Union Government and the State Government.
• Articles 157 and 158 specify eligibility requirements for the post of governor. A governor must:
• Be a citizen of India.
• Be at least 35 years of age.
• Not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature.
• Not hold any office of profit.
• Governor has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, etc. (Article 161).
• There is a CoM with the CM at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except some conditions for discretion. (Article 163).
• The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other Ministers (Article 164).
• Governor assents, withholds assent, or reserves the bill for the consideration of the President passed by the Legislative Assembly (Article 200).
• Governors may promulgate the Ordinances under certain circumstances (Article 213).
• Governor’s role:
• The Governor holds a constitutional position and is expected to perform specific functions, including granting assent to bills passed by the state legislature and ensuring the proper functioning of state administration.
• The Governor’s actions are perceived as a hindrance to these responsibilities.
• FOR FURTHER RINFORMATION PLEASE REFER TO THE DNA ARTICLE OF 1^ST OCTOBER 2023.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-role-of-the-governor-in-legislature-explained/article67552112.ece/amp/

RELEVANCE TO UPSC SYLLABUS: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE: IRRATIONAL FREEBIES, FREEBIES AND ITS IMPLICATION ON ECONOMY; ELECTORAL REFORMS

THE CONTEXT

The ongoing assembly elections in five states are seen as a prelude to the general election expected in the first half of 2024. Competitive populism seems to have replaced communalism in these campaigns. Whether its ruling party or opposition, India’s political landscape stuck with the dilemma of populist policies, which may end up shifting the country from reforms to retrogression.

 MORE ON THE NEWS

• Polling has concluded in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Mizoram while campaigning is peaking in Rajasthan and Telangana, which will vote on November 25 and 30, 2023.
• Competitive populism has been the defining theme of campaigning so far, and attempts at communal polarisation have been relatively understated.
• The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Congress, the main contestants in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh, have sought to outdo each other in promising a widening array of welfare schemes.
• In Telangana, the Congress, which is mounting a serious challenge to incumbent Bharat Rashtra Samithi, has promised to expand the State’s saturated welfare regime even further.
• Incumbents in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, the Congress and the BJP, respectively, have relied on new welfare architectures to fight for another term.
• Tribal voters have received special attention from the BJP and the Congress. Prime Minister launched a ₹24,000-crore PM Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan for last-mile welfare scheme delivery and protection for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups. Congress and BJP have both claimed a better track record in delivering on election promises they make.

WHAT IS COMPETITIVE POPULISM?

• Competitive populism is the idea of framing the policies and campaigns by the political parties that focuses more on the individual problem rather than the country as a whole.
• The thrust is majorly on promising schemes for the poor, senior citizens, women and children, patients, farmers, the homeless and differently-abled people, pensioners and home makers.
• This results in the implementation of short term plans and lack proper outcomes, resulting in the wastage of financial resources.

 ISSUES WITH COMPETITIVE POPULISM

Financial issues: Competitive populism raise questions about welfare schemes without specifying details about resource mobilisation. Example: Loan waiver schemes for farmers cause big relief from farmers’ perspective but cause huge problems in Indian economy by widening the fiscal deficit. Many of our states are deep in debt. The national average of liabilities of states is as high as 31% of their total GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product).This creates a financial situation that is untenable in the long run.

Temporary solutions: Competitive populism among political parties offers in the run up to elections are just temporary solutions. It does not address structural changes needed to sustainable development.

Loss of trust of people: Competitive populism causes the loss of trust and confidence of people on Government thus affecting the mechanism of good governance in India at all levels of administration.

Centralisation of power: This competitive populism leads to centralisation of power, not just institutionally but also within the Party. It implies that the voter is increasingly likely to attribute the delivery of economic benefits to one leader rather than the party as a whole.

 THE WAY FORWARD

Empowering Election Commission of India: ECI should be provided more powers to regulate and monitor the announcement of freebies by political parties during elections. This would include giving the ECI more powers to de-register parties, impose penalties on violation of model code of conduct.

Voter awareness: There is a need for educating voters about the economic and social consequences of freebies and false promises. This can be done by creating awareness campaigns to empower voters to make rational and ethical choices.

Right approach for welfare schemes: Welfare schemes can result in more equitable development outcomes, but a more thoughtful and researched approach would be healthier for public finances.

Capacity creation: There is a need for skill development rather than providing unemployment allowances that will further breed an aversion to work. There is need of building social infrastructure such as rural schools and public healthcare over vote catching vows that are seldom fulfilled.

 THE CONCLUSION

With the campaign going for competitive populism, the impact of these promises on the economy would be vast. In this condition, there is a need to focus on inclusive development that would create a more conducive environment for economic growth and social progress rather than freebies.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

Q. In what way could the replacement of price subsidy with direct benefit Transfer (DBT) change the scenario of subsidies in India? Discuss. (2015)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. Regular electioneering forces parties to indulge in competitive populism to differentiate themselves and attract voters. Can simultaneous elections help in overcoming this challenge? Argue.
2. Critically examine the socio-economic implications of competitive populism which is a recent phenomenon devised by political parties to attract voters.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/raining-promises-the-hindu-editorial-on-competitive-populism-in-the-assembly-elections-in-five-states/article67551104.ece

RELEVANCE TO UPSC SYLLABUS: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE: LOCAL RESERVATION IN JOBS, ARTICLE 14,16,19.

THE CONTEXT: The Punjab & Haryana High Court has struck down the Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 stating that it is violative of the Part-III of the constitution.

LOCAL RESERVATIONS ATTEMPT IN STATES:

• Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 requires firms with 10 or more employees to reserve 75% of all jobsoffering a salary of less than Rs. 30,000 a month for eligible candidates of State domicile.
• Job reservation Bills or laws for domiciles have also been announced in other States including Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand.
• The job quota Bill passed in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 2019, also reservingthree-fourths of private jobs for locals.

WHY  THE COURT HAS DECLARED THE LAW AS “UNCONSTITUTIONAL”?

• The term fraternity connoting a sense of common brotherhood is to embrace all Indians. In this respect, a blind eye could not be turned to other citizens of the country irrespective of the State they belong to.
• The court stated that the legislation is violative of right to equality under Article 14. The Court referred to Navtej Singh Johar and others vs. Union of India, where it states ‘miniscule minority have a right to participate as a citizen and an equal right of enjoyment of living regardless of what majority may believe’.
• The Court said that freedom given under Article 19 of the Constitution could not be taken away. The Court particularly referred to the freedoms guaranteed by Article 19(1)(d) and 19(1)(g).

1. The Act is imposing unreasonable restrictions regarding the right to move freely throughout the territory of India or to reside and settle in any part or the territory of India.
2. As per Article 19(6), the right of the State is to impose restrictions regarding professional or technical qualifications and not domicile requirements. It can, thus, be said that the Act as such cannot be said to be reasonable in any manner and it was directing the employers to violate the constitution provisions, the Court concluded.

• Article 35 of the Constitution bars state from legislating on requirement of domicile in employment under Article 16(3). The same further provides that there has to be equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
• The power under Article 16(3) gives power only to the Parliament for making any law prescribing in regard to the class or classes of employment or appointment to an office under the Government or any local or other authority.
• The bench said that the concept of constitutional morality has been openly violated by introducing a secondary status to a set of citizens not belonging to the State of Haryana and curtailing their fundamental rights to earn their livelihood.

ISSUES WITH LOCAL RESERVATION:

Violation of fundamental rights of Constitution: The Act was a violative of fundamental rights as Article 14, Article 16 and Article 19.

Treated as secondary citizen: 75% reservation for the locals was discriminatory as it discriminates against the individuals on account of the fact that they do not belong to a certain State. It has a negative discrimination against other citizens of the country as treating them as secondary citizens.

Fuels Sons-of-the-Soil Theory: The ‘Son of the soil’ theory puts forward the idea of reservation based on regionalism. Reservation law based on domicile law will fuel such theories across States and in the long run destabilise the foundations of Indian democracy i.e., ‘Unity in diversity’.

Affects industrialisation: Raising the son of the soil issue and preventing free movement of manpower resources in the State from other regions can have an adverse effect on the existing industries in the State.  It could trigger an exodus of large domestic and multinational investors across sectors such as auto, IT that rely on highly skilled manpower.

THE WAY FORWARD

Implementation of reservation: The reservation policy could be implemented in a way that does not hamper the free movement of manpower resources in the Country. The reservation policy could be revisited periodically to assess its impact on the economy and industries in the state.

Protect fundamental rights: It is important to ensure that any policy decision taken is in compliance with the Constitution of India and does not violate the fundamental rights of citizens.

Skill impartation: To ensure job creation state governments should provide youths with skill training and proper education as key focus areas, enabling the masses to compete in the free market.

Engagement with industries: Government should involve industry’s engagement in the State because reservation affects productivity and industry competitiveness. The State governments can come up with certain incentives to companies which are investing a certain amount of money for training the local youths.

THE CONLCUSION: Enactment of local reservation in state is a violation of fundamental right of the citizens. Thus, High Court concluded that Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 is ” unconstitutional and violative of Part III of the Constitution of India. In this respect, state governments should enable the reservation system in such a way that it serves its original purpose of making India a more just society.
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Whether the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine. (2018)
2. “The reservation of seats for women in the institution of local self-government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian political process”. Comment. (2019)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. What are the challenges associated with the reservations for locals in the private sector? Suggest measures to generate enough job opportunities in the Indian economy.
2. Local reservation in private sector fuels the concept of sons of soils theory”. Critically examine the statement and give your views.

SOURCE: https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/punjab-and-haryana-high-court/punjab-haryana-high-court-struck-down-75-reservation-for-haryana-domicile-in-private-sector-unconstitutional-242457#:~:text=The%20Court%20said%20that%20freedom,Constitution%20could%20not%20be%20curtailed

1. The growing wave of decentralisation: Comparative evidence from developing countries READ MORE
2. The price of persistent federal frictions READ MORE
3. Life over death: On death penalty abolition and parliamentary panel report READ MORE
4. Regulating OTT: Draft Broadcasting Regulation Bill may be an attempt to control digital infrastructure READ MORE
5. A grave error in the law READ MORE

1. Move towards e-FIR, but with caution READ MORE
2. Reviewing freedom READ MORE
3. Reserving poverty READ MORE
4. As our democracy matures, my role is becoming more vital READ MORE

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. Atal Innovation Mission Opens Application for School Innovation Challenge ATL Marathon 2023-24 READ MORE
2. Delhi’s air quality worsens to ‘severe plus’ category; Centre defers stricter curbs, says AQI in region showing declining trend READ MORE
3. Seven years after it was first announced, India to open new consulate in Seattle READ MORE
4. Operation Cactus: When India prevented a coup in Maldives READ MORE
5. Farm fires and weather behind choke; respite likely in 4 days READ MORE
6. UN sounds warning on climate change health threat READ MORE
7. Work starts on shaping first national security strategy, long wait ends READ MORE
8. Asteroid Dinkinesh is actually two space rocks, finds NASA’s Lucy mission READ MORE
9. New Report Calls for GST Slab Rationalisation Amid High State Revenue Deficits, Subsidy Expenditures READ MORE
10. No legal identity for a billion people globally, says UN body READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. The world is getting older. Can India cope? READ MORE
2. Rescuing children from the clutches of mobile phones READ MORE
3. El Nino may be drying out the southern hemisphere — here’s how that affects the whole planet READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Action and authority: On Governors and implementation of decisions by elected regimes READ MORE
2. On government fact-checking units: A government panel to check facts is liable to be misused against critics READ MORE
3. On electoral bonds, Supreme Court must uphold Right to Information READ MORE
4. State regulation of film reviews is a risky business READ MORE
5. Governors need to rise above politics READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Widening welfare READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. India-US dialogue: No irritant should be allowed to affect ties READ MORE
2. US-China Dichotomy: Quietude of the Western Left READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. India’s labour scene is changing READ MORE
2. Create an ecosystem where all can participate in economic growth READ MORE
3. Traditional vs digital bank: Survival of the fittest READ MORE
4. The Evolving Energy Scenario READ MORE
5. Youth Employment in India: Dimensions and Challenges READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Late to action, lots to do READ MORE
2. Climate Change: Is White Hydrogen the New Saviour? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. AI and the issue of human-centricity in copyright law READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Malware malice: On the Apple cyberattack alert READ MORE
2. India’s Need for a National Security Strategy Cannot Be Ignored READ MORE
3. Is it Time to Call India a Digital Dystopia? READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Farm fires rage on: Stakeholders not doing enough to curb menace READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Ukraine, Gaza are our Kurukshetra now READ MORE
2. Humanity, not identity, defines morality READ MORE
3. All it takes: 1% god’s grace READ MORE
4. Entrepreneurship mirrors essence of dharma READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. Only virtues and standards of universal morality are applicable to clashing groups of inimical belief systems in times of distrust. And all-encompassing humanity is the sole criterion for drafting such standards of universal morality. Comment.
2. It is humanity, not identity, that defines morality. Comment.
3. Though Article 200 does not lay down a specific timeframe to give assent to the bill, but a constitutional authority should not circumvent a provision of the Constitution by taking advantage of an omission. Comment on the statement in the light of recent developments.
4. Dharma encompasses not only moral and ethical duties but also one’s responsibility towards society and the greater good. Comment.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• Those who say religion has nothing to do with politics do not know what religion is.
• By investing in cutting-edge technology and streamlining their operations, traditional banks can upgrade conventional banking to bring it at par with the digital banking.
• While the digital age offers learning and entertainment opportunities, it’s vital to safeguard our children from over indulging in it.
• Entrepreneurs who prioritise ethics, honesty, and integrity in their business dealings create a foundation of trust with customers, partners, and employees.
• A major issue is how social security can be effectively financed. There are three models to finance SS: contributory scheme, non-contributory scheme and a combination of both.
• Governments must urgently push greater awareness about the Good Samaritan Law.
• It is important to know which model of financing is more appropriate. International evidence suggests that SS coverage can be extended to all by increasing contributory coverage and non-contributory schemes by increasing tax revenue.
• Dharma encompasses not only moral and ethical duties but also one’s responsibility towards society and the greater good.
• Despite surging demand and larger carbon emissions, India can reduce its dependence on energy imports.
• A dignified life for the elderly population needs an urgent cultural, political and policy reimagination.
• The stance of the Western Left vis-à-vis Western imperialism is causing a shift of the entire political centre of gravity to the Right.

ESSAY TOPIC

• The wise win before the fight, while the ignorant fight to win.

