THE CONTEXT: The recent grant of interim bail to Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal raises critical questions about the rights of political leaders to campaign and the broader implications for the criminal justice system. This case highlights the tension between the fundamental rights to political expression and the often-arbitrary application of draconian laws. The decision underscores the need for a fair and balanced approach to justice, especially for those opposing the ruling government.

ISSUES:

• Right to Campaign and Political Speech: The Chief Minister of a state and the convenor of a political party have the right to campaign for their party in a national election. This right is linked to the fundamental right to associate and express political speech, which is crucial for leading a party to success in elections.
• Necessity of Interim Bail: The necessity of granting interim bail instead of liberty pending trial is questionable. It highlights the principle of “innocent until proven guilty” and the law favoring “bail, not jail” for undertrials. The conditions for granting bail pending trial often require the court to be convinced that no offense has been committed prima facie.
• Draconian Legislation and Burden of Proof: This section addresses how draconian legislation for crimes considered “heinous” (e.g., narcotic drugs, economic offenses, terrorism) shifts the burden of proof to the accused. This often leads to the invocation of stringent laws like the UAPA or PMLA, making it difficult for the accused to obtain bail.
• Judicial Reluctance and Higher Court Interventions: Lower courts are hesitant to grant bail because they fear being reversed by higher courts. This compels accused individuals to approach higher courts for bail, placing a significant burden on the Supreme Court to justify its time spent on bail pleas.
• Political Identity and Targeted Prosecution: The political identity of the accused often influences decisions to prosecute or arrest. It questions the threshold of reasonableness required for the “reason to believe” that an offense has been committed, suggesting that prosecution is often targeted.
• Right to Health and Fair Conditions of Detention: The right to health as a fundamental right is emphasized, particularly in detention conditions. The state must guarantee fair conditions of detention, including healthcare, citing the case of Father Stan Swamy and the Bombay High Court’s recognition of this right in granting bail to Varavara Rao.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Reforming Bail Laws: The “bail not jail” principle is often not adhered to, especially in cases involving political figures or high-profile individuals. The accused frequently bears the burden of proof for granting bail, contrary to the principle of the presumption of innocence. Law Commission of India (268th Report, 2017) recommended that bail be the norm and jail the exception, emphasizing the need for a more liberal approach to bail. Supreme Court Guidelines have repeatedly stressed that bail should not be denied unless there are compelling reasons, such as the risk of the accused absconding or tampering with evidence.
• Ensuring Fair Investigation and Prosecution: Investigative agencies are often accused of being influenced by political considerations, leading to targeted prosecutions. There is a lack of transparency and accountability in the investigation process. Malimath Committee on Criminal Justice Reform (2003) suggested the establishment of an independent Directorate of Prosecution to ensure impartiality and accountability. The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2007) recommended the separation of investigation and law and order functions to improve the quality of investigations.
• Addressing Judicial Delays: The judicial process in India is notoriously slow, leading to prolonged pre-trial detention. Special courts often summarily reject bail applications, forcing the accused to approach higher courts. National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) proposed increasing the number of judges and improving judicial infrastructure to expedite case disposal. The e-Committee of the Supreme Court advocates using technology to streamline court processes and reduce delays.
• Protecting the Right to Health of Detainees: Instances have occurred where detainees have been denied proper medical care, leading to severe health consequences. The right to health is a fundamental right under the Indian Constitution. In the Varavara Rao Case, the Bombay High Court recognized the right to health as a fundamental right and granted bail on medical grounds. The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) recommended regular health check-ups and timely medical treatment for prisoners.
• Ensuring Judicial Independence: Lower courts are perceived as hesitant to grant bail because they fear being overturned by higher courts. Political identity often influences the decision to prosecute or grant bail. Judicial Accountability Bill Proposed measures to ensure the independence and accountability of the judiciary. Supreme Court of India emphasized the need for judicial officers to act fearlessly and independently without succumbing to external pressures.

THE CONCLUSION:

Kejriwal’s bail underscores the urgent need to address systemic flaws in the criminal justice system, which often denies fundamental rights and liberties. The judiciary and legislative bodies are responsible for reforming this broken system and ensuring fair treatment for all, regardless of political affiliation. Until these issues are resolved, the fear of persecution will persist, undermining the principles of justice and equality.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:

Q. Can the Supreme Court Judgement (July 2018) settle the political tussle between the Lt. Governor and the elected government of Delhi? Examine.

