WSDP Bulletin (20/03/2024)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. NVIDIA wants to bring AI to the real world with Project GR00T robots READ MORE

2. The year 2023 smashed several climate records, with some being ‘chart-busting’: WMO report READ MORE

3. 27.6 Million People Are Currently in Forced Labor READ MORE

4. Norway will invest half of $100 billion under EFTA: Norwegian envoy May-Elin Stener READ MORE

5. How House terms and poll schedules are decided READ MORE

6. WMO report out: 6 charts that tell you everything about the health of our planet READ MORE

7. World Bank report says women earn 77 cents for every dollar a man earns: what is the gender pay gap? READ MORE

8. Right To Food: Give ration cards to 80 million unorganised and migrant workers within 2 months, directs SC READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Violence, homelessness, and women’s mental health READ MORE

2. Should girls be ‘controlled’? Opinions among young boys and parents in Bihar READ MORE

3. Ocean temperature hit record high in February 2024, EU scientists say READ MORE

4. What happens when Bengaluru’s taps run dry? READ MORE

5. Bengaluru’s water crisis decoded READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Selection and election: On the appointment of Election Commissioners READ MORE

2. Mission Karmayogi: A Philosophical Blueprint for Transformative Public Service READ MORE

3. Rubber-stamped, as expected READ MORE

4. A democracy demolition job, carried out silently READ MORE

5. Bridge governance gaps, revitalise ULBs READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Microcredit courses revolutionise learning READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Ties that epitomise India’s neighbourhood first policy READ MORE

2. Multipolarity makes waves in Indian Ocean Region READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Guaranteed MSP is an ethical imperative READ MORE

2. Creating a skilled young workforce READ MORE

3. Growth, well-being and distribution in India in the last decade – I READ MORE

4. How Punjab’s potential for progress can be unlocked READ MORE

5. Rationalise and simplify GST READ MORE

6. India’s agri-tech revolution is leaving women farmers behind READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. RBI and the net-zero transition — A roadmap for green India READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. AI and data: A tale of necessity and constraint READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Space is becoming a global geopolitical theatre READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Mitigating risks in infrastructure development READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Don’t let mobs give India a bad name READ MORE

2. The transformative power of education in fostering global unity READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. At the heart of Mission Karmayogi lies a profound philosophical ethos inspired by the Bhagavad Gita, advocating for duty and action without attachment to outcomes. Comment.

2. In an era where the dynamics of governance and public service are evolving rapidly, India has embarked on an ambitious journey to transform its civil service with the launch of the Mission Karmayogi scheme. Discuss.

3. Simultaneous elections hinder political accountability as fixed terms offer representatives unwarranted stability without performance scrutiny. Examine.

4. The severe fragmentation of governance across the Urban Local Bodies, the parastatal agencies, and other departments has led to a complete absence of transparency and clear systematic processes. Comment.

5. Simultaneous elections may encourage a more cooperative federalism with national and state parties and governments working in close and synchronised alignment. Critically examine.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • Mutual tolerance is a necessity for all time and for all races.
  • While no political party will win the elections on its technology promises, it is an opportune moment for all to offer an alternate digital vision.
  • The lack of a foreign policy debate today is less about a genuine consensus than declining interest in world affairs within demoralised Oppn.
  • An executive-driven process has to yield to one more rooted in the constitutional principle of having an independent body to hold free and fair elections, even if the CJI, as an institutional head, might not be the person most suited to be a part of the selection process.
  • There is much evidence of the unique level of trust between the leadership of Bhutan and India that has led to a strengthening of ties.
  • Hydropower cooperation is the bedrock of India’s relations with Bhutan.
  • The MSP regime was a vital instrument for ensuring food security in India.
  • Government intervention, and particularly a legally binding MSP, is deemed a problem. It is this adherence to free market dogma that is preventing a just solution to the ongoing crisis in farmer incomes.
  • The government itself has engaged in the narrative of a strong economy that has surpassed its past performance and one that benefits all sections of the population.
  • The state has also failed to strengthen the linkages between agriculture and industry. The Green Revolution was introduced as a flagship programme by the Central Government to ensure food security.
  • Information and smart technologies and online marketing can boost industrialisation in the state by addressing the constraints, such as it being a landlocked state, locational disadvantages of the national market, a lack of mineral resources and expensive land.
  • The GST Council has to make crucial decisions regarding inclusion of petroleum products and streamlining tax slabs to fortify the robustness of the GST system.
  • Education serves as a bridge that transcends cultural divides, fostering mutual understanding and collaboration among diverse populations.
  • In a country as diverse and populous as India, with its myriad socio-economic challenges, the need for innovative approaches to education and skill development has never been more pressing.
  • At the heart of Mission Karmayogi lies a profound philosophical ethos inspired by the Bhagavad Gita, advocating for duty and action without attachment to outcomes.
  • In an era where the dynamics of governance and public service are evolving rapidly, India has embarked on an ambitious journey to transform its civil service with the launch of the Mission Karmayogi scheme.
  • Digital connectivity in rural areas paves the way for tech start-ups to penetrate local networks and design digital systems that increase yield efficiency in terms of time, cost, and profitability for farmers across the agriculture value chain.
  • The idea of simultaneous elections is against the federal idea, which is integral to the Constitution. It would be wrong and unwise on the part of the government to proceed with it, ignoring all criticism and reservations.
  • Simultaneous elections hinder political accountability as fixed terms offer representatives unwarranted stability without performance scrutiny.
  • Electoral Bonds legalised a route for political parties to secretly funnel unaccounted money from India and abroad into their coffers. But, no one is punished. No one expected they would be. We have been trained by experience to expect so little of democracy and its institutions.
  • The severe fragmentation of governance across the Urban Local Bodies, the parastatal agencies, and other departments has led to a complete absence of transparency and clear systematic processes.

ESSAY TOPIC

  • Mutual tolerance is a necessity for all time and for all races.

50-WORD TALK

  • There is finally some sunlight in the electoral bonds matter. Data on 2018-2019 is still pending. SC has now ordered SBI to release the bond numbers that can link donors to political parties. That this exercise will drive funding underground is fearmongering. Companies must be upfront about their donations anyway.
  • Russian President Vladimir Putin has won the elections again by a huge vote. Strongman leaders like Putin, Turkish President Erdogan and Chinese President Xi Jinping hold farce polls to look and sound legitimate. The world knows the truth about this model of authoritarian heads who seek to rule for life.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
  • Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.


Day-612 | Daily MCQs | UPSC Prelims | GEOGRAPHY

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  1. Question 1 of 5
    1. Question

    1. Consider the following pairs about water bodies around the world:
    Water bodies in news – Countries
    1. Lake Retba – Senegal
    2. Mahmudia Wetlands – Yemen
    3. Lake Titicaca – Chile
    How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Pair 1 is matched correctly:
    ● Lake Retba, better known as Lac Rose (the Pink Lake), is located around 35km from the city of Dakar, Senegal. It sits in a depression with a shoreline 6.5 metres below sea level.
    ● The lake’s waters are virtually devoid of life, with the exception of a few microscopic algae and bacteria.
    ● It’s losing its appeal for a number of reasons. Apart from tourism, artisanal salt mining has been one of the dominant activities around the lake.
    Why does the water turn pink?
    ● The pink coloration is due to the proliferation of halophilic green algae (living in a salty environment), Dunaliella salina, which contain red pigments. The alga is associated with halophilic bacteria of the genus Halobacterium. This microscopic alga’s resistance to salt comes from its high concentration of carotenoid pigments, which protect it from light, and its high glycerol content.
    ● In fact, Dunaliella salina contains at least four antioxidant pigments (beta-carotene, astaxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin), which are rich in vitamins and trace elements. When salinity is high, algae with red pigments thrive, and when salinity is low, they give way to other algae rich in green pigments.

    Pair 2 is matched incorrectly:
    ● Wildlife conservation organisation World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has urged the Romanian government to classify Mahmudia wetland as a ‘national interest ecological restoration area’ to protect its natural progress and foster community prosperity.
    ● The Mahmudia wetland is situated in Romania’s Danube Delta.
    ● It is facing a critical threat as agricultural leaseholders seek to revert a significant portion of the naturally restored wetlands to cropland.

