THE CONTEXT: Relations between India and Nepal have experienced significant turbulence since 2015, primarily due to geopolitical tensions and internal political dynamics. The adoption of Nepal’s new Constitution, India’s economic blockade, and subsequent diplomatic strains have left a lasting impact. With Narendra Modi and Khadga Prasad Oli again leading their respective countries, there is a renewed opportunity to stabilize bilateral ties.
THE ISSUES:
Constitutional Tensions and Blockade (2015): The adoption of Nepal’s new constitution in 2015, which India wanted reworked to address the concerns of the Madhesi people, led to significant tensions. The situation escalated when India was accused of supporting a blockade that caused severe economic and humanitarian crises in Nepal.
Geopolitical Shifts and China’s Influence: In response to the blockade and India’s perceived high-handedness, Nepal signed multiple agreements with China covering trade, transit, power, and transport. This shift towards Beijing has been a significant point of contention, as India views China’s growing influence in Nepal with suspicion.
Border Disputes: In 2019, India published a new political map that included disputed territories such as Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura. Nepal strongly reacted, amending its constitution to include these territories in its own map, further straining relations. These border disputes remain unresolved and are a source of ongoing tension.
Economic and Developmental Cooperation: India has been involved in several significant projects in Nepal, including hydropower plants and cross-border infrastructure. Agreements on power trade and infrastructure projects have been signed, indicating a pragmatic approach to economic integration.
Cultural and People-to-People Ties: The open border between India and Nepal facilitates deep-rooted cultural and familial ties. However, challenges include recruiting Nepali youth into the Indian Army under the Agnipath Scheme, raising concerns in Nepal. Additionally, there have been issues related to cross-border trade and movement, which need careful management to maintain positive relations.
Political Interference and Sovereignty Concerns: India’s involvement in Nepal’s internal politics has been contentious. Accusations of political interference and attempts to influence Nepal’s governance have led to resentment. Nepalese leaders have often had to navigate these pressures, balancing the need for cooperation with the desire to maintain sovereignty and independence in their domestic affairs.
THE WAY FORWARD:
Revise the Treaty of Peace and Friendship: Both countries should work collaboratively to revise the 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship to reflect contemporary realities and mutual respect. Revising the treaty could address Nepal’s concerns about sovereignty and India’s perceived overreach.
Resolve Border Disputes: Establish a joint commission to address and resolve border disputes, particularly those in the Kalapani-Limpiyadhura-Lipulekh and Susta regions, through diplomatic dialogue and international mediation. If necessary, India should use the India-Bangladesh boundary resolution as a model for resolving territorial disputes.
Enhance Economic Cooperation: Focus on mutually beneficial economic projects, including hydropower, trade, and infrastructure development, to strengthen economic ties and reduce dependency on third countries. Financial integration and connectivity projects, such as cross-border railways and digital payment systems, can enhance bilateral relations.
Promote Cultural Exchanges: Increase cultural, educational, and people-to-people exchanges between the citizens of both countries to build goodwill and mutual understanding. Initiatives such as scholarships, cultural festivals, and joint academic programs can foster a sense of brotherhood and reduce misconceptions.
Adopt a Non-Interference Policy: India should take a hands-off approach to Nepal’s internal politics, respecting its sovereignty and focusing on constructive engagement rather than political interference. This policy aligns with the Panchsheel doctrine and can lead to a more stable and prosperous Nepal, benefiting both countries.
THE CONCLUSION:
To rejuvenate India-Nepal relations, both nations must prioritize mutual respect and non-interference, fostering a partnership based on equality and cooperation. By addressing historical grievances and focusing on shared economic and strategic interests, India and Nepal can pave the way for both nations’ stable and prosperous future.
UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:
Q.1 China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. 2017
Q.2 India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in light of the preceding statement. 2022
MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:
Q.1 Discuss the factors that have led to the deterioration of India-Nepal relations since 2015. What steps can both countries take to upgrade their relationship to a ‘positive’ and ‘stable’ state?
SOURCE:
https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/big-brother-to-brother-a-nepal-india-reset/article68407507.ece
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