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q. Discuss the legal and constitutional issues surrounding the grant of interim bail to political figures concerning the case of Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal. How do these issues reflect broader challenges within the criminal justice system in India?

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/why-is-india-seeing-a-surge-in-employment-the-answer-is-not-simple-9326578/

THE CONTEXT: In Nepal, there is a palpable sense of restlessness, dissatisfaction, and uncertainty in the air because of the overall political and economic environment. While the transition to a full-fledged democracy underpinned by credible political institutions seems unending, there is also confusion about the direction in which it is headed.

ISSUES:

• Political Instability and Governance: Nepal is experiencing significant political instability and governance issues, with frequent government changes and a lack of solid institutional underpinnings. Corruption and misgovernance exacerbate this instability, raising concerns about the country’s ability to handle its challenges effectively.
• Secularism vs. Hindu Identity: There is a debate over whether Nepal should revert to its Hindu identity, which it lost when transitioning to a secular federal democratic republic. This transition was seen as rushed and not thoroughly debated, leading to questions about its appropriateness given Nepal’s deeply religious but tolerant ethos.
• Monarchy Restoration: The possibility of restoring the monarchy to ensure stability and respect for democratic red lines is a cause of concern. This idea is gaining traction among some factions in Nepal, reflecting dissatisfaction with the current democratic setup.
• China’s Influence: China’s growing influence in Nepal is a significant concern, particularly with the recent changes in the coalition government and Nepal’s renewed cooperation with China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This influence is seen as coming at the expense of India’s regional interests.
• India-Nepal Relations: Nepal’s internal political dynamics and external influences, particularly from China, complicate the relationship between India and Nepal. India has maintained a low profile but faces pressure to engage more actively in Nepal’s affairs, especially regarding its identity and governance issues.
• Regional Security and Terrorism: There is a potential for increased cross-border terrorism and smuggling activities from Nepal, influenced by third countries like Pakistan. This situation is reminiscent of past issues during the Maoist insurgency and poses a threat to regional security, particularly for India.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Strengthening Democratic Institutions: Nepal needs to focus on building robust democratic institutions that can handle the complexities of governance. This includes ensuring that the constitution is well-debated and inclusive and that political leaders are experienced and capable of managing the country’s challenges. Strengthening institutions will help maintain political stability and foster a democratic culture.
• Promoting Economic Development and Reducing Corruption: To survive in the post-COVID-19 world, Nepal must tackle corruption and misgovernance. Implementing transparent and accountable governance practices can help reduce corruption. Additionally, promoting sustainable economic development through innovative approaches in health, education, food and nutrition, and job creation can improve the quality of life for Nepalese citizens and reduce reliance on foreign aid and projects like China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
• Balancing Foreign Relations: Nepal should aim to balance its foreign relations, particularly with India and China. While engaging with China for economic benefits, Nepal must maintain strong ties with India to avoid falling into a debt trap and ensure regional stability. High-level diplomatic efforts and strategic partnerships with both countries can help Nepal navigate its geopolitical challenges.
• Addressing Calls for Monarchy and Hindu Identity: The debate over reverting to a Hindu identity and restoring the monarchy should be addressed through inclusive national dialogues. Nepal must decide on these issues internally, without external interference. Encouraging open discussions and referendums can help gauge public opinion and ensure that changes reflect the people’s will.
• Fostering Regional Cooperation and Security: Nepal should work closely with regional partners, including India, to address security concerns such as smuggling, terrorism, and cross-border activities. Strengthening intelligence-sharing and cooperation on security matters can help mitigate threats. Additionally, participating in regional groupings like the Quad can provide a platform for addressing broader geopolitical challenges and ensuring regional stability.

THE CONCLUSION:

India should also never forget that for the big brother-small brother syndrome to be overcome, the onus lies on the big brother—the style of diplomacy matters as much as the substance of relations between the two countries. Regarding Nepal, the many concerns complicating the India-Nepal relationship need not be an insoluble migraine. The new government in New Delhi has its work cut out in June of this year.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 Increasing cross-border terrorist attacks in India and growing interference in the internal affairs of several member-states by Pakistan are not conducive for the future of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation).” Explain with suitable examples. 2016

Q.2 China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’; in light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor.2017

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Analyze the evolving dynamics of Nepal’s political landscape in its transition to a secular federal democratic republic. Discuss the internal and external factors influencing these changes, mainly focusing on the roles of India and China.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/stabilising-india-nepal-ties-in-changing-times/article68171930.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: African presidents have endorsed the Nairobi Declaration on fertiliser and soil health, committing to prioritise domestic fertiliser production and triple it in the next 10 years to boost agricultural production.