    ● This move poses a risk to the biodiversity, livelihoods, and climate resilience that the wetland currently provides.
    Pair 3 is matched incorrectly:
    ● Lake Titicaca is facing a serious threat from climate change and drought.
    ● It is the largest freshwater lake in South America and the highest of the world’s largest lakes.
    ● The lake, which lies on the border between Bolivia and Peru, has seen its water levels drop to near-record lows.
    ● The lack of rainfall and the increased evaporation due to rising temperatures have reduced the inflow and volume of the lake.
    ● This has resulted in stranded boats, exposed shorelines, and diminished fish populations.
    ● The lake is also home to more than 500 species of plants and animals, some of which are endemic and endangered.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Pair 1 is matched correctly:
    ● Lake Retba, better known as Lac Rose (the Pink Lake), is located around 35km from the city of Dakar, Senegal. It sits in a depression with a shoreline 6.5 metres below sea level.
    ● The lake’s waters are virtually devoid of life, with the exception of a few microscopic algae and bacteria.
    ● It’s losing its appeal for a number of reasons. Apart from tourism, artisanal salt mining has been one of the dominant activities around the lake.
    Why does the water turn pink?
    ● The pink coloration is due to the proliferation of halophilic green algae (living in a salty environment), Dunaliella salina, which contain red pigments. The alga is associated with halophilic bacteria of the genus Halobacterium. This microscopic alga’s resistance to salt comes from its high concentration of carotenoid pigments, which protect it from light, and its high glycerol content.
    ● In fact, Dunaliella salina contains at least four antioxidant pigments (beta-carotene, astaxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin), which are rich in vitamins and trace elements. When salinity is high, algae with red pigments thrive, and when salinity is low, they give way to other algae rich in green pigments.

    Pair 2 is matched incorrectly:
    ● Wildlife conservation organisation World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has urged the Romanian government to classify Mahmudia wetland as a ‘national interest ecological restoration area’ to protect its natural progress and foster community prosperity.
    ● The Mahmudia wetland is situated in Romania’s Danube Delta.
    ● It is facing a critical threat as agricultural leaseholders seek to revert a significant portion of the naturally restored wetlands to cropland.

    ● This move poses a risk to the biodiversity, livelihoods, and climate resilience that the wetland currently provides.
    Pair 3 is matched incorrectly:
    ● Lake Titicaca is facing a serious threat from climate change and drought.
    ● It is the largest freshwater lake in South America and the highest of the world’s largest lakes.
    ● The lake, which lies on the border between Bolivia and Peru, has seen its water levels drop to near-record lows.
    ● The lack of rainfall and the increased evaporation due to rising temperatures have reduced the inflow and volume of the lake.
    ● This has resulted in stranded boats, exposed shorelines, and diminished fish populations.
    ● The lake is also home to more than 500 species of plants and animals, some of which are endemic and endangered.

  2. Question 2 of 5
    2. Question

    2. Consider the following statements regarding the rivers originating from Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region:
    1. The Amu Darya River flows into the Aral Sea.
    2. The Tarim River flows into the Taklamakan Desert.
    3. The Yellow River flows into the Gulf of Bohai.
    4. The Mekong River flows into the Gulf of Thailand.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: C
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is correct:
    ● The Amu Darya, historically known as the Oxus River, is a major river in Central Asia and Afghanistan.
    ● Rising in the Pamir Mountains, north of the Hindu Kush, the Amu Darya is formed by the confluence of the Vakhsh and Panj rivers, in the Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve on the border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan, and flows from there north-westwards into the southern remnants of the Aral Sea.

    Statement 2 is correct:
    ● The Tarim River is a river in Xinjiang, China.
    ● It is the longest inland river in China.
    ● It is the principal river of the Tarim Basin, a desert region of Central Asia between the Tian Shan and Kunlun Mountains.
    ● The river historically terminated at Lop Nur, but today reaches no further than Taitema Lake before drying out in Taklamakan Desert.

    Statement 3 is correct:
    ● The Yellow River (Huang He) is the second longest river in China (after the Yangtze).
    ● It’s the fifth-longest river in the world.
    ● Source: The Bayankala Mountains on the Plateau of Tibet in western central China.
    ● Mouth: Southern Bohai Sea
    ● Claims to fame: world’s muddiest major river, “China’s cradle (of civilization)”
    ● The name “Yellow River” comes from the huge amounts of “yellow” loess sediment it carries, which are eroded when it flows through the Loess Plateau.

    Statement 4 is incorrect:
    ● The Mekong River is a trans-boundary river in East Asia and Southeast Asia.
    ● It is the world’s twelfth-longest river and the third-longest in Asia with an estimated length of 4,909 km.
    ● From its headwaters in the Tibetan Plateau, the river runs through Southwest China (where it is officially called the Lancang River), Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and southern Vietnam.
    ● Even so, the river is a major trade route between Tibet and Southeast Asia.
    ● Mouth of the river: South China Sea

    Incorrect

    Answer: C
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is correct:
    ● The Amu Darya, historically known as the Oxus River, is a major river in Central Asia and Afghanistan.
    ● Rising in the Pamir Mountains, north of the Hindu Kush, the Amu Darya is formed by the confluence of the Vakhsh and Panj rivers, in the Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve on the border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan, and flows from there north-westwards into the southern remnants of the Aral Sea.

    Statement 2 is correct:
    ● The Tarim River is a river in Xinjiang, China.
    ● It is the longest inland river in China.
    ● It is the principal river of the Tarim Basin, a desert region of Central Asia between the Tian Shan and Kunlun Mountains.
    ● The river historically terminated at Lop Nur, but today reaches no further than Taitema Lake before drying out in Taklamakan Desert.

    Statement 3 is correct:
    ● The Yellow River (Huang He) is the second longest river in China (after the Yangtze).
    ● It’s the fifth-longest river in the world.
    ● Source: The Bayankala Mountains on the Plateau of Tibet in western central China.
    ● Mouth: Southern Bohai Sea
    ● Claims to fame: world’s muddiest major river, “China’s cradle (of civilization)”
    ● The name “Yellow River” comes from the huge amounts of “yellow” loess sediment it carries, which are eroded when it flows through the Loess Plateau.

    Statement 4 is incorrect:
    ● The Mekong River is a trans-boundary river in East Asia and Southeast Asia.
    ● It is the world’s twelfth-longest river and the third-longest in Asia with an estimated length of 4,909 km.
    ● From its headwaters in the Tibetan Plateau, the river runs through Southwest China (where it is officially called the Lancang River), Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and southern Vietnam.
    ● Even so, the river is a major trade route between Tibet and Southeast Asia.
    ● Mouth of the river: South China Sea

  3. Question 3 of 5
    3. Question

    3. Consider the following statements about traditional cultivation systems:
    1. Akkadi Saalu is an intercropping system that has been in traditional practice in Kerala.
    2. Khandagari is a traditional shifting cultivation system in North East India.
    3. The Kuttanad farming system is the practice of rice cultivation below sea level in coastal Karnataka.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: D
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is incorrect:
    ● AKKADI SAALU (Diversified Farming Systems) is a traditional culture of farming by growing diversified crops in a given plot under rain-fed conditions.
    ● This traditional cultivation practice is largely practiced in interior Karnataka.
    ● It is also connecting monsoon and rabi cropping seasons, where the rainfall is effectively utilized to secure varieties of food – fodder – fiber crops in a given land.
    ● Securing nutritional food security for soil microbes – plants – domestic animals and farming communities is the goal of AKKADI SAALU.
    ● AKKADI SAALU METHOD ensures one or the other crops above the soil for more than eight months in a year to conserve the soil moisture, enhance the nutrients status of soil, control the erosion losses, suppress the weeds in crop plants, and remove the residual effects of pesticides, fertilizers, and heavy metals from earlier use.
    Statement 2 is incorrect:
    Kandhagari traditional cultivation system:
    ● Wayanad is a place in Kerala which is characterized by its traditional shifting cultivation system called “Kandhagari”, which involves the rotation of crops like rice, millets and tubers.
    ● This system has helped maintain biodiversity and is deeply rooted in the culture of the indigenous communities.
    Statement 3 is incorrect:
    Kuttanad below sea level farming system:
    ● The only system in India that has been practicing rice cultivation below sea level since the past 2 centuries.
    ● Kuttanad is a delta region of about 900 sq. km situated on the west coast of Kerala State, India. The area is a larger mosaic of fragmented landscape patches and varied ecosystems such as coastal backwaters, rivers, vast stretches of paddy fields, marshes, ponds, garden lands, edges, corridors and remarkably networked waterways.
    ● The Kuttanad Below Sea-level Farming System (KBSFS) is unique, as it is the only system in India that practices rice cultivation below sea level. The major land use structure of KBSFS is flat stretches of rice fields in about 50,000 ha of mostly reclaimed delta swamps. The rice fields, which are popularly known as “Puncha Vayals’ ‘ exist in three landscape elements: Karapadam (upland rice fields), Kayal (wetland rice fields) and Kari (land buried with black coal-like materials).

