THE CONTEXT: The resumption of fishing off India’s eastern coast, following the annual 61-day ban, has reignited tensions between India and Sri Lanka, culminating in the tragic death of a Sri Lankan Navy sailor. This incident underscores the urgent need for both nations to address the long-standing fisheries dispute, exacerbated by historical maritime boundary agreements. The Tamil Nadu Chief Minister’s call for diplomatic intervention highlights the complexity of balancing legal, environmental, and livelihood concerns.

THE ISSUES:

• Illegal Fishing and Maritime Boundary Violations: The incident underscores the ongoing problem of Indian fishermen crossing the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL) into Sri Lankan waters, which is illegal. This has led to frequent confrontations with the Sri Lankan Navy, resulting in arrests and sometimes fatalities. The demarcation of maritime boundaries through the 1974 and 1976 agreements has not resolved the issue, as fishermen from Tamil Nadu continue to fish in these contested waters due to their reliance on the rich fishing grounds of the Palk Strait and Palk Bay.
• Impact on Livelihoods and Marine Ecosystem: These disputes deeply affect the livelihoods of fishermen from Tamil Nadu and the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. The use of bottom trawlers by Indian fishermen is particularly contentious, as it is seen as destructive to the marine ecosystem, depleting fish stocks that both communities rely on. There is a pressing need to balance livelihood opportunities with preserving marine resources.
• Need for Diversification and Sustainable Fishing Practices: The Tamil Nadu fishermen need to transition from bottom trawling to more sustainable fishing practices. These include deep-sea fishing, marine cage farming, seaweed cultivation, and sea ranching. However, implementing these alternatives has been slow and largely unsuccessful, with only a few deep-sea fishing vessels being handed over to beneficiaries despite significant investment.
• Diplomatic and Negotiation Efforts: The situation calls for renewed diplomatic efforts and negotiations between India and Sri Lanka. The Tamil Nadu Chief Minister, M.K. Stalin, has urged the Indian External Affairs Minister, S. Jaishankar, to convene a meeting of the Joint Working Group on Fisheries, which has not met in over two years. This group is crucial for addressing the fisheries dispute and finding a sustainable solution that benefits both countries.
• Humanitarian Concerns and Legal Proceedings: The humanitarian aspect of the dispute is significant, with numerous fishermen being arrested and detained. The recent incident has escalated tensions, with the arrested Indian fishermen facing charges related to the death of the Sri Lankan sailor. There is a need for both countries to handle these situations with sensitivity and ensure the humane treatment of fishermen while also addressing the legal and security concerns involved.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Revival of Bilateral Negotiations and Joint Working Group Meetings: To address the fisheries dispute, revive and regularly convene the Joint Working Group (JWG) meetings between India and Sri Lanka. This group should include representatives from both governments, the fishing communities, and relevant officials from Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka’s Northern Province.
• Gradual Phasing Out of Bottom Trawling: Implement a phased approach to replacing bottom trawlers with more sustainable fishing methods. This includes promoting deep-sea fishing, marine cage farming, seaweed cultivation, and sea ranching. Sustainable fishing practices can help preserve marine biodiversity while ensuring fishermen’s livelihoods. Training programs and financial assistance can help fishermen transition to new methods.
• Enhanced Deep-Sea Fishing Project: Revise and improve the deep-sea fishing project by increasing the unit cost of deep-sea fishing vessels to ₹120 lakh, aligning it with the all-India program standards. Increasing financial support for deep-sea fishing vessels can make the project attractive to fishermen. This can lead to a higher adoption rate and reduce dependency on bottom trawling. Collaboration between the Union and state governments is crucial for successful implementation.
• Community-Based Fisheries Management: Establish community-based fisheries management (CBFM) systems in which local fishing communities are involved in decision-making processes regarding fishing practices and resource management. Environmental NGOs and fisheries management experts support CBFM, which empowers local communities and ensures that fishing practices are sustainable and culturally appropriate. Government support and legal frameworks are necessary to institutionalize CBFM.
• Bilateral Support Programs for Northern Province Fishermen: Develop bilateral support programs to assist fishermen in Sri Lanka’s Northern Province. These programs can include financial aid, training, and infrastructure development. Funding and technical assistance can be sourced from bilateral agreements and international donors.