EXPLANATION:

• The Nairobi Declaration on fertiliser and soil health emerges as a crucial response to the pressing agricultural challenges facing Africa.
• It was endorsed by African presidents at the second Africa Fertilizer and Soil Health Summit held in Kenya.
• The declaration is a strategic commitment to address the continent’s dependency on food imports, soil degradation, and the recent global fertiliser crisis, which disproportionately affects Africa.
• The forum recognised the opportunities that regional cooperation, coordination, and harmonisation of fertiliser policies and regulations can bring.
• The recent global fertiliser crisis has disproportionately affected Africa, with a year-on-year decline of 25 per cent in fertiliser consumption in 2022.
• Since the adoption of the Abuja Declaration 17 years ago, fertiliser consumption across the continent has only increased from an average of 8kg / ha to about 18kg / ha, which is less than half of the target of 50kg / ha set in the declaration.

Commitments and Targets

• Tripling Domestic Fertiliser Production: African leaders commit to tripling domestic production and distribution of certified quality organic and inorganic fertilisers by 2034. This ambitious goal aims to enhance agricultural productivity and improve access and affordability for smallholder farmers.
• Strengthening Research and Development: The declaration emphasizes the need to strengthen research and development on the utilization of organic and inorganic fertilisers. This includes revitalizing the African Centre for Fertilizer Development in Harare, Zimbabwe, to drive innovation in soil health management.
• Regional Cooperation and Coordination: Acknowledging the importance of regional cooperation, the declaration highlights opportunities for harmonizing fertiliser policies and regulations across Africa. This collaborative approach seeks to maximize the impact of soil health interventions.

Challenges Addressed

• Global Fertiliser Crisis: The declaration responds to the recent global fertiliser crisis, recognizing its disproportionate impact on Africa. By prioritizing domestic fertiliser production, African countries aim to mitigate the effects of external supply disruptions.
• Soil Degradation and Climate Change: African leaders express concern over accelerated soil degradation, desertification, and extreme weather events exacerbated by climate change. The declaration underscores the urgent need for proactive soil health management to combat these challenges.

Implementation Strategies

• Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships: The declaration emphasizes the importance of multi-stakeholder partnerships to drive policies, finance, research and development, markets, and capacity building for fertiliser and sustainable soil health management.
• Operationalising Financing Mechanisms: To improve the production, procurement, and distribution of fertilisers, African leaders commit to operationalizing the Africa Fertilizer Financing Mechanism (AFFM). This includes creating a multi-source soil health fund to support research, innovation, capacity building, and start-ups.
• Incentive Mechanisms and Subsidy Programs: Innovative incentive mechanisms, including repurposing current fertiliser subsidy programs, will be deployed to reverse land degradation and restore soil health.

Addressing Climate Change Impacts

• Integrated Soil and Water Management: The declaration promotes integrated soil and water conservation, planning, and management practices to enhance nutrient-use efficiency and climate change resilience.
• Gender and Youth Inclusion: There is a deliberate emphasis on supporting agricultural initiatives by women and youth, recognizing their vital role in sustainable agriculture and soil health management.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/africa/african-presidents-endorse-nairobi-declaration-on-fertiliser-and-soil-health-at-special-summit-in-kenya-96094

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The recent adoption of a declaration on forest protection during the 19th United Nations Forum for Forests (UNFF) underscores the global commitment to addressing pressing environmental challenges such as deforestation, climate change, and biodiversity loss.

EXPLANATION:

• The recent adoption of a declaration on forest protection by countries at the 19th United Nations Forum for Forests (UNFF) signifies a collective commitment towards preserving and safeguarding the world’s forests.

Deforestation Concerns and Collective Action

• UNFF19 Chair asserted that deforestation constitutes a crime against nature underscores the gravity of the issue and the urgency for collective action.
• The recent report “International Forest Governance for the Future: From Criticism to Alternatives” released on May 9 showed that between 2010 and 2023, the rate of deforestation has reduced from 13 million hectares to 10 million hectares per year.
• Director general of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) stated that some progress has been achieved since the UN Strategic Plan on Forests was adopted. But he stressed that the members have only six years left to increase the forest cover by 3 per cent by 2023.

Sustainable Forest Management and Community Engagement

• Importance of Sustainable Practices: There has been significant significance on sustainable forest management and community engagement in mitigating forest fragmentation and promoting conservation efforts.
• Scientific Efforts and International Cooperation: The need for scientific research, strengthened international cooperation, and addressing unsustainable consumption patterns to combat deforestation effectively has been emphasized.