50-WORD TALK

• CJI Chandrachud’s ‘tareekh pe tareekh’ anguish over adjournment requests in the Supreme Court is valid. But as masters of their own court, judges should put an end to the growing trend and impose costs if such appeals are made on flimsy grounds. Lawyers must contribute to vitality of the judiciary.
• Xi Jinping wants Chinese women to focus on marriage and having babies. This desperate move to address a shrinking population is nothing but regressive. When India is making efforts to bring more women into the workforce, China’s slide back toward the middle ages is a knockout punch to gender equality.
• Governments of Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Kerala having to move Supreme Court to get governors to clear bills is another sign of politicisation of Raj Bhawans. Governors in many non-BJP-ruled states are making a mockery of democracy by obstructing elected governments’ functioning. SC must step in to check gubernatorial hyperdrive.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

1. SOUTHERN OCEAN AROUND THE ANTARCTICA

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: More than 200 scientists from 19 Countries warned that the Southern Ocean around Antarctica is in trouble.

EXPLANATION:

• The Southern Ocean around Antarctica has been warming for decades, however the annual extent of winter sea ice seemed relatively stable as compared to the Arctic.  In some areas Antarctic Sea ice was even increasing.
• In 2016, everything changed, the annual extent of winter sea ice stopped increasing. Now we have had two years of record lows.
• In response to these changes, the international scientific community launched the first-ever marine ecosystem assessment for the Southern Ocean in 2018.
• The report is modelled after the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the resulting “summary for policymakers” serves as a comprehensive report akin to an IPCC assessment but focused specifically on the Southern Ocean.

Importance of sea ice:

• Sea ice is to life in the Southern Ocean as soil is to a forest. It is the foundation for Antarctic marine ecosystems.
• It plays a fundamental role in the food chain, providing sustenance to krill, small fish, phytoplankton, and various species like penguins, seals, and whales.
• Its decline poses a significant threat to these fragile ecosystems.

The Need for Better Information:

• The management bodies under the Antarctic Treaty System responsible for the Southern Ocean urgently require improved information to guide decision-making regarding the conservation and protection of this vital region.
• The assessment aims to fill this information gap and provide guidance for future policies.

Findings of report:

• The Southern Ocean’s habitats, from the surface ice to the depths of the sea, are undergoing significant changes.
• Warming oceans, reduced sea ice, glacier melt, ice shelf collapses, increasing acidity, and human activities such as fishing are impacting various aspects of the ocean and its inhabitants.
• Important foundation species such as Antarctic krill are likely to decline with consequences for the whole ecosystem.
• The assessment stresses climate change is the most significant driver of species and ecosystem change in the Southern Ocean and coastal Antarctica.

Way forward: 

• Reduce  carbon emissions: Climate change is the biggest threat to the Southern Ocean. By reducing carbon emissions, we can help to slow down the warming of the ocean and reduce the impacts of climate change.
• Reduce plastic pollution: Plastic pollution is a major problem in the Southern Ocean. We can reduce our plastic pollution by avoiding single-use plastics and recycling whenever possible.
• Support research and conservation efforts: We need to learn more about the Southern Ocean and its ecosystems in order to protect them. We can support research and conservation efforts by donating to environmental organizations or volunteering our time.

Source:https://science.thewire.in/environment/more-than-200-scientists-from-19-countries-warn-the-southern-ocean-is-in-trouble/

2. PRADHAN MANTRI ANUSUCHIT JAATI ABHYUDAY YOJANA (PM-AJAY)

TAG: GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: Under Adarsh Gram Component, a total of 1260 villages have been declared as Adarsh Gram during the current FY 2023-24.

EXPLANATION:

About the scheme: 

• Pradhan Mantri Anusuchit Jaati Abhyuday Yojana (PM-AJAY) is the combination of three schemes. It has been implemented since 2021-22.
• These schemes are Centrally Sponsored Scheme namely Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY), Special Central Assistance to Scheduled Castes Sub Plan ( SCA to SCSP) and Babu Jagjivan Ram Chhatrawas Yojana(BJRCY).

The objectives of the Scheme:

• To reduce poverty of the SC communities by generation of additional employment opportunities through skill development, income generating schemes and other initiatives.
• To improve socio-economic developmental indicators by ensuring adequate infrastructure and requisite services in the SC dominated villages.
• To increase literacy and encourage enrolment of SCs in schools and higher educational institutions by providing adequate residential facilities in quality institutions, as well as residential schools where required.

Components of the scheme: 

• Development of SC dominated villages into an Adarsh Gram.
• Grants-in-aid for District and State-level Projects for socio-economic betterment of SCs that may include creation of infrastructure in SC dominated villages including those selected under Adarsh Gram component, construction of hostels or residential schools, Comprehensive Livelihood Projects which may include components such as Skill development, etc.
• Construction of Hostels in higher educational institutions which are top ranked as per the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) of Government of India and are funded by the Centre or State Governments either fully or partially.

Challenges:

• There is a lack of awareness about the scheme among SCs. This is a challenge that needs to be addressed in order to ensure that SCs are able to benefit from the scheme.
• The submission of an Annual Action Plan by the States was made mandatory despite that states are not submitting reports on time.
• The scheme is complex, and it will be challenging to implement it effectively. This is a challenge that needs to be addressed in order to ensure that the scheme meets its objectives.
• The proposal for enhancement of the Subsidy from Rs. 10000 to Rs 50000 under the income generation component could not be implemented due to pending approval of Cabinet from 2018-19.
• The meager subsidy of Rs. 10000 per beneficiary under the Income Generation Activities which form a major component of the Scheme is not able to incentivize the process and lacking in adoption of the Scheme at the beneficiary level.
• It has also been observed, that due to non-release of funds by the State Treasuries to the implementation Departments has resulted in the poor implementation during Pandemic situation prevailing in the Country.
• Sometimes poor budgetary planning at the State level is also resulting in the non-release of the funds by the State Treasury to the implementation Departments like in Karnataka.

Way forward: 

• The Monitoring of the Scheme implementation has been enhanced and regular follow-up through VC/WhatsApp is being done with States/UTs.
• Performance report should be released on time. The states which perform poorly should be reported. For example, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, and Maharashtra are performing poorly at the moment.
• For proper planning and implementation of the Scheme through developing websites which have facility for need based decentralized planning, proposal preparation, its appraisal, submission, evaluation, approval and implementation along with financial tracking.
• Beneficiaries can avail benefits under the Skill Development and Income Generation Components would also be brought under the proposed portal.

Source: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1970043

3. LOK SABHA ETHICS COMMITTEE

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: Trinamool Congress (TMC) member of parliament Moitra is facing inquiry by Lok Sabha Ethics Committee over bribery and misconduct allegations.

EXPLANATION:

• The Lok Sabha Ethics Committee received an affidavit from a businessman who alleged that he paid a member of parliament to raise questions in Parliament on his behalf.
• Lok Sabha Ethics Committee was constituted in 2000, but it became a permanent feature of the House only in 2015.

Committee on Ethics: 

• As per the Rules of the House, there will be a Committee on Ethics consisting of not more than fifteen members.
• The Committee will be nominated by the Speaker and shall hold office for a term not exceeding one year.

Functions of Committee on Ethics:

The Committee shall:

• • examine every complaint relating to unethical conduct of a member of Lok Sabha referred to it by the Speaker and make such recommendations as it may deem fit.
  • formulate a Code of Conduct for members and suggest amendments or additions to the Code of Conduct from time to time.

Procedure of inquiry:  

• On a matter being referred to the Committee, a preliminary inquiry shall be conducted by the Committee.
• If the Committee, after a preliminary inquiry, is of the opinion that there is no prima facie case, it may recommend that the matter may be dropped and the Chairperson shall intimate the Speaker accordingly.
• If the Committee, after preliminary inquiry, is of the opinion that there is a prima facie case, the Committee shall take up the matter for further examination.
• The Committee may lay down procedures, from time to time, for examination of matters referred to it.

Report of the committee: 

• The recommendations of the Committee shall be presented in the form of a report.
• The report shall be presented to the Speaker who may direct that the report be laid on the Table of the House.
• The report of the Committee may also state the procedure to be followed by the House in giving effect to the recommendations made by the Committee.

Source:https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/lok-sabha-ethics-committee-looking-into-mahua-moitra-case-how-it-was-formed-what-are-its-powers/1813301/

4. CYCLONE IN ARABIAN SEA AND BAY OF BENGAL

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the weakening of Cyclone Tej in the Arabian Sea might have strengthened its counterpart Cyclone Hamoon across Peninsular India in the Bay of Bengal.

EXPLANATION:

• The Indian subcontinent is currently experiencing a rare meteorological event as two cyclones, Cyclone Hamoon and Cyclone Tej, simultaneously moving in the Indian Ocean.
• It is after 5 years that the marginal seas of the Indian Ocean are together witnessing cyclones.
• The last time such a phenomenon took place was in 2018, when Cyclones Luban and Titli formed over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal respectively.
• In twin cyclonic systems like these, when one cyclone weakens and shifts, the other often becomes stronger.
• Factors such as a reduced influx of warm air as the cyclone moves away from the coast and potentially higher sea surface temperatures in its current location contribute to intensification of Hamoon.

Tropical cyclones: Tropical cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and move over to the coastal areas bringing about large-scale destruction caused by violent winds, very heavy rainfall and storm surges. Tropical cyclones originate and intensify over warm tropical oceans.

• The conditions favourable for the formation and intensification of tropical storms are:
  • Large sea surface with temperature higher than 27° C.
  • Presence of the Coriolis force.
  • Small variations in the vertical wind speed.
  • A pre-existing weak low-pressure area or low-level-cyclonic circulation.
  • Upper divergence above the sea level system.
• The energy that intensifies the storm, comes from the condensation process in the towering cumulonimbus clouds, surrounding the centre of the storm. With continuous supply of moisture from the sea, the storm is further strengthened.
• On reaching the land the moisture supply is cut off and the storm dissipates. The place where a tropical cyclone crosses the coast is called the landfall of the cyclone.
• The cyclones, which cross 20o N latitude generally, recurve and they are more destructive.

Source:https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/weakening-of-tej-in-arabian-sea-might-have-strengthened-hamoon-in-bay-of-bengal-imd-expert-92453

5. FOREST CONSERVATION ACT, 2023

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Conservationists challenged that Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act 2023 is in violation of several fundamental rights guaranteed under the constitution.

EXPLANATION:

• A group of former civil servants and conservationists has taken the bold step of challenging the constitutionality of the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act 2023 in the Supreme Court of India.
• Their petition urges the court to declare the new amendment “null and void,” citing violations of fundamental rights enshrined in the Indian Constitution and established principles of Indian environmental jurisprudence.

Challenges against the Act:

• It alleges that the Amendment Act violates several fundamental rights guaranteed under the Indian Constitution.
  • The petition specifically cites the violation of Article 21, which guarantees the right to live in a pollution-free environment.
  • Article 14: The right to equality, implying that the state must treat environmental protection matters fairly.
  • Article 48A: The state’s responsibility for protecting and improving the environment and safeguarding forests and wildlife.
  • Article 51A(G): The duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests.
• The petition argues that the new Act violates established principles of Indian environmental jurisprudence.
• It points out that the amendment introduces a regulatory regime that facilitates “unrestricted deforestation” and changes the entire object and purpose of the Forest Conservation Act.
• It also mentions that the Amendment Act contradicts a 1996 Supreme Court order that permitted the recognition and protection of forest lands based on functional definitions, not just official records.
• The petition further alleges that the Union Environment Ministry provided “false and incomplete” information to the Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC).
• The JPC accepted these submissions without rigorous scientific examination or scrutiny of the documents. Despite numerous concerns raised by experts and conservationists, the JPC did not address these issues adequately.

The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023: 

• The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023, has replaced the existing Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
• The primary objective of the Act is to address certain ambiguities in the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and introduce exemptions to expedite infrastructure development projects.

Features of Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act 2023:

• Land Under the Act: The Act applies to two types of land.
  • Land declared as a forest under the Indian Forest Act, 1927, or any other law.
  • Land not initially declared as a forest but officially marked as a forest after October 25, 1980.
  • The Act does not apply to land that was changed from forest use to non-forest use before December 12, 1996, by authorized state or union territory authorities.

• Exemptions:
  • Certain types of land are exempt from the Act, such as forest land near government-maintained rail lines or public roads leading to habitation areas. Also, roadside amenities within a limited size.
  • The Act offers exemptions for specific situations, like land within 100 km from international borders for national security projects, up to 10 hectares for security infrastructure, and up to five hectares for defense or public utility projects in left-wing extremism affected areas. Central government guidelines will determine these exemptions.

• Leasing Forest Land:
  • States need approval from the central government to assign forest land to any entity, not just those not owned or controlled by the government.
  • The central government can specify terms and conditions for this approval.

• Activities Allowed in Forest Land:
  • The Act restricts changing forest land into non-forest use but allows exemptions with central government approval.
  • Non-forest purposes include using land for things like farming horticultural crops or any purpose other than reforestation.
  • However, the Act allows specific activities related to forest and wildlife conservation and management, like setting up check posts, fire lines, fences, and wireless communication, without restrictions.

Source:https://thewire.in/environment/constitutionality-of-forest-conservation-act-2023-challenged-in-sc-centre-to-respond-in-6-weeks

1. THE SIENA GALAXY ATLAS (SGA)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, astronomers have created a stunning atlas of nearly 400,000 galaxies in the cosmic neighbourhood of the Milky Way, aptly named the Siena Galaxy Atlas (SGA).

THE SIENA GALAXY ATLAS (SGA):

• This remarkable feat was achieved using data from three astronomical surveys conducted between 2014 and 2017 at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) and Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO), collectively known as the DESI Legacy Surveys.
• The cosmic atlas is a digital atlas that was created to get to know our universe better through several of the known galaxies.
• NGC 520 is one of the largest and brightest galaxies in the Siena Galaxy Atlas. It is made of two disk galaxies that will eventually merge together to form one massive system.
• A selection of 42 galaxies from the Siena Galaxy Atlas illustrates the tremendous range of galaxy types, sizes, colours and surface brightness profiles, internal structure, and environments of the galaxies in the SGA.
• IC 4212 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Virgo. It is situated close to the celestial equator, meaning it is at least partly visible from both hemispheres in certain times of the year.

HOW IS IT DIFFERENT FROM OTHER ATLASES?

• It is dependent on state-of-the-art digital images captured by advanced technology, unlike previous atlases which relied on antiquated equipment and photographic plates.
• As it is built on the images captured with highly sensitive instruments, it boasts of having the most accurate data.
• It is also the first cosmic atlas to feature the light profiles of galaxies - a curve that describes how the brightness of the galaxy changes from its brightest point to its dimmest.

HOW DOES IT CONTRIBUTE TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE?

• Comprehensive and detailed view of nearby galaxies:
  • The SGA provides a comprehensive and detailed view of nearly 400,000 galaxies in the cosmic neighbourhood of the Milky Way.
  • This is a significant increase over previous atlases, which typically included only a few thousand galaxies.
  • The SGA’s large sample size allows astronomers to study the statistical properties of galaxies in more detail, and to identify rare or unusual objects.

