THE CONTEXT: The 18th Indian general election probably marks the end of a cycle, even though it has not resulted in an alternation in power, a dimension usually needed for characterizing an election as “critical.” The Bharatiya Janata Party’s loss of its majority seems to be sufficient. It might well be — but under certain conditions — for a re-democratization process to reach its logical conclusion.
THE ISSUES:
- The trajectory of De-democratisation: For the past decade, India has experienced a concentration of political and economic power in the hands of a few, leading to increased inequalities and the marginalization of minorities. This period has been marked by identity politics and communal polarisation, overshadowing social issues.
- Shift in Power Dynamics: Although the BJP remains the dominant party, it has lost its majority, necessitating coalition politics. This shift could weaken Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s authority and potentially allow institutions like the judiciary, media, and Election Commission to regain some independence and resist liberticide laws.
- Federalism and Coalition Politics: The need for coalition support from state parties like the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and Janata Dal (United) (JD(U)) could revitalize federalism. This scenario might lead to greater recognition of state autonomy and the role of Chief Ministers, contrasting with the centralized decision-making seen in recent years.
- Competing Ideological Agendas: There is a potential ideological shift from Hindutva to social equality. Rahul Gandhi’s focus on social issues and forming the INDIA bloc (Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance) could counter the BJP’s ethno-religious identity politics, promoting social justice and equality.
- Role of Civil Society: Civil society is expected to rejuvenate India’s democracy. The change in government alone will not suffice; sustained efforts from civil society are necessary to counter the influence of RSS-related vigilantes and ensure the recovery of democratic institutions.
THE WAY FORWARD:
- Strengthening Federalism and State Autonomy: Enhance state governments’ autonomy by ensuring greater involvement in national decision-making processes. This includes consulting state governments on major policy decisions and respecting their unique needs and contexts. Promote decentralization by empowering local governments and ensuring that Chief Ministers and state leaders have a significant say in governance matters, especially those affecting their states directly.
- Enhancing Institutional Independence: Ensure the independence of the judiciary and bureaucratic institutions like the Election Commission of India. This can be achieved by safeguarding their appointments and functioning from political interference. Protect the freedom of the press by repealing or amending draconian laws restricting freedom of expression and individual rights.
- Promoting Social Justice and Equality: Implement policies that address social inequalities, such as conducting a nationwide caste census to understand better and address marginalized communities’ needs. Develop and implement policies to reduce economic disparities and ensure that economic growth benefits all sections of society.
- Encouraging Civil Society Participation: Encourage civil society organizations to actively participate in policy advocacy and mass mobilizations to hold the government accountable and push for democratic reforms. Foster community engagement initiatives that empower citizens to participate in local governance and decision-making processes.
- Building Inclusive Political Narratives: Develop and promote inclusive political narratives prioritizing social equality and justice over identity politics and communal polarization. Support the emergence of new political leaders who advocate for inclusive and progressive policies, similar to the initiatives led by Rahul Gandhi with the Bharat Jodo Yatra.
THE CONCLUSION:
However, besides the political actors, civil society is also bound to play a vital role again in rejuvenating India’s democracy. Suppose this election is probably marking a transition towards a new era. In that case, eventually, a change of guard at the State level will not be enough to re-democratize India—and to counter the dense network of RSS-related vigilantes.
UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:
Q.1 Pressure group politics is sometimes seen as the informal face of politics. Regarding the above, assess the structure and functioning of pressure groups in India. 2013
Q.2 How do pressure groups influence the Indian political process? Do you agree with the view that informal pressure groups have emerged as more powerful than formal pressure groups in recent years? 2017
Q.3 While the national political parties in India favor centralization, the regional parties favor State autonomy. Comment. 2022
MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:
Q.1 The 18th Indian general election has been described as a potential turning point in India’s political landscape. Discuss the implications on India’s democratic processes and federal structure. Provide a critical analysis considering the role of various political actors and civil society.
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