THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Finance Minister of India presented an interim budget in the Parliament and experts are highlighting concern regarding budget allocation in farm sector.

ANNOUNCEMENT FOR AGRICULTURE IN INTERIM BUDGET

• Agriculture and food processing: Promotion of private and public investment in post-harvest activities including aggregation, modern storage, efficient supply chains, primary and secondary processing and marketing and branding.
• Nano DAP: Application of Nano DAP on various crops will be expanded in all agro-climatic zones.
• Atmanirbhar Oil Seeds Abhiyan: A strategy to achieve ‘atmanirbharta’ for oil seeds such as mustard, groundnut, sesame, soybean, and sunflower will be formulated.
• PM KISAN: Direct financial assistance to 11.8 crore farmers under PM-KISAN.
• PM Fasal Bima Yojana: Crop Insurance to 4 crore farmers under PM Fasal Bima Yojana.
• e- NAM: Integration 1,361 mandis under e- NAM, supporting trading volume of 23 lakh crore.
• Fishermen: A new department “Matsya Sampada” to be set up to address the needs of fishermen. Implementation of Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) will be stepped up. Five integrated aquaparks will be setup. The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying witnessed a 27 per cent increase.
• Dairy Sector: A comprehensive programme for supporting dairy farmers will be formulated. The programme will be built on the success of existing schemes such Rashtriya Gokul Mission, National Livestock Mission, and Infrastructure Development Funds for dairy processing and animal husbandry.

ISSUES

• Allocation for agriculture: Allocation for agriculture has not gone up and subsidies have not been rationalised. While schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana saw an increase in allocation, the allocation under the PM Kisan Samman Nidhi remained the same at ₹60,000 crore. The PM Kisan Man Dhan Yojana, however, saw a decrease in allocation.
• Inadequate for research: For agricultural research, the allocation is ₹9,941.09 crore. The Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) received Rs 99.4 billion (BE) for FY25, a marginal 0.7 per cent increase over Rs 98.8 billion (RE) in FY24. Farmers’ organisations, however, termed the allocations as inadequate.
• Food and Fertiliser subsidies: Budgetary support in the agriculture-food sector has primarily revolved around welfare measures and subsidies. It is compelling to note that the budget allocations for food and fertiliser subsidies, individually, account for a much higher budget than that compared to the Ministries of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare and Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying.
• Preferring consumer over farmer: In FY25, the budgeted food subsidy fell to Rs 2.05 trillion (BE), compared to Rs 2.12 trillion (RE) in FY24 which is a 3.3 per cent drop. However, this still underscores a significant bias towards consumers, as the subsidy caters to them rather than the farmers. Free ration to 800 million people through the PM-Garib Kalyan Yojana is, of course, an accomplishment. But the necessity of extending this support to such a vast number of people is a matter of concern.
• Did not address MSP: The Budget, however, was silent on issues such as a guaranteed minimum support price based on the S. Swaminathan Committee’s formula, which is a long-standing demand of farmers.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Investment: There is a need for more public investment in agriculture and subsidies to form producing and marketing cooperatives and collectives.
• Rationalise food subsidies: There is an urgent need to rationalise the food subsidy, on the lines of former PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee where he had streamlined the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS). Rationalisation along such lines can save at least Rs 50,000 crore.
• R&D Expenditure: The finance needs to be allocated for agri R&D and more irrigation, especially micro-irrigation. This could help the country to produce “more with less” and ensure food security in the face of climate change.
• Rationalisation in fertiliser: There is a need for rationalisation, especially in minimising the diversion of fertilisers to non-agricultural sectors. It is widely acknowledged in expert circles that around 20-25 per cent of urea is diverted. A potential solution is to shift from subsidising the price of urea to directly empowering farmers through direct cash transfers.

THE CONCLUSION:

India’s agricultural sector is facing several challenges, which are limiting its growth and development and the recent interim budget with lesser allocation raising more concerns.

There is a need to provide adequate budgetary support for agriculture sector to manage food inflation. Adapting to climate change and maintaining macroeconomic fundamentals  are vital for sustained growth of agriculture.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 Comment on the important changes introduced in respect of the Long term Capital Gains Tax (LCGT) and Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT) in the Union Budget for 2018-2019. (2018)

Q.2 One of the intended objectives of Union Budget 2017-18 is to ‘transform, energize and clean India’. Analyse the measures proposed in the Budget 2017-18 to achieve the objective. (2017)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.1 Discuss the role of budgetary allocations in enhancing economic resilience of the farm sector considering the challenges posed by high inflation, increasing food subsidies and climate change.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/after-interim-budget-2024-hand-the-baton-over-to-the-private-sector-9139717/

THE CONTEXT: In the dynamic political landscape of urban India, the Chandigarh mayoral elections underscore the urgent need for fortifying the integrity of local governance – where alliances shift, power plays outpace policy, and every vote becomes a battleground for democratic principles.

THE ISSUES:

Pls write about the alleged tampering of votes.