    Incorrect

    Answer: D
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is incorrect:
    ● AKKADI SAALU (Diversified Farming Systems) is a traditional culture of farming by growing diversified crops in a given plot under rain-fed conditions.
    ● This traditional cultivation practice is largely practiced in interior Karnataka.
    ● It is also connecting monsoon and rabi cropping seasons, where the rainfall is effectively utilized to secure varieties of food – fodder – fiber crops in a given land.
    ● Securing nutritional food security for soil microbes – plants – domestic animals and farming communities is the goal of AKKADI SAALU.
    ● AKKADI SAALU METHOD ensures one or the other crops above the soil for more than eight months in a year to conserve the soil moisture, enhance the nutrients status of soil, control the erosion losses, suppress the weeds in crop plants, and remove the residual effects of pesticides, fertilizers, and heavy metals from earlier use.
    Statement 2 is incorrect:
    Kandhagari traditional cultivation system:
    ● Wayanad is a place in Kerala which is characterized by its traditional shifting cultivation system called “Kandhagari”, which involves the rotation of crops like rice, millets and tubers.
    ● This system has helped maintain biodiversity and is deeply rooted in the culture of the indigenous communities.
    Statement 3 is incorrect:
    Kuttanad below sea level farming system:
    ● The only system in India that has been practicing rice cultivation below sea level since the past 2 centuries.
    ● Kuttanad is a delta region of about 900 sq. km situated on the west coast of Kerala State, India. The area is a larger mosaic of fragmented landscape patches and varied ecosystems such as coastal backwaters, rivers, vast stretches of paddy fields, marshes, ponds, garden lands, edges, corridors and remarkably networked waterways.
    ● The Kuttanad Below Sea-level Farming System (KBSFS) is unique, as it is the only system in India that practices rice cultivation below sea level. The major land use structure of KBSFS is flat stretches of rice fields in about 50,000 ha of mostly reclaimed delta swamps. The rice fields, which are popularly known as “Puncha Vayals’ ‘ exist in three landscape elements: Karapadam (upland rice fields), Kayal (wetland rice fields) and Kari (land buried with black coal-like materials).

  4. Question 4 of 5
    4. Question

    4. Consider the following pairs:
    Indian tribes in news – States
    1. Hakki Pikki tribes – Karnataka
    2. Hattee tribes – Himachal Pradesh
    3. Soligas tribes – Meghalaya
    How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

    Correct

    Answer: B
    Explanation:
    Pair 1 is matched correctly:
    ● The Hakki Pikkis are traditionally a semi-nomadic tribe of bird catchers and hunters, who settled down in several parts of Karnataka.
    ● In the last 20 years the community left bird catching and hunting, and have started to prepare traditional medicines, especially hair oils.
    ● Their settlement is mainly on the edge of Bannerghatta National Park.
    Pair 2 is matched correctly:
    ● Recently, the Central Government granted Tribal Status to the Hatti Community of the Tans-Giri region of Himachal Pradesh’s Sirmaur district.
    Who are the Hattis?
    ● The Hattis are a close-knit community that got their name from their tradition of selling homegrown vegetables, crops, meat, and wool, etc. at small markets called ‘haat’ in towns.
    ● Hatti men traditionally don a distinctive white headgear on ceremonial occasions.
    Pair 3 is matched incorrectly:
    ● Indigenous groups Soligas have been living in the Cauvery Basin and the surrounding hills of peninsular India for thousands of years.
    ● Soligas, one of the oldest indigenous communities in the country, are the original inhabitants of Karnataka and live mostly in the Chamarajanagar and Mandya districts.
    ● Honey is an important part of the diet for the Soliga people, who still forage large parts of their food from the biodiversity-rich Ghats.
    ● They are the first tribal community living inside the core area of a tiger reserve in India to get their forest rights officially recognised by a court of law.
    ● Also the scientific community has named a new genus (Soliga ecarinata) of wasp after this community.

    Incorrect

    Answer: B
    Explanation:
    Pair 1 is matched correctly:
    ● The Hakki Pikkis are traditionally a semi-nomadic tribe of bird catchers and hunters, who settled down in several parts of Karnataka.
    ● In the last 20 years the community left bird catching and hunting, and have started to prepare traditional medicines, especially hair oils.
    ● Their settlement is mainly on the edge of Bannerghatta National Park.
    Pair 2 is matched correctly:
    ● Recently, the Central Government granted Tribal Status to the Hatti Community of the Tans-Giri region of Himachal Pradesh’s Sirmaur district.
    Who are the Hattis?
    ● The Hattis are a close-knit community that got their name from their tradition of selling homegrown vegetables, crops, meat, and wool, etc. at small markets called ‘haat’ in towns.
    ● Hatti men traditionally don a distinctive white headgear on ceremonial occasions.
    Pair 3 is matched incorrectly:
    ● Indigenous groups Soligas have been living in the Cauvery Basin and the surrounding hills of peninsular India for thousands of years.
    ● Soligas, one of the oldest indigenous communities in the country, are the original inhabitants of Karnataka and live mostly in the Chamarajanagar and Mandya districts.
    ● Honey is an important part of the diet for the Soliga people, who still forage large parts of their food from the biodiversity-rich Ghats.
    ● They are the first tribal community living inside the core area of a tiger reserve in India to get their forest rights officially recognised by a court of law.
    ● Also the scientific community has named a new genus (Soliga ecarinata) of wasp after this community.

  5. Question 5 of 5
    5. Question

    5. Consider the following rocks:
    1. Gabbro
    2. Shale
    3. Phyllite
    4. Marble
    5. Granite
    6. Diorite
    How many of the above rocks are ‘Igneous rocks’?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation: Gabbro, Granite and Diorite are the igneous rocks here.
    Igneous rocks:
    ● Igneous rocks are classified based on texture. Texture depends upon size and arrangement of grains or other physical conditions of the materials. If molten material is cooled slowly at great depths, mineral grains may be very large.
    ● Sudden cooling (at the surface) results in small and smooth grains.
    ● Intermediate conditions of cooling would result in intermediate sizes of grains making up igneous rocks.
    ● Granite, gabbro, pegmatite, basalt, volcanic breccia and tuff are some of the examples of igneous rocks.
    Additional Information
    Other types of rocks are:
    Sedimentary Rocks –
    ● The word ‘sedimentary’ is derived from the Latin word ‘sedimentum’, which means settling.
    ● Rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic) of the earth’s surface are exposed to denudational agents, and are broken up into various sizes of fragments. Such fragments are transported by different exogenous agencies and deposited. These deposits through compaction turn into rocks. This process is called lithification. In many sedimentary rocks, the layers of deposits retain their characteristics even after lithification.
    ● Depending upon the mode of formation, sedimentary rocks are classified into three major groups:
    ✔ Mechanically formed — sandstone, conglomerate, limestone, shale, loess etc.
    ✔ Organically formed — geyserite, chalk, limestone, coal etc.
    ✔ Chemically formed — chert, limestone, halite, potash etc.
    Metamorphic Rocks:
    ● The word metamorphic means ‘change of form’. These rocks form under the action of pressure, volume and temperature (PVT) changes.
    ● Metamorphism occurs when rocks are forced down to lower levels by tectonic processes or when molten magma rising through the crust comes in contact with the crustal rocks or the underlying rocks are subjected to great amounts of pressure by overlying rocks. Metamorphism is a process by which already consolidated rocks undergo recrystallisation and reorganisation of materials within original rocks.
    ● Types of metamorphic rocks depend upon original rocks that were subjected to metamorphism.
    ● Metamorphic rocks are classified into two major groups — foliated rocks and non-foliated rocks.
    ✔ Gneissoid, syenite, slate, schist, marble, quartzite etc. are some examples of metamorphic rocks.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation: Gabbro, Granite and Diorite are the igneous rocks here.
    Igneous rocks:
    ● Igneous rocks are classified based on texture. Texture depends upon size and arrangement of grains or other physical conditions of the materials. If molten material is cooled slowly at great depths, mineral grains may be very large.
    ● Sudden cooling (at the surface) results in small and smooth grains.
    ● Intermediate conditions of cooling would result in intermediate sizes of grains making up igneous rocks.
    ● Granite, gabbro, pegmatite, basalt, volcanic breccia and tuff are some of the examples of igneous rocks.
    Additional Information
    Other types of rocks are:
    Sedimentary Rocks –
    ● The word ‘sedimentary’ is derived from the Latin word ‘sedimentum’, which means settling.
    ● Rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic) of the earth’s surface are exposed to denudational agents, and are broken up into various sizes of fragments. Such fragments are transported by different exogenous agencies and deposited. These deposits through compaction turn into rocks. This process is called lithification. In many sedimentary rocks, the layers of deposits retain their characteristics even after lithification.
    ● Depending upon the mode of formation, sedimentary rocks are classified into three major groups:
    ✔ Mechanically formed — sandstone, conglomerate, limestone, shale, loess etc.
    ✔ Organically formed — geyserite, chalk, limestone, coal etc.
    ✔ Chemically formed — chert, limestone, halite, potash etc.
    Metamorphic Rocks:
    ● The word metamorphic means ‘change of form’. These rocks form under the action of pressure, volume and temperature (PVT) changes.
    ● Metamorphism occurs when rocks are forced down to lower levels by tectonic processes or when molten magma rising through the crust comes in contact with the crustal rocks or the underlying rocks are subjected to great amounts of pressure by overlying rocks. Metamorphism is a process by which already consolidated rocks undergo recrystallisation and reorganisation of materials within original rocks.
    ● Types of metamorphic rocks depend upon original rocks that were subjected to metamorphism.
    ● Metamorphic rocks are classified into two major groups — foliated rocks and non-foliated rocks.
    ✔ Gneissoid, syenite, slate, schist, marble, quartzite etc. are some examples of metamorphic rocks.