• High-quality data:
  • The SGA is based on high-quality digital images captured with highly sensitive instruments.
  • This results in much higher data quality than previous atlases, which were often based on photographic plates.
  • The SGA’s high-quality data allows astronomers to make more accurate measurements of the sizes, shapes, colours, and luminosities of galaxies.

• Publicly available data:
• • The SGA is freely available to the public online, anyone can access and use the data for their own research or educational purposes.
  • The SGA’s public availability will help to democratize astronomy and encourage more people to participate in the scientific process.

SOURCE: https://www.universetoday.com/163807/astronomers-release-a-cosmic-atlas-of-380000-galaxies-in-our-neighborhood/

2. MANUAL SCAVENGING

TAG: GS 2: GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court has issued a landmark ruling ordering the central and state governments to completely eradicate manual scavenging, a dehumanizing practice that has trapped individuals in inhumane conditions for generations.

EXPLANATION:

• The ruling comes in response to a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) against manual scavenging and underscores the need for a comprehensive effort to eradicate this deplorable practice.
• The petition has highlighted that people were still dying in sewers though the practice was banned with the introduction of the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993 and the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013.
• The court’s decision stipulates significant compensation for the families of those who lose their lives while cleaning sewers.
• Under the new guidelines, the next of kin of individuals who die during sewer cleaning operations will receive Rs 30 lakh in compensation.
• Those who sustain permanent disabilities while engaging in sewer cleaning will be awarded a minimum compensation of Rs 20 lakh, and up to Rs 10 lakh can be provided for other injuries.
• The court has issued a total of 14 directives to both central and state governments, focusing on the effective implementation of the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act of 2013.
• In its ruling, the court emphasized the importance of rehabilitating victims of manual scavenging and their families.
• The court directed the government to provide scholarships and skill development training to help victims transition to new livelihoods.
• The Supreme Court also reminded the Union and State governments of their duty to eliminate manual scavenging, as discrimination based on factors such as caste, race, or religion is strictly prohibited under the Constitution.
• The court asserted that genuine fraternity and dignity are fundamental values crucial to the well-being of society.
• To prevent sewer-related deaths, the government agencies must collaborate and coordinate their efforts.
• The high courts have been encouraged to monitor such cases closely. The Supreme Court has scheduled further monitoring of this matter for February 1, 2024.

PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT AS MANUAL SCAVENGERS AND THEIR REHABILITATION ACT, 2013:

• It is wider in scope and importance, acknowledging the urgency of rehabilitating manual scavengers.
• The act seeks to prohibiting manual scavenging in all forms and ensures the rehabilitation of manual scavengers to be identified through a mandatory survey.

KEY FEATURES OF THE ACT:

• Prohibits the construction or maintenance of insanitary toilets.
• Prohibits the engagement or employment of anyone as a manual scavenger and violations could result in a years’ imprisonment or a fine of INR 50,000 or both.
• Prohibits a person from being engaged or employed for hazardous cleaning of a sewer or a septic tank.
• Offences under the Act are cognizable and non-bailable.
• Calls for a survey of manual scavengers in urban and rural areas within a time-bound framework.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/union-states-duty-bound-to-the-pledge-to-completely-eradicate-manual-scavenging-sc/article67443328.ece

3. SUBSIDIARY BODY ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE (SBSTTA)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the 25th meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA-25) in Nairobi, Kenya came with recommendations that would help Parties move from “agreement to action” after the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) in Dec 2022.

EXPLANATION:

• The outcome is important considering that only six years remain to ensure that the targets of the Framework are achieved.
• The major agenda of the meeting was to develop a monitoring mechanism for progress, and the implication of the recently completed assessments of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES); and the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  • The latest IPBES report pointed out the role invasive species play in extinction of plants and animals.
  • The Methodological Assessment Report on the Diverse Values and Valuation of Nature; and the Thematic Assessment Report on the Sustainable Use of Wild Species by IPBES were also discussed.
  • Findings from IPCC AR6, suggested that climate change is the main driver of the loss of biodiversity.
  • The biodiversity provides capacity to nature to support climate adaptation, resilience, mitigation and disaster risk reduction were discussed too.

FINDINGS OF THE MEETING:

• Need for urgent action to address the biodiversity crisis:
  • The meeting noted that the current rate of biodiversity loss is unprecedented in human history, and that this loss is having a significant impact on human well-being and the economy.

• The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) provides a clear roadmap for action:
  • The meeting welcomed the adoption of the KMGBF and noted that the Framework provides a comprehensive set of goals and targets for addressing the biodiversity crisis.
  • The meeting recommended to develop and implement robust monitoring and reporting systems to track progress towards the goals and targets of the KMGBF.

• Increasing financial and technical support for biodiversity conservation:
  • Current levels of funding for biodiversity conservation are far below what is needed to achieve the goals of the KMGBF.
  • Increasing financial and technical support for biodiversity conservation is recommended by the COP.

• Building the capacity of stakeholders to implement the KMGBF:
  • Many stakeholders, including government officials, local communities, and the private sector, will need support to implement the KMGBF.
  • Mainstreaming biodiversity into all relevant sectors, such as agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and energy.

• Raising public awareness about the importance of biodiversity:
• • Public awareness of the biodiversity crisis is low, and that this needs to be addressed in order to build support for conservation efforts.

SUBSIDIARY BODY ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE (SBSTTA):

• It is established as an open-ended intergovernmental scientific advisory body as per the Article 25 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
• It is a committee of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
• The COP is the highest decision-making body of the CBD, and it is composed of representatives of all Parties to the Convention.
• SBSTTA is responsible for providing scientific and technical advice to the COP on matters relating to the implementation of the CBD.
• In 1994, India along with other countries adopted the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
  • It is an international treaty which focuses on three main goals:
  • conservation of biological diversity,
  • sustainable use of its components, and
  • the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/sbstta-25-delegates-move-forward-on-recommendations-to-implement-kunming-montreal-global-biodiversity-framework-92409

4. INS IMPHAL

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY

THE CONTEXT: Yard 12706 (Imphal), the third Project 15B stealth guided missile destroyer was delivered to the Indian Navy on 20 October, 2023.

INS IMPHAL:

• The Project is a follow-on of the Kolkata class (Project 15A) destroyers commissioned in the last decade.
• It is designed by the Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau (WDB) and built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd, Mumbai.
• This ship is a hallmark of indigenous shipbuilding and is amongst the most technologically advanced warships in the world.
• The ship was constructed using indigenous steel DMR 249A.
• It is a guided missile destroyer with a displacement of 7,400 tons and an overall length of 164 meters.
• Imphal is a potent and versatile platform equipped with state-of-the-art weapons and sensors, including surface-to-air missiles, anti-ship missiles and torpedoes.
• Powered by a Combined Gas and Gas Propulsion Plant (COGAG), comprising four gas turbines, she is capable of achieving speeds in excess of 30 knots (56 km/h).
• The ship boasts of a high indigenous content of approximately 75% that includes Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missiles (BEL, Bangalore), BrahMos Surface-to-Surface Missiles (BrahMos Aerospace, New Delhi), Indigenous Torpedo Tube Launchers (Larsen & Toubro, Mumbai), Anti-Submarine Indigenous Rocket Launchers (Larsen & Toubro, Mumbai) and 76mm Super Rapid Gun Mount (BHEL, Haridwar).
• The delivery of Imphal is an affirmation of the impetus being given by the Government of India and the Indian Navy towards ‘Aatma Nirbhar Bharat’.
• The induction of the destroyer is a tribute to the collaborative efforts of large number of stake holders and would enhance the maritime prowess of the country in the Indian Ocean Region.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-imphal-indias-first-warship-with-accommodation-for-women-staff-delivered-4-months-ahead-of-schedule/article67442738.ece

5. REGIONAL RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM (RRTS)

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Prime Minister recently inaugurated the priority section of the Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS Corridor at Sahibabad RapidX Station in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

EXPLANATION:

REGIONAL RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM (RRTS):

• It will be known as NaMo Bharat.
• It is India’s first semi-high-speed regional rail service project.
• It is constructed by the National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC), which is a joint venture company of the Central government and the governments of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
• It is indigenously manufactured with a designed speed potential of 180 kmph and operational speed potential of 160 kmph.
• It is a new rail-based, semi-high-speed, high-frequency commuter transit system with a design speed of 180 kmph.
• A total of eight RRTS corridors have been identified for development in the National Capital Region, out of which three corridors have been prioritised to be implemented in Phase-I — Delhi Ghaziabad Meerut, Delhi-Gurugram-SNB-Alwar and Delhi-Panipat.
• The priority section of the RRTS Corridor between Sahibabad and Duhai Depot has five stations — Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Guldhar, Duhai and Duhai Depot.
  • The foundation stone for the Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut corridor was laid by Prime Minister Modi on March 8, 2019.
  • The Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS being developed at a cost of more than Rs 30,000 crore.
  • It will connect Delhi to Meerut in less than an hour of travel time going through the urban centres of Ghaziabad, Muradnagar, and Modinagar.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RRTS:

• RRTS being developed in the country, is a state-of-the-art regional mobility solution and is comparable to the best in the world.
• It will provide safe, reliable and modern intercity commuting solutions in the country.
• In line with PM GatiShakti National Master Plan, the RRTS network will have extensive multi-modal integration with Railway stations, Metro stations, Bus services etc.
• Such transformative regional mobility solutions will
  • Boost economic activity in the region;
  • Provide improved access to employment, education &
  • Healthcare opportunities; and
  • Help in the significant reduction of vehicular congestion & air pollution.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-rrts-trains-to-be-known-as-namo-bharat/article67441377.ece

1. PINK BOLLWORM

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The devastating impact of the pink bollworm on Bt cotton crops is a grave concern for farmers across India. The widespread infestation has resulted in significant yield losses, pushing farmers to the brink of despair.

EXPLANATION:

• Cotton crops across North Indian states, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan, have reported a severe pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) attack.
  • In Haryana and Punjab, the losses are estimated to be around 65 per cent while Rajasthan is far worse.
  • The Rajasthan government has claimed the losses extend up to 90 per cent of damage.
• Genetically modified pest-resistant variety called Bt Cotton (Bollgard II seed) is falling prey to the pest it was created to resist.
• However, the insect invasion is claiming more than just the crops the losses are pushing farmers to the brink of suicide.
  • Because the severe infestation has resulted in heavy losses to farmers, burdening them with increasing debt.
• The reasons for the resurgence of pink bollworm attacks on Bt cotton in the North Zone are complex.

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF PINK BOLLWORM ATTACKS:

• The widespread cultivation of Bt cotton varieties that express only a single Bt toxin (Cry1Ac).
• This has allowed pink bollworm populations to develop resistance to the toxin.
• The lack of effective non-Bt pest management practices which resulted in pink bollworm populations to build up in the absence of Bt cotton.
• The use of sub-optimal insecticide dosages and spray intervals. This has allowed pink bollworm larvae to survive and complete their development.

PINK BOLLWORM:

• It is a major pest of cotton, causing significant yield losses worldwide.
• It is originally native to India but now it is recorded in nearly all the cotton-growing countries of the world.
• The larvae of the pink bollworm bore into cotton bolls, feeding on the developing seeds. This can result in significant yield losses, as well as reduced seed quality.
• It is one of the most destructive pests of cotton.
• Pectinophora gossypiella is its scientific name.

DESCRIPTION:

• The adults are small moths about 3/8 inch long and are dark brown with markings on the fore wing.
• The larval stage is the destructive and identifiable stage.
• The larvae have distinctive pink bands and can reach a length of ½ inches right before they pupate.

ECOLOGICAL THREAT:

• Pink bollworms are major pests of cotton.
• Adults only last for 2 weeks, but females will lay 200 or more eggs.
• Adults lay eggs on cotton bolls; once hatched, the larvae eat the seeds and damage the fibers of the cotton, reducing the yield and quality.
• When the larvae mature, they cut out the boll and drop to the ground and cocoon near the soil surface.
• It has also been observed to attack hibiscus, okra, and hollyhock plants.

BT COTTON:

• Bt cotton has been genetically modified by the insertion of one or more genes from a common soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis.
• These genes encode for the production of insecticidal proteins, and thus, genetically transformed plants produce one or more toxins as they grow.
• The genes that have been inserted into cotton produce toxins that are limited in activity almost exclusively to caterpillar pests (Lepidoptera).
• However, other strains of Bacillus thuringiensis have genes that encode for toxins with insecticidal activity on some beetles (Coleoptera) and flies (Diptera).
• Some of these genes are being used to control pests in other crops, such as corn.

BENEFITS OF BT COTTON:

• Increased yields
• Reduced insecticide use
• Improved fiber quality
• Reduced environmental impact
• Increased farmer income

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/cotton-curse-bt-cotton-losses-by-pink-bollworm-pushing-farmers-to-brink-of-suicide-92400

2. ORIONID METEOR SHOWER

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Orionid meteor shower peak will occur on October 20–21 and it is active from September 26 to November 22.

ORIONID METEOR SHOWER:

• It occurs in October each year, appear to be originating near the constellation Orion the Hunter.
• Orionids are caused by the debris of a comet that once crossed Earth’s path.
• In this case, the shower is caused by debris from Halley’s Comet, also known as comet 1P/Halley.
• The comet’s 76-year orbit brings it close enough to Earth to have been seen in the night skies for centuries.
• It last passed close to Earth in 1986 and will return in 2061.
• The Orionid meteor shower typically peaks between October 20 and 22.
• During the peak, observers can expect to see up to 20 meteors per hour. The meteors are known for their speed and brightness, and they can often leave persistent trains in the sky.
• Halley’s Comet, measuring about five by nine miles in size, loses between three to ten feet of material on each passage through the inner solar system.
• The Orionids are visible in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres during the hours after midnight.

METEOR:

• When meteoroids enter Earth’s atmosphere at high speed and burn up, the fireballs or “shooting stars” are called meteors.
• Meteor showers occur annually or at regular intervals as the Earth passes through the trail of dusty debris left by a comet.
• Meteor showers are usually named after a star or constellation that is close to where the meteors appear in the sky.

SOURCE: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/orionid-meteor-shower-to-return-due-to-halleys-comet-all-about-it-here/articleshow/104552675.cms?from=mdr

3. NIEMANN-PICK

TAG: GS 2: GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: Parents of children with Niemann-Pick disease have recently sent a request to the Union government requesting it to notify the disease under the National Policy for Rare Diseases.

EXPLANATION:

Niemann-Pick Disease:

• This rare genetic illness causes sphingomyelin to build up in cell lysosomes and is caused by a malfunction in the metabolism of sphingolipids.
  • The three most widely known varieties are Types A, B, and C of Niemann-Pick.
  • The liver, spleen, bone marrow, brain, nerves, and, in extreme situations, the lungs can all be impacted by this illness.
• People with this condition experience symptoms related to progressive loss of function of nerves, the brain and other organs.
• Although it can happen to anyone at any age, children are the ones who are most affected.