THE CONCLUSION:

Reviving the negotiation process between India and Sri Lanka is crucial to resolving the fisheries dispute and preventing further loss of life. A collaborative approach involving governments, fishing communities, and regional officials is essential to develop sustainable solutions. By addressing the root causes and implementing effective policies, both nations can ensure the preservation of marine ecosystems while safeguarding the livelihoods of their fisherfolk.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q. India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka, considering the preceding statement. 2023

Q. Regarding India — Sri Lanka relations, discuss how domestic factors influence foreign policy. 2013

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q. The India-Sri Lanka fisheries dispute, particularly in the Palk Bay region, has long been exacerbated by historical agreements and current livelihood challenges. Discuss the key factors contributing to this dispute and suggest measures that both countries can take to resolve it, ensuring the protection of marine ecosystems and the livelihoods of fishermen.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/net-damage-on-the-fisheries-dispute-india-and-sri-lanka/article68340694.ece

THE CONTEXT: The recent election of Om Birla as the Speaker of the 18th Lok Sabha has sparked considerable interest, highlighting the intricate balance of tradition, constitutional mandates, and political dynamics. While the Constitution mandates a majority vote for decisions, voice voting remains prevalent. This article delves into the historical significance, constitutional provisions, and the evolving role of the Speaker in India’s parliamentary democracy.

THE ISSUES:

• Voice Vote vs. Constitutional Requirements: The election of Om Birla as Speaker by voice vote highlights a discrepancy between accepted legislative practices and constitutional requirements. Article 100 of the Indian Constitution mandates that all questions in either House be determined by a majority of votes of the members present and voting, implying an actual vote. However, the voice vote, though a common practice, is not explicitly recognized by the Constitution. This raises questions about the legitimacy and transparency of such decisions if not challenged by the Opposition.
• Consensus vs. Partisanship in Speaker Selection: Historically, Speakers have been chosen by consensus to ensure they represent the entire House, not just the ruling party. This tradition has eroded over time, making the selection process increasingly partisan. The ruling parties prefer their members as Speakers to gain advantages during parliamentary proceedings, such as certifying money bills and referring bills to committees.
• Impartiality and Objectivity of the Speaker: The impartiality of the Speaker is crucial for the fair functioning of the House. The Speaker’s role includes maintaining order, deciding on procedural issues, and ensuring all members can participate equally. However, there are concerns that the Speaker’s decisions may be biased towards the ruling party, especially given their significant powers, such as certifying money bills and disqualifying members under the anti-defection law.
• Historical Context and Evolution of the Speaker’s Role: The speaker’s role has evolved from its origins in 13th-century England, where the Speaker acted as a spokesperson for the House of Commons against the monarchy. This historical context underscores the importance of the Speaker’s independence and the risks associated with partisanship. The tradition of the Speaker’s impartiality is vital for maintaining the dignity and authority of the House.
• Challenges in the 18th Lok Sabha: The 18th Lok Sabha presents significant challenges for the Speaker, with a strong Opposition comprising 234 MPs. Managing the House impartially and ensuring smooth proceedings will require wisdom and tact. The Speaker’s ability to be fair to all members, regardless of party affiliation, will be crucial in maintaining the House’s functionality and upholding democratic principles.
• Reforms for Ensuring Speaker’s Impartiality: Several reforms have been suggested to address concerns about the Speaker’s impartiality. These include adopting practices from other parliamentary democracies, such as the UK, where the Speaker resigns from their party upon election. Ensuring the Speaker’s independence from party pressures is essential for maintaining the integrity of parliamentary proceedings and the democratic process.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Ensuring the Speaker’s Impartiality: Emulate the British practice of the Speaker resigning from their political party upon election and remaining politically neutral. This would enhance the Speaker’s impartiality and credibility. Amend the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha to mandate impartiality and explicitly provide mechanisms to address perceived biases. To ensure broader acceptance and respect, institutionalize the process of informal consultations with opposition parties before nominating a speaker candidate.
• Addressing Partisan Influence: To prevent undue political pressure, ensure the Speaker’s tenure is secure and limit the conditions under which they can be removed. Clearly define the criteria for what constitutes a money bill in the Constitution to restrict the Speaker’s discretionary power in this regard. The Supreme Court has underscored the importance of the Speaker’s neutrality in various judgments, advocating for reforms to ensure their decisions are fair and unbiased.
• Enhancing the Role and Powers of the Speaker: Strengthen parliamentary committees by mandatorily referring bills to them, reducing the Speaker’s discretionary power in this area. To enhance their effectiveness, provide comprehensive training for the Speaker and Deputy Speaker on constitutional law, parliamentary procedures, and impartiality.
• Regular Reviews and Audits: Conduct regular reviews and audits of the Speaker’s decisions and actions by an independent body to ensure adherence to constitutional principles and parliamentary norms.
• Greater Security of Tenure: The Supreme Court has highlighted the need for the Speaker to act impartially and suggested measures to ensure this. Amend the constitutional provisions to require a higher threshold (e.g., a two-thirds majority) for the Speaker’s removal. This would insulate the Speaker from political pressures and ensure greater security of tenure.