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ADDRESSING GENETIC CHALLENGES IN RANTHAMBORE TIGER POPULATION

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Ranthambore National Park has witnessed significant fluctuations in its tiger population over the past decades, from the brink of extinction to gradual recovery under Project Tiger.

EXPLANATION:

  • However, despite the visible success in population growth, genetic studies reveal underlying threats posed by inbreeding due to geographic isolation.

Genetic Isolation and Inbreeding

  • Genetic studies indicate that Ranthambore tigers, with a population size of 69 individuals, exhibit signs of inbreeding, posing risks to their long-term viability.
  • Fragmentation of habitats and isolation from larger tiger landscapes have contributed to genetic isolation, exacerbating the effects of inbreeding.

Potential Implications of Inbreeding Depression

  • Inbreeding depression, characterized by reduced fitness and increased susceptibility to genetic disorders, poses a significant concern for the Ranthambore tiger population.
  • While no conclusive evidence of inbreeding depression has been observed yet, genetic studies highlight the need for proactive measures to mitigate potential risks.

Importance of Genetic Rescue

  • To counteract the effects of inbreeding and enhance genetic diversity, genetic rescue through facilitated gene flow is proposed.
  • Genetic rescue involves introducing individuals from external populations to introduce new genes and increase genetic diversity within the Ranthambore tiger population.

Challenges and Considerations

  • While genetic rescue offers a potential solution, it also entails risks such as outbreeding depression, necessitating careful planning and evaluation.
  • The urgency of genetic rescue must be weighed against on-ground challenges, including habitat fragmentation, anthropogenic pressures, and political constraints.

Strategies for Genetic Rescue

  • Proposed strategies for genetic rescue include translocation of tigers from different landscapes to establish new gene pools within Ranthambore and neighboring tiger reserves.
  • Maximizing connectivity and facilitating natural dispersal between satellite populations are also recommended to promote gene flow and minimize extinction risks.

Collaborative Efforts and Policy Considerations

  • Effective genetic rescue requires collaboration between scientists, conservationists, and policymakers to develop and implement strategies.
  • The involvement of government agencies such as the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is essential in coordinating conservation efforts and facilitating proactive measures.

Urgency and Mitigation

  • While natural dispersal and habitat restoration efforts may contribute to genetic vitality over time, the urgency of the situation necessitates active mitigation measures.
  • Pragmatic approaches must be adopted to address genetic challenges promptly and ensure the long-term survival of the Ranthambore tiger population.

Ranthambore National Park:

  • Ranthambore National Park was established initially as Sawai Madhopur Game Sanctuary in 1955 by the Government of India.
  • In 1973, it was declared as one of the Project Tiger reserves in India.
  • It was on 1st November, 1980 that Ranthambore was declared a national park, while the forests located beside it were named Sawai Man Singh Sanctuary & Keladevi Sanctuary.
  • Ranthambore National Park is located in Rajasthan.
  • It is located at the junction of the Aravali and Vindhya hill ranges.
  • It is the natural habitat to the significant number of Royal Bengal tigers.
  • Apart from tigers, the major wild animals include Leopard, Nilgai, Wild boar, Sambar, Hyena, Sloth bear and Chital.
  • The number of tigers and their cubs in the adjoining areas of Ranthambore has gone up from 66 in 2019 to 81 in 2021.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/wildlife-biodiversity/conservation-not-enough-for-the-highly-inbred-ranthambore-tigers-they-require-genetic-rescue-95077



EMPOWERING INDIA’s DEEP TECH STARTUPS: POLICY INITIATIVES AND CHALLENGES

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Deep tech, encompassing advanced technologies with disruptive potential, has emerged as a key focus area for India’s startup ecosystem.

EXPLANATION:

  • At the Startup Mahakumbh event, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) highlighted the imminent release of a policy tailored for startups in the deep tech space.
  • This policy, currently in the final stages of inter-ministerial consultations, aims to provide a conducive environment for the growth and innovation of deep tech startups.

Scope of Startup Mahakumbh and Industry Participation

  • The Startup Mahakumbh event serves as a platform for thousands of startups and investors across various sectors, including artificial intelligence, agritech, fintech, and gaming, to converge and collaborate.
  • it is organized jointly by industry bodies such as Assocham, Nasscom, and TiE, with support from government agencies like DPIIT and Invest India.
  • The event underscores the collaborative efforts to foster entrepreneurship and innovation in India’s startup ecosystem.

Government Support and Financial Initiatives

  • The Indian government has demonstrated its commitment to bolstering deep tech capabilities through financial incentives and schemes.
  • In her Interim Budget speech, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a Rs 1 lakh crore fund to provide long-term, low-cost or zero-interest loans for research and development.
  • Additionally, a new scheme to enhance deep-tech capabilities in the defense sector was promised, highlighting the strategic importance of technological innovation in national security.

Nurturing a Culture of Innovation

  • Industry leaders and former Niti Aayog CEO Amitabh Kant emphasized the need for India to embrace the opportunities presented by artificial intelligence and other emerging technologies.
  • President of IT industry lobby group Nasscom advocated for an “opportunity narrative” surrounding AI, emphasizing the importance of balanced oversight to maximize its potential benefits.
  • India’s startups are seen as a national asset, underscoring their significant contribution to the economy and innovation landscape.

Challenges and Opportunities for Startups

  • Despite India’s burgeoning startup ecosystem, challenges persist, particularly in funding and sustainability.
  • The decline in funding and the decrease in the number of unicorns in 2023 signal a need for startups to prioritize profitability and operational efficiency.
  • However, investors remain optimistic about India’s startup journey, with significant uninvested capital earmarked for the sector.
  • Encouraging greater participation from established corporates and conglomerates in funding startups could further catalyze growth and innovation.

Deep Tech:

  • Deep tech or deep technology refers to a class of startup businesses that develop new offerings based on tangible engineering innovation or scientific discoveries and advances.
  • Usually, such startups operate on, but are not limited to, agriculture, life sciences, chemistry, aerospace and green energy.
  • Deep tech fields like Artificial Intelligence, advanced materials, blockchain, biotechnology, robotics, drones, photonics, and quantum computing are moving more and more quickly from early research to market applications.
  • Deep tech often requires a lot of early-stage funding for research and development, prototyping, validating hypothesis, and technology development.

National Deep Tech Startup Policy (NDTSP):

  • The Draft National Deep Tech Startup Policy (NDTSP) is strategically formulated to stimulate innovation, spur economic growth, and promote societal development through the effective utilization of deep tech research-driven innovations.
  • This initiative centralizes on bolstering deep tech startups, thereby solidifying India’s financial stability and stimulating the transition towards a knowledge-centric economy, consequently augmenting India’s overall productivity.
  • NDTSP aims to harness the transformative potential of technological advancement across diverse sectors, serving as a catalyst to stimulate ripple effects throughout the economy and laying the groundwork for new industry creation.
  • This policy aims to significantly strengthen India’s capabilities and enhance global competitiveness.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/business/startup-mahakumbh-deep-tech-policy-in-final-stages-dpiit-secretary-rk-singh-amitabh-kant-starup-9220599/



UNESCO’s TENTATIVE LIST

TAG: GS 1: ART AND CULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Madhya Pradesh rejoices as six heritage sites earn a spot on UNESCO’s tentative list, marking a proud moment for the state’s cultural heritage.

EXPLANATION:

UNESCO’s Tentative List:

  • UNESCO’s tentative list is an inventory of properties which each state party intends to consider for nomination.
  • As per Operational Guidelines, 2019 of UNESCO, it is mandatory to put any monument/site on the tentative list for one year before it is considered for the final nomination dossier.
  • Once the nomination is done, it is sent to the World Heritage Centre (WHC).