• Political Alignments and Power Struggles: The collaboration of two major political parties (AAP and Congress) against the BJP to secure the mayoral positions indicates a strategic move that reflects the intense power struggles within urban local governance. Such maneuvers can overshadow the civic issues the urban local government is meant to address.
• Transparency of Electoral Processes: When the presiding officer’s sudden illness postponed the elections, questions arose about the transparency and robustness of the election procedures within urban local bodies. This incident signals the vulnerability of the election process to individual circumstances, which should not ideally affect the administration’s ability to conduct elections.
• Legal Interventions and Authority: The need for the intervention of the Punjab and Haryana High Court to reschedule the elections indicates a failure of the local administrative machinery to adhere to or enforce the election schedule. The urban local government’s dependency on higher courts for direction can indicate systemic inefficiencies, and power plays at the local level.
• Restricted Media Access: Barring media personnel from entering the Municipal House raises concerns about the lack of media freedom and transparency during critical political events, which is essential to ensure that elected bodies are held accountable.
• Security and Fear Tactics: Speculation about alliance councillors being hidden away before the elections suggest using fear and security as tools in local governance. Such a situation can create an environment of intimidation and can be detrimental to the free exercise of democratic rights by elected representatives.
• Impact on Larger Democratic Processes: The highlighted issues in the municipal mayoral polls raise broader questions about the functioning of democratic institutions at higher levels. When local elections can be compromised, it raises concerns about how higher-stake elections might be similarly affected.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Strengthening Election Protocols: Develop robust and transparent protocols immune to individual circumstances, such as the unavailability of a presiding officer. Have a trained pool of backup officials ready to step in and conduct the election to prevent undue delays.
• Legal Framework Amendments: Consider amending municipal laws to allow for swift judicial intervention or alternative dispute resolution mechanisms when election procedures are compromised. Implement stricter laws to curb electoral malpractices such as vote invalidation without due process and alleged horse-trading.
• Enhancing Media Access and Transparency: Establish guidelines that uphold the freedom of the press to report on local government proceedings without undue restrictions. Use technology to stream municipal proceedings live to ensure public visibility and transparency.
• Election Observers and Monitoring: Deploy independent election observers to monitor the electoral process and maintain fair play. Involve civil society organizations to act as watchdogs, enhancing the credibility of elections.
• Clear Lines of Authority: Clearly delineate the lines of authority and officials’ responsibilities in election administration to prevent confusion and misuse of power.
• Citizen Participation and Oversight: Enable platforms that allow for increased citizen oversight of the electoral process, such as public hearings post-elections to address grievances. Use digital tools and social media for engagement, allowing constituents to report concerns and provide feedback.

THE CONCLUSION:

The Chandigarh Municipal Corporation mayoral elections have spotlighted the imperative need for electoral reforms in urban local governance in India. Establishing transparent, robust, and impartial election protocols, bolstered by judicial oversight, is crucial to nurturing the democratic ethos and upholding the integrity of civic institutions.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1) The local self-government system in India has not proved to be an effective instrument of governance”. Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the situation. (2017)

Q.2) Without a well-educated and organized local-level government system, `Panchayats’ and ‘Samitis’ have remained mainly political institutions and ineffective governance instruments. Critically discuss. (2015)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1) Examine the challenges in ensuring fairness and transparency in the electoral processes of urban local governance in India, drawing on the recent Chandigarh Municipal Corporation mayoral polls. Discuss the potential measures that could mitigate these challenges and enhance the democratic functioning of urban local bodies.

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/express-view-on-chandigarh-mayoral-polls-a-tainted-victory-9137723/

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THE CONTEXT: The upcoming budget session is an appropriate time to assess how the current government has managed the economy in the decade since 2014. There is a worrying trend of Indian economy however in the last ten years.

ISSUES:

• Data deficient: There is a constant issue regarding the government avoiding data on various occasions suppressing statistics. This started with the refusal to publish the GDP back series and instead, a new series was commissioned. For the first time since 1872, the census has been indefinitely delayed.
• Fiscal deficit: A key concern before the government is managing the fiscal deficit. Between 2004 and 2014, the fiscal deficit averaged 4.63% whereas it has averaged 5.13% after 2014. The rise in fiscal deficit was necessitated by crises like the global financial crisis of 2008 and COVID-19
• Rise in Debt to GDP ratio: There has been a sharp rise in the gross debt to GDP ratio, crossing the 80% mark and inviting concern from the International Monetary Fund that the ratio could cross 100% by 2027. The Union government is expected to respond to the debt concerns and bring down the fiscal deficit to 4.5% by 2026 (it was 5.9% in 2023-24).
• Reliance on capital expenditure: There is over reliance on capital expenditure which even the ardent supporters of trickle-down economics admit that this reliance on capital expenditure is not bearing fruits.
• Manufacturing sector: Despite multiple revisions and handsome incentives and initiatives like Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme the manufacturing sector has not taken off. The manufacturing growth rate has averaged 5.9% since 2013-14, the share of manufacturing has remained stagnant and was at 16.4% in 2022-23, and manufacturing jobs halved between 2016 and 2021. The decade of Make in India saw the share of manufacturing in the workforce decline from 12.6% in 2011-12 to 11.6% in 2021-22. Make in India and now PLI have failed to enthuse MSMEs.
• Disinvestment: Another failure on the part of the government is disinvestment. To make matters worse, public assets have been handed over to select groups inviting concerns from competitors and public sector employees. The proposed national monetisation pipeline has also failed to yield results.
• Employment: The job market remains depressing, especially for the youth. The Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy notes that the unemployment rate in the age group 20-24 years was 44.5% in the October-December 2023 quarter. For the age-group 25-29 years, it was at a 14 month high of 14.33%.
• Rural India: The adversity of the job market is matched by the distress in rural India where the demand for MGNREGA has reached record highs. Stagnant farmer income and falling rural wages at a time when stock markets are soaring comes as a major concern.
• Crude oil prices: Despite lower prices of crude oil in the international market, the government could not pass the benefit to consumers which could have boosted consumption, and thereby the  Instead, the government has consistently kept petrol and diesel prices at a steady higher price and could not use windfall profits which it has used to keep the fiscal deficit manageable.
• Rise in tax to GDP ratio: Tax to GDP ratio has increased by 1% but it is largely because of an increase in indirect taxes.
• Reduction in subsidies: A consistent feature of the ruling government has been sharp reduction in subsidies. In 2013-14, Union government subsidies accounted for 2.27% of the These now stand at 1.34% in 2023-24.
• Rise in capital expenditure: Between 2014 to 2024, capital expenditure has doubled from 1.67% to 3.32%. Post the COVID-19 pandemic, the government allocated increasing sums towards capital expenditure. The stated logic being that this investment will create jobs and in turn raise demand.
• Facing Hunger: On the health front, the pandemic forced the government to raise healthcare expenditure, yet there has been a rise in hunger and malnutrition. India is ranked 111th of 125 countries on the Global Hunger Index. Instead of addressing the issue, the government’s response has been to reject any such adverse findings.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Public investment: The government should also invest in public infrastructure, health, education, and social protection, which can create jobs, improve productivity, and enhance human capital. India needs large scale public investments in education and healthcare. Such investments in our human capital have great potential to create significant jobs and will also have a direct impact on the standard of living of our citizens. A key landmark of this government was the adoption of a new National Education Policy (NEP). NEP 2020 recommends that investment in education should be 6% of the
• New economic policy: India needs to adopt a new economic policy urgently. It needs to be a policy that is based on clear objectives, priorities, have a strategy to achieve targets, and spell out an intelligent and transparent resource mobilisation plan to finance policies. As far as the Finance Ministry is concerned, we have only incoherent public announcements a hotchpotch with no accountability.
• Boosting Consumption and Investment Demand: The government should provide direct fiscal stimulus to the sectors and segments of the economythat have been hit hard by the pandemic, such as MSMEs, informal workers, rural households, and low-income groups. The stimulus should aim at increasing their income, purchasing power, and access to credit.