CAUSES:

• It is inherited in a c pattern, which means both copies of the gene must be defective to cause the disease.
• Most often, the parents of a child with an autosomal recessive disorder are carriers: they have one copy of the altered gene but are not affected because the other copy produces the enzyme.
• If both parents are carriers, each pregnancy has a 25% chance of producing an affected child.

SYMPTOMS:

• Enlargement of the liver and spleen (Hepatosplenomegaly)
• Low levels of platelets in the blood (Thrombocytopenia)
• Slurring of speech (dysarthria)
• Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia)
• Abnormal posturing of the limbs, trunk, and face (dystonia).
• Voluntary rapid eye movements (supranuclear gaze palsy).
• Gradual loss of intellectual abilities, causing dementia and seizures

CLASSIFICATION:

• Types A and B:
  • Mutations in the SMPD1 Gene cause types A and B.
  • They produce a deficiency in the activity of the lysosomal enzyme acid sphingomyelinase that breaks down the lipid sphingomyelin.

• Types C:
• • Mutations in NPC1 or NPC2 cause Niemann–Pick disease, type C (NPC), which affects a protein used to transport lipids. It is the most common form of the disease including types C1 (95% of type C) and C2.

TREATMENT:

• No specific treatment is known for type A and B, but symptoms are treated.

NATIONAL POLICY FOR RARE DISEASES:

• The Government has launched National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD), 2021 in March, 2021 for the treatment of rare disease patients.
• The salient features of NPRD, 2021 are as under:
  • The rare diseases have been identified and categorized into 3 groups namely Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3.
  • Group 1: Disorders amenable to one-time curative treatment.
  • Group-2: Diseases requiring long term/lifelong treatment having relatively lower cost of treatment and benefit has been documented in literature and annual or more frequent surveillance is required.
  • Group 3: Diseases for which definitive treatment is available but challenges are to make optimal patient selection for benefit, very high cost and lifelong therapy.

PROVISIONS UNDER THE POLICY:

• It provides the provision for financial support of up to Rs. 50 lakhs to the patients suffering from any category of the Rare Diseases and for treatment in any of the Centre of Excellence (CoE) mentioned in NPRD-2021, outside the Umbrella Scheme of Rashtriya Arogaya Nidhi.
• To receive financial assistance for treatment of rare disease, the patient of the nearby area may approach the nearest Centre of Excellence to get him assessed and avail the benefits.
• Eight (08) Centres of Excellence (CoEs) have been identified for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of rare diseases.
• Five Nidan Kendras have been set up for genetic testing and counselling services.
• It also facilitate promotion of research and development for diagnosis and treatment of rare diseases; promotion of local development and manufacture of drugs and creation of conducive environment for indigenous manufacturing of drugs for rare diseases at affordable prices.

SOURCE: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/list-niemann-pick-as-rare-disease-parents-of-young-patients-urge-govt/articleshow/104539755.cms

4. POSH (PREVENTION OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT) ACT, 2013

TAG: GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court issued a series of directions to the Centre, states and Union Territories, flagging gaps and lack of uniformity in the implementation of the POSH (Prevention of Sexual Harassment) Act, 2013 by various state governments.

EXPLANATION:

• The judgement came on a petition by an NGO, Initiatives for Inclusion Foundation, seeking directions for implementation of the Act.
• Among others, the petitioner also urged the court to direct the different governments to ensure that the annual compliance reports collected by the district officers are consolidated and the reports are published in the public domain.

KEY DIRECTIONS ISSUED BY THE SUPREME COURT:

• The court ordered the Principal Secretaries of the Women and Child Ministries in the States to ensure appointment of a district officer in each district within their jurisdiction within four weeks from the date of this judgment as contemplated under Section 5 of the POSH Act.
• The undertaking of efforts to spread awareness about the existence of Local Committees (LCs) among workers in the unorganized sector.
• The ensuring of compliance with the provisions of the Act by all employers.
• The providing of training for Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) on the proper conduct of inquiries into complaints of sexual harassment.
• The ensuring of transparency in the disposal of complaints of sexual harassment.

POSH Act, 2013:

• The POSH Act is a legislation enacted by the Government of India in 2013 to address the issue of sexual harassment faced by women in the workplace.
• The Act aims to create a safe and conducive work environment for women and provide protection against sexual harassment.
• The POSH Act defines sexual harassment to include unwelcome acts such as
  • physical contact and sexual advances,
  • a demand or request for sexual favours,
  • making sexually coloured remarks,
  • showing pornography, and
  • any other unwelcome physical, verbal, or non-verbal conduct of a sexual nature.
• The Supreme Court in a landmark judgment in the Vishakha and others v State of Rajasthan 1997 case gave ‘Vishakha guidelines’.
• These guidelines formed the basis for the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.
• The SC also drew its strength from several provisions of the Constitution including:
  • Article 15 (against discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, and place of birth),
  • Relevant International Conventions and norms such as the General Recommendations of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), which India ratified in 1993.

KEY PROVISIONS:

• Prevention and Prohibition:
  • The Act places a legal obligation on employers to prevent and prohibit sexual harassment in the workplace.

• Internal Complaints Committee (ICC):
  • Employers are required to constitute an ICC at each workplace with 10 or more employees to receive and address complaints of sexual harassment.
  • The Complaints Committees have the powers of civil courts for gathering evidence.

• Duties of Employers:
  • Employers must undertake awareness programs, provide a safe working environment, and display information about the POSH Act at the workplace.

• Complaint Mechanism:
  • The Act lays down a procedure for filing complaints, conducting inquiries, and providing a fair opportunity to the parties involved.

• Penalties:
• • Non-compliance with the Act’s provisions can result in penalties, including fines and cancellation of business licenses.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-directs-centre-states-to-immediately-appoint-district-officers-under-posh-act-101697744155584.html

5. SOUTHWEST MONSOON

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: As per the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the southwest monsoon has ended, and the northeast monsoon is likely to set in the end of the October.

EXPLANATION:

• The 2023 southwest monsoon season was not only the weakest in five years but was also marked by erratic distribution of rains.
• June received 9% below normal rainfall, while July brought torrential downpour and floods across man regions in northern India.
• August was the driest month on record in 100 years, with 36% below normal rainfall.
• September saw some recovery with showers 13% above normal, but the four-month monsoon season ended with 6% below normal rainfall.
• Rains in the June-September season drives the bulk of India’s $3 trillion economy.
• It accounts for nearly 75% of the country’s annual rainfall, which plays a crucial role the agriculture, replenishes reservoirs and aquifers, and helps meet power demand.
• Over half of India’s arable land is rain-fed and agriculture remains among the biggest employment generators.
• The southwest monsoon is also crucial as ensures soil moisture when farmers begin planting rabi, or winter, crops such as wheat, the main crop of the season, chana (gram), mustard, among others.

SOUTHWEST MONSOON:

• The southwest monsoon is a seasonal wind system that brings rainfall to India and other parts of South Asia.
• It originates in the southern hemisphere, where it is known as the trade winds.
• As the trade winds cross the equator, they are deflected to the left by the Coriolis force, becoming the southwest monsoon.
• The southwest monsoon typically arrives in India in early June and lasts until September.
• It is responsible for about 80% of the country’s annual rainfall. The monsoon is vital for India’s agriculture, as it provides the water needed for crops to grow.
• The southwest monsoon is a complex weather system that is influenced by a number of factors, including the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
• ENSO is a climate pattern that involves changes in sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean.
• When ENSO is in its El Niño phase, the southwest monsoon is typically weaker than usual. This can lead to drought conditions in India.
• The southwest monsoon is a vital part of India’s climate and economy.
• The monsoon provides the water needed for agriculture, which is the backbone of the Indian economy. The monsoon also helps to regulate temperatures and reduce the risk of heatwaves.

NORTHEAST MONSOON:

• It is a comparatively small-scale monsoon, which is confined to the Southern peninsula.
• It is called the winter monsoon. It occurs during October to December.
• After the complete withdrawal of the Southwest monsoon from the country takes place by mid-October, the wind pattern rapidly changes from the south-westerly to the north-easterly direction.
• The period after the Southwest monsoon season, from October to December, is the peak time for cyclonic activity in the North Indian Ocean region covering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
• The winds associated with the formation of low pressure systems, depressions, or cyclones influence this monsoon, and therefore, the rainfall.
• Its rainfall is influenced by global climate parameters such as ENSO (El Nino/La Nina & Southern Oscillation Index – SOI), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO).
• El Nino, positive IOD and MJO in phase 2-4 with amplitude greater than one are generally associated with good NEM rainfall.
• Also, La Nina & positive SOI during the second half of the season is also favourable for good NEM activity.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/news/india/southwest-monsoon-withdraws-from-india-winter-rains-likely-in-3-days-imd/amp-11697705099396.html

1. PROHIBITION OF CHILD MARRIAGE (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2021

TAG: GS 2: POLITY, GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: The Parliamentary Panel examining the Prohibition of Child Marriage (Amendment) Bill, 2021 gets another extension.

EXPLANATION:

• The Prohibition of Child Marriage (Amendment) Bill, 2021 was introduced in the Lok Sabha in December 2021.
• Later, it was referred to the Standing Committee on Education, Women, Children, Youth and Sports.
• The panel has received multiple extensions since it began its deliberations.
• The last meeting that the panel held on the Bill was on May 17, 2022. The 31-member committee has only three women MPs.
• Three-month extension has been granted to the panel till January 24, 2024 to examine and present its report on the Bill.
• The Bill seeks to bring parity in the minimum age of marriage for men and women overriding all existing laws, including any custom, usage, or practice governing the parties in relation to marriage.

THE PROHIBITION OF CHILD MARRIAGE (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2021:

• The Bill amends the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 to increase the minimum age of marriage of females to 21 years.
• Further, the Bill will override any other law, custom, or practice.
• Under the 2006 Act, a person married below the minimum age may apply for annulment within two years of attaining majority (i.e., before 20 years of age). The Bill increases this to five years (i.e., 23 years of age).

KEY ISSUES AND ANALYSIS:

• The minimum age of marriage at 21 years is higher than the minimum age of majority (18 years). The Supreme Court has ruled that marriage between adults is a fundamental right.
• The question is whether prohibiting marriage for persons between 18 and 21 years is a reasonable restriction on their right to marry.
• About a quarter of 20–24 year-old women are married before the age of 18 years, despite that being the minimum age of marriage since 1978.
• The limited success of the current law raises the question whether an increase in minimum age would have any significant impact on reducing the incidence of child marriage.
• In 2018, the Supreme Court, while reading down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, ruled that consensual sex between consenting adults is a fundamental right under Articles 14, 15, 19 and 21 of the Constitution.
  • If this Bill were passed, it would be legal to have sexual relations but illegal to marry for those between the ages of 18 and 21 years.
• The Bill increases the minimum age of marriage for females to 21 years, bringing it on par with that for males. However, the age of attaining majority is 18 years under the Majority Act, 1875.
  • This difference may have consequences regarding the rights and responsibilities of persons between 18 and 21 years of age.

RECOMMENDATIONS OF VARIOUS COMMITTEES:

• The table below provides recommendations by various national and international Committees and Conventions on age of marriage.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-panel-examining-bill-on-increasing-age-of-marriage-of-women-gets-fresh-extension-to-submit-report/article67433519.ece/amp/

2. MICROALGAE AND GLOBAL WARMING

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per a new study, microalgae, which form the base of the food chain in the ocean and capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, appear to rely on a novel strategy to cope with global warming.

EXPLANATION:

• As climate change reduces the availability of nutrients in the sea, marine microalgae or eukaryotic phytoplankton fire up a protein called rhodopsin.
• It is related to the protein in the human eye responsible for vision in dim light.
• This light-responsive protein is helping the microalgae flourish with the help of sunlight in place of traditional chlorophyll.
• As per the study, Microbial rhodopsins are proposed to be major light capturers in the ocean.
• Estimates suggested they may absorb as much light as chlorophyll-based photosynthesis in the sea, which also captures light to generate energy and food.
• However, their biological role in these organisms was unclear before the study.

DEFICIENCY OF NUTRIENTS IN OCEAN:

• Global warming is increasing drought on land and the same thing happens in the ocean. The warmer the surface water gets, the lower are the nutrients in these surface water layers.
• There is less mixing between the surface waters and nutrient-rich deeper waters as the oceans warm. So, nutrients become scarce at the surface, impacting the primary producers such as microalgae that are present in the top layer.
• Algae starve and, therefore, produce less food and capture less carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
• In these areas, the capacity of algae to make food and take up carbon dioxide reduces further.

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT:

• To understand the role of rhodopsins, researchers cloned them in the lab and confirmed that they capture light to generate energy (ATP).
  • Adenosine triphosphate or ATP is the energy currency of all cells.
• They also tested the abundances of rhodopsin transcripts (a molecule of ribonucleic acid or RNA that contains genetic information copied from deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA).
• Rhodopsins were found to be more concentrated in low latitudes, where there is less mixing of ocean waters and lower concentrations of nutrients, including dissolved iron.
• For algae to produce food and to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, they need sunlight.
• To harness sunlight, the microalgae require a lot of iron. However, 35 per cent of the surface of the ocean does not have enough iron to support the growth of algae, he explained.
• g., Southern Ocean, which is the largest iron-limited aquatic ecosystem. But they are home to the largest populations of consumers such as krill, fish, penguins and whales, which depend on primary producers such as microalgae.

WAY FORWARD:

• These findings have the potential to reduce the negative effects of changing environmental conditions, such as ocean warming and even the reduction in the productivity of crops.
• The same mechanism could be deployed to enhance the activity of microbes that cannot use light, such as yeast.
• We can modify them so that they can use light for growth, which is desirable in biotechnology, such as the production of insulin, antibiotics, enzymes, antivirals and even biofuel.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/microalgae-are-adapting-to-warming-climate-declining-nutrient-levels-in-seas-with-novel-strategy-92379

3. QUANTUM ALGORITHMS

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Research in quantum algorithms is highly interdisciplinary, involving computer science, mathematics, and physics. The field is also still evolving, and there are plenty of opportunities to make significant contributions.

EXPLANATION:

• We often hear that quantum computers efficiently solve problems that are very difficult to solve with a classical computer.
• But even if the hardware is available to build a quantum computer, exploiting its quantum features requires us to write smart algorithms.
  • An algorithm is a sequence of logically connected mathematical steps that solve a problem.
  • For example, an algorithm to add three numbers can have two steps: add the first two numbers in the first step and the result to the third number in the second step.

QUANTUM ALGORITHMS:

• Quantum algorithms solve problems that classical computers can’t by exploiting two unique properties of quantum mechanics: superposition and entanglement.
• Superposition:
  • It allows a quantum bit, or qubit, to be in multiple states at the same time.
  • This is unlike a classical bit, which can only be in one of two states at a time, either 0 or 1.