National Initiatives and Policy Measures

• National Policies and Initiatives:
  • Ministers from countries like Ivory Coast, Qatar, and Democratic Republic of Congo highlight national policies and initiatives aimed at reversing deforestation trends, promoting reforestation, and protecting forested areas.
• Reforestation Efforts:
  • Qatar’s reforestation initiatives, including tree planting and water recycling, exemplify proactive measures towards environmental conservation and sustainable resource management.
• Protected Areas and Agroforestry:
  • The Democratic Republic of Congo’s commitment to protecting forested areas and promoting agroforestry demonstrates a multifaceted approach to conservation and resilience against climate-related events.
• Financial Support and Investment:
  • Romania’s investment in supporting small forest owners and improving monitoring systems underscores the importance of financial support and technological infrastructure in forest management.

Embracing Technology for Forest Monitoring

• Technological Innovations: Paraguay and India’s initiatives in utilizing technology for forest monitoring and decision-making highlight the pivotal role of innovative mechanisms in enhancing forest supervision and management.
• Data-Driven Approaches: Thailand’s emphasis on increasing forest cover through data-driven strategies underscores the importance of leveraging technology for evidence-based conservation efforts.

United Nations Forum for Forests (UNFF):

• The UN Forum on Forests is a functional commission of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) with universal membership.
• Since its establishment in 2000, the Forum has set many milestones including the first UN Forest Instrument in 2007, the Global Forest Financing Facilitation Network (GFFFN) in 2015, and adoption of the first UN Strategic Plan for Forests 2030 and its six Global Forest Goals in 2017.
• 2024 marks the 19th session of the UN Forum on Forests (UNFF19).
• UNFF19 is a historic session, as the Forum undertakes its midterm review of the International Arrangement on Forests.
• By assessing progress made and identifying gaps, the review will chart the course towards 2030 – to ensure achievement of the Global Forest Goals and accelerate progress towards the SDGs.
• The key outcomes of the session will be a High-Level Segment declaration and an omnibus resolution, which will include the outcome of the midterm review as well as the new Quadrennial Programme of Work of the Forum for 2025-2028.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/forests/unff-countries-adopt-declaration-on-forest-protection-emphasise-on-adopting-technology-for-monitoring-96096

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The recent success of ISRO in testing a 3D-printed liquid rocket engine highlights the innovative application of additive manufacturing technology in aerospace engineering.

EXPLANATION:

• This advancement not only signifies a paradigm shift in manufacturing methodologies but also underscores the potential of 3D printing in streamlining production processes and enhancing performance metrics.

3D Printing

• 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing.
• It is a revolutionary process that enables the creation of three-dimensional objects layer by layer, based on computer-generated designs.
• Unlike traditional manufacturing methods that involve subtractive processes like cutting and shaping raw materials, 3D printing builds objects incrementally, offering unparalleled flexibility in design and production.
• There are several types of 3D printing, which include:
  • Stereolithography (SLA)
  • Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
  • Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
  • Digital Light Process (DLP)
  • Multi Jet Fusion (MJF)
  • PolyJet
  • Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)
  • Electron Beam Melting (EBM)

Process of 3D Printing

• Design Phase:
  • The process begins with the creation of a digital 3D model using computer-aided design (CAD)
  • This model serves as the blueprint for the desired object.
• Printing Execution:
  • Once the design is finalized, it is sent to a 3D printer connected to a personal computer.
  • The printer interprets the digital model and begins the printing process.
• Layering Method:
  • 3D printers utilize a layer-by-layer approach to construct objects, wherein successive layers of material, such as plastic, composites, or bio-materials, are deposited to form the final structure.
  • This additive process ensures precision and complexity in the fabrication of intricate geometries.
• Material Deposition:
  • The printer nozzle deposits or extrudes the chosen material onto a build platform, following the contours specified in the digital model.
  • Each layer is carefully positioned and fused with the preceding layers, gradually building up the object.

Advantages of 3D Printing

• Design Flexibility: 3D printing offers unparalleled design freedom, enabling the creation of complex geometries and customized components with minimal constraints.
• Efficiency and Speed: By eliminating the need for traditional tooling and machining processes, 3D printing accelerates production timelines and reduces lead times significantly.
• Resource Optimization: Additive manufacturing minimizes material wastage by utilizing only the necessary amount of material for construction, thereby optimizing resource utilization and reducing costs.