THE CONCLUSION:

The Indian economy is currently facing a number of challenges including high fiscal deficit, high debt to GDP ratio, reliance on capital expenditure and many more. In addition, the country faces significant infrastructure and employment needs and a growing population that is increasingly young and educated. These factors present both opportunities and challenges for the country’s economic growth in the years ahead.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

Q: How globalization has led to the reduction of employment in the formal sector of the Indian economy? Is increased informalization detrimental to the development of the country? (2016)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q: India’s economic growth is witnessing significant downfalls in recent years. In this context, examine the existing economic challenges responsible for the decline in GDP growth and the measures that the government should undertake to rejuvenate the economy.

SOURCE: https://thewire.in/economy/india-economy-modi-government-rule

THE CONTEXT: To ensure the impartiality of central investigative agencies in India, the Supreme Court has proposed creating an independent mechanism to review cases and eliminate perceptions of political vendetta. Despite the suggestion to bolster legal scrutiny, it faces challenges in addressing covert politically driven offenses. It results in disputes between state and central agencies due to concerns of selective prosecution.

ISSUES:

• Perception of political vendetta: There is a widespread perception that central investigative agencies like CBI, ED, and the Income Tax Department are being used to target and harass political opponents of the ruling party at the Centre. This undermines the credibility of the agencies and violates principles of justice.
• Discretionary Powers Limitation: Judicial actions are constrained by the broad discretionary powers of investigation agencies, which inherently limit the depth of judicial review. Agencies like the ED wield expansive powers to arrest and prosecute, which can be misused against the political opposition. Obtaining bail in such cases is also difficult.
• Selective investigations: There is criticism that while corruption allegations against opposition leaders are swiftly investigated, similar allegations against members of the ruling party or its allies are ignored. This double standard reinforces the view that the agencies are not acting independently.
• Retaliatory actions: There are instances of state police registering questionable FIRs against central officials as retaliation when central agencies target state ministers or officials. This leads to further erosion of institutional credibility.
• Judicial Oversight: The courts can intervene in cases of evident vindictive action; however, their scope is sometimes limited by the inability to verify the political motives behind suppressed cases.
• Court interventions: While courts can intervene when there is evidence of vindictiveness, agencies have wide discretionary powers in determining who to investigate. Courts are also limited in examining cases that are suppressed for political reasons.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Establishing an Independent Oversight Committee: Create an impartial body comprising members from varied backgrounds, such as the judiciary, civil society, and other stakeholders, to oversee the operations of investigative agencies. This would ensure checks and balances against misuse.
• Codifying Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs): Formulate clear SOPs for the operation of agencies like CBI, ED, and the Income-Tax Department, which would include guidelines for investigations to be initiated, conducted, and internally reviewed to prevent selective targeting.
• Judiciary-Driven Monitoring Mechanism: Empower the judiciary with continuous oversight capabilities to monitor the actions of these agencies. Courts could mandate periodic reporting from the agencies, especially in politically sensitive cases.
• Whistleblower Protection: Strengthen whistleblower protection laws to encourage reporting actual malpractices within agencies without fear of retribution, ensuring higher internal scrutiny and transparency.
• Media and Civil Society Engagement: Encourage a proactive role for the media and civil society organizations in monitoring the functions of these agencies and holding them accountable while avoiding sensationalism.
• Legislative Scrutiny: Strengthen parliamentary oversight over the agencies through committees that can review the functioning and investigate any alleged misuse.