• Entanglement:
  • It allows two or more qubits to be linked together in such a way that they share the same fate.
  • This means that if you measure the state of one qubit, you will instantly know the state of the other qubits, even if they are physically separated.

• Quantum algorithms use superposition and entanglement to perform calculations that are impossible for classical computers.
• For example, Shor’s algorithm can factor a large number into its prime factors much faster than any known classical algorithm.
  • This could have implications for cryptography, as many encryption algorithms rely on the difficulty of factoring large numbers.
• Another example is Grover’s algorithm, which can search an unsorted database much faster than any known classical algorithm.
  • This could have applications in drug discovery and other fields where it is necessary to search through large databases.
• Quantum algorithms are still in their early stages of development, but they have the potential to solve some of the most challenging problems facing humanity today.
• For example, quantum algorithms could be used to develop new drugs and materials, design more efficient algorithms, and break modern encryption algorithms.

EXAMPLES OF THE QUANTUM ALGORITHMS:

• Shor’s algorithm:
  • One of the earliest quantum algorithms is the factorisation algorithm developed by Peter Shor. It requires fewer steps to factorise a number than one that operates with classical principles.
  • The efficiency of an algorithm is related to the number of steps required as the size of the input increases. An algorithm is more efficient if it requires fewer steps (and thus less time). From this perspective, Shor’s algorithm is far more efficient than any known classical algorithm for factorisation.
  • Modern cryptography – which is used to secure user accounts on the internet, for example – depends on the fact that there are no efficient classical algorithms that can factorise large integers. This is the source of the claim that the availability of quantum computers (with an adequate number of qubits) will challenge the safety of classical cryptography.

• Grover’s and Deutsch-Jozsa algorithms:
  • Another popular quantum algorithm is the quantum search algorithm developed by Lov Grover.
  • It looks for a numerical pattern in a large list of numbers. A deterministic classical algorithm requires almost half the number of steps as there are patterns in the list.
  • That is, to identify a pattern from a list of one-million patterns, the classical approach may need half a million steps. The quantum algorithm will require only a thousand steps.
  • In fact, for every 100x increase in the list’s size, Grover’s algorithm will need only 10x more steps. This is the kind of speed-up this quantum algorithm achieves.
  • Yet another scheme that showcases the exponential speed-up is the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm.
  • Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm can determine the mapping with one computation independent of the size of the input.
  • We just need to make sure there are enough qubits available to represent the number of digits in the input.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/how-quantum-algorithms-solve-intractable-problems-explained/article67417104.ece/amp/

4. RABI CROPS

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved the increase in the Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for all mandated Rabi Crops for Marketing Season 2024-25.

EXPLANATION:

• Government has increased the MSP of Rabi Crops for Marketing Season 2024-25, to ensure remunerative prices to the growers for their produce and incentivise crop diversification.
• The absolute highest increase in MSP has been approved for lentil (masur) at Rs.425 per quintal followed by rapeseed & mustard at Rs.200 per quintal.
• For wheat and safflower, an increase of Rs.150 per quintal each has been approved.
• For barley and gram an increase of Rs.115 per quintal and Rs.105 per quintal respectively, has been approved.
• The increase in MSP is in line with the Union Budget 2018-19 announcement of fixing the MSP at a level of at least 1.5 times of the All-India weighted average Cost of Production.
• The expected margin over All-India weighted average Cost of Production is 102 percent for wheat, followed by 98 percent for rapeseed & mustard; 89 per cent for lentil; 60 per cent for gram; 60 percent for barley; and 52 percent for safflower.

OTHER INITIATIVES OF THE GOVERNMENT:

• The Government is promoting crop diversification towards oilseeds, pulses and shree anna/millets to enhance food security, increase farmers’ income, and reduce dependence on imports.
• Besides the Price Policy, the Government has undertaken various initiatives such as the National Food Security Mission (NFSM), Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), and the National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP).
  • Its objective is to provide financial support, quality seeds to encourage farmers to cultivate oilseeds and pulses.
• To extend the benefits of the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme to every farmer across the nation, Government has launched the Kisan Rin Portal (KRP), KCC Ghar Ghar Abhiyaan, and Weather Information Network Data Systems (WINDS).
  • It aimed to provide timely and accurate weather information to empower farmers in making timely decisions regarding their crops.
• These initiatives aim to revolutionize agriculture, enhance financial inclusion, optimize data utilization, and improve the lives of farmers across the nation.

RABI CROPS:

• Rabi crops are sown in mid-November, preferably after the monsoon rains have ended, and harvested in April or May.
• Rabi crops are sown in the winter and harvested in the spring.
• A good winter rain is helpful for Kharif crops but bad for Rabi crops.
• The crops are grown either with rainwater that has percolated into the ground or using irrigation.
• Major Rabi crops are wheat, gram, peas, barley etc.
• A warm climate is required for seed germination and cold climate for the growth of crops.

CHALLENGES FACED BY RABI CROPS:

• Climate change is leading to more extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods. This can damage rabi crops and reduce yields.
• Rabi crops are susceptible to a number of pests and diseases. This can also reduce yields and increase costs for farmers.
• Farmers often receive low prices for their rabi crops. This can make it difficult for them to make a profit.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1968729

5. DIPHTHERIA

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: According to a recent announcement from the World Health Organisation (WHO), the Guinean Health Ministry has declared a diphtheria outbreak.

EXPLANATION:

• According to the World Health Organisation, from 4 July to 13 October 2023, a total of 538 cases of diphtheria, were reported in the Kankan region, in the east-central part of Guinea.
• The 1-4 years age group accounted for the largest proportion of reported cases.

DIPHTHERIA:

• Diphtheria is a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae that make toxin.
• It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart rhythm problems, and even death.
• CDC recommends vaccines for infants, children, teens, and adults to prevent diphtheria.

TRANSMISSION:

• Diphtheria bacteria spread from person to person, usually through respiratory droplets, like from coughing or sneezing.
• People can also get sick from touching infected open sores or ulcers.
• Those at increased risk of getting sick include:
  • People in the same household
  • People with a history of frequent, close contact with the patient
  • People directly exposed to secretions from the suspected infection site (e.g., mouth, skin) of the patient.

TREATMENT:

• Using diphtheria antitoxin to stop the bacteria toxin from damaging the body.
• This treatment is very important for respiratory diphtheria infections, but it is rarely used for diphtheria skin infections.
• Using antibiotics to kill and get rid of the bacteria. This is important for diphtheria infections in the respiratory system and on the skin and other parts of the body (e.g., eyes, blood).

COMPLICATIONS:

• Complications from respiratory diphtheria may include:
  • Airway blockage
  • Myocarditis (damage to the heart muscle)
  • Polyneuropathy (nerve damage)
  • Kidney failure
• For some people, respiratory diphtheria can lead to death.
• Even with treatment, about 1 in 10 patients with respiratory diphtheria die. Without treatment, up to half of patients can die from the disease.

SOURCE: https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142512

1. GLOBAL MARITIME INDIA SUMMIT 2023

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY, GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Prime Minister has virtually inaugurated the third edition of the Global Maritime India Summit 2023 on 17^th October 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• The summit is the biggest Maritime Event in the country and will witness the participation of Ministers from across the globe representing countries from Europe, Africa, South America, and Asia (including central Asia, Middle East and BIMSTEC region).
• The summit is also to be attended by Global CEOs, Business leaders, Investors, Officials, and other stakeholders worldwide.
• Further, several Indian states will also be represented at the summit by the Ministers and other dignitaries.
• The three-day summit will discuss and deliberate key issues of the maritime sector:
  • Ports of the future
  • Decarbonisation
  • Coastal shipping and inland waterways
  • Shipbuilding, repair, and recycling
  • Finance, insurance, and arbitration
  • Maritime clusters
  • Innovation and technology
  • Maritime safety and security
• The first Maritime India summit was held in 2016 in Mumbai while the Second Maritime Summit was held virtually in 2021.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SUMMIT:

• ‘Amrit Kaal Vision 2047’, a blueprint for the Indian maritime blue economy was unveiled.
• The blueprint outlines strategic initiatives aimed at enhancing port facilities, promoting sustainable practices, and facilitating international collaboration.
• In line with this futuristic plan the foundation stone for projects worth more than Rs 23,000 crores was laid that are aligned with the ‘Amrit Kaal Vision 2047’ for the Indian maritime blue economy.
• The summit provides an excellent platform for attracting investment in the country’s maritime sector.
• The Prime Minister laid the foundation stone of Tuna Tekra all-weather deep draft terminal, to be built at a cost of more than Rs 4,500 crores at Deendayal Port Authority in Gujarat.
• This state-of-the-art greenfield terminal will be developed in Public–Private Partnership (PPP) mode.
• The terminal, which is likely to emerge as an international trade hub, will handle next-gen vessels exceeding 18,000 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs).
• It will act as a gateway for Indian trade via the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC).
• The Prime Minister also dedicated more than 300 Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) worth more than 7 lakh crore for global and national partnerships in the maritime sector.

ABOUT THE SUMMIT:

• Global Maritime India Summit (GMIS) 2023 is a flagship event aimed at propelling the Indian maritime economy by promoting global and regional partnerships and facilitating investments.
• It is an annual meet of the Indian and international maritime community to address key industry issues and exchange ideas to bring the sector forward.
• Driven by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, GMIS 2023 brings together global maritime players, policy makers and regulators, key opinion leaders and industry leaders.
• The event includes an investor summit and an international exhibition to facilitate interaction and collaboration among the Indian and international maritime companies, policy makers, investors, and other stakeholders.
• To encourage dialogue and cooperation among key industry leaders, the event features a Global CEOs’ Forum.
• Further, to recognize partners that have made outstanding contributions to India’s development as a leading maritime center, the event will host Maritime Excellence Achievers’ ceremony.
• The 3-day event will be inaugurated by the Hon’ble Prime Minister of India and expected to be attended by the globally renowned industry players.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1968331

2. SAME SEX MARRIAGE

TAG: GS 2: POLITY, GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court upheld constitutionality of Special Marriage Act in present form and entrusts legislature to debate, decide on providing legal status to same-sex relationships.

EXPLANATION:

• The Constitution Bench ruled that courts cannot intervene in the matter as there is no fundamental right to marry.
• It held that only the legislature can recognise or regulate queer marriage.
• All five judges on the Bench unanimously accepting that laws and society discriminate against same-sex couples.
• But they failed to reach a consensus to provide even long-abiding relationships between queer couples the status of a legally recognised “civil union”.

OPINION OF THE MINORITY OF THE BENCH:

• Minority of the bench hold the view that queer people have a fundamental right to form a relationship, and the state should not fail to give such unions a legal status so that same-sex couples could avail the material benefits provided under the law.
• The right to enter into a union cannot be restricted on the basis of sexual orientation. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is violative of Article 15 of the Constitution.
  • Right to form a union was a feature of the fundamental right to choose partners and lead a dignified, meaningful life.
  • Equality cannot be denied to same-sex couples on the basis of their sexual orientation. Queer persons have a right to form abiding relationships.
• Legal recognition to same-sex relationships was a step forward towards “marriage equality”.
• They held that constitutional authorities should carve out a regulatory framework to recognise the civil union of adults in a same-sex relationship.
• The majority views of Justices disagreed on the point, holding that it was for the legislature, and not the Court, to formally recognise and grant legal status to non-heterosexual relationships.
• But all the five judges on the Bench agreed that the Special Marriage Act of 1954 was not unconstitutional for excluding same-sex marriages.
• They said that tinkering with the Special Marriage Act of 1954 to bring same-sex unions within its ambit would not be advisable. It is Parliament and State legislature to enact laws on marriage.

FORMATION OF THE COMMITTEE:

• The Bench nevertheless unanimously agreed that same sex couples face discrimination and harassment in their daily lives.
• The court urged the government to form a high-powered committee chaired by the Union Cabinet Committee to expeditiously look into genuine human concerns faced by same-sex partners.
• The Chief Justice suggested that the committee should look into whether queer couples could be treated as members of the same family for the purpose of ration card; succession; maintenance; opening of a joint bank account; arrangement of last rites of partners; access benefits of rights and benefits of employment, etc.

LEGAL BATTLE OF THE SAME SEX MARRIAGE:

• The legal battle for same-sex marriage in India began in 2001, when Naz Foundation (India) Trust filed a petition in the Delhi High Court challenging the constitutionality of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which criminalized “carnal intercourse against the order of nature”.
• In 2009, the Delhi High Court ruled that Section 377 was unconstitutional in so far as it applied to consensual sexual activity between adults.
• However, the Supreme Court of India overturned the Delhi High Court’s ruling in 2013 and held that the decision to decriminalise homosexuality could only be made by Parliament and not the Court.
• In 2014, a group of LGBTQ+ activists filed a petition in the Supreme Court challenging the constitutionality of Section 377 once again.
• In 2018, the Supreme Court ruled that Section 377 was unconstitutional in its entirety.
• The Supreme Court’s ruling was a major victory for the LGBTQ+ community in India, and it paved the way for the legalization of same-sex marriage.
• In 2019, a group of LGBTQ+ activists filed a petition in the Supreme Court seeking the legalization of same-sex marriage.
• The legal battle for same-sex marriage in India has been long and arduous However significant progress has been made in recent years.
• The Supreme Court’s ruling decriminalizing homosexuality and the Supreme Court’s recent judgement are both signs of progress.
• It is important to note that the legal battle for same-sex marriage is not just about the right to marry but right to equality and the right to be free from discrimination.
• The LGBTQ+ community in India faces discrimination in many areas of life, including employment, housing, and healthcare. The legalization of same-sex marriage would send a powerful message that the LGBTQ+ community is equal to any other community in India.
• The legal battle for same-sex marriage in India is a complex issue with many different perspectives. It is important to be respectful of all perspectives and to engage in civil discourse.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/sc-declines-to-legalise-same-sex-marriage-says-legislature-to-decide/article67431746.ece

3. LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS (LF)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Lao People’s Democratic Republic has eliminated lymphatic filariasis (LF), a disease that cripples and has significant social and economic impact on the affected communities according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

EXPLANATION:

• This is the country’s second neglected tropical disease (NTD) to be eliminated in six years, following the elimination of trachoma as a public health hazard in 2017.
• The WHO attributed the success to decades of hard effort by the Lao government, health-care workers, communities, and national and international partners.
• Lao PDR is now the second country after Bangladesh to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF) in 2023.
• Nineteen countries have been able to eliminate LF, according to the WHO progress report on the disease released on October 13, 2023.

LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS (LF):

• Lymphatic filariasis, commonly known as elephantiasis, is a neglected tropical disease.
• Over 882 million people in 44 countries worldwide remain threatened by lymphatic filariasis and require preventive chemotherapy to stop the spread of this parasitic infection.

