THE CONTEXT: The momentous ending of Sheikh Hasina’s rule in Bangladesh marks both an opportunity and a risk for the nation. To fully grasp its implications, it is essential to place Bangladesh’s experience within the broader context of democratic institutionalization. For India, it is crucial to avoid viewing Bangladesh solely through a self-centered lens, recognizing that this pivotal moment belongs to the people of Bangladesh in their ongoing quest to shape their destiny.
THE ISSUES:
- Democratic Institutionalization and Authoritarianism: Although Bangladesh has a history of democratic aspirations, it has often oscillated between democratic and authoritarian Sheikh Hasina’s government, despite its democratic veneer, has been criticized for authoritarian practices, including the suppression of dissent and manipulation of electoral processes. For instance, the 2018 elections were marred by allegations of vote rigging and police brutality against protesters.
- India’s Role and Interests: India’s relationship with Bangladesh is crucial, especially concerning security and political stability. India has vital interests in ensuring that Bangladesh does not become a staging ground for anti-India groups and that violence against Hindus in Bangladesh is minimized to prevent repercussions in India. However, India’s support for Sheikh Hasina’s authoritarian regime has been seen as a misstep, potentially alienating the Bangladeshi populace and undermining democratic values.
- The Role of Islamism in Politics: There is a complex interplay between secularism and Islamism in Bangladesh. Successive governments, including Sheikh Hasina’s, have used Islamism to legitimize their rule while simultaneously clamping down on secular and liberal voices. This dual approach has allowed Islamist groups to gain significant influence, complicating Bangladesh’s secular identity. For example, Hasina’s government has accommodated Islamist demands, such as during the mass mobilizations against atheist
- Student Movements and Democratic Legitimacy: Student movements have historically played a pivotal role in Bangladesh’s political landscape, often countering authoritarianism. The recent student-led protests against Sheikh Hasina’s government, which began over the quota system for government jobs, evolved into a broader anti-government movement, highlighting the students’ role in championing democratic values. The image of student Abu Sayed being shot during protests symbolizes the state’s repressive nature.
- The Tension Between Secular and Religious Identity: Bangladesh’s struggle with its identity as a secular versus a religious nation is a recurring theme. The country’s creation did not resolve this tension, exacerbated by political leaders incorporating religious elements into the constitution and governance. This tension is evident in the changing secular content of textbooks and the removal of secular symbols from public spaces, reflecting a drift towards a more Islamic state.
- The Need for a Genuine Party System: Institutionalizing a robust party system is crucial for Bangladesh’s democratic future. The dominance of parties like the Awami League, which often operate as opaque inner circles, undermines democratic processes. The fall of Sheikh Hasina and the potential fading of figures like Khaleda Zia could pave the way for a more genuine party system that rotates power and adheres to democratic values. Ensuring free and fair elections with participation from all parties is essential to prevent a slide back into authoritarianism.
THE WAY FORWARD:
- Strengthening Democratic Institutions and Processes: To improve Bangladesh’s democratic standing, free and fair elections and the protection of civil liberties must be ensured, including establishing an independent election commission. Strengthen the judiciary to check executive power and ensure the fair adjudication of political and civic cases. Encourage the active participation of civil society organizations in monitoring government actions and promoting transparency.
- Promoting Intra-Party Democracy: Mandate regular internal elections within political parties to select leaders and candidates, ensuring broader participation from party members. Implement transparency measures within parties, such as public disclosure of party finances and decision-making processes. Provide training and capacity-building programs for party members, particularly women and youth, to enhance their participation and leadership skills.
- Addressing Economic Challenges: Implement structural economic reforms to address inflation, energy deficiencies, and trade imbalances. Focus on diversifying exports beyond the Ready-Made Garment (RMG) sector. Continue infrastructure projects that enhance connectivity and economic integration with neighboring countries, particularly India.
- Enhancing Security and Stability: Strengthen counter-extremism measures, including intelligence gathering, community engagement, and deradicalization programs. Implement policies to protect religious and ethnic minorities, ensuring their safety and rights. Enhance regional cooperation with neighboring countries, particularly India, to address cross-border security threats and maintain stability.
- Fostering Regional and International Support: Engage in active diplomatic efforts to garner support from regional and international partners for democratic and economic reforms. Seek international aid and investment to support economic development and infrastructure projects. Participate in multilateral forums to address regional security issues and promote economic integration.
THE CONCLUSION:
As Bangladesh navigates its path forward, external powers, particularly India, must refrain from interfering in the complex process of internal modernization. By respecting the autonomy of Bangladesh’s democratic journey and heeding the message of its student movements, there is hope for a future where religious nationalism does not pave the way to authoritarianism, offering the region a fighting chance for stability and progress.
UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:
Q.1 The protests in Shahbag Square in Dhaka in Bangladesh reveal a fundamental split in society between the nationalists and Islamic forces. What is its significance for India? 2013
Q.2 Analyze the multidimensional challenges external state and non-state actors pose to India’s internal security. Also, discuss measures required to be taken to combat the threats. 2021
Q.3 Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Pakistan borders, including the Line of Control (LoC). Also, discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. 2020
MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:
Q.1 Analyze the potential risks and opportunities that Bangladesh’s transition presents for India, considering its historical and socio-political context. Considering these changes, how should India navigate its relationship with Bangladesh to avoid being perceived as a partisan actor?
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