THE CONCLUSION:

As Om Birla assumes the role of Speaker, the challenges of maintaining impartiality and fairness in a politically charged environment loom large. The legacy of the Speaker’s office, rooted in centuries-old traditions of protecting parliamentary integrity, underscores the importance of non-partisanship. Upholding these values will be crucial for the smooth functioning of the 18th Lok Sabha and the preservation of democratic principles.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION: ‘

Q. Once a speaker, always a speaker’! Do you think this practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implications for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India? 2020

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q. Analyze the role and responsibilities of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha in ensuring the effective functioning of the House. Discuss the challenges faced by the Speaker in maintaining impartiality and suggest measures to strengthen the Speaker’s impartiality and autonomy.

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/importance-om-birla-speaker-parliament-9417894/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: In a rare and exciting event, an Indian painted frog, also known as the ‘Sri Lankan bullfrog’ or ‘painted globular frog,’ was recently spotted at the Kawal Tiger Reserve in Mancherial district, Telangana.

EXPLANATION:

• This sighting is particularly noteworthy as this species is not commonly found in this region, making the event a significant occurrence for local wildlife enthusiasts and conservationists.
• The species is generally found across various regions, including Nepal, West and East India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh.
• However, in Telangana, the frog has been previously spotted only in the Medak and Adilabad districts.
• The recent sighting at Kawal Tiger Reserve is particularly significant because it highlights the biodiversity present within the reserve and points to the possibility of undiscovered populations of this species in the area.
• The reserve, which is primarily known for its tiger population and other large mammals, now adds the Indian painted frog to its diverse array of fauna.

Ecological Importance

• The Indian painted frog plays a crucial role in its ecosystem.
• As an amphibian, it helps control insect populations, serving as both predator and prey within its food web.
• The presence of this frog in the Kawal Tiger Reserve can be seen as an indicator of a healthy and balanced ecosystem, capable of supporting a wide range of species, including those not commonly found in the area.
• In Telangana, the Indian painted frog had previously been recorded only in the Medak and Adilabad districts.
• The current sighting at the Kawal Tiger Reserve adds a new location to the known range of this species within the state, suggesting potential corridors or pockets of suitable habitat that were previously undocumented.

Future Implications

• The discovery of the Indian painted frog in Kawal Tiger Reserve could prompt further studies and surveys to understand the distribution and habitat preferences of this species better.
• Conservationists and researchers may use this opportunity to explore the presence of other rare or undocumented species within the reserve, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the region’s biodiversity.

Indian Painted Frog:

• Uperodon taprobanicus, also known as the Sri Lankan bullfrog, Sri Lankan painted frog, Sri Lankan kaloula, Ceylon kaloula, Indian painted frog, or painted globular frog, is a species of narrow-mouthed frog.
• It is found in Nepal, Bangladesh, southern and eastern India, and Sri Lanka up to an altitude of about 1300 metres.
• It can grow to an adult length of up to 75 millimetres(7.5 cm) long from snout to vent.
• The Indian painted frog is renowned for its striking appearance and unique coloration.
• Typically, these frogs exhibit shades of brown with patches of brighter colors such as orange or yellow.
• This distinctive coloration makes them a remarkable sight in their natural habitats.
• It was originally described as a subspecies of Kaloula pulchra, ssp. taprobanica.
• The IUCN lists it as being of “Least Concern”.

SOURCE: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/rare-indian-painted-frog-spotted-at-kawal/articleshow/111123290.cms

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: NATO has appointed outgoing Dutch Prime Minister as its next Secretary General, marking a significant leadership transition at a critical time for the alliance.

EXPLANATION:

• Dutch Prime Minister will succeed Jens Stoltenberg on October 1, with the nomination finalized ahead of the NATO leaders’ summit in Washington next month.
• The selection of Dutch PM was spearheaded by major powers within NATO, particularly the United States.