THE CONCLUSION:

The Supreme Court’s call for an impartial mechanism to oversee case referrals and investigations of central agencies is a constructive step towards upholding the rule of law and ensuring political neutrality. However, genuine reform requires broader systemic changes beyond mere oversight, encompassing legal, procedural, and institutional amendments. Only through unwavering commitment to independence over allegiance will the sanctity of democratic institutions and the public trust in governance be preserved.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1) The jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) regarding lodging an FIR and conducting probe within a particular State is being questioned by various States. However, the power of the States to withhold consent to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special reference to the federal character of India. (2021)

Q.2) Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy. (2014)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Discuss the challenges posed by the perceived misuse of central investigative agencies in the political arena in India. Critically examine the measures suggested by the Supreme Court to ensure their independence and suggest comprehensive solutions to enhance their accountability and impartiality.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/vetting-for-vendetta-on-supreme-courts-suggestion/article67793115.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: India celebrates the addition of five new wetlands to the prestigious Ramsar list, marking them as internationally recognized ecosystems of significance.

EXPLANATION:

• Union Environment announced this accomplishment, highlighting the total count of Ramsar-listed wetlands in India reaching 80.
• The newly designated sites include Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve, Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve, and Aghanashini Estuary from Karnataka, along with Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary and Longwood Shola Reserve Forest from Tamil Nadu.
• The announcement of the addition of five wetlands to the Ramsar list comes just days before World Wetlands Day, reinforcing India’s commitment to wetland conservation on the global stage.
• The timing of this achievement aligns with international efforts to raise awareness about the vital role wetlands play in environmental sustainability.

Ramsar Convention and Global Recognition:

• The Ramsar Convention, initiated in 1971, is an international treaty dedicated to the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
• With its focus on maintaining the ecosystem components, processes, and benefits of wetlands, the convention aims to establish and preserve a global network of vital wetland areas.
• The recent addition of five Indian wetlands accentuates the country’s commitment to global biodiversity conservation.

Geographical Distribution of New Ramsar Sites:

• The Ramsar list’s newest entrants are geographically diverse, representing both Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
• Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve, Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve, and Aghanashini Estuary contribute to Karnataka’s wetland heritage, while Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary and Longwood Shola Reserve Forest enhance Tamil Nadu’s ecological significance.

Significance of Ramsar Recognition:

• Inclusion in the Ramsar list signifies the global importance of these wetlands for biodiversity conservation and human sustenance.
• The Ramsar Convention’s objective is to recognize, protect, and promote the wise use of wetlands, acknowledging their critical role in supporting life and maintaining ecological balance.

Collaborative Efforts and International Recognition:

• India’s collaborative efforts involving various national and international organizations contribute to this success.
• The Ramsar Convention’s Secretary General commended India’s dedication to wetland conservation during a meeting in Delhi.
• The international recognition of India’s wetlands underscores the importance of collective action in preserving the planet’s critical ecosystems.

Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve:

• It is a human-made wetland with an area of nearly 50 hectares which was constructed to store rainwater for irrigation purposes.
• It is home to over 166 species of birds, of which 130 are migratory. The wetland harbours two vulnerable species, namely Common pochard (Aythya ferina) and River tern (Sterna aurantia) and four near-threatened species, namely Oriental Darter (Anhinga melanogaster), Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus), Woolly- necked Stork (Ciconia episcopus) and Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala).
• Nearly 8,000 birds visit the site during winter. Magadi Kere is also one of the largest wintering grounds for the Bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) in Southern India.
• The wetland is a designated Important Bird Area (IBA) and also listed as a priority area for conservation in India.

 

                 Panoramic view of Magadi Kere

Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve:

• It is a humanmade Village Irrigation Tank built centuries back and is spread over an area of 98.76ha (244.04 acre) adjoining the Ankasamudra village.
• It is an ecologically important wetland, rich in biodiversity, comprising over 210 species of plants, 8 species of mammals, 25 species of reptiles, 240 species of birds, 41 species of fishes, 3 species of frogs, 27 species of butterflies and 32 species of odonates.
• Over 30’000 waterbirds nest and roost at this wetland, which also supports more than 1% of the biogeographic population of Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala) and Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus).

        A view of Ankasamudra Bird CR Checkered keelback at Ankasamudra

Aghanashini Estuary:

• It is spread over an area of 4801 ha, is formed at the confluence of Aghanashini River with the Arabian sea.
• The brackish water of the Estuary provides diverse ecosystem services including flood and erosion risk mitigation, biodiversity conservation and livelihood support.
• The wetland also provides livelihoods to 6000-7500 families by supporting fishing, agriculture, collection of edible bivalves and crabs, shrimp aquaculture, traditional fish farming in the estuarine rice fields (locally known as Gazni rice fields), bivalve shell collection and salt production.
• Additionally, the mangroves bordering the estuary help to protect the shores against storms and cyclones.
• The estuary regularly supports over 43,000 counts of over 66 waterbird species and over 1% of the biogeographic population of 15 waterbird species (which includes river tern, oriental darter, lesser black-backed gull, woolly- necked stork, Eurasian oystercatcher and others).

                        Aghanashini estuary with mangroves blending

Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary:

• Spanning 453.72 ha is one of the largest inland wetlands of Tamil Nadu and is a significant source of groundwater recharge for the area.
• Water from the wetland is utilized by the villagers for cultivating agricultural crops such as paddy, sugar cane, cotton, corn, and split red gram.
• Karaivetti has one of the largest congregations of waterbirds in the State of Tamil Nadu.
• About 198 species of birds have been recorded here; some of the important visitors being the Bar headed Goose, Pin-tailed duck, Garganey, Northern Shoveler, Common Pochard, Eurasian Wigeon, Common teal and Cotton teal.