Application in Rocket Engine Manufacturing

• ISRO’s adoption of 3D printing for the production of the PS4 engine exemplifies the technology’s transformative impact on aerospace engineering.
• By leveraging additive manufacturing, ISRO achieved remarkable advancements:
  • Part Consolidation: The transition from traditional manufacturing methods to 3D printing enabled ISRO to consolidate multiple engine components into a single, intricately designed piece, enhancing structural integrity and reliability.
  • Reduction in Weld Joints: Additive manufacturing facilitated the elimination of weld joints, minimizing potential points of failure and enhancing overall safety and performance.
  • Material Efficiency: ISRO realized significant savings in raw material consumption, as 3D printing allows for precise material deposition, minimizing excess waste and optimizing resource utilization.
  • Production Time Reduction: The streamlined workflow of additive manufacturing contributed to a substantial reduction in production time, enabling ISRO to accelerate engine fabrication and deployment processes.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/isro-3d-printing-rocket-engine-9321975/

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the night sky was lit up by northern lights, or aurora borealis, at Hanle village in Ladakh. Northern lights were also witnessed in other parts of the world, including in the United States and the United Kingdom. Meanwhile, southern lights, or aurora australis, were spotted in countries such as New Zealand and Australia.

EXPLANATION:

• The recent visibility of auroras in various parts of the world was triggered by a coronal mass ejection (CME) from the Sun, resulting in a geomagnetic storm classified as “extreme” by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
• NOAA forecasts the possibility of additional CMEs impacting the Earth in the coming days, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and preparedness for potential geomagnetic disturbances.

What Are Auroras?

• Auroras, also known as the northern and southern lights (aurora borealis and aurora australis respectively), are natural phenomena characterized by luminous displays in the night sky, typically observed near the Earth’s polar regions.
• These mesmerizing displays manifest as vibrant curtains of light, exhibiting hues ranging from blue and green to red and purple.
• Auroras result from interactions between charged particles from the Sun and the Earth’s atmosphere.
• These charged particles, primarily electrons and protons, are emitted by the Sun as part of the solar wind.
• When they reach the Earth, they are guided by the planet’s magnetic field towards the polar regions.

A rare red-coloured aurora, observed at the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve, in Ladakh

Level of geomagnetic activity:

• Geomagnetic activity is driven by solar activity and solar coronal holes and thus it waxes and wanes with time.
• The level of geomagnetic activity is indicated by the planetary K index or Kp.
• The Kp index ranges from 0 to 9.
  • For Kp in the range 0 to 2, the aurora will be far north, quite dim in intensity, and not very active.
  • For Kp in the range of 3 to 5, the aurora will move further from the poles, it will become brighter and there will be more auroral activity (motion and formations). If you are in the right place, these aurora can be quite pleasing to look at.
  • For Kp in the range 6 to 7, the aurora will move even further from the poles and will become quite bright and active. At this geomagnetic activity level, it might be possible to see the aurora from the northern edge of the United States.
  • For Kp in the range 8 to 9, the aurora will move even further towards the equator and it will become very bright and very active. These are the events that create the best aurora and the extended auroral oval will be observable by the most people. At these levels, aurora may be seen directly overhead from the northern states of the USA.

Mechanism of Auroras

• The Sun continuously emits a stream of charged particles known as the solar wind.
• When this solar wind encounters the Earth’s magnetic field, it gets deflected towards the poles.
• Some of these charged particles become trapped in the Earth’s magnetic field and are channelled towards the polar regions along magnetic field lines.
• As these charged particles enter the Earth’s atmosphere near the poles, they collide with atmospheric gases, predominantly oxygen and nitrogen.
• These collisions result in the excitation of oxygen and nitrogen atoms, causing them to emit photons of light.
• The specific colours observed depend on the type of gas and the altitude at which the collisions occur.

Colour Spectrum of Auroras

• Green Light: Collisions with oxygen atoms typically produce a greenish hue.
• Blue and Purple: Interactions with nitrogen molecules lead to the emission of blue and purple hues.
• Red and Yellow: Occasional sightings of red and yellow auroras can occur due to interactions with other atmospheric gases.

Factors Influencing Auroral Activity

• Solar Activity:
  • Auroras are closely tied to solar activity, particularly solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs).
  • During heightened solar activity, increased solar wind intensity can trigger geomagnetic storms, enhancing auroral displays.
• Geomagnetic Storms:
  • Intense disturbances in the Earth’s magnetic field, known as geomagnetic storms, can expand auroras from polar regions to lower latitudes, making them visible in mid-latitudes.