Strategic Challenges Ahead

• Dutch Prime Minister steps into the role at a pivotal moment for NATO, with several pressing issues on the horizon:
  • Russian Aggression in Ukraine:
    • One of the most immediate challenges Dutch Prime Minister will face is the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.
    • NATO’s response to Russia’s actions and support for Ukraine will be critical.
    • Dutch Prime Minister has been a staunch supporter of Ukraine, advocating for the provision of F-16 fighter jets to Kyiv.
  • US Political Dynamics:
    • The upcoming U.S. elections pose potential challenges for NATO’s unity and strategy.
    • Former President Donald Trump’s potential return to the White House brings uncertainty, given his previous threats to withdraw the U.S. from NATO and his critical stance on defense spending by other member countries.
  • European Defense Spending:
    • The Russian invasion of Ukraine has prompted European nations to increase their defense budgets.
    • Ensuring that these commitments translate into effective military capabilities will be a key task for Dutch PM.
  • China’s Growing Influence:
    • Beyond the immediate threat from Russia, NATO must also address the long-term strategic challenge posed by China’s rise.
    • Balancing focus between these two major geopolitical threats will be a crucial aspect of Dutch PM leadership.

Legacy and Expectations

• Dutch Prime Minister inherits a strengthened and more unified NATO, thanks to Stoltenberg’s leadership during a transformative decade.
• Stoltenberg’s tenure saw NATO extend its influence and adapt to new security challenges, including cyber threats and hybrid warfare.
• Rutte’s role will be to build on this foundation and navigate the alliance through its next phase of evolution.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO):

• NATO is a Western security alliance founded on April 4, 1949.
• NATO’s main headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium, while NATO’s military headquarters are in Mons, Belgium.
• Its 12 founding members are Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States.
• They signed the Washington Treaty, which gets its power from Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, “which reaffirms the inherent right of independent states to individual or collective defence.”
• At the very heart of the alliance is the concept of “collective security” – an attack on any of the members is seen as an attack on all of them and demands collective action.
• This was deemed necessary in 1949 amid the Cold War rivalry between the then USSR and the US, over ideological and economic superiority.
• Article 5 of the Washington Treaty, on collective security, was added “to counter the risk that the Soviet Union would seek to extend its control of Eastern Europe to other parts of the continent.”
• The USSR also aimed to shore up allies and in 1955, the Warsaw Pact was constituted as an alliance of socialist countries.
• However, it doesn’t necessitate direct military intervention constituting all members.
• The scale of action is dependent on each member country “as it deems necessary”.
• The only time the article has been invoked so far was following the September 11, 2001 attacks on the US. NATO forces were sent to Afghanistan and deployed for nearly 20 years.

Membership

• Over the years, NATO has expanded its membership significantly.
• Originally the founding members were 12.
• NATO Member countries are:
  • Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Türkiye, United Kingdom, United States.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/nato-names-dutch-pm-rutte-as-next-boss/article68336708.ece#:~:text=NATO’s%2032%20nations%20on%20Wednesday,Ukraine%20and%20U.S.%20elections%20looming.

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Indian coffee exporters are experiencing a significant surge in demand from European buyers.

EXPLANATION:

• This increase is largely driven by the impending European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), which has created a push for European companies to build up their coffee inventories ahead of the compliance deadline.

European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR)

• The EUDR aims to curb the importation of products associated with deforestation.
• It mandates stringent due diligence and traceability for several commodities, including coffee.
• The regulation is set to take effect on December 30, requiring businesses to adhere to its standards to continue exporting to the EU market.
• Besides coffee, the EUDR covers other products such as cattle, cocoa, oil palm, rubber, soya, and wood.

Increased Coffee Demand and Front-Loading

• With the EUDR deadline approaching, European buyers are front-loading their coffee purchases to ensure they meet the new regulations.
• This has led to a notable increase in Indian coffee exports.
  • Inventory Build-Up:
    • European customers are stocking up on coffee ahead of the regulation.
    • President of the Coffee Exporters Association, noted significant shipments to Europe as buyers prepare for the EUDR requirements.
  • Export Statistics:
    • Between January 1 and June 21, Indian coffee shipments rose by 16% to over 2.37 lakh tonnes compared to 2.04 lakh tonnes during the same period the previous year.
    • This includes re-exports, which grew by 18.3% to 53,497 tonnes.
    • Shipments of Indian-grown coffee increased by 15%, reaching more than 1.83 lakh tonnes.

Shift in Inventory Management

• The EUDR has influenced a shift in inventory management among European coffee roasters:
  • Safety Stock:
    • Roasters, who previously relied on just-in-time inventory management, are now building up their stocks.
    • They prefer having coffee in warehouses to mitigate any supply chain disruptions caused by the new regulations.
  • Early Shipments:
    • European clients are requesting earlier shipments to ensure they have sufficient inventory before the EUDR takes effect.
    • This shift has extended the peak export season for Indian coffee exporters beyond the usual February to May period into June.