Sites that has been added to the UNESCO’s Tentative List:

  • Gwalior Fort: Completed in 8th century AD by Raja Surya Sena, consisting of Man Mandir Palace, Gujari Mahal, Sas Bahu temples etc.
  • Khooni Bhandara, Burhanpur: Underground water management system, built by Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan during Jahangir’s reign. Based on Persian qanat approach.
  • Rock Art Sites of Chambal Valley: Rock art in hilly areas of Vindhyan, Satpura, and Kaimur ranges.
  • Bhojeshwar Mahadev Temple, Bhojpur: Lord Shiva temple, built during 11th century under Raja Bhoj. Built in Bhumija style (evolved form of Nagara style during Paramara period).
  • Gond Monuments of Ramnagar, Mandla: Architectural complexes built by Gond rulers consisting of Moti Mahal, Raibhagat ki Kothi, Begum Mahal etc.
  • The Historical Ensemble of Dhamnar: Rock cut site consisting of 51 monolithic Buddhist caves (5th-7th century CE) and hindu temple complex (Dharmarajeshwara temple).

World heritage site and UNESCO:

  • A World Heritage site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO).
  • World Heritage sites are designated by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, scientific or other forms of significance.
  • The sites are judged to contain “cultural and natural heritage around the world considered being of outstanding value to humanity.”
  • The concept of World Heritage emerged after WWII amid concerns over the widespread destruction of cultural sites and nature.
  • Efforts to remedy this led to the drafting of the 1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, commonly known as the World Heritage Convention.
  • It established the framework to preserve the world’s outstanding heritage.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/burhanpurs-khooni-bhandara-among-six-madhya-pradesh-heritage-sites-included-in-tentative-unesco-list-101710667457374.html



INDIA’s ALARMING AIR QUALITY REPORT: BEGUSARAI AND DELHI IN FOCUS

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Begusarai, a city in Bihar, has garnered global attention as the world’s most polluted metropolitan area, according to the World Air Quality Report 2023 by the Swiss organization IQAir.

EXPLANATION:                    

  • With an average annual PM2.5 concentration of 118.9 micrograms per cubic meter, Begusarai surpassed all other cities in terms of air pollution.
  • This stark statistic highlights the pressing need for immediate action to address air quality issues in the region.

Delhi: Persistently Poor Air Quality

  • Delhi, the capital city of India, once again found itself in the spotlight for having the poorest air quality among capital cities globally.
  • Despite efforts to curb pollution levels, Delhi’s PM2.5 levels worsened from 89.1 micrograms per cubic meter in 2022 to 92.7 micrograms per cubic meter in 2023.
  • This unfortunate trend marks the fourth consecutive year that Delhi has been ranked as the most polluted capital city in the world, underscoring the persistent challenges faced by authorities in tackling air pollution.

National Air Quality Overview

  • India, as a whole, faced significant challenges regarding air quality, ranking third-worst out of 134 countries in 2023.
  • With an average annual PM2.5 concentration of 54.4 micrograms per cubic meter, India trailed behind only Bangladesh and Pakistan in terms of air pollution levels.
  • This data reflects a concerning deterioration from the previous year, where India was ranked eighth most polluted globally with an average PM2.5 concentration of 53.3 micrograms per cubic meter.

Magnitude of the Issue

  • The scale of air pollution in India is staggering, with an estimated 1.36 billion people experiencing PM2.5 concentrations exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended annual guideline level of 5 micrograms per cubic meter.
  • Furthermore, a staggering 1.33 billion people, equivalent to 96% of the Indian population, are exposed to PM2.5 levels exceeding seven times the WHO annual guideline.
  • This widespread exposure to hazardous air pollutants poses a grave risk to public health across the nation.

Data Collection and Reporting

  • The World Air Quality Report 2023 utilized data from over 7,800 locations across 134 countries, regions, and territories, gathered from regulatory air quality monitoring stations and low-cost air quality sensors.
  • This comprehensive approach ensures that the report provides an accurate and detailed assessment of global air quality trends.

Health Implications

  • Air pollution is recognized as the greatest environmental threat to human health, contributing to an estimated one in every nine deaths worldwide.
  • Exposure to PM2.5 air pollution is associated with a myriad of health conditions, including asthma, cancer, stroke, lung disease, and impaired cognitive development in children.
  • Additionally, elevated levels of fine particles can exacerbate existing illnesses such as diabetes and lead to mental health issues.

Swiss organization IQAir and Air Quality Report:

  • IQAir is a Swiss air quality technology company, specializing in protection against airborne pollutants, developing air quality monitoring and air cleaning products.
  • IQAir also operates AirVisual, a real-time air quality information platform.
  • prepares the annual world air quality reports based on data from monitoring stations operated by governments and other institutions and organisations across the world.
  • The report includes 7,812 locations in 134 countries, regions and territories.
  • India had the third-worst air quality out of 134 countries in 2023 after Bangladesh and Pakistan.
  • 5 Concentration – India (54.4 micrograms per cubic metre), Bangladesh (79.9 micrograms per cubic metre) and Pakistan (73.7 micrograms per cubic metre).
  • In 2022, India was ranked as the eighth most polluted country with an average PM2.5 concentration of 53.3 micrograms per cubic metre.

SOURCE: https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bihars-begusarai-worlds-most-polluted-metropolitan-area-delhi-most-polluted-capital-again-report-2942405



DECIPHERING THE LEGAL AND POLITICAL QUANDARY: TAMIL NADU’S MINISTERIAL REINSTATEMENT SAGA

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court recently agreed to hear a plea by Tamil Nadu seeking its intervention in reinstating K Ponmudy, a senior leader of the ruling Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), as a minister.

EXPLANATION:                                                           

Background and Disqualification of K Ponmudy

  • In December last year, K Ponmudy, a senior leader of the ruling Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in Tamil Nadu, was disqualified as a minister after the Madras High Court convicted him in a disproportionate assets case.
  • The case stemmed from allegations of amassing assets during his tenure as the Minister for Mines and Minerals in the 2006–2011 DMK government.
  • The Madras High Court’s decision triggered Section 8(3) of The Representation of the People Act, 1951, which mandates disqualification of individuals convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for not less than two years.
  • The minister was disqualified under this provision, rendering him ineligible to hold ministerial office.

Supreme Court Stay and Reinstatement Plea

  • Ponmudy challenged the High Court’s ruling in the Supreme Court, which subsequently stayed his conviction and sentence on March 11.
  • The stay effectively suspended Ponmudy’s disqualification from the legislature until a final decision on his appeal is reached.
  • This legal precedent was followed to ensure that irreversible consequences did not arise from the conviction pending appeal.
  • The stay on Ponmudy’s conviction created grounds for his potential reinstatement as a minister, as the basis of his disqualification no longer existed.
  • This situation mirrors previous instances, such as the case of Rahul Gandhi and Mohammad Faizal, where individuals were reinstated following stays on their convictions by the Supreme Court.

Governor’s Refusal to Reinstate Ponmudy

  • Despite the Supreme Court’s stay on Ponmudy’s conviction, Tamil Nadu Governor RN Ravi refused to reinstate him as a minister.
  • The Governor cited Ponmudy’s ongoing corruption cases as grounds for his objection, highlighting the seriousness of the offences and their implications for constitutional morality.
  • In his letter to the Chief Minister, Governor Ravi emphasized that the suspension of Ponmudy’s conviction did not nullify its existence, but merely rendered it non-operative.
  • He argued against Ponmudy’s re-induction into the Council of Ministers while tainted by corruption, asserting that it would contravene constitutional morality.

Larger Tussle between Tamil Nadu Government and Governor

  • The dispute over Ponmudy’s reinstatement reflects a broader conflict between the Tamil Nadu government and the Governor, particularly regarding the Governor’s role in matters such as granting assent to Bills.
  • Article 164(1) of the Constitution outlines the appointment of the Chief Minister and other Ministers by the Governor, upon the advice of the Chief Minister.
  • However, Supreme Court rulings have interpreted the Governor’s power as flowing primarily from the “aid and advice” of the Council of Ministers.
  • In November 2023, the Supreme Court expressed concern over Governors’ reluctance to act on Bills, prompting Governor Ravi to return 10 pending Bills to the state government.
  • It emphasises the ongoing power struggle between the state government and the Governor over constitutional prerogatives.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/disqualification-over-graft-ravi-vs-tn-govt-again-9221516/



Day-611 | Daily MCQs | UPSC Prelims | POLITY

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  1. Question 1 of 5
    1. Question

    1. Consider the following:
    1. Article 367
    2. The General Clauses Act, 1897
    3. The Constituent Assembly Debates
    4. Judicial Precedents
    How many of the above are used by the judiciary in India for the interpretation of the Constitution?