 

             Karaivetti Wetland

Longwood Shola Reserve Forest from Tamil Nadu:

• It derives its name from the Tamil word, “Solai”, which means a ‘tropical rain forest’.
• The ‘Sholas’ are found in the upper reaches of the Nilgiris, Anamalais, Palni hills, Kalakadu, Mundanthurai and Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu.
• These forested wetlands serve as habitats for the globally endangered Black-chinned Nilgiri Laughing thrush (Strophocincla cachinnans), Nilgiri Blue Robin (Myiomela major), and vulnerable Nilgiri Wood-pigeon (Columba elphinstonii).
• As many as 14 out of 26 endemic birds species of the Western Ghats are found in these wetlands.

Ramsar Sites:

• Any wetland site which has been listed under the Ramsar Convention that aims to conserve it and promote sustainable use of its natural resources is called a Ramsar Site.
• Ramsar Convention is known as the Convention of Wetlands.
• It was established in 1971 by UNESCO and came into force in 1975.
• India is a party to the Ramsar Convention. India signed under it on 1st February 1982.
• The Ramsar Convention works closely with six organizations known as International Organization Partners(IOPs). These are:
  • Birdlife International
  • International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
  • International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
  • Wetlands International
  • World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
  • International Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT)

Conclusion:

• The inclusion of these five wetlands in the Ramsar list signifies a significant accomplishment for India in the realm of environmental conservation.
• As the country continues to prioritize the protection of wetlands, this achievement reinforces its commitment to global biodiversity goals.
• The recognition of these wetlands as internationally important ecosystems adds another chapter to India’s environmental stewardship and serves as an inspiration for sustained efforts towards ecological preservation.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/five-more-indian-wetlands-added-to-ramsar-list/article67795594.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, researchers from various national and international organizations have identified a new species of burrowing frog in the bustling urban landscape of Bengaluru named ‘Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu’.

EXPLANATION:

• This amphibian exhibits unique characteristics, challenging conventional notions about where new species can be found.
• The discovery sheds light on the resilience of wildlife in unexpected urban ecosystems.

Discovery and Significance:

• The lead researcher stumbled upon ‘Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu’ during a routine biodiversity survey within Bengaluru city.
• The findings are considered a significant milestone in biodiversity research, emphasizing the remarkable adaptability of species to urban environments.
• Associate Professor at Jain University describes the discovery as a testament to the need for continued exploration of urban ecosystems and the preservation of biodiversity amidst human-dominated landscapes.

 

Distinctive Attributes and Behavior:

• ‘Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu’ gets its name from its behavior of emerging from burrows during the early showers, signifying a genus of frog that welcomes rain.
• The newly discovered amphibian exhibits distinct physical attributes and behaviors that set it apart from known frog species.
• Researchers highlight its ability to navigate the challenges posed by urbanization, showcasing the unexpected ways in which wildlife adapts to city life.

Research Methodology:

• The research team employed a comprehensive approach, utilizing advanced genetic analysis, morphological studies, and bioacoustics to confirm the distinctiveness of the newly discovered frog species.
• This interdisciplinary methodology underscores the collaborative efforts of institutions such as Mount Carmel College, Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), JAIN University, Institute of Systematics, Evolution, Biodiversity (ISYEB), and international partners like Sorbonne University, Paris, and Nanjing Forestry University, China.

Urban Ecosystem Resilience:

• The discovery challenges preconceptions about the limits of urban biodiversity, as the frog was found thriving in the heart of Bengaluru city.
• The ability of ‘Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu’ to adapt to its urban surroundings highlights the importance of preserving biodiversity in areas heavily impacted by human activities.
• The study contributes valuable insights into the adaptability of species within urban ecosystems.

Scientific Publication and Collaborations:

• The findings of this groundbreaking discovery have been published in the peer-reviewed scientific journal Zootaxa.
• The multi-institutional collaborations involved in this research include Mount Carmel College, Bengaluru, Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), JAIN University, Sorbonne University, Paris, and Nanjing Forestry University, among others.
• This collaborative effort signifies the global nature of scientific research and the importance of pooling resources for comprehensive studies.

Conclusion:

• ‘Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu’ represents not only a new addition to the biodiversity of Bengaluru but also exemplifies the resilience and adaptability of wildlife in unexpected urban environments.
• The discovery underscores the need for ongoing exploration of urban ecosystems and the imperative to conserve biodiversity amidst the challenges of urbanization.
• It adds a significant chapter to the scientific understanding of species diversity in diverse landscapes, contributing to the global repository of knowledge in the field of biology.

SOURCE: https://www.deccanherald.com/environment/wildlife/new-species-of-burrowing-frog-named-sphaerotheca-varshaabhu-discovered-in-bengaluru-2873389  

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A recent study by Chennai Rains sheds light on how the recovery of sea otter populations is not just a conservation success story but also a crucial factor in preventing coastal erosion and restoring the delicate balance of the local ecosystem.

EXPLANATION:

• Sea otters, once on the brink of extinction due to hunting for their prized pelts in the 18th and 19th centuries, are making a remarkable comeback.
• Sea otters, known for their incredibly soft pelts, faced near-extinction as European settlers relentlessly hunted them.
• The demand for their fur led to a significant population decline, pushing them to the verge of extinction.
• However, international treaties and conservation acts, such as the Fur Seal Treaty of 1911 and the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, paved the way for their protection.
• Since the implementation of conservation measures, sea otter populations have rebounded, showcasing a rare success story for a top predator species.
• Their numbers have steadily grown and expanded, defying the odds faced by many other species.
• The research emphasizes how targeted conservation efforts can have a cascading effect on restoring and preserving entire ecosystems.