CAUSE, TRANSMISSION AND SYMPTOMS:

• Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with parasites classified as nematodes (roundworms) of the family Filariodidea.
• There are 3 types of these thread-like filarial worms:
  • Wuchereria bancrofti, which is responsible for 90% of the cases.
  • Brugia malayi, which causes most of the remainder of the cases.
  • Brugia timori, which also causes the disease.
• Infection occurs when filarial parasites are transmitted to humans through mosquitoes.
• Infection is usually acquired in childhood and causes hidden damage to the lymphatic system.
• Lymphatic filariasis impairs the lymphatic system and can lead to the abnormal enlargement of body parts, causing pain, severe disability and social stigma.

ELIMINATION:

• Lymphatic filariasis can be eliminated by stopping the spread of infection through preventive chemotherapy with safe medicine combinations repeated annually.
• More than 9 billion cumulative treatments have been delivered to stop the spread of infection since 2000.
• As of 2018, 51 million people were infected – a 74% decline since the start of WHO’s Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis in 2000.
• Due to successful implementation of WHO strategies, 740 million people no longer require preventive chemotherapy.
• An essential, recommended package of care can alleviate suffering and prevent further disability among people living with disease caused by lymphatic filariasis.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/lao-pdr-becomes-second-country-in-2023-after-bangladesh-to-eliminate-lymphatic-filariasis-92355

4. BRIGHT TRANSIENT SURVEY BOT (BTSBOT)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: For the first time, artificial intelligence (AI) has searched for, detected, confirmed, classified, and announced a supernova discovery without any human intervention.

EXPLANATION:

• This new AI tool called Bright Transient Survey Bot (BTSbot) has been developed by an international team of scientists, using over 1.4 million images from nearly 16,000 sources to train its machine-learning algorithm.
• It is reported that the new system allows automation of the entire star explosion discovery process, which not only eliminates human error but also dramatically increases speed.
• Removing humans from the loop provides more time for the research team to analyze their observations and develop new hypotheses to explain the origin of the cosmic explosions that we observe.
• This significantly streamlines large studies of supernovae and help to better understand the life cycles of stars and the origin of elements supernovae create, like carbon, iron and gold.

BRIGHT TRANSIENT SURVEY BOT:

• It is a machine-learning algorithm which has been trained by using over 1.4 million images from nearly 16,000 sources.
• It detected the newly discovered supernova named SN2023tyk in data from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) which is believed to be a Type Ia supernova located around 760 million light-years from Earth.

WORKING MECHANISM:

• It automatically requested the potential supernova’s spectrum from Palomar Observatory – where another robotic telescope, the Spectral Energy Distribution Machine (SEDM) performed an in-depth observation to obtain the source’s spectrum.
• This new system not only allows automation of the entire search for new supernovae across the night sky but also eliminates human error and dramatically increases speed.
• It searched, detected, confirmed, classified, and announced the findings without any human intervention.

WHY IS IT COMPARATIVELY DIFFICULT FOR HUMANS TO DETECT?

• The current process of detecting and analysing supernovae involves humans working hand in hand with robotic systems.
• Though supernovae are bright and energetic events, they are not that common, and certainly not easy to spot.
• The traditional method involves relying on robotic telescopes repeatedly taking images of the same sections of the night sky to detect new sources of light after which humans take over.
• Subsequently, astronomers have to visually inspect large volumes of data.
• This time-consuming process is believed to be the reason why astronomers have only discovered a small fraction of all supernovae that occur in the universe.
• But automated software presents a list of candidate explosions to humans, who spend time verifying the candidates and executing spectroscopic observations.

SOURCE: https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/ai-finds-supernova-the-biggest-explosion-in-universe-first-without-human-help-2450230-2023-10-17

5. RICE FORTIFICATION

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court on October 14, 2023, directed the Centre to respond to concerns regarding the government’s iron fortified rice programme and its indiscriminate distribution to even those suffering from thalassemia and sickle cell disease.

EXPLANATION:

• The Supreme Court asked the government to apprise it in four weeks about the steps taken to comply with a provision of the regulations.
• Provision of the Food Safety and Standards (Fortification of Foods) Regulations, 2018 provides that labels on bags containing fortified rice should carry an advisory that it is harmful for people suffering from thalassemia and sickle cell anaemia.
• The 2018 regulations provided that every package of food fortified with iron shall carry a statement, “People with thalassemia may take under medical supervision and persons with Sickle Cell Anaemia are advised not to consume iron fortified food-products”.
• The directions were given in response to a public interest litigation filed by Rajesh Krishnan and others, challenging the government’s iron fortified rice programme.

ISSUES WITH THE IRON FORTIFIED FOOD:

• Food Safety and Standards Authority of India’s statutory regulations has warned patients with thalassemia and sickle cell anaemia against consuming iron-fortified food or about using it only under strict medical supervision.
• Patients of haemoglobinopathies (a group of blood disorders that affect red blood cells) like thalassemia and sickle cell disease are contraindicated to eat iron, according to clause 7 (4) of the Food Safety and Standards (Fortification of Foods) Regulation, 2018 and also based on global scientific evidence.
• Consuming iron could lead to adverse outcomes like organ failure for people with such conditions.
• This means that giving iron-fortified rice indiscriminately, without any screening for such patients, is a non-compliance of the government with their own warnings.
• A fact-finding visit by Alliance for Sustainable and Holistic Agriculture and Right to Food Campaign in the two states of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
• It revealed that the labelling requirements and the operational guidelines were not being followed; importantly, in food schemes where the food distribution is unpackaged or even cooked, there were no written or verbal warnings.

FOOD FORTIFICATION:

• Food fortification refers to the addition of chemical / synthetic vitamins and minerals (like iron, folic acid, iodine, zinc, vitamins B12, A, D) that are not available naturally in particular foods and is used as a strategy to address malnutrition in India.

HOW IS RICE FORTIFIED WITH IRON?

• Under the fortification scheme, milled broken rice is ground to dust and a premix of vitamins and minerals is added to it.
• Thereafter, an extruder machine is used to produce fortified rice kernels (FRK) resembling rice grains.
• The kernels are then mixed in a 1:100 ratio with regular rice to produce fortified rice.
• The cost to the consumer is estimated to be less than 50 paisa per kg.
• According to the food ministry, the fortification programme aims to cover 291 aspirational and high burden (nutrient deficient) districts across the country by March 2023, for which 9 million tonnes of fortified rice has been produced.

FORTIFIED RICE PROGRAMME:

• Prime Minister in his Independence Day address in 2021, said the government aims to distribute fortified rice via the government schemes by 2024.
• Thereafter, a scheme for the distribution of fortified rice, containing prescribed micronutrients (Iron, Folic Acid, Vitamin B12) was launched in October 2021 in a phased manner in order to address the problem of anaemia in children and women.
• In April 2022, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved the supply of fortified rice throughout the Public Distribution System (PDS), Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman-PM POSHAN (erstwhile Mid-Day Meal Scheme) and other welfare schemes in all states and Union Territories (UTs) by 2024 in a phased manner.
• The entire cost of rice fortification, which is around Rs 2,700 crore per annum, would be borne by the Centre as part of the food subsidy till its full implementation up to June 2024.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/food/no-health-warnings-on-iron-fortified-rice-sc-directs-govt-to-respond-in-4-weeks-92348

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. PM inaugurates Global Maritime India Summit 2023 READ MORE
2. SC declines to legalise same-sex marriage, says legislature to decide READ MORE
3. Kerala mulls planting bamboo along Munnar’s Gap Road to avert landslips READ MORE  
4. ST status for Meiteis was considered and rejected in 1982 and 2001, government records show READ MORE
5. How synergistic barriers are affecting progress on SDGs READ MORE
6. AI finds supernova, the biggest explosion in universe, first without human help READ MORE
7. India-Sri Lanka ferry service restarted after 40 yrs: Opportunities, challenges READ MORE
8. Scientists using AI to decode secrets of ancient Pompeii scroll READ MORE
9. Amazon forests threatened: 10% more wildfires than last year, environmental gains may be undone READ MORE
10. No health warnings on iron fortified rice: SC directs govt to respond in 4 weeks READ MORE  

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Why Supreme Court’s same-sex marriage verdict opens no doors for queer people READ MORE
2. Solve water woes to save TN growth target READ MORE
3. Is climate change the reason for Sikkim flash floods? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Demolishing the frame from outside the Constitution READ MORE
2. Centralised procurement as a powerful health idea READ MORE
3. Law and custom: On the Supreme Court’s verdict on same-sex marriage READ MORE
4. Invoking the spectre of judicial legislation READ MORE
5. Empowered CAG: Guardian of public purse must stay independent READ MORE
6. Providing non-financial services to rural communities READ MORE
7. Electoral Bonds must be scrapped READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Food deprivation & hunger remain widespread in India READ MORE
2. Higher education at crossroads READ MORE
3. Transform learning READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. A ferry tale from the neighbourhood READ MORE
2. Building bridges READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. How to read India’s latest employment data READ MORE
2. Role of banks in a knowledge economy READ MORE
3. Gig workers law deepens industrial democracy READ MORE
4. Watch out for global headwinds READ MORE
5. Farm to fork: An overview of millet supply chains in India READ MORE
6. GM crops need more research READ MORE
7. Indian Agriculture has a problem. We farm too much for too little READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Climate lessons from G20 for Dubai COP28 READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. AI could redefine police techniques READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Localise strategies to build climate resilience READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Cybercrime surge: Focus on persistent vigil, collaborative efforts READ MORE
2. Beyond ‘Black Mirror’s’ fiction – Impact of Generative AI on policing, security READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. This Quote Means: ‘Women… are fuelled by a will to survive’, from Iran’s Nobel Peace Prize winner READ MORE
2. The Buddha’s wisdom can help to heal the mind READ MORE
3. Supreme intelligence READ MORE
4. Civil servants who say no to scams are national icons READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. As the threat of climate change grows stark in the Himalayan regions, the Early Warning System should be deployed to avoid numerous disasters. Comment.
2. Despite the emergence of numerous education policies in the post-independence period, India has yet to generate an indigenous system of education that is propelled by rationality, scientific temper and empathy. Do you agree that transforming education into the practice of freedom is an effective way forward?
3. The Electoral Bonds scheme not only creates an uneven playing field for political parties but is a danger to our democracy. Comment.
4. The SHG federations with the existing panchayat-level committees has opportunities to contribute to the development process of the village to upgrade education, health, sanitation and infrastructure facilities. Comment.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• The Constitution’s identity is endangered not just by a textual transformation but also in the subversion of its liberal, democratic environment.
• Our real enemies are not men and women but suspicion, fear, hatred, violence and feeling of revenge and these enemies cannot be eliminated by military means.
• Discoms will be profitable only when they are unshackled from state controls and electricity distribution is deregulated.
• The goal should be to create more employers than employees, and it is hoped that “PM Vishwakarma” will help make this a reality.
• The SHG federations can work with the existing panchayat-level committees to contribute to the development process of the village to upgrade education, health, sanitation and infrastructure facilities.
• The SHG model is a flexible and comprehensive tool to steer holistic development services as opposed to only providing financial and livelihood services to SHG women.
• While women-led federations role in promoting empowerment and livelihoods promotion is well known, not much has been highlighted about the SHG federation’s work in providing non-financial and development services in their communities.
• As the threat of climate change grows stark in the Himalayan regions the Early Warning System should be deployed to avoid numerous disasters.
• The biggest concern for India right now is the decline in both merchandise exports and imports over the past eight months.
• If the Indian government remains convinced about not joining the RCEP, it must have strategic reasons, which is fine. But it must nevertheless address the ongoing outcomes of such a decision, and that’s where agility in policymaking comes in.
• Despite the emergence of numerous education policies in the post-Independence period, India is yet to generate an indigenous system of education that is propelled by rationality, scientific temper and empathy.
• Education has to set its epistemic and moral worth and the goals of education should be quality, equity and efficiency in learning outcomes.
• A level playing field in terms of educational opportunities and competition, coupled with affirmative action, can enhance classroom accountability.
• To integrate critical thinking, educational reform has to assimilate the willingness to be rationally critiqued and learning must inculcate the ability to question from different vantage points.
• One is the legalisation of anonymous donations, and the other is the violation of citizens’ right to information about the funding of parties.
• The legalisation of anonymous donations would amount to facilitation and legitimisation of corruption.
• In a democracy, the public have the right to know who funds parties because the funding may be used to influence policies.