Challenges for Indian Exporters

• Despite the increase in demand, Indian coffee exporters face several logistical challenges:
  • Container Availability: The aftermath of developments in the Red Sea region has led to a shortage of food-grade containers, impacting the availability of containers for shipping coffee.
  • Freight Rates: Increased freight rates have further complicated logistics for exporters, adding to the cost and complexity of meeting the surge in demand.

European Market Focus

• India, ranked as the seventh-largest coffee producer globally.
• It is also the fifth-largest exporter, following Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, and Indonesia.
• More than two-thirds of India’s coffee production is exported, with Europe being the primary market.
• About 60% of Indian coffee exports are destined for Europe, with Italy, Germany, and Belgium being the major buyers.

Coffee

• Coffee is a beverage brewed from roasted coffee beans. It is darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, with a stimulating effect on humans primarily due to its caffeine content.
• The two main species commercially cultivated are Coffea canephora (predominantly a form known as ‘robusta’) and C. arabica, with C. arabica being the most highly regarded species.
• Coffee plants are evergreen shrubs or trees that may grow 5 m (15 ft) tall when unpruned, with dark green, glossy leaves and fragrant white flowers.
• Approximately 65% to 70% of the coffee produced in India is exported and remaining coffee is consumed domestically.
• India is the sixth largest producer of coffee in the world, after Brazil (largest producer of coffee), Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia, Ethiopia and Honduras.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/coffee-exports-rise-as-europe-braces-for-european-union-deforestation-regulation/article68339273.ece

TAG: GS 1: ART AND CULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Srikakulam, a district in the far northern corner of Andhra Pradesh bordering Odisha, is home to numerous significant historical and cultural sites.

EXPLANATION:

• Despite its rich heritage, the district is often overlooked, prompting a concerted effort by scholars, historians, and enthusiasts to restore its prominence.

Historical Significance of Srikakulam

• Formerly part of the Kalinga region, Srikakulam’s history dates back to the 4th century BC during the rule of the Nanda dynasty.
• The region declared independence after Chandragupta Maurya overthrew the Nandas in 322 BC.
• Excavations have uncovered pre-Mauryan era artifacts such as black polished pottery and punch-marked coins, indicating long-term Nanda rule.
• The Kalinga War in 261 BC, led by Chandragupta’s grandson Ashoka, resulted in Kalinga being incorporated into the Mauryan Empire.
• The aftermath of the war saw Ashoka embrace Buddhism, laying a strong foundation for the religion in the region.

Buddhist Heritage

• Srikakulam is renowned for its Buddhist sites, including the Salihundam site near Gara and the Dantapuri site near Amadalavalasa.
• Salihundam, located on the banks of the Vamsadhara River, has well-preserved remnants of Buddhist structures such as stupas and apsidal brick chaityas.
• The site was discovered in 1919 by writer Gidugu Rama Murthy and contains sculptures of Buddhist deities Mareechi and Tara.
• These structures date from the 2nd century BC to the 12th century AD and indicate the spread of Buddhism from this region to Sumatra and other far-eastern countries.

The Salihundam Buddhist site located in Gara mandal of Srikakulam

Preservation Efforts

• The Archaeological Survey of India and the Tourism Department have undertaken initiatives to preserve the Salihundam site.
• However, the Buddhist structures in Dantapuri have suffered damage.
• Local historians and heritage enthusiasts continue to advocate for the promotion and preservation of these sites.
• The Indian National Trust of Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) has urged the government to focus on the promotion of Buddhist and Jain sites, including those near Tangamayyakonda and Rottavalasa villages.

Neolithic Caves and Ancient Temples

• In addition to its Buddhist heritage, Srikakulam is home to Neolithic-era caves, such as those discovered at Nandi Hills in Vennalavalasa village.
• These caves, measuring 190 feet long and 80 feet deep, add another layer to the district’s historical significance.
• Ancient temples in the region also highlight Srikakulam’s rich cultural past.
• The village of Singupuram, associated with Sri Lanka (formerly known as Simhala), is noted for the Hathakeshwara Swamy temple constructed by Simhabahudu.
• This temple underscores the historical connections between Srikakulam and neighboring countries.