    Correct

    Answer: D
    Explanation:
    The Constitution of India is interpreted by the judiciary by using all the above tools and instruments. Art 367 explains the meanings of words used in the constitution. It also says that the General Clauses Act, 1897 will also be used for interpretation. The General Clauses Act of 1897 aims to consolidate various provisions for the interpretation of words and legal principles into a single statute. These provisions would otherwise have to be specified separately in many different Acts and regulations. The Act also includes definitions of some words and some general principles of interpretation. It aims to provide general definitions that apply to all Central Acts and Regulations. Another method to know the meaning of words used in the Constitution is to look into the Constituent Assembly debates. Constituent Assembly debates are frequently cited before courts to canvas a particular interpretation of the Constitution. The Supreme Court has referred to the Constituent Assembly debates in important constitutional cases such as A K Gopalan vs. State of Madras, Golak Nath vs. State of Punjab and Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala.
    The courts also use the judicial precedents to understand the meaning of words and phrases employed in the Constitution. The most commonly cited source of constitutional meaning is the Supreme Court’s prior decisions on questions of constitutional law. For most, if not all Justices, judicial precedent provides possible principles, rules, or standards to govern judicial decisions in future cases with arguably similar facts.

    Incorrect

    Answer: D
    Explanation:
    The Constitution of India is interpreted by the judiciary by using all the above tools and instruments. Art 367 explains the meanings of words used in the constitution. It also says that the General Clauses Act, 1897 will also be used for interpretation. The General Clauses Act of 1897 aims to consolidate various provisions for the interpretation of words and legal principles into a single statute. These provisions would otherwise have to be specified separately in many different Acts and regulations. The Act also includes definitions of some words and some general principles of interpretation. It aims to provide general definitions that apply to all Central Acts and Regulations. Another method to know the meaning of words used in the Constitution is to look into the Constituent Assembly debates. Constituent Assembly debates are frequently cited before courts to canvas a particular interpretation of the Constitution. The Supreme Court has referred to the Constituent Assembly debates in important constitutional cases such as A K Gopalan vs. State of Madras, Golak Nath vs. State of Punjab and Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala.
    The courts also use the judicial precedents to understand the meaning of words and phrases employed in the Constitution. The most commonly cited source of constitutional meaning is the Supreme Court’s prior decisions on questions of constitutional law. For most, if not all Justices, judicial precedent provides possible principles, rules, or standards to govern judicial decisions in future cases with arguably similar facts.

  2. Question 2 of 5
    2. Question

    2. Consider the following statements about the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council:
    1. It is a constitutional body established by the Parliament as per the provisions of Article 279A of the Constitution.
    2. The Central Goods and Services Act, 2017 provides for a mechanism to address the disputes between the Union and the states arising out of the GST council recommendations.
    Which of the above given statements is/are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: D
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is incorrect: The GST Council is a constitutional body responsible for making recommendations on issues related to the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax in India. According to Article 279A, it is the President by order who will constitute the GST Council within 60 days from the commencement of 101st amendment. The GST Council was constituted on 15.09.2016 under Article 279A of the Constitution by the President. The GST Council consists of the Union Finance Minister, the Union Minister of State in charge of Revenue or Finance and the Minister in charge of Finance or Taxation or any other Minister nominated by each State Government.
    Statement 2 is incorrect: The dispute resolution mechanism provided under the CGST Act is of an Appellate Tribunal called GSTAT which decides appeals from the decisions of the GST implementation authorities. This is different from the mechanism provided in Art 279A.
    As per Art 279A (11),
    The Goods and Services Tax Council shall establish a mechanism to
    adjudicate any dispute—
    (a) between the Government of India and one or more States; or
    (b) between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more other States on the other side; or
    (c) between two or more States,
    arising out of the recommendations of the Council or implementation thereof.
    So, both the statements are incorrect.
    Hence, option D is the correct answer.

    Incorrect

    Answer: D
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is incorrect: The GST Council is a constitutional body responsible for making recommendations on issues related to the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax in India. According to Article 279A, it is the President by order who will constitute the GST Council within 60 days from the commencement of 101st amendment. The GST Council was constituted on 15.09.2016 under Article 279A of the Constitution by the President. The GST Council consists of the Union Finance Minister, the Union Minister of State in charge of Revenue or Finance and the Minister in charge of Finance or Taxation or any other Minister nominated by each State Government.
    Statement 2 is incorrect: The dispute resolution mechanism provided under the CGST Act is of an Appellate Tribunal called GSTAT which decides appeals from the decisions of the GST implementation authorities. This is different from the mechanism provided in Art 279A.
    As per Art 279A (11),
    The Goods and Services Tax Council shall establish a mechanism to
    adjudicate any dispute—
    (a) between the Government of India and one or more States; or
    (b) between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more other States on the other side; or
    (c) between two or more States,
    arising out of the recommendations of the Council or implementation thereof.
    So, both the statements are incorrect.
    Hence, option D is the correct answer.

  3. Question 3 of 5
    3. Question

    3. In the context of Indian polity, which of the following is/are mandatory before carving out a union territory from a state?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Article 3 of the Constitution of India deals with the formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States. It provides that no Bill for such purpose shall be introduced in either House of Parliament except on the recommendation of the President. It also provides for the reference of the Bill by the President to the Legislature of the concerned state for expressing its views within such period. It means, along with Presidential recommendation, the reference to the concerned assembly, ideally should be mandatory. But in the Article 370 judgment, the SC held that this reference is not mandatory while upholding the carving out of the UT of Ladakh from the then state of J and K. Hence, as the law stands today, reorganization of states inter se, does not require mandatory reference to the concerned state assembly.
    Hence, option A is the correct answer.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Article 3 of the Constitution of India deals with the formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States. It provides that no Bill for such purpose shall be introduced in either House of Parliament except on the recommendation of the President. It also provides for the reference of the Bill by the President to the Legislature of the concerned state for expressing its views within such period. It means, along with Presidential recommendation, the reference to the concerned assembly, ideally should be mandatory. But in the Article 370 judgment, the SC held that this reference is not mandatory while upholding the carving out of the UT of Ladakh from the then state of J and K. Hence, as the law stands today, reorganization of states inter se, does not require mandatory reference to the concerned state assembly.
    Hence, option A is the correct answer.

  4. Question 4 of 5
    4. Question

    4. With which of the following Union Ministries, the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) is associated?

    Correct

    Answer: B
    Explanation:
    The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) is located in the Ministry of Finance. On July 7, 2021, the DPE was moved from the Ministry of Heavy Industries to the Ministry of Finance. The shift of DPE to the Finance Ministry will help in efficient monitoring of the capital expenditure, asset monetisation and financial health of the Central Public Sector Enterprises. The DPE plays an important role in developing policies and guidelines for the functioning and performance of PSUs in India. It oversees the functions of the GoI’s Public Sector Undertakings and advises on their efficient management and control in the functional areas, such as finance, production, organisation and marketing.
    The DPE’s functions include:
    Monitoring the performance of state-run firms
    Monetizing their assets better through divestment and strategic sales
    Directing their procurements policies
    Coordinating matters of general policy affecting all Public Sector Enterprises
    Hence, the answer is B

    Incorrect

    Answer: B
    Explanation:
    The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) is located in the Ministry of Finance. On July 7, 2021, the DPE was moved from the Ministry of Heavy Industries to the Ministry of Finance. The shift of DPE to the Finance Ministry will help in efficient monitoring of the capital expenditure, asset monetisation and financial health of the Central Public Sector Enterprises. The DPE plays an important role in developing policies and guidelines for the functioning and performance of PSUs in India. It oversees the functions of the GoI’s Public Sector Undertakings and advises on their efficient management and control in the functional areas, such as finance, production, organisation and marketing.
    The DPE’s functions include:
    Monitoring the performance of state-run firms
    Monetizing their assets better through divestment and strategic sales
    Directing their procurements policies
    Coordinating matters of general policy affecting all Public Sector Enterprises
    Hence, the answer is B

  5. Question 5 of 5
    5. Question

    5. Consider the following statements:
    Statement-I: The fundamental duties added into the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment have not been made self-executory.
    Statement-II: The Constitution makes it obligatory for the state to make laws for the enforceability of the fundamental duties.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    Correct

    Answer: C
    Explanation:
    The fundamental duties were incorporated in Part IV-A of the Constitution by the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976, during emergency. Article 51(A) describes 11 fundamental duties — 10 came with the 42nd Amendment; the 11th was added by the 86th Amendment in 2002. They were made a part of the Constitution to emphasise the obligation of the citizen in return for the fundamental rights that he or she enjoys. The Russian Constitution has the concept of fundamental duties. The 42nd Constitutional Amendment was made in light of the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee.
    The fundamental duties are not made self-executory unlike most of the fundamental rights. The enforceability of fundamental duties has posed a persistent legal dilemma. The constitution itself does not prescribe a legal sanction against the breach or the non-performance of a fundamental duty. It doesn’t even ask the state to make laws in conformity with the fundamental duties. Under the Constitution, neither is there a provision that enforces fundamental duties nor is there any specific prohibition to their enforcement. Nevertheless, the legislature has incorporated some fundamental duties in certain statutes. These statutes lay down frameworks for enforcement of duties and set sanctions in the event of a failure to adhere with the prescription of the law.

