Day-603 | Daily MCQs | UPSC Prelims | HISTORY

Answer: A
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: It was a system of Government established by Robert Clive following the Treaty of Allahabad.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Under the system, British East India Company obtained the actual power whereas the responsibility and charge of administration was entrusted to the Nawab of Bengal.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Under this dual system of governance, the British administration acquired both the functions of the Diwani and Nizamat of Bengal.
Diwani = Revenue and Civil Administration
Nizamat = Police and Criminal Administration
Diwani was acquired from the Mughal emperor and Nizamat from the Nawab of Bengal.
Additional information:
● As the diwan, the Company was authorised to collect revenues of the province, while through the right to nominate the deputy subahdar it was in a position to control the nizamat or the police and judicial powers.
● The deputy subahdar could not be removed without the consent of the Company. However, at this point of time, the Company was neither willing nor able to collect the revenue directly.
● Hence Company appointed two deputy diwans for exercising diwani functions-Mohammad Reza Khan for Bengal and Raja Sitah Roy for Bihar. Mohammad Reza Khan also functioned as deputy nizam. In this way, the whole administration of Bengal was exercised through Indian agency, although the actual authority rested with the Company.
● The dual government system held a great advantage for the British-they had power without responsibility. The Nawab and his officials were responsible for administration, but they had no power to discharge it. The Nawab was merely a puppet in the hands of the British Government of India. The Nawab of Bengal province was under their dominion and depended upon them for his very existence.

Answer: A
Explanation:
● In medieval India, the terms ‘Peshkar’ and ‘Karoris’ were used for petty revenue officials during Mughals.
● Raja Todar Mal, finance minister of Mughal emperor Akbar, is known for introducing the karori/crori system in revenue administration.
● Under this system, the entire jagir was divided into khalisan based on information provided by karori officers, who were appointed to measure land, assess crops, and collect revenue.

Answer: B
Explanation:
Given below is correctly matched pairs:
INC sessions – Presidents
1) Surat Session (1907) – Rash Behari Ghosh
2) Lahore Session (1929) – Jawahar Lal Nehru
3) Lucknow Session (1916) – Ambika Charan Mazumdar
Additional information:
● In the Surat Session (1907), the Radicals or Extremists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai or Tilak as a presidential candidate, and Moderates supported Rash Behari Ghosh to be the President. But Lala Lajpat Rai stepped down and Rash Behari Ghosh became the President.
● The Lahore Session of Congress(1929) was a significant turning point in India’s freedom struggle. The declaration of complete independence as the goal of the Congress and the authorization of a program of civil disobedience was a bold step towards the realization of the dream of Purna Swaraj.
● The Lucknow Pact was an agreement reached between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League (AIML) at a joint session of both the parties held in Lucknow in December 1916. Through the pact, the two parties agreed to allow representation to religious minorities in the provincial legislatures.

Answer: B
Explanation:
Reasons lead to rise of militant nationalism in colonial India
● Curzon’s anti-Congress stance: Curzon’s anti-Congress stance convinced many that Congress would remain a useless organization.
● Failure of ICA 1892: The Indian Council Act of 1892 was a huge failure that called the Moderates’ tactics into question.
● International influence: Japan defeats Russia in international events. The defeat of the Italian army by Ethiopians demolished the notion of Western superiority.
Additional information:
● The era of militant nationalism started from 1905 onwards till 1909. In the 1890s, a radical trend of a militant nationalist approach to political activity began to emerge, and by 1905, it had taken concrete form. As a result of this trend, a revolutionary wing emerged.
● The militant nationalists caused a break in the national movement by employing more radical methods of agitation than the earlier moderates.
● Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Aurobindo Ghosh, Bipan Chandra Pal, and Lajpat Rai were prominent leaders during this period of the national movement.
● Militant nationalism was a distinct stage in the anti-colonial struggle. It introduced new methods of political agitation, used popular symbols for mobilisation, and attempted to broaden the movement’s base.

Answer: D
Explanation:
● Lord Lytton passed the Indian Arms Act in 1878 according to which it was a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without license.
● Charles John Canning was the statesman and governor general of India during the Indian Mutiny of 1857.
● He became the first viceroy of India in 1858.
The important events during his tenure include:
● The Mutiny of 1857, which he was able to suppress successfully
● Passing of Indian Councils Act, 1861 which introduced portfolio system in India
● Withdrawal of “Doctrine of Lapse” which was one of the main reasons of mutiny of 1858
● Introduction of Code of Criminal Procedure
● Enactment of Indian High Courts Act 1861 was enacted to create High Courts for various provinces and abolished Supreme Courts at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay and also the Sadar Adalats in Presidency towns.
● Indian Penal Code (1858)