Sea Otters as Coastal Guardians:

• The study reveals an unexpected role played by sea otters in preventing coastal erosion.
• As sea otter populations recover, they are venturing into new habitats, particularly the salt marshes along the central California coast.
• In these marshes, sea otters are preying on burrowing crabs that, in the absence of their main predator, had been destabilizing the marsh banks, leading to coastal erosion.
• Sea otters’ voracious appetite for these crabs has significantly slowed down erosion, showcasing their unintentional but vital role in ecosystem protection.

Impact on Salt Marshes and Coastal Protection:

• Sea otters’ presence in salt marshes not only addresses the erosion issue but also highlights their adaptability to diverse habitats.
• Unlike the riskier kelp forests where otters had traditionally dwelled, salt marshes provide a more protective environment for hunting.
• This adaptability not only aids in coastal protection but also contributes to the overall resilience of ecosystems.

Long-Term Solutions and Ecosystem Resilience:

• While the conservation of sea otter populations is hailed as a temporary solution to coastal erosion, the study emphasizes the need for addressing broader threats like sea level rise, pollution, and hydrological changes for long-term impact.
• The results of the research underscore the remarkable resilience of ecosystems despite facing various stressors.

Predictions for the Future:

• The researchers hypothesize that sea otters, now reclaiming habitats they may have historically inhabited, could further expand their range.
• Predictions suggest that San Francisco Bay, historically home to a substantial sea otter population, could potentially support a thriving community if the current growth trajectory continues.

Sea Otter:

• There is only one species of otter which is fully aquatic — Enhydra lutris. This is the species known as the sea otter.
• Enhydra lutris has three subspecies that live in geographically separate populations:
  • Enhydra lutris nereis — Southern sea otter or “California” sea otter; ranges in California from San Mateo County in the north to near Santa Barbara County in the south
  • Enhydra lutris kenyoni — northern sea otter; found along the coast of Alaska and Washington
  • Enhydra lutris lutris — Russian sea otters; found in the Pacific ocean off the coasts of Russia and Japan
• It is the largest member of the weasel family, they can grow to be nearly 5 feet long and weigh almost 100 pounds.
• They spend nearly their entire life in the ocean in the temperate coastal waters on the Pacific Coast and have a close relationship with kelp forest habitats along the North American coast.
• Sea otters feed almost exclusively on marine invertebrates such as sea urchins, clams, mussels, and crabs.
• Since shelled prey like this can be difficult to eat, sea otters have devised a special way to break open their meal.
• Otters will dive down to collect a rock which they then strike their prey with repeatedly until it opens.
• Their special taste for sea urchins means that sea otters serve an important ecosystem role in regulating sea urchin populations and preventing overgrazing on giant kelp.
• This in turn helps kelp forests flourish, making sea otters a “keystone species” in the ecosystems where they live.
• Conservation status:
  • IUCN: Endangered

Conclusion:

• Sea otters’ resurgence not only symbolizes a triumph of conservation but also unveils their unintended yet crucial role in coastal protection.
• As these marine mammals play the role of guardians against erosion, the study emphasizes the interconnectedness of species and ecosystems, highlighting the need for continued conservation efforts to ensure the sustained health of our planet’s diverse habitats.

SOURCE: https://abcnews.go.com/US/sea-otters-hunted-extinction-preventing-coastal-erosion-populations/story?id=106805036

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: A recent analysis by Chennai Rains, an independent weather blogging site, unveils a concerning trend in the North Indian Ocean basin, indicating a rise in the intensity and duration of cyclones over the past two decades.

EXPLANATION:

• The primary driver behind this phenomenon is identified as the rapidly-warming Indo Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP), a tropical ocean region situated in the western Pacific and eastern Indian Ocean.

The Indo Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP):

• The IPWP is experiencing accelerated warming, surpassing other ocean bodies globally.
• It is crucial for influencing weather patterns across Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
• This warming trend is notably impacting the North Indian Ocean basin, leading to increased sea surface temperatures.

Cyclonic Trends Since 2003:

• According to a weather blogger with Chennai Rains, the number of intense cyclonic storms, categorized as very severe or extremely severe, has witnessed a surge since 2003 in the North Indian Ocean, encompassing the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.
• The warmer oceans contribute not only to stronger and slower-moving cyclones but also extend their duration as intense weather systems.

Implications for Monsoon Dynamics and Rainfall Patterns:

• The prolonged lifespan of cyclones poses potential risks to monsoon dynamics, potentially causing disruptions in rainfall patterns and leading to more extended dry periods.
• Cyclones such as Biparjoy and Kyarr, with extended durations of 10 days and 111 hours, respectively, highlight the evolving nature of these weather phenomena.
• The Arabian Sea has experienced a sixfold increase in the lifespan of strong cyclones over the past two decades.

Cyclonic Storm Statistics:

• Data from various meteorological agencies, including the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre, IMD, the U.S. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, and the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts, reveal a notable uptick in severe cyclonic storms in both the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.
• The numbers have risen to 16 in the past two decades (2004-2023) from 10 between 1984-2003. Similarly, extremely severe cyclonic storms increased to 17 between 2004-2023 compared to 11 in the preceding decades since 1984.

Global Influences and Warming Trends:

• The analysis underscores that 2023 was the warmest year since 1850, and the warming trend is likely to persist despite other global weather parameters like El Niño and La Niña.
• Carbon footprints and global warming are identified as major influencers, and the impact of warmer oceans is anticipated to extend for the next five decades.