    Incorrect

    Answer: C
    Explanation:
    The fundamental duties were incorporated in Part IV-A of the Constitution by the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976, during emergency. Article 51(A) describes 11 fundamental duties — 10 came with the 42nd Amendment; the 11th was added by the 86th Amendment in 2002. They were made a part of the Constitution to emphasise the obligation of the citizen in return for the fundamental rights that he or she enjoys. The Russian Constitution has the concept of fundamental duties. The 42nd Constitutional Amendment was made in light of the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee.
    The fundamental duties are not made self-executory unlike most of the fundamental rights. The enforceability of fundamental duties has posed a persistent legal dilemma. The constitution itself does not prescribe a legal sanction against the breach or the non-performance of a fundamental duty. It doesn’t even ask the state to make laws in conformity with the fundamental duties. Under the Constitution, neither is there a provision that enforces fundamental duties nor is there any specific prohibition to their enforcement. Nevertheless, the legislature has incorporated some fundamental duties in certain statutes. These statutes lay down frameworks for enforcement of duties and set sanctions in the event of a failure to adhere with the prescription of the law.

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WSDP Bulletin (19/03/2024)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. SC order on electoral bonds disclosure does not cover full details from March 2018 READ MORE

2. Study reports evidence of ‘missing’ spring in India READ MORE

3. Centre notifies rules allowing transfer of ‘captive’ elephants READ MORE

4. Vaccine for dengue may be available commercially by mid-2026 READ MORE

5. SAKHI to be a friend in need for Gaganyaan crew READ MORE

6. The big promise of small-scale LNG as fuel for India, with first SSLNG plant commissioned READ MORE

7. Fresh tussle with Governor: Why Tamil Nadu has moved SC to have a minister reinstated READ MORE

8. Heat, aridity, clear skies: why forests are already ablaze in the Nilgiris READ MORE

9. Measles accounted for most excess deaths as a result of COVID-19 related vaccine disruptions READ MORE

10. Conservation not enough for the highly inbred Ranthambore tigers — they require genetic rescue READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Violence, homelessness, and women’s mental health READ MORE

2. Should girls be ‘controlled’? Opinions among young boys and parents in Bihar READ MORE

3. Ocean temperature hit record high in February 2024, EU scientists say READ MORE

4. What happens when Bengaluru’s taps run dry? READ MORE

5. Bengaluru’s water crisis decoded READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Kovind Committee makes it real — India needs One Nation, One Election READ MORE

2. Why and how One Nation, One Election is divisive READ MORE

3. Misconceptions in Indian fiscal federalism READ MORE

4. The right to dissent is the lifeline of democracy READ MORE

5. Do away with death penalty READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Amended surrogacy law doesn’t go the full distance READ MORE

2. Human development should be priority READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. What do FTAs with European countries signal? | Explained READ MORE

2. All eyes are now on the Indian Ocean region READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Trade puzzle: On exports and global trade READ MORE

2. How NFHS data can help craft policy for women’s financial inclusion READ MORE

3. Inclusive growth in India key to Viksit Bharat READ MORE

4. The consumers’ economy of India: What do the recent macro numbers tell us? READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. RBI and the net-zero transition — A roadmap for green India READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. AI and data: A tale of necessity and constraint READ MORE

2. Mission AI READ MORE

3. How data analytics and AI is critical to EV charging anxiety READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Space is becoming a global geopolitical theatre READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Mitigating risks in infrastructure development READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Master the art of cultivating power READ MORE

2. Minimise ego and be free READ MORE

3. Ethics and the future of innovation READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. Simultaneous elections may encourage a more cooperative federalism with national and state parties and governments working in close and synchronised alignment. Critically examine.

2. One Nation, One Election would give political parties breathing space to focus on long-term policies instead of short-term populist measures. Critically comment.

3. A comprehensive and conscientious approach to ensure the ethical and considerate mainstream integration of AI technologies is imperative. Comment in the light of recent developments.

4. By offering equitable access to high-quality care for all individuals, regardless of socio-economic background, digital solutions can play a pivotal role in addressing unequal health outcomes. Comment.

5. India stands on the brink of a digital healthcare revolution that promises to transform NCD management and improve overall health outcomes. Comment.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • Coalitions, though successful, have always found this, that their triumph has been brief.
  • Both the Western Indian Ocean and the Northern Indian Ocean have become active geographies again.
  • India needs to convey a clear message to its strategic partners that while it is conscious of its Indo-Pacific responsibilities, it prioritises the Indian Ocean region.
  • While Indian Ocean Rim Association is underperforming and has become too amorphous to be effective, the Colombo Security Conclave faces the danger of losing a key member, the Maldives, if the island nation’s partnership with China deepens.
  • Evidence indicates that violence and mental health conditions have a reciprocal, cause-and-effect relationship, and both factors significantly heighten the risk of homelessness.
  • Instead of addressing root causes rhetorically, we should examine the complex strands surrounding mental health.
  • The Agni-5 with MIRV capability bolsters India’s nuclear capabilities vis-à-vis China. It puts China on notice — that India is preparing itself to counter the advances Beijing has made with its missile and missile defence programmes.
  • Financial inclusion awareness programmes must give special attention to women in households not headed by women.
  • Simultaneous elections may encourage a more cooperative federalism with national and state parties and governments working in close and synchronised alignment.
  • To reimagine the city’s waterscape, it is essential to rebuild our lost relationship with the many meanings of water.
  • One Nation, One Election would give political parties breathing space to focus on long-term policies instead of short-term populist measures.
  • Consciousness is an attribute of life, embedded in all life forms, right from the unicellular bacterium to the multicellular, multi-organ human being.
  • To ensure free and fair elections, tackle the menace of muscle power, money power, misinformation and code of conduct violations diligently.
  • Parliament should implement policies to enhance political finance regulations and ensure that candidates with significant criminal cases cannot run for office. Additionally, the government must prioritise political transparency, accountability, and ethical behaviour.
  • Rapid investments from public and private sectors are necessary to translate India’s high growth to meaningful human development.
  • Electric vehicle adoption is on the rise, but there is mounting apprehension regarding malfunctioning chargers, which poses challenges for both consumers and infrastructure operators. The progress India has made is not enough when the challenge is to ensure a minimum quality of life to all citizens. The goal of becoming a developed country by 2047 will have meaning only if development means human development.
  • A comprehensive and conscientious approach to ensure the ethical and considerate mainstream integration of AI technologies is imperative.
  • The Indian economy is at a defining moment where the future might show a reversal from the trend of the consumption-driven growth phenomenon.

ESSAY TOPIC

  • Gender equality is not just a matter of social justice; it is also a prerequisite for sustainable development.

50-WORD TALK

  • There is finally some sunlight in the electoral bonds matter. Data on 2018-2019 is still pending. SC has now ordered SBI to release the bond numbers that can link donors to political parties. That this exercise will drive funding underground is fearmongering. Companies must be upfront about their donations anyway.
  • Russian President Vladimir Putin has won the elections again by a huge vote. Strongman leaders like Putin, Turkish President Erdogan and Chinese President Xi Jinping hold farce polls to look and sound legitimate. The world knows the truth about this model of authoritarian heads who seek to rule for life.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
  • Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.


THE MIRV LEAP THAT FIRES UP INDIA’S NUCLEAR DETERRENCE

THE CONTEXT: On March 11, 2024, India successfully conducted its first test of a new Agni-V missile with Multiple Independently targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology, together termed the “Divyastra (celestial weapon) Mission.” It was conducted by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island off the Odisha coast.

AGNI V

  • The MIRV Agni-V is a three-stage missile with a modified system to accommodate multiple warheads.
  • The missile also carries indigenously developed advanced sensors and guidance systems for greater accuracy of warhead delivery.
  • One key aspect in extending the range of the 50-tonne Agni-V missile is the reduction of its weight.
  • This involves replacing older, heavier sub-systems with lighter, more reliable ones, including components made with lightweight composite materials.
  • A notable development in this regard is the replacement of hydraulic actuators in the Agni-V’s giant first stage with the state-of-the-art, electro-mechanical actuators that already equip Stage-2 and Stage-3.