Impact of Geomagnetic Storms

• Technological Disruptions:
  • Geomagnetic storms can disrupt satellite communications, GPS systems, and power grids, posing challenges to various technological and communication systems.
• Space Exploration Considerations:
  • Astronaut safety and space exploration missions may be impacted by geomagnetic storms, requiring careful monitoring and adaptation of space-dependent operations.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/northern-southern-lights-aurora-9322408/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Himalayas are home to a diverse array of avian species, among them, the striking blue magpies stand out.

EXPLANATION:

• Belonging to the Corvidae family, which includes crows, jays, and ravens, magpies have long captured the fascination of cultures worldwide, often being associated with various omens, both good and bad.
• In European folklore, they are linked with witches and are the subjects of rhymes and superstitions.
• However, beyond their mythical associations, these birds are remarkable for their appearance and behavior, particularly in the Himalayan region.

Magpies:

• Magpie, any of several long-tailed birds belonging to the family Corvidae (order Passeriformes).
• The best-known species, often called the black-billed magpie (Pica pica), is a 45-centimetre (18-inch) black-and-white (i.e., pied) bird, with an iridescent blue-green tail.
• It occurs in northwestern Africa, across Eurasia, and in western North America.
• A bird of farmlands and tree-studded open country, it eats insects, seeds, small vertebrates, the eggs and young of other birds, and fresh carrion.
• It makes a large round nest of twigs cemented with mud.

                             Gold-billed magpies

Distribution and Species

• Blue magpies are prevalent across the Himalayan range, spanning from Kashmir to Myanmar.
• Within this region, several closely related species can be observed, including the gold-billed magpie (Urocissa flavirostris), also known as the yellow-billed blue magpie, the red-billed magpie, and the blue magpie.
• These species exhibit variations in habitat preference and altitude range, with the gold-billed magpie favoring higher altitudes between 2000 and 3000 meters above sea level, while the blue magpie is commonly found at lower altitudes where human settlements are more concentrated.

Habitat and Behaviour

• Trekking Corridors and Biodiversity Hotspots
  • The trekking corridors of the Himalayas, such as the route from Yuksom to the Kanchenjunga region in Western Sikkim, offer prime opportunities for observing these magnificent birds.
  • These corridors traverse diverse landscapes, ranging from tropical moist broad-leaf forests at lower elevations to treeless Alpine environments at higher altitudes.
  • The biodiversity of these areas, as evidenced by studies conducted by zoologists at the Sikkim Government College, is astonishing, with over 250 species of birds documented within the zone.
  • The presence of blue magpies, particularly the yellow-billed variety, is a common feature of this avian chorus.
• Nesting Habits and Reproduction
  • Blue magpies exhibit distinct nesting behaviors, often constructing nests in the forks of branches in rhododendron trees.
  • These nests, though appearing haphazardly built from twigs, provide a safe haven for raising their young.
  • Breeding typically occurs in the months of May or June, with both parents actively participating in incubating the eggs and caring for the hatchlings.
  • This cooperative effort reflects the nurturing aspect of these birds, as echoed in the rhyme “two for joy.”

Conservation Concerns

• As human activities encroach upon the habitats of Himalayan magpies, concerns regarding their long-term survival arise.
• The allure of the region’s natural beauty, including the vibrant rhododendron flowers, attracts tourists, leading to increased pressure on local ecosystems.
• Villagers, reliant on forest resources for livelihoods, often face dilemmas between conservation and economic needs.
• Sustainable tourism practices, coupled with community-driven conservation efforts, hold promise in mitigating the adverse effects of human presence on magpie populations and their habitats.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/the-magpies-of-the-himalayas/article68161767.ece

THE CONTEXT: A recent working paper by Shamika Ravi and co-authors, analyzing the shift in religious demographics across 167 countries from 1950 to 2015, has ignited political controversy in India. Utilizing the Religious Characteristics of States Dataset, 2017, the paper observes a decline in India’s Hindu population’s share amidst a global trend of shrinking majority religions. The study refrains from exploring the causes behind these demographic changes.