50-WORD TALK

• As the threat of climate change grows stark, events like the recent glacial lake outburst flood that caused death and devastation in Sikkim are becoming frequent. This underlines the urgency of installing early warning systems in the fragile Himalayan range. Governments can no longer afford to ignore such red flags.
• Faced with a moral, legal and ethical dilemma, the Supreme Court walked on eggshells to reject a 26-week-old pregnant woman’s plea to abort her foetus on the ground that it risked her psychologically. The issue will be debated in the coming days as a prudent balance between competing fundamental rights.
• GIFT City has many infrastructural marvels, and attractive tax incentives. But, it’s nowhere near being the next Singapore. It needs to come out of Gujarat government’s shadows and allow a restriction-free, socially liberal lifestyle that youthful, global workforce thrives on. Relax prohibition, improve connectivity, housing, open spas, and golf courses.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED. Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. Ministry of Ayush’s endeavours towards Special Campaign 3.0 gear up READ MORE
2. Notification issued for Green Credit Program (GCP) and Ecomark scheme Under LiFE Initiative to Promote Sustainable Lifestyle and Environmental Conservation READ MORE
3. Indian Railways’ PSUs, RITES Ltd and IRCON granted Navratna status READ MORE  
4. India’s 1st CAR-T cell therapy developed by ImmunoACT gets CDSCO nod READ MORE
5. CJI says India’s abortion law is liberal, pro-choice and far ahead of other countries READ MORE
6. Government mulls partnerships to make semiconductor chips READ MORE
7. What is Australia’s Indigenous Voice referendum? READ MORE
8. Farmers lost $3.8 trillion to disasters over 30 years: FAO’s first-ever global estimation READ MORE  
9. More than half of world’s poor out of safety net coverage, says World Bank READ MORE
10. World’s water cycle severely impacted by climate change and human activities in 2022: WMO READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Parents and educators must reduce student stress READ MORE
2. Changed outlook READ MORE
3. Is climate change the reason for Sikkim flash floods? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Testing the waters for General Elections 2024 READ MORE
2. Democracy dies when justice suffers READ MORE
3. 16th Finance Commission’s political challenge READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Hunger pangs: Alarming findings of 2023 global index READ MORE
2. India Ranks 111 in Global Hunger Index; Report Makers Reject Indian Government Objections READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Balancing policy: On Israel, Palestine and India’s line: India must pressure Israel to act responsibly in the face of terror READ MORE
2. A war that ends the Saudi-Israel ‘normalisation’ process READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Claudia Goldin’s quiet revolution: How she helped feminise economic enquiry READ MORE
2. Why we must cheer the Nobel for Goldin READ MORE
3. The economic mosaic: Chugging along at the ‘new-old normal’ growth rate READ MORE
4. DC Edit | Inflation falls, RBI still cautious READ MORE
5. Role of Banks in Promoting Risky Financial Assets READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Clearing the air: Contrary to general perception, there is no change in India’s stand on Palestine READ MORE
2. Meeting the Goals of the Paris Agreement READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. AI could redefine police techniques READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Localise strategies to build climate resilience READ MORE
2. India’s cyclone warning system is the model for disaster-proofing the country. Floods next READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. How the Khalistan movement is interlinked with Punjab’s growing drug problem, gun culture READ MORE
2. Beyond ‘Black Mirror’s’ fiction – Impact of Generative AI on policing, security READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Working and praying READ MORE
2. Narges’ Nobel and the all-pervasive fear of freedom READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. Repeated elections have a cost, but the benefits of enhanced democracy that they trigger are far greater. Critically examine the statement in the light of recent debate about One Nation, One Election.
2. India is diverse, with different regions confronting diverse issues, and that impacts politics in the states. In light of statement, how far do you agree with this view that the concept of One Nation, One Election goes against the reality of India’s diversity?
3. Balancing growth and inflation is a complex endeavour, requiring a steady hand on the economic tiller. Discuss how India can this balance in the ongoing uncertain global economic landscape?
4. Assessing vulnerabilities is the first step in reducing disaster risk. In light of recent disasters in the Himalayan region, discuss how the climate resilience approach in infrastructure development can minimize the disaster risk in that region.
5. The bureaucracy delivers on episodic events like conducting elections, which have a clear exit date but when it comes to daily events such as provision of civic amenities, the result is deeply unsatisfactory. Do you think that the division of bureaucracy between the three levels of government is a likely reason for such unamenities?
6. Modern states have evolved from directly running factories to regulating economic activity and for that, the Indian government need to revisit the bureaucracy’s recruitment process and should focus on more domain expertise. Discuss.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• Political language is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable.
• Delhi’s history of intervening positively also led to the ironical consternation of the Maldivian opposition parties who started a disquiet campaign against the Maldivian Government’s traditional ‘India First’ policy to suggest a compromise to Maldivian sovereignty.
• Democracy weakens when the people’s choice is not based on who will represent their interests and fulfil their aspirations.
• Democracy is always in a state of flux and not in its ideal form.
• To strengthen democracy, politics needs to be more accountable.
• Having one election every five years will make political parties more unaccountable and free to fulfil the agenda of vested interests. That will weaken democracy and cost the nation far more than the direct and indirect costs of elections at present.
• Even if India had a perfect democracy, the ‘One Nation, One Election’ idea assumes homogeneity in the nation.
• A one-size-fits-all approach goes against the reality of the nation’s diversity and can lead to severe political backlash.
• The reality is that India has an imperfect democracy that needs to be strengthened.
• Elections are the times when the public can force political parties to become answerable.
• Repeated elections have a cost, but the benefits of enhanced democracy that they trigger are far greater.
• No farmers’ company can address climatic aberrations amidst a changing climate, broken landscapes, tattered ecologies and market volatilities unless supported by policies and incentives.
• Balancing growth and inflation is a complex endeavour, requiring a steady hand on the economic tiller.
• Ever since the artificial intelligence chatbot GPT technology burst on the global computer media scene suggesting its multifarious applications and uses in almost any area of human endeavour.
• If the ASEAN has to remain relevant, it needs to reinvent itself to suit the changing regional environment.
• Shortage of workers is pushing the demand for farm equipment. India can dominate the world market by leveraging its machine tools.
• The UN has the responsibility to resolve conflicts. But its failure should not be taken as an opportunity to abet terrorism in the name of freedom.
• It is crucial to re-evaluate building typologies and focus on developing climate-resilient designs.
• The bureaucracy delivers on episodic events like conducting elections, which have a clear exit date. But when it comes to daily events such as provision of civic amenities, the result is deeply unsatisfactory.

50-WORD TALK

• Instead of issuing defensive reactions to the Global Hunger Index, the government should instead engage with the root issue—nutrition. India might not have the empty-bellied hunger such indices imply, but it does have widespread and severe malnutrition and anaemia. Free foodgrain alleviates hunger, but balanced meals are what Indians need.
• Israel cannot carpet bomb Gaza into rubble. It has a right to defend itself and respond to terrorism, but indiscriminately targeting civilian areas isn’t the way. Israel will find it increasingly difficult to have the unambiguous support of its allies. It also risks ceding Middle East leadership role to Iran.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED. Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

1. INTENSIFIED MISSION INDRADHANUSH 5.0

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI 5.0), the flagship routine immunization campaign of the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare will conclude all 3 rounds on 14th October 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• IMI 5.0 ensures that routine immunization services reach the missed-out and dropped out children and pregnant women across the country.
• For the first time the campaign is being conducted across all the districts in the country and includes children up to 5 years of age (Previous campaigns included children up to 2 years of age).

INTENSIFIED MISSION INDRADHANUSH (IMI 5.0):

• Mission Indradhanush (MI) was launched by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) on 25th December 2014.
• It is a special catch-up campaign under the Universal Immunization Program (UIP).
• It is conducted in the areas of low immunization coverage to vaccinate all the children and pregnant women left out or dropped out from Routine Immunization.

AIM:

• IMI 5.0 campaign aims to enhance immunization coverage for all vaccines provided under the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) as per the National Immunization Schedule (NIS).
  • Under UIP, immunization is being provided free of cost against 12 vaccine preventable diseases: Nationally against 11 diseases.
  • Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Polio, Measles, Rubella, severe form of Childhood Tuberculosis, Rotavirus diarrhea, Hepatitis B, Meningitis & Pneumonia caused by Hemophilus Influenza type B and Pneumococcal Pneumonia and sub-nationally against 1 disease – Japanese Encephalitis (JE vaccine is provided only in endemic districts).

SPECIAL FOCUS:

• Special focus is on improvement of Measles and Rubella vaccination coverage with the aim of Measles & Rubella elimination by 2023.
• It also focusses on use of U-WIN digital platform for Routine Immunization in pilot mode across all districts in the country.

GROUND EXECUTION:

• IMI 5.0 is being conducted in three rounds i.e., 7 -12 August, 11-16 September, and 9-14 October 2023 i.e., 6 days in a month with the inclusion of a Routine Immunization Day.
• All States/UTs except Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Punjab would conclude all the three rounds of IMI 5.0 campaign by 14th October 2023.
• These four states could not start the IMI 5.0 campaign in August due to some inevitable circumstances.
• These states have concluded 1st round and are currently conducting the 2nd round.
• They plan to conduct the 3rd round of IMI 5.0 campaign in the month of November 2023.
• As on 30th September 2023, over 34,69,705 children and 6,55,480 pregnant women were administered vaccine doses during the first 2 rounds of IMI 5.0 campaign across the country.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/imi-50-reaches-children-up-to-five-years-for-the-first-time/article67411672.ece

2. AMA ODISHA, NABIN ODISHA SCHEME

TAG: GS 2: GOVERNANCE, GS 2: SOCIAL ISSUES

THE CONTEXT: Ahead of the simultaneous General and Assembly elections in Odisha due in April-May 2024, Chief Minister (October 10, 2023) rolled out a scheme, ‘Ama Odisha, Nabin Odisha’ (our Odisha, new Odisha).

AMA ODISHA, NABIN ODISHA SCHEME:

• It is a flagship program of the Government of Odisha that was launched in October 2023.
• The Government have modified the earlier “Ama Gaon Ama Bikash” by giving it a new dimension in the form of “Ama Odisha Nabin Odisha”.
• The scheme has a budget of Rs 3,397 crore and will cover all 6,794-gram panchayats in Odisha.
• Each gram panchayat will receive Rs 50 lakh to implement projects under the scheme.

KEY COMPONENTS OF THE SCHEME:

• Promotion of Jagannath culture:
  • The scheme will support the development and renovation of Jagannath temples and other religious places in Odisha.
  • It will also promote Jagannath culture through festivals, arts, and other cultural activities.

• Strengthening of digital infrastructure:
  • The scheme will provide internet connectivity, science parks, and skill development centers to villages.
  • It will also help to establish works hubs in villages to provide employment opportunities to rural youth.

• Empowerment of women and youth:
  • The scheme will support the creation of self-help groups for women and skill development programs for youth.
  • It will also provide financial assistance to women and youth entrepreneurs.

• Improvement of rural infrastructure:
• • The scheme will support the construction of roads, bridges, and other infrastructure in villages.
  • It will also help to improve the quality of education and healthcare in rural areas.
• The Ama Odisha, Nabin Odisha scheme is a comprehensive program that aims to address the key challenges facing rural Odisha.
• The scheme is expected to create jobs, improve rural infrastructure, and promote sustainable development in the state.

POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE AMA ODISHA, NABIN ODISHA SCHEME:

• The Ama Odisha, Nabin Odisha scheme has the potential to have a significant impact on rural Odisha. The scheme could help to:
  • Create jobs and boost the rural economy.
  • Improve rural infrastructure and access to education and healthcare.
  • Promote sustainable development and preserve Jagannath culture.
  • Empower women and youth.

CONTROVERSY OVER THE SCHEME:

• The Opposition party has questioned use of the ‘conch’ symbol in government advertisements for the Ama Odisha, Nabin Odisha scheme.
• The conch is the electoral symbol of ruling political party.
• The opposition party has also questioned the timing of the scheme, coming months before the 2024 polls.
• It also alleged that the use of the conch symbol in government ads shows that the govt. is trying to “manipulate public opinion” and state the possibility challenge the use of the symbol in court.
• The ruling government was also accused of not following proper guidelines while implementing the scheme.
• Earlier, the Orissa High Court had issued a notice to the Odisha government in response to a petition challenging the implementation process of the Ama Odisha, Nabin Odisha scheme.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/odisha-govts-rural-development-scheme-controversy-8980142/

3. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC)

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The conflict between Israel and Palestinian forces since militant group Hamas’ assault have created a huge and rising death toll on both sides. The war falls under a complex international system of justice that has emerged since World War Two.

EXPLANATION:

• Internationally accepted rules of armed conflict emerged out of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, which have been ratified by all UN member states and supplemented by rulings at international war crimes tribunals.
• Here’s how they apply to the ongoing Israel-Hamas violence.

WHAT LAWS GOVERN THE CONFLICT?

• Internationally accepted rules of armed conflict emerged out of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, which have been ratified by all UN member states.
• A series of treaties governs the treatment of civilians, soldiers and prisoners of war in a system collectively known as the “Law of Armed Conflict” or “International Humanitarian Law”.
• It applies to government forces and organised armed groups, including Hamas militants.
• If alleged Palestinian perpetrators of atrocities in Israel and all alleged perpetrators of crimes on the occupied Palestinian territories are not brought to justice at home, the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague is the only international legal organ able to bring charges.
• The ICC’s founding Rome Statute gives it legal authority to investigate alleged crimes on the territory of its members or by their nationals, when domestic authorities are “unwilling or unable” to do so.
• Recently, the office of the prosecutor of the ICC confirmed that its mandate applies to potential crimes committed in the current conflict.

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE ICC?

• The International Criminal Court (ICC), the world’s permanent war crimes tribunals, opened in The Hague in 2002.
• It has jurisdiction over war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide in its 123 member states or committed by its nationals.
• Many of the world’s major powers are not members, including China, the United States, Russia, India and Egypt.
• The ICC recognises Palestine as a member state, while Israel rejects the court’s jurisdiction and does not formally engage with it.
• The ICC has had an ongoing investigation into allegations of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in the occupied Palestinian territories since 2021.
• It has not issued any arrest warrants.
• Prosecutors said in 2021 there was a reasonable basis to believe that violations had been committed on all sides, including by Israeli troops, Hamas militants and other armed Palestinian groups.

ACTS THAT CAN VIOLATE WAR CRIMES LAW:

• The possible war crimes are the deliberate targeting of civilians, indiscriminate rocket attacks, and the taking of civilians as hostages by Palestinian armed groups, as well as the Israeli counter-strikes in Gaza that killed hundreds of Palestinians.
• Deliberate killings of civilians, hostage-taking, and collective punishment are heinous crimes that have no justification.
• The taking of hostages, murder and torture are explicitly banned under the Geneva Conventions, while Israel’s response could also be subject to a war crimes investigation.
• Israeli Defence Minister drew criticism from UN officials and human rights groups by announcing a tightened blockade to prevent food and fuel from reaching the Gaza Strip, home to 2.3 million people.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/what-war-crimes-laws-apply-to-the-israel-palestinian-conflict-8980317/

4. GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX (GHI)

TAG: GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE, GS 1: SOCIAL ISSUES

THE CONTEXT: India ranks 111 out of a total of 125 countries in the Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• India ranked 101 out of 116 countries in the Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2021.
• The Union government, though, contested India’s performance for the third year in a row, citing flawed methodology.
• Its progress against hunger nearly halted since 2015.
  • India made significant strides between 2000 and 2015, with its score improving from 38.4 in 2000 to 35.5 in 2008 and 29.2 in 2015, over the past eight years.
• Afghanistan, Haiti and 12 sub-Saharan countries perform worse than India on the GHI.
• India’s ranking is based on a Global Hunger Index score of 28.7 on a 100-point scale where 0 is the best score (no hunger) and 100 is the worst. This categorises India’s severity of hunger as “serious”.

HOW IS THE METHODOLOGY FLAWED?

• The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD) questioned the GHI and called it a “flawed measure of hunger that doesn’t reflect India’s true position”.
• MoWCD said that data recorded on its Poshan Tracker portal showed child wasting prevalence of 7.2% among a total of 7.24 crore under-five-year-olds whose data was captured.
• Whereas the GHI used a value of 18.7% for child wasting.
• The latter, comes from the National Family Health Survey 5 (NFHS) 2019-2021, which is reported in the global repository, Joint Malnutrition Estimates Joint Data Set Including Survey Estimates, set up to ensure harmonised child nutrition estimates.
• The GHI uses the same data sources for all countries to calculate the respective country scores.
• This ensures that all the rates used have been produced using comparable methodologies.
• Introducing exceptions to this process for any country or countries would compromise the comparability of the results and the ranking.
• The second objection the MoWCD reiterated this year was the alleged use of a telephone-based opinion poll to calculate undernourishment, one of the indicators used in GHI.
• The GHI has maintained that it doesn’t use the poll but relies on data from India’s Food Balance Sheet to calculate undernourishment.

GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX:

• The Global Hunger Index is a peer-reviewed annual report, jointly published by Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe.
• It is designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels.
• The aim of the GHI is to trigger action to reduce hunger around the world.
• The GHI is an annual report and each set of GHI scores uses data from a 5-year period. The 2022 GHI scores are calculated using data from 2017 through 2021.
• GHI scores are based on the values of four component indicators:
  • Undernourishment
  • Child stunting
  • Child wasting
  • Child mortality

• Undernourishment:
  • The share of the population whose caloric intake is insufficient.
  • This makes up 1/3 of the GHI score.

• Child Stunting:
  • The share of children under the age of 5 who have low height for their age, reflecting chronic undernutrition.
  • This makes up 1/6 of the GHI score.

• Child Wasting:
  • The share of children under the age of 5 who have low weight for their height, reflecting acute undernutrition.
  • This makes up 1/6 of the GHI score.

• Child Mortality:
• • The share of children who die before their 5th birthday, reflecting in part the fatal mix of inadequate nutrition and unhealthy environments.
  • This makes up 1/3 of the GHI score.
• The GHI score is calculated on a 100-point scale reflecting the severity of hunger – zero is the best score (implies no hunger) and 100 is the worst.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-ranks-111-out-of-a-total-of-125-countries-in-global-hunger-index/article67412042.ece/amp/

5. INDEX OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION (IIP)

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Industrial output rose in August 2023 as the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) increased by 10.3%, showed the official data released by the National Statistical Office (NSO).

EXPLANATION:

• According to the latest IIP data, the industrial growth in August 2023 is the highest in 14 months.
• The data released by the National Statistical Office (NSO) showed that the manufacturing sector’s output increased by 9.3 per cent in August 2023.
• The Quick Estimates of Index of Industrial Production (IIP) are released on 12th of every month with a six week lag.
• It is compiled with data received from source agencies, which in turn receive the data from the producing factories/ establishments.
• The Quick Estimates of Index of Industrial Production (IIP) with base 2011-12 stands at 145.1. The Indices of Industrial Production for the Mining, Manufacturing and Electricity sectors for the month of August 2023 stand at 111.9, 143.5 and 220.5 respectively.

INDEX OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION (IIP):

• The All-India index of Industrial Production (IIP) is a composite indicator that measures the short-term changes in the volume of production of a basket of industrial products during a given period with respect to that in a chosen base period.
• The IIP is a quantum index, the production of items being expressed in physical terms.
• It is compiled and published monthly by the Central Statistical Organization (CSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation six weeks after the reference month ends.

REVISION OF IIP TO 2011-12 BASE YEAR:

• The Central Statistics Office (CSO) revised the base year of the all-India Index of Industrial Production (IIP) from 2004-05 to 2011-12 in 2017.
• The base year revision captures structural changes in the economy and improves the quality and representativeness of the indices.
• The revised IIP (2011-12) not only reflect the changes in the industrial sector but also aligns it with the base year of other macroeconomic indicators like the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Wholesale Price Index (WPI).

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1967120

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. Mission Indradhanush 5.0 (IMI 5.0) campaign with special focus on improvement of Measles and Rubella vaccination coverage, will conclude all three rounds on 14 October 2023 READ MORE
2. INDEX OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION RISES TO 10.3% IN AUGUST 2023 READ MORE
3. India ranks 111 out of 125 countries in Global Hunger Index READ MORE  
4. What war crimes laws apply to the Israel-Palestinian conflict? READ MORE
5. Why Odisha govt’s new rural development scheme has triggered a controversy READ MORE
6. Dragonfly: The faces of wetlands in India READ MORE
7. IMI 5.0 reaches children up to five years for the first time READ MORE  
8. Biohydrogen’s role in India’s green hydrogen pathway READ MORE
9. Targeted methane mitigation can avoid 0.1°C warming in 2050, should be adopted with decarbonisation efforts: Report READ MORE
10. Joshimath sinking: Landslides in region not a new problem, says GSI report READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. The case for caste census in India | Explained READ MORE
2. Changed outlook READ MORE
3. Is climate change the reason for Sikkim flash floods? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Should the 50 % legal ceiling on reservation be reconsidered? READ MORE
2. Administrators: All services need more officers, not just IFS. So do local govts. And recruit more specialists READ MORE
3. Pharma laxity: No tainted firm deserves leniency READ MORE
4. Make funding truly transparent and free of cash for fair polls READ MORE
5. ‘One Nation, One Election’ Will Further Weaken Indian Democracy READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Pro-choice, pro-women: A split SC verdict reflects a wider judicial-medical confusion about abortion rights. This must change READ MORE
2. India Ranks 111th Among 125 Countries in Global Hunger Index Report READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Non-state actors are a threat to world peace READ MORE
2. ASEAN must reinvent itself to stay relevant in region READ MORE
3. India-Maldives Ties: A Walk on Eggshells As New Delhi Faces the China Question READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Ways to make IBC more effective READ MORE   
2. Terms of Trade | Let’s discuss India’s growth forecast READ MORE
3. The right path: IMF raises India’s growth rate, validating that its economy is on a firm footing READ MORE
4. India’s farm machinery has global market READ MORE
5. By the farmers READ MORE
6. IMF and India READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Curbing air pollution: Centre, states need to work in close coordination READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. AI could redefine police techniques READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Localise strategies to build climate resilience READ MORE
2.  India’s cyclone warning system is the model for disaster-proofing the country. Floods next READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. How the Khalistan movement is interlinked with Punjab’s growing drug problem, gun culture READ MORE
2. Beyond ‘Black Mirror’s’ fiction – Impact of Generative AI on policing, security READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Lies, levels, life: Cultivating your best being READ MORE
2. Misery is a choice READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. Repeated elections have a cost, but the benefits of enhanced democracy that they trigger are far greater. Critically examine the statement in the light of recent debate about One Nation, One Election.
2. India is diverse, with different regions confronting diverse issues, and that impacts politics in the states. In light of statement, how far do you agree with this view that the concept of One Nation, One Election goes against the reality of India’s diversity?
3. Balancing growth and inflation is a complex endeavour, requiring a steady hand on the economic tiller. Discuss, how India can this balance in the ongoing uncertain global economic landscape?
4. Assessing vulnerabilities is the first step in reducing disaster risk. In light of recent disasters in the Himalayan region, discuss how the climate resilience approach in infrastructure development can minimize the disaster risk in that region.
5. The bureaucracy delivers on episodic events like conducting elections, which have a clear exit date but when it comes to daily events such as provision of civic amenities, the result is deeply unsatisfactory. Do you think that the division of bureaucracy between the three levels of government is a likely reason for such unamenities?
6. Modern states have evolved from directly running factories to regulating economic activity and for that Indian government needs to revisit the bureaucracy’s recruitment process and should focus on more domain expertise. Discuss.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• Political language is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable.
• Delhi’s history of intervening positively also led to the ironical consternation of the Maldivian opposition parties who started a disquiet campaign against the Maldivian Government’s traditional ‘India First’ policy to suggest a compromise to Maldivian sovereignty.
• Democracy weakens when the people’s choice is not based on who will represent their interests and fulfil their aspirations.
• Democracy is always in a state of flux and not in its ideal form.
• To strengthen democracy, politics needs to be more accountable.
• Having one election every five years will make political parties more unaccountable and free to fulfil the agenda of vested interests. That will weaken democracy and cost the nation far more than the direct and indirect costs of elections at present.
• Even if India had a perfect democracy, the ‘One Nation, One Election’ idea assumes homogeneity in the nation.
• A one-size-fits-all approach goes against the reality of the nation’s diversity and can lead to severe political backlash.
• The reality is that India has an imperfect democracy that needs to be strengthened.
• Elections are the times when the public can force political parties to become answerable.
• Repeated elections have a cost, but the benefits of enhanced democracy that they trigger are far greater.
• No farmers’ company can address climatic aberrations amidst a changing climate, broken landscapes, tattered ecologies and market volatilities unless supported by policies and incentives.
• Balancing growth and inflation is a complex endeavour, requiring a steady hand on the economic tiller.
• Ever since the artificial intelligence chatbot GPT technology burst on the global computer media scene suggesting its multifarious applications and uses in almost any area of human endeavour.
• If the ASEAN has to remain relevant, it needs to reinvent itself to suit the changing regional environment.
• Shortage of workers is pushing the demand for farm equipment. India can dominate the world market by leveraging its machine tools.
• The UN has the responsibility to resolve conflicts. But its failure should not be taken as an opportunity to abet terrorism in the name of freedom.
• It is crucial to re-evaluate building typologies and focus on developing climate-resilient designs.
• The bureaucracy delivers on episodic events like conducting elections, which have a clear exit date. But when it comes to daily events such as provision of civic amenities, the result is deeply unsatisfactory.

50-WORD TALK

• The external affairs ministry’s statement has rightly made it clear that India’s condemnation of the Hamas terror attack on Israel and New Delhi’s stated support to two-states solution on Palestine are not mutually exclusive. Unnecessarily obfuscating the two issues only sullies public debate. India’s position has been nuanced but consistent.
• Supreme Court listing electoral bonds case for final hearing after six years is welcome. Issues at stake are vital for democracy— need for transparency in political funding and undue advantage to ruling party. From passage as Money Bill to legalization of anonymity—this haze-shrouded scheme calls for thorough judicial scrutiny.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED. Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. Cabinet approves royalty rates for mining of three critical and strategic minerals- Lithium, Niobium and Rare Earth Elements (REEs) READ MORE
2. Cabinet approves establishment of an autonomous body Mera Yuva Bharat READ MORE
3. ‘Operation Ajay’ set to evacuate Indian nationals from Israel READ MORE  
4. Cauvery Committee retains water release recommendation of 3,000 cusecs to T.N. READ MORE
5. The cases before the new CJI-led nine-judge Constitution Bench | Explained READ MORE
6. Order on cleaning rivers not followed, NGT issues notice to Chief Secretaries of all States, Ministry of Jal Shakti READ MORE
7. India, China agree to maintain momentum of ‘dialogue and negotiations’ READ MORE  
8. How new royalty rates for strategic minerals lithium, REEs can help cut their imports READ MORE
9. What the GI tag can mean for the cashew industry in Goa READ MORE
10. India’s first bamboo-based biorefinery to start operations in March READ MORE
11. Chhattisgarh Baiga tribe gets habitat rights under FRA READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Globally, 9 million girls face extreme risks of climate disaster and child marriage every year: Report READ MORE
2. Changed outlook READ MORE
3. Even temporary global warming above 2°C will affect life in the oceans for centuries READ MORE
4. Is climate change the reason for Sikkim flash floods? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Women’s quota — rhetoric and reality READ MORE
2. CrPC, IPC changes fall short of expectations READ MORE
3. RTI Act: Time to make it more effective READ MORE
4. Transparency Law | CIC’s evolution from defender to bystander READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Learning for the future READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. UN Security Council reform is a song in a loop READ MORE
2. Are reunifications the key to world peace? READ MORE
3. Global Leadership Is Not Just About Drafting a Statement READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. India may face economic trouble as fertility levels drop READ MORE   
2. The labour market is tougher on women. This is what the Economics Nobel for 2023 acknowledges READ MORE
3. Good, do better: For India, to be the fastest growing major economy isn’t enough. Real change needs 8% growth READ MORE
4. Focus on economy’s basics for 8% growth READ MORE
5. India Needs Stronger Exports to Hold the Line READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Curbing air pollution: Centre, states need to work in close coordination READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Generic drugs are everywhere – and that’s a problem READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. How the government covered up the severity of Teesta floods by blaming them on a ‘cloudburst’ READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. How the Khalistan movement is interlinked with Punjab’s growing drug problem, gun culture READ MORE
2. Beyond ‘Black Mirror’s’ fiction – Impact of Generative AI on policing, security READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. The inescapable meaning of life READ MORE
2. Dealing with failure READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. India’s economy is navigating a labyrinth of interconnected challenges, and addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach encompassing domestic policy reforms. Comment on the statement in light of global economic uncertainties and supply chain disruptions.
2. The challenges against world leadership cannot be addressed if the global institutions are not reformed with time. Analyse the statement in the light of recent global challenges.
3. If global institutions are not reformed as per occurring challenges, then instead of solving problems, they risk becoming part of the problem. In the light of statement, discuss the need for reforms in the United Nations.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• Unlike carbon-based fuels, the wind and the sun and the earth itself provide fuel that is free.
• China’s Tibet policy is primarily based on ruthless exploitation hidden under the façade of mega infrastructure projects which are showcased to the rest of the world as a sign of development in this region.
• Goldin’s Nobel and her own awarded work which took decades of research provides a tremendous intellectual platform for a wider level of global policy discussion and action on issues of gender wage gap, women and work, and more.
• Based on its achievements in key fields of technology, India is not in the global game. Yet, as a geopolitical pivot whose importance is derived not by its national power but its sensitive location, India is being courted by all three geostrategic players.
• The inclusion of the African Union as the new G-20 member was a pyrrhic victory compared with the six new members added to the BRICS (these include all global major energy exporters and importers) given that 50 of the 54 African nations attended the 2023 BRICS summit.
• India’s economy is navigating a labyrinth of interconnected challenges and addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach encompassing domestic policy reforms, diversification of export markets and enhancing economic resilience to global shocks.
• India’s ability to overcome global economic uncertainties and supply chain disruptions hurdles will be critical in ensuring continued economic growth and stability in an ever-evolving global landscape.
• Non-urban India has remained blindsided for decades in terms of superannuation, benefits, and social security. Rural India will now catch up with its urban counterpart at a quicker pace.
• The Central Information Commission’s job is to strike a balance between people’s right to know and the State’s legitimate need for limited secrecy.
• Right to Information (RTI) has brought transparency and systemic reforms but there is need to prevent its misuse and plug in loopholes.
• Climate change is exacerbating the risks. Because of global warming, more and more glaciers are melting.
• We must be careful in granting permission for the design of our mega hydro projects. We must do proper environment assessment of these projects and ensure that these withstand any water discharge that may happen in case of a glacier outburst.
• An increase in investment in traditional sectors such as mining and utilities because they trigger wider economic activities.
• Frequent tweaks of irritants aside, the GST regime needs a holistic reform plan, including a road map to bring in excluded items such as electricity, petroleum and alcohol.

50-WORD TALK

• A radical re-imagination of growth and developmental opportunities offering a wider platform for Indian (and other developing countries’) women (especially those at the margin in the employment landscape) through a greater, more assertive policy can be a starting point for subsequent transformations to happen across other nations too.
• The disaster in Sikkim is only the latest in a string of related incidents. But it must serve as an urgent reminder at all levels of the state and Central governments that the fragile condition of the Himalayas as the effects of climate change escalate will pose a continued and imminent danger to residents of India’s hill states.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED. Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.