Answer:
THE APPROACH
Introduction: Mention in brief about the Sangam literature.
Body: Explain the problem of objectivity and continuity with Sangam literature w.r.t. political history of South India. Also explain with relevant examples and facts the importance of Sangam literature as a major source of information about the contemporary socio-economic conditions.
Conclusion: Emphasize the significance of Sangam literature as a source of information about the people and culture of the ancient Tamil land. Mention the lacunae as a source of political history.
Introduction
Tamil literature compiled during the Sangam period (300BCE to 300CE) is known as the Sangam literature. It is supposed to be the outcome of three assemblies (Sangams) organized under the patronage of the Pandya rulers.
Body
The Sangam literature presents a rich account about the contemporary society and economy. The society was organized into distinct classes and clans based on occupation and social status. Brahmanism had made inroads, but the society did not follow the varna system very strictly. Women enjoyed enough freedom and autonomy. They participated in economic activities, education, and even warfare. The Sangam literature mention women poets and scholars like Avvaiyar, Nachchellaiyar, and Kakkaipadiniyar. The Sangam literature also reflects a rich tapestry of religious beliefs, including devotion to nature, worship of ancestors, and hero worship. The Tamil god Murugan was worshipped along with the other gods and goddesses like Vishnu, Indra, Varuna, Korravai, and Kannagi.
Agriculture formed the backbone of the Sangam economy. The fertile river valleys supported the cultivation of a variety of crops such as rice, millet, sugarcane, and spices. Sophisticated irrigation systems, including canals and tanks were used. The Sangam Age also witnessed extensive trade and commerce. Wide-scale trade was conducted with the Roman Empire and Southeast Asia. Korkai, Puhar, Arikamedu, Muziris, and Kanchivaram were important centers of trade and production. The main items of exchange were pearls, spices, textiles, gold, wine, and pottery.
The ancient Tamil merchants, known as Ayyavole or Nanadesis, facilitated trade networks across the Indian Ocean. Artisans and craftsmen excelled in areas like weaving, pottery, metalwork, and jewellery making. Cities such as Madurai and Uraiyur were known for their bustling markets and skilled artisans who produced exquisite goods sought after both locally and internationally. The Sangam economy used barter system, but the emergence of trade networks encouraged the use of currency in the form of gold and silver coins like kasu and panam, respectively.
Conclusion
As far as political history is concerned, the Sangam literature highlights three major dynasties i.e. Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras. It also mentions the presence of numerous dynastic chieftains. But it fails to provide us an objective account. It exaggerates the victories and influence of various kings without providing proper chronological details. Even some of the names, places, dynasties, territories are imaginary. They are not corroborated by the archaeological evidence. Among the three Sangams, only the last one provides relevant political material. Thus, it would not be wrong to say that the Sangam literature is not as authentic a source of political history of South India as it is for the social and economic aspects of that Age!!
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