ISSUES:

• Reproduction of Known Data Without Analysis: The paper primarily reproduces data from the Religious Characteristics of States Dataset, 2017 (RCS-Dem), highlighting the decline in the Hindu population’s share from 84.68% to 78% between 1950 and 2015 and the increase in the Muslim population’s share from 9.84% to 14%. This decline in the majority religion’s share is noted as a global trend, but the paper does not delve into the causes or factors driving these changes.
• Lack of Causal Links: The authors explicitly state that they do not establish causal links between specific state actions and demographic shifts. This omission leaves a significant gap in understanding the dynamics behind the observed demographic changes, particularly in the context of India’s diverse and complex societal fabric.
• Controversial Deductions Without Supporting Data: The paper makes deductions that the rise in Muslim numbers in India disproves media and UN human rights reports of discrimination and violence against Muslims. This assertion is made without any analysis or data supporting such a conclusion, thereby breaking the authors’ rule of not providing a causal explanation for demographic changes.
• Selective Comparison with Neighboring Countries: The paper compares India’s demographic trends with those of Pakistan and Bangladesh, highlighting “demographic shocks” that reduced the proportion of Hindus in these countries. However, it attributes the rise in Muslim numbers in India to “progressive policies and inclusive institutions” without explaining the decline in Parsi and Jain populations, which could suggest inconsistencies in the application of state policies.
• Questionable Implications and Incompleteness: The paper’s implications and the authors’ deductions have sparked controversy and political debate. Critics argue that the paper is, at best, incomplete and, at worst, disingenuous for not fully exploring the reasons behind demographic trends and for potentially misrepresenting the status of religious minorities in India. The lack of comprehensive analysis and the paper’s potential to incite fear or discrimination against specific communities are significant concerns.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Comprehensive Peer Review: The paper should undergo a rigorous review process involving experts in demography, sociology, and religious studies. This would help ensure the data’s accuracy, the interpretations’ validity, and the conclusions’ soundness. This could enhance the credibility of the research and ensure that it adheres to academic standards, reducing the likelihood of misinterpretation or misuse of the data for political purposes.
• Inclusion of Multidisciplinary Perspectives: Incorporate insights from multiple disciplines, such as political science, anthropology, and history, to provide a more nuanced analysis of demographic changes. This approach would help contextualize the data within broader socio-political and historical frameworks, offering a deeper understanding of the causes and implications of demographic shifts.
• Transparent Methodology and Data Sources: Disclose and explain the methodologies used in collecting and analyzing the data and the data sources. Transparency in methods and data sourcing would build trust in the research findings and help other researchers replicate or build upon the work, fostering a more open and constructive academic dialogue.
• Engagement with Stakeholders: Engage with various stakeholders, including religious communities, policymakers, and civil society organizations, to discuss the findings and their implications. This engagement would promote a more inclusive dialogue around the findings, helping to mitigate any potential misunderstandings or tensions and ensuring that diverse perspectives are considered.
• Follow-up Studies and Ongoing Research: Conduct follow-up and ongoing research to monitor and analyze trends over time, mainly focusing on the factors driving demographic changes. Continuous research would provide updated data and insights, helping to inform better policy decisions and academic discussions. It would also allow for correcting any previous inaccuracies or misinterpretations in earlier studies.

THE CONCLUSION:

The paper’s assertion that the increase in Muslim population in India disproves allegations of discrimination against Muslims while attributing demographic changes in neighboring countries to “demographic shocks” raises questions about its analytical rigor. The paper’s conclusions appear speculative by venturing into causative explanations without sufficient data, casting doubt on the advisability of the Economic Advisory Council’s endorsement of such findings.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 Discuss the impact of the post-liberal economy on ethnic identity and communalism. 2023

Q.2 Distinguish between religiousness/religiosity and communalism, giving one example of how the former has been transformed into the latter in independent India. 2017

Q.3 Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and detail the measures to achieve them in India. 2021

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Analyze the implications of demographic changes in India as highlighted in the ‘Share of Religious Minorities: A Cross-Country Analysis (1950-2015)’ working paper. Discuss the potential socio-political consequences of attributing these changes to state policies and the role of economic and social factors in influencing demographic trends.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/clickbait-paper-on-the-eac-pm-working-paper/article68168032.ece

THE CONTEXT: In the fiscal year 2023-24, India’s agricultural exports declined to $48.9 billion, an 8% decrease from the previous year’s $53.2 billion, falling short of the ambitious $60 billion target set by the Narendra Modi government in 2022. This downturn marks a significant slowdown in the growth momentum of agri-exports under the Modi administration compared to the rapid growth experienced during the UPA government from 2004-05 to 2013-14.