Advocacy and Promotion

• Eminent poet, writer, and historian Deerghasi Vijayabhaskar has been a vocal advocate for the recognition of Srikakulam’s heritage.
• His book, “Veerakalingam,” emphasizes the district’s historical significance and connections to the Nanda and Maurya dynasties, as well as its links to Sri Lanka.
• Vijayabhaskar has called for detailed research into the Buddhist sites and the region’s historical association with Sri Lanka and Kalingandhra.
• Senior journalist and writer Bendalam Krishnarao has also been active in promoting Srikakulam’s heritage.
• Through his online magazine “Nitya,” he aims to raise awareness of the district’s rich history among new generations and the diaspora.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/scholars-historians-on-a-mission-to-illuminate-srikakulams-forgotten-heritage/article68300041.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: In a groundbreaking effort to combat rhinoceros poaching, South African scientists have developed a method to make rhino horns radioactive.

EXPLANATION:

• This innovative approach aims to deter poachers by rendering the horns useless for human consumption and making them detectable at border posts.
• South Africa is home to the majority of the world’s rhinoceroses, making it a prime target for poaching.
• Poachers are driven by the high demand for rhino horns in Asia, where they are believed to have therapeutic properties in traditional medicine.
• Despite government efforts, poaching remains a significant problem, with 499 rhinos killed in 2023, an 11% increase from the previous year.

The Rhisotope Project

• The “Rhisotope” project, spearheaded by director of the University of the Witwatersrand’s radiation and health physics unit.
• It involves injecting rhino horns with radioactive material.
• The project aims to protect the animals and curb the illegal trade in rhino horns.
• The procedure begins with tranquilizing the rhinoceros to ensure it feels no pain.
• Then a small hole into the horn is being drilled and inserts two tiny radioactive chips.
• This is followed by spraying 11,000 microdots over the horn to enhance detection capabilities.
• The dose of radioactive material used is minimal, ensuring it does not affect the health of the rhinos or the environment.
• Radioactive material would make the horn essentially poisonous for human consumption, thereby deterring its use in traditional medicine.
• The radioactive horns are designed to trigger detectors at international border posts, which were initially installed to prevent nuclear terrorism.
• This enhanced detectability aims to disrupt the illegal trade routes and make it significantly harder for poachers to smuggle the horns.

Pilot Project and Expected Outcomes

• The pilot phase of the Rhisotope project involves 20 live rhinos.
• The project team will follow strict scientific and ethical protocols for the animals’ aftercare.
• Blood samples will be taken to monitor the rhinos’ health and ensure the effectiveness of the protection measures.

Long-term Viability

• The radioactive material injected into the horns will remain effective for five years.
• This approach is more cost-effective than the current practice of dehorning, which needs to be done every 18 months.
• This could be a more successful deterrent against poaching than previous methods.

African rhino:

• The African rhino is divided into two species, the black rhino and the white rhino.
• White rhinos mainly live in South Africa, but they have also been reintroduced to Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe.
• Southern white rhinos have been introduced to Kenya, Zambia, and Cote d’Ivoire.
• The majority of the black rhino population—98%—is concentrated in four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Kenya. South Africa houses 40% of the total black rhino population.
• There are some black rhinos in the region spread between Cameroon and Kenya.

White rhinoceros:

• There are two subspecies of white rhinoceros: the southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) and the northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni).
• The white rhino has an immense body and large head, a short neck and broad chest. Females weigh 1,600 kg (3,500 lb) and males 2,400 kg (5,300 lb).
• The head-and-body length is 3.5–4.6 m (11–15 ft) and the shoulder height is 1.8–2 m (5.9–6.6 ft).
• On its snout it has two horns. The front horn is larger than the other horn and averages 90 cm (35 in) in length and can reach 150 cm (59 in).
• The white rhinoceros also has a prominent muscular hump that supports its relatively large head.

   White rhinocerose

Black rhinoceros

• The black rhinoceros, black rhino or hook-lipped rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) is a species of rhinoceros, native to eastern Africa and southern Africa, including Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
• Although the species is referred to as black, its colours vary from brown to grey.
• It is the only extant species of the genus Diceros.
• The species overall is classified as critically endangered (even though the south-western black rhinoceros is classified as near threatened) and is threatened by multiple factors including poaching and habitat reduction.
• Three subspecies have been declared extinct, including the western black rhinoceros, which was declared extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2011.
• The IUCN estimates that there are 3,142 mature individuals remaining in the wild.

       Black Rhino

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/s-africa-scientists-make-rhino-horns-radioactive-to-curb-poaching/article68335659.ece#:~:text=The%20radioactive%20material%20would%20render,off%20alarms%20at%20border%20posts&text=South%20African%20scientists%20on%20Tuesday,project%20aimed%20at%20curbing%20poaching

THE CONTEXT: On this International MSME Day, the Government of India must collaborate closely with state governments to implement more effective capacity-building measures. This will reaffirm the critical role of the micro, small, and medium-sized enterprise (MSME) sector as a champion of inclusive development and economic growth. The MSME sector, with over 40 million registered units, is a testament to the potential for equitable economic participation and prosperity.