Vulnerability of Southern Peninsular Region:

• With the IPWP continuously warming, the southern peninsular region, with its extensive coastline, remains vulnerable to more intense cyclones.
• The importance of creating hazard maps, flooding zones, and response plans is emphasized as crucial for disaster preparedness in the face of escalating cyclonic events.

Cyclone:

• A cyclone is a large-scale system of air that rotates around the center of a low-pressure area.
• It is usually accompanied by violent storms and bad weather.
• According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), a cyclone is characterized by inward spiralling winds that rotate anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
• The NDMA classifies cyclones broadly into two categories:
  • extratropical cyclones
  • tropical cyclones

Extratropical Cyclones

• Also known as mid-latitude cyclones, extratropical cyclones occur outside the tropics and have cold air at their core.
• They derive their energy from the release of potential energy when cold and warm air masses interact.
• These cyclones always have one or more fronts connected to them, which are the boundary between two kinds of air masses.

Tropical Cyclones

• Tropical cyclones are the most devastating storms on earth and develop in the regions between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer.
• They develop when thunderstorm activity starts building close to the center of circulation, and the strongest winds and rain are no longer in a band far from the center.
• Tropical cyclones have different names depending on their location and strength.
• For instance, they are known as hurricanes in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the North Atlantic Ocean, and the eastern and central North Pacific Ocean. In the western North Pacific, they are called typhoons.

Conclusion:

• The Chennai Rains analysis serves as a stark reminder of the evolving climate dynamics.
• It urges proactive measures in disaster preparedness and long-term planning to mitigate the impact of intensifying cyclones in the North Indian Ocean basin.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/north-indian-ocean-basin-churning-more-intense-cyclones-in-the-past-two-decades-says-an-analysis-by-chennai-rains/article67797141.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The convergence of brain-like tissue with electronics has given rise to a groundbreaking achievement in neuromorphic computing, where researchers have successfully created an ‘organoid neural network.’

EXPLANATION:

• This innovative system has been developed by a collaborative team from Indiana University, the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Centre, and the University of Florida.
• It marks a significant leap at the intersection of tissue engineering, electrophysiology, and neural computation.

Challenges in Neuromorphic Computing:

• Traditional neuromorphic chips, inspired by the human brain, face a hurdle with separate memory and processing units.
• The constant back-and-forth communication between these units becomes inefficient, especially for complex problem-solving tasks.
• While attempts have been made to enhance efficiency, they have only partially mimicked brain functions, leaving room for improvement in processing capability and energy efficiency.

Biological Neural Networks in Computing:

• To overcome these challenges, scientists are exploring the integration of biological neural networks into computing.
• The human brain, with its inherent ability to seamlessly integrate memory and data processing, serves as inspiration.
• The researchers emphasize that brain cells require significantly less energy (20 W) compared to AI hardware (8 MW) to perform similar computational tasks due to the absence of physical separation between memory and data processing.

Biocomputing and Brain Organoids:

• This pioneering study falls under the emerging field of biocomputing, utilizing biological components for computational processes.
• Brain organoids, three-dimensional aggregates of brain cells, were created by extracting human pluripotent stem cells and differentiating them into various brain cell types.
• It includes neuron progenitor cells, early-stage neurons, mature neurons, and astrocytes.
• The researchers connected the brain organoid to microelectrodes, forming an ‘organoid neural network,’ and incorporated it into a three-layered system named ‘Brainoware.’
• This system comprises input, reservoir, and output layers.
• The organoid neural network acts as the reservoir, receiving electrical stimuli from the input layer and providing predictions through the output layer.

Demonstrating Brainoware’s Capabilities:

• The study showcased Brainoware’s proficiency in predicting a mathematical function, the Henon map, and recognizing Japanese vowels from audio clips.
• Impressively, Brainoware exhibited comparable accuracy to artificial neural networks but with less training – a notable advancement in efficiency.

Future Considerations and Ethical Implications:

• While Brainoware presents a promising proof-of-concept, the researchers acknowledge certain limitations.
• Challenges include the technical expertise and infrastructure needed to maintain a biological neural network, variations in organoid functionality, and ethical considerations regarding consciousness and dignity.

Conclusion:

• This innovative fusion of brain organoids with electronics represents a significant stride in the realm of biocomputing.
• While challenges and ethical concerns persist, the study provides foundational insights into the potential of organoid intelligence, offering a glimpse into the future of adaptive reservoir computing.
• The integration of biological neural networks into computing systems opens avenues for more energy-efficient and cognitively advanced artificial intelligence, marking a noteworthy intersection of neuroscience and technology.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/brain-organoid-computer-brainoware-neuromorphic-explained/article67692933.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 1: ANCIENT HISTORY, GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In a groundbreaking archaeological revelation, researchers have utilized LIDAR technology to unveil a hidden network of ancient civilizations in the Amazon rainforest.

EXPLANATION:

• Contrary to previous beliefs that the dense vegetation and challenging landscape limited large-scale human settlements in the region, a 2,500-year-old city complex named Sangay has been discovered in eastern Ecuador’s Upano Valley.
• This discovery challenges preconceptions and sheds light on the sophisticated urban societies that once thrived in the heart of the Amazon.