MULTIPLE INDEPENDENTLY TARGETABLE RE-ENTRY VEHICLE (MIRV) TECHNOLOGY

  • This technology allows a single missile to carry multiple warheads including nuclear warheads, each capable of being aimed at a different target.
  • Functionality:In a MIRV- equipped missile, the warheads are housed in the missile’s bus (post-boost vehicle). Once outside the Earth’s atmosphere, the bus maneuvers and releases the warheads to descend towards their independent targets.
  • Strategic advantage:MIRV technology enables a single missile to destroy several targets simultaneously complicating the enemy’s missile defense strategy. It significantly increases the firepower and deterrent value of a missile system.

How MIRV works?

  • Launch:A MIRV-equipped missile is launched and follows a ballistic trajectory into space, similar to any other ballistic missile.
  • Post-boost phase: After the boost phase, the missile’s upper stage, known as the “bus,” reaches a suborbital spaceflight. In this phase, the bus maneuvers and aligns itself based on the designated targets.
  • Deployment: The bus sequentially deploys multiple warheads along with decoys and countermeasures. Each warhead can be assigned a different trajectory and
  • Re-entry and Impact: The warheads re-enter the Earth’s atmosphere independently and proceed to their respective targets.

SIGNIFICANCE:

  • Strategic Deterrence against China:The successful test of Agni-5 MIRV missile signals India’s readiness to counter China’s advancements in missile and missile defense capabilities. China has invested in ballistic missile defense systems, but India’s MIRV-equipped Agni-5 provides a counterbalance by enhancing India’s nuclear striking power and resilience against potential missile defense.
  • Continued Advancements: India’s success opens avenues for further advancements in its nuclear arsenal, including the testing of long-range Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs). With a range of over 5,000 kilometres, the Agni-5 is the longest-range missile India has tested so far.
  • Regional Security Dynamics: The Agni-5 MIRV test underscores India’s commitment to maintaining regional stability and safeguarding its national security interests. MIRV-tipped missiles are a necessity simply because they strike multiple targets simultaneously and help evade ballistic missiles defences.
  • Enhanced Nuclear Deterrent: The Agni-5 missile, with integrated MIRVs, represents a significant advancement in India’s nuclear deterrent. MIRVs allow for multiple warheads to be delivered simultaneously, increasing the potency and effectiveness of India’s nuclear arsenal. The potency of India’s nuclear deterrent is enhanced because this variant is integrated with Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicles (MIRVs).
  • Places India among advanced countries: The five designated nuclear weapons state the United States, Russia, the People’s Republic of China, France and the United Kingdom already possess MIRV capable projectiles which are integrated into their respective nuclear arsenals. India has joined a very select group of countries to develop an MIRV ballistic missile.

ISSUES:

  • Technical Challenges: Developing MIRV-capable ballistic missiles requires meeting technical criteria, including warhead miniaturization, precise re-entry vehicle configuration, and guidance accuracy.
  • India specific: India is, however, yet to produce and operationally induct MIRV missiles into its nuclear arsenal on different platforms. The other countries named have both land- and submarine-based MIRV missile systems. India faces major challenges in operationalising and deploying MIRV missiles.
  • Drive ups risks of nuclear conflict: The possession of MIRV missiles is a double-edged sword as on the one hand, MIRVs seemingly bestow greater deterrence. On the other hand, they push rivals to adopt more aggressive nuclear postures to counter this advantage. MIRVs may, therefore, also drive up the risks of nuclear conflict and increase security threats.
  • Opacity: The opacity surrounding this MIRV missile is about the number of warheads it can carry, which likely would remain classified. However, it is improbable that it can carry more than three warheads. Also, there is no information yet in the public domain as to whether it is planned to also equip India’s nuclear-capable submarines with MIRV missiles.

THE CONCLUSION:

The successful test of the Agni-5 MIRV missile enables India to reach a milestone as India has crossed a key benchmark to become a highly credible nuclear and missile power. However, as India progresses towards these advancements, it must navigate the complexities of regional geopolitics while upholding principles of strategic stability and nuclear restraint.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 How is the S-400 air defence system technically superior to any other system presently available in the world? (2021)

Q.2 With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (2018)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.1 Possession of MIRV missiles is a double-edged sword as it may provide greater deterrence but can also drive up the risks of nuclear conflict. Critically analyze the statement.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-mirv-leap-that-fires-up-indias-nuclear-deterrence/article67965762.ece



ATTACK ON FOREIGN STUDENTS IN GUJARAT: MOB ON CAMPUS

THE CONTEXT: The attack on foreign students at Gujarat University, highlighting the violation of the National Education Policy 2020’s principles of inclusivity and tolerance. The response from university and other authorities is apprehensive. Such events emphasis the need for a more supportive and introspective approach to prevent such incidents and foster a culture of diversity and freedom on campus.

ISSUES:

  • Violation of NEP 2020 Principles: The attack on the foreign students goes against the principles outlined in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which states that institutes of higher education should become active promoters of more peaceful, tolerant, inclusive, secure, and sustainable societies. The incident contradicts this commitment.
  • Inadequate Law Enforcement Response: While the authorities have arrested two people and the Ministry of External Affairs is in touch with the Gujarat government, the overall response has been two-toned. The first part, dealing with crime and breach of law and order, seems appropriate. However, the second part appears to lay blame on the victims.
  • Victim-Blaming Attitude: The Vice-Chancellor’s response, suggesting that the foreign students need to be culturally sensitive and that there is a need for cultural orientation, shifts the onus onto the victims rather than addressing the root cause of the attack. This victim-blaming attitude is concerning and fails to hold the perpetrators accountable.
  • Undermining the Idea of the University: The best universities are spaces that first and foremost, foster freedom and depend on the liberty of thought and freedom of debate. The mob violence and the subsequent response from the authorities undermine these core principles, threatening the very idea of the university.
  • Need for Equity and Inclusion: The NEP 2020’s call for scientific temper, liberty, responsibility, pluralism, equality, and justice and the need to nurture a campus with full equity and inclusion as the cornerstone of all educational decisions. The response to the incident appears to fall short of these ideals.

THE WAY FORWARD:

  • Upholding the Principles of NEP 2020: The National Education Policy 2020 outlines the values of peaceful, tolerant, inclusive, secure, and sustainable societies, which universities should actively promote. To achieve this, universities should implement programs and initiatives that foster intercultural understanding, religious harmony, and respect for diversity on campus. A significant case study that aims to create a more inclusive campus environment through education, community engagement, and policy changes is the Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion strategic plan at the University of Michigan.
  • Strengthening Law Enforcement and Accountability: It is important to conduct a thorough and unbiased investigation into any incident, taking prompt and appropriate action against those responsible. To prevent similar incidents from happening in the future, it is crucial to implement stricter security measures and protocols. The response of The University of California, Berkeley to a violent incident in 2017, which involved increased security, disciplinary measures, and a renewed commitment to freedom of speech and inclusion, serves as a valuable reference for other university authorities.
  • Addressing Victim-Blaming Attitudes: It is important to provide sensitivity training and cultural awareness programs for university staff and students to counter biases and promote empathy. Clear policies and procedures should also be established to support and protect vulnerable members of the campus community, including international students. We can learn from global examples, such as The University of Southern California’s International Student Services which provides comprehensive support and resources for international students, including cultural adjustment assistance and crisis response.
  • Upholding the Idea of the University: The University of Chicago is committed to academic freedom, freedom of expression, and the free exchange of ideas. It encourages open dialogues, debates, and discussions on campus to foster a culture of intellectual discourse and critical thinking. The “Chicago Principles” reflect its dedication to free speech and the free exchange of ideas as essential to its educational mission.
  • Promoting Equity and Inclusion: Developing and implementing comprehensive diversity, equity, and inclusion strategies is crucial. These strategies should have clear goals, metrics, and accountability measures. It is equally important to ensure that every member of the campus community feels safe, respected, and valued, regardless of their background. The University of California, Los Angeles’s Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion initiative is a great example of how to create a more inclusive and equitable campus. This initiative has been successful through policy changes, community engagement, and targeted programs. It can be studied at the university level to curb such incidents.

THE CONCLUSION:

Gujarat University and similar institutions should embrace the NEP 2020’s ideals by implementing comprehensive strategies that promote equity, inclusion, and the free exchange of ideas, ensuring a safe and enriching environment for all students.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1) National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (2020)

Q.2) Education is not an injunction, it is an effective and pervasive tool for all-round development of an individual and social transformation”. Examine the New Education Policy,2020(NEP,2020) in light of the above statement. (2020)

Q.3) Hatred is destructive of a person‘s wisdom and conscience that can poison a nation’s spirit. Do you agree with this view? Justify your answer. (2020)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1) Critically analyze the role of higher educational institutions in promoting inclusivity and tolerance among students. Discuss the measures that can be taken to ensure the safety and cultural integration of international students on Indian campuses.

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/express-view-on-scs-direction-to-sbi-on-electoral-bonds-fuller-disclosure-9221488/