THE ISSUES:

• Access to Finance: Despite various government schemes and digital lending platforms, MSMEs still face significant challenges in accessing adequate and timely finance. The demand for MSME credit has increased, but loans above Rs 10 crore have declined in value, indicating a need for more fund inflow to make MSMEs competitive.
• Technology Adoption and Upskilling: MSMEs often resist adopting new technologies and upskilling due to a lack of funds and information and hesitate to embrace change. This resistance hampers their ability to compete with larger counterparts who use leaner manufacturing techniques and advanced technologies to minimize waste and optimize resource utilization.
• Sustainable Practices: MSMEs are under pressure to adopt sustainable practices due to their customers’ sustainable sourcing requirements. This transition requires significant investments in new machinery, raw materials, production systems, and skilled labor, which many MSMEs find challenging to afford.
• Delayed Payments: Delayed customer payments continue to choke the working capital of MSMEs, endangering their long-term survival. The bargaining power of MSMEs with larger customers is inherently low, making it difficult to ensure prompt payments despite several measures in place.
• Formalization of Business Functions: Many MSMEs operate with informal business practices, which hinders their ability to seek institutional credit or launch SME IPOs. Formalizing business functions, such as adopting a well-defined organizational structure, establishing clear communication channels, and implementing internal controls, is necessary for growth and compliance.
• Awareness and Capacity Building: There is a need for more awareness about government schemes and the benefits of SME IPOs, particularly among young entrepreneurs in rural areas. Capacity-building programs with professional institutes can help MSME owners equip themselves with financial management and other essential operational skills.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Digital Lending and AI-Driven Credit Assessments: Adopting digital lending platforms and AI-driven credit assessments can significantly improve access to finance for MSMEs. These technologies streamline the loan application process, reduce the need for collateral, and provide quicker access to funds. For instance, the Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) has successfully provided timely credit to MSMEs post-pandemic. Expanding such digital financial infrastructure can bridge the credit gap and support MSME growth.
• Awareness and Simplification of IPO Processes: Raising awareness about the benefits of SME IPOs and simplifying the listing process can encourage more MSMEs to go public. Equity capital from IPOs does not require servicing like loans, making it a viable option for funding technology upgrades and expansion. The government can collaborate with financial institutions to provide workshops and resources to educate MSMEs about the IPO process and its benefits.
• Subsidies and Training Programs for Technology Upgrades: Subsidies for purchasing new machinery and training programs for digital skills can help MSMEs adopt new technologies. The government’s Digital India initiative can be expanded to include specific programs for MSMEs, focusing on digital marketing, e-commerce, and cloud computing. Germany’s Mittelstand (SMEs) benefit from government programs that provide financial support for technology adoption and innovation.
• Capacity-Building Programs in Financial Management: Implementing capacity-building programs with professional institutes can equip MSME owners with essential financial management skills. These programs should cover working capital management, debt servicing, profitability analysis, and tax and industrial laws compliance. Japan offers comprehensive support programs for SMEs, including financial management training, consultancy services, and assistance with regulatory compliance.
• Incentives for Sustainable Practices: Incentivizing MSMEs to adopt sustainable practices, such as tax breaks, grants, and subsidies for green technologies, can encourage environmental responsibility. Programs like the Raising and Accelerating MSME Productivity (RAMP) scheme can be expanded to include support for green initiatives. The European Union’s Green Deal contains specific provisions for SMEs, offering financial support and resources to help them transition to sustainable business practices.

THE CONCLUSION:

The MSME sector is pivotal for India’s economic self-reliance and inclusive growth. The sector can thrive by addressing the challenges of technology adoption, financial management, and formalization and raising awareness about government schemes and SME IPOs. A concerted effort from both the government and the private sector is essential to harness the full potential of MSMEs, driving India towards a more equitable and prosperous future.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:

Q. Faster economic growth requires an increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard. 2023

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q. Examine the hurdles Indian MSMEs encounter and assess the government’s efforts in mitigating these obstacles.

SOURCE:

https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/address-challenges-to-achieve-inclusive-growth-3082386

THE CONTEXT: The role of the Leader of the Opposition (LoP) in the Indian Parliament is pivotal, both legally and politically. Defined by the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977, the LoP is the leader of the largest opposition party recognized by the Speaker. Though fraught with challenges, this position is crucial for maintaining a balanced and effective parliamentary democracy.