LIDAR Technology Unveils Lost History: A Game-Changing Discovery

• Context of Lost Amazonian History:
  • The Amazon, renowned for its biodiversity, was traditionally perceived as devoid of large ancient civilizations.
  • However, LIDAR technology has emerged as a game-changer.
  • It allowed researchers to peer through the thick jungle canopy and uncover the hidden historical treasures beneath.
• Discovery of Sangay:
  • Covering 115 square miles with LIDAR, scientists from the French National Center for Scientific Research identified the ruins of Sangay, an ancient city nestled in the Upano Valley.
  • This settlement, rivaling the complexity of civilizations in Mexico and Central America, challenges previous notions of the Amazon’s historical landscape.

Ancient Civilization of Sangay: Flourishing Urban Society

• Population and Duration:
  • Sangay flourished from approximately 500 BCE to a period between 300 and 600 CE.
  • During its zenith, the city’s population is estimated to have ranged from 10,000 to a staggering 100,000 inhabitants.
• Infrastructure Highlights:
  • LIDAR scans revealed a meticulously planned urban layout featuring platforms, plazas, arranged streets, and drainages.
  • Notably, a sophisticated road system extending nearly 6 miles was uncovered, showcasing construction expertise comparable to ancient Maya urban networks.
• Agricultural Practices:
  • Beyond infrastructure, LIDAR detected traces of drained fields indicating advanced agricultural practices.
  • The ancient society likely cultivated maize, beans, sweet potatoes, and cassava, providing insights into their diet and sustenance.

Challenging Preconceptions: Revising Our Understanding of Amazonian Cultures

• Cultural Complexity:
  • The discovery challenges common stereotypes, as study co-author notes that this goes beyond the perception of small, primitive groups in the Amazon.
  • Instead, it reveals evidence of intricate urban societies that existed in this lush environment.
• Environmental and Cultural Heritage:
  • The paper emphasizes the underestimation of Amazonia’s twofold heritage—environmental and cultural, particularly Indigenous.
  • This finding calls for a thorough revision of preconceptions about the Amazonian world, urging a recognition of its rich cultural history.

Future Exploration and Implications: Unveiling the Unknown

• Ongoing Exploration:
  • While the discovery of Sangay provides a glimpse into Amazonian history, much remains unexplored.
  • With approximately 90% of Amazonian history yet to be uncovered, future expeditions hold the promise of revealing more about these ancient civilizations.
• Technological Advancements:
  • The use of advanced technologies like LIDAR demonstrates the potential to unravel hidden histories globally.
  • As researchers continue to employ innovative methods, our understanding of ancient cultures and their impact on diverse ecosystems is likely to evolve.

LIDAR Technology:

• LIDAR, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges (variable distances) to the Earth.
• These light pulses—combined with other data recorded by the airborne system — generate precise, three-dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics.
• There are three primary components of a LiDAR instrument — the scanner, laser and GPS receiver.
• Airplanes and helicopters are the most commonly used platforms for acquiring lidar data over broad areas.

Conclusion: A Paradigm Shift in Amazonian Archaeology

• The revelation of Sangay and its intricate urban society marks a paradigm shift in Amazonian archaeology.
• Beyond being a scientific milestone, this discovery prompts a reevaluation of assumptions about the Amazon’s historical capacity for large civilizations.
• As technology continues to unveil the mysteries of the past, the Sangay complex stands as a testament to the richness and complexity of Amazonian cultures that have long been overlooked.

SOURCE: https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/archaeology/a46458939/lost-city-amazon-discovered/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: In a bid to adapt to the evolving legal landscape and technological advancements, the Indian government has proposed a significant overhaul of the existing stamp duty regime.

EXPLANATION:

• The introduction of the ‘Indian Stamp Bill, 2023’ is aimed at replacing the antiquated Indian Stamp Act, 1899.
• This move, initiated by the Ministry of Finance, seeks to address redundancy, incorporate digital advancements, and create a more uniform legislative framework for stamp duties across Indian states.

Understanding Stamp Duty: A Crucial Government Tax

• Stamp duty is a government tax levied on the registration of various documents, such as agreements or transaction papers, with a designated registrar.
• The amount of stamp duty is typically fixed based on the nature of the document or a percentage of the transaction value.
• This tax is applicable to a range of instruments, including bills of exchange, promissory notes, transfer of shares, and more.
• Collected by the Centre, stamp duties are then appropriated by individual states within their territories, as outlined in Article 268 of the Constitution.

Rationale Behind the Proposed Indian Stamp Bill, 2023: Redundancy and Lack of Uniformity

• The Ministry of Finance has identified several provisions of the Indian Stamp Act, 1899, as “redundant” or “inoperative.”
• Notably, the existing act lacks provisions for digital e-stamping and fails to provide a uniform legislative framework for stamp duties across all Indian states.
• The proposed bill aims to rectify these shortcomings, aligning the legislation with contemporary realities and objectives.

Key Provisions of the Draft Bill: Embracing Digital Advancements

• Introduction of Digital E-stamping:
  • One of the significant additions in the draft Bill is the provision for digital e-stamping.
  • The Bill defines “electronic stamp” or “e-stamp” as an electronically generated impression.
  • It denotes the payment of stamp duty through electronic means or other methods.
• Inclusion of Digital Signatures:
  • The draft Bill incorporates provisions related to digital signatures.
  • It clarifies that the terms “executed” and “execution” for instruments will now mean “signed” and “signature,”.
  • It encompasses the attribution of electronic records and electronic signatures as defined under the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000.
• Penalty Revisions:
  • The proposed legislation seeks to increase penalties for contravening its provisions.
  • The maximum penalty amount is set to rise from Rs 5,000 to Rs 25,000.
  • Additionally, a daily penalty of Rs 1,000 for repeated offenses is introduced, emphasizing the gravity of adherence to the revamped stamp duty regulations