ISSUES:

• Decline in Growth Rate: There has been a significant slowdown in the growth momentum of agricultural exports. During the UPA government (2004-05 to 2013-14), the annual average growth rate was 20%, but it dropped to a mere 1.9% from 2014-15 to 2023-24 under the Modi government.
• Failure to Meet Export Targets: The agricultural exports in 2023-24 amounted to $48.9 billion, below the target of $60 billion set by the government for 2022. This indicates a shortfall in achieving planned export objectives.
• Impact of Export Restrictions: The implementation of export restrictions and bans on key commodities like wheat, rice, sugar, and onions has adversely affected the agricultural export sector. These measures, primarily driven by concerns over domestic food inflation, have hindered the growth and potential of agri-exports.
• Global Price Sensitivity: The performance of India’s agricultural exports is heavily influenced by global price fluctuations. Exports surge when global prices are favorable but suffer when global prices decline. This dependency on international market conditions affects the stability and predictability of agricultural exports.
• Export Value Realization Despite Volume Drop: Despite a 27% drop in rice exports in volume from 2022-23 to 2023-24, the decrease in export value realization was only 6%. This suggests that while the quantity exported decreased, the value per unit increased due to global price changes, offering a nuanced view of export dynamics.
• Environmental and Resource Concerns: The agricultural practices associated with high-export commodities like rice involve significant water usage and are supported by subsidies on power and fertilizers, leading to ecological concerns, particularly in the Punjab-Haryana region. This raises questions about the sustainability of export-driven agricultural practices and the long-term viability of water resources.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Diversification of Export Basket: India’s heavy reliance on a few commodities like rice, marine products, and spices for its export basket makes it vulnerable to global price fluctuations and policy changes. Diversification into high-value and value-added agricultural products can mitigate this risk. For instance, despite its small size, the Netherlands has become a leading exporter of agricultural products by focusing on high-value segments like flowers, seeds, and dairy products. India could similarly expand into organic farming, horticulture, and processed foods, which have growing demand in international markets.
• Policy Stability and Liberalization: The imposition of export restrictions and bans on key commodities like wheat, rice, and onions has been counterproductive, leading to uncertainty and reduced competitiveness. New Zealand’s approach to agricultural exports, where the government maintains a stable and liberal export policy, has fostered a robust agricultural sector. India could adopt a similar approach by minimizing interventions in the export market and ensuring policy stability to build confidence among farmers and traders.
• Infrastructure and Logistic Improvements: Poor infrastructure and high logistics costs have greatly impeded India’s agricultural exports. Investments in cold storage facilities, refrigerated transport, and efficient port handling can reduce post-harvest losses and improve the competitiveness of Indian farm products. The success of APEDA’s initiative to export bananas from Andhra Pradesh using refrigerated rail containers demonstrates the potential of such investments to open new markets and reduce transport costs.
• Leveraging Technology for Productivity: Boosting productivity through technological advancements is crucial for enhancing export competitiveness. Israel’s use of precision agriculture, drip irrigation, and water recycling technologies has significantly increased its agricultural productivity, making it a leading exporter of farm technology and products. India could focus on adopting similar technologies, including precision agriculture, fertigation, and improved seed varieties, to increase yields and reduce resource use.
• Market Access and Trade Agreements: Active engagement in bilateral and multilateral trade agreements can provide Indian agricultural products with better access to foreign markets. For example, the European Union’s trade agreements have opened new markets for its agri-food products. India could pursue similar agreements, reducing tariff barriers and addressing sanitary and phytosanitary measures to enhance its agricultural exports.
• Support for Small Farmers: Small farmers face significant challenges accessing export markets due to a lack of knowledge, resources, and scale. As mentioned in the Agriculture Export Policy, initiatives like farmer-producer organizations (FPOs) and cluster development can help aggregate produce, achieve economies of scale, and meet quality standards. Additionally, providing training and financial support to small farmers can enable them to tap into export opportunities and improve their incomes.

THE CONCLUSION:

The decline in India’s agricultural exports highlights the need for a strategic overhaul to boost agri-export growth. Addressing the challenges of global price fluctuations, restrictive export policies, and the ecological impacts of agricultural practices is crucial. Implementing policies that enhance productivity and sustainability could revitalize India’s agricultural sector, benefiting farmers and strengthening the economy.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:

Q.1 Explain the changes in cropping patterns in India in the context of changes in consumption patterns and marketing conditions. 2023

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Critically analyze the impact of India’s agricultural export policies on the farming community and the overall economy. Discuss the role of global market dynamics and domestic policy measures in shaping the farm export trends in India from 2004 to 2024. Suggest measures to enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of India’s agricultural exports.

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/make-it-farmer-friendly-9324370/