THE ISSUES:

• Recognition and Categorisation of Parliamentary Parties: The initial direction for recognizing and categorizing parliamentary parties was aimed at providing certain facilities in Parliament but did not address the recognition of the LoP. The Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977 later defined the term LoP and set conditions for recognition, including the requirement that the opposition party must have at least 10% of the House’s strength to be recognized by the Speaker.
• Impact of the 10th Schedule: The enactment of the 10th Schedule, which does not recognize the term ‘group’ and considers all political entities as ‘parties,’ has rendered the earlier categorization by the Speaker/Chairman irrelevant. This suggests a need for amendments to the Leaders of Opposition Act to align with the 10th Schedule, allowing the largest opposition party to claim the LoP post regardless of size.
• Political Significance of the LoP in the Westminster System: The LoP in the Lok Sabha holds significant political importance, akin to the “Prime Minister-in-waiting” in the British parliamentary tradition. The LoP forms a shadow cabinet to scrutinize government policies and offer alternatives, although this practice is not followed in India.
• Challenges Faced by the LoP: The LoP’s role is challenging due to its lack of power and the need to unify a diverse opposition. The opposition’s primary role is to oppose, criticize, and seek to replace the government. The recent increase in opposition strength in the Lok Sabha has boosted morale and influence, potentially impacting parliamentary proceedings and debates.
• Historical Traditions and Lessons: Historical practices, such as those established by Jawaharlal Nehru, emphasized the importance of the Prime Minister’s presence during Question Hour and the need for the government to listen to the opposition. These traditions highlight the value of dissent and the role of the LoP in strengthening democracy.
• Current Political Context and Responsibilities: The 2024 general election has significantly changed the political landscape, with a more substantial opposition presence in the Lok Sabha. The current LoP, Rahul Gandhi, is responsible for unifying the opposition, holding the government accountable, and ensuring democratic debate. The LoP’s role includes participating in key appointments and influencing parliamentary committees.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Amend the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977: Amend the 1977 Act to remove the 10% seat requirement. This would allow the largest opposition party, regardless of size, to have its leader recognized as the LoP. This change would align with the provisions of the 10th Schedule, which does not distinguish between parties and groups based on their size.
• Institutionalize the Shadow Cabinet System: In Indian parliamentary practice, the LoP should institutionalize the shadow cabinet system. This would involve appointing shadow ministers who would mirror the roles of government ministers, thereby enhancing the opposition’s ability to provide alternative policies and hold the government accountable.
• Enhance Parliamentary Oversight and Debate: Strengthen parliamentary oversight mechanisms by ensuring that a higher percentage of bills are referred to standing committees for detailed scrutiny. Additionally, ensure that the LoP and other opposition members are given adequate time and opportunity to participate in debates and question government policies.
• Promote Pre-Legislative Consultations: Mandate pre-legislative consultations with the opposition on significant bills. This would improve the quality of legislation and ensure that diverse viewpoints are considered. It would also foster a more collaborative and less confrontational parliamentary environment.
• Strengthen the Role of the LoP in Key Appointments: Ensure that the LoP is an integral part of all major selection committees for constitutional and statutory bodies, such as the Central Vigilance Commission, the Central Information Commission, and the National Human Rights Commission. This would enhance the transparency and accountability of these appointments and ensure that the opposition has a meaningful role in the governance process.

THE CONCLUSION:

The 2024 general election has revitalized the opposition in the Lok Sabha, presenting a unique opportunity for the Leader of the Opposition to influence parliamentary proceedings significantly. By embracing the traditions of open communication and constructive criticism, the LoP can play a vital role in strengthening India’s democratic framework and ensuring the government remains accountable.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q. Individual Parliamentarians’ role as national lawmakers is declining, which, in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcomes. Discuss 2019

Q. The ‘Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members’ envisaged in Article 105 of the Constitution leave room for many un-codified and un-enumerated privileges to continue. Assess the reasons for the absence of legal codification of the ‘parliamentary privileges. How can this problem be addressed? 2014

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q. The role of the Leader of the Opposition (LoP) in the Indian Parliament has evolved significantly since its statutory recognition in 1977. Discuss the historical context, current challenges, and potential reforms needed to enhance the effectiveness of the LoP in the Indian parliamentary system. How does the role of the LoP in India compare with that in the Westminster system?

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/oppositions-larger-demography-lops-big-responsibility/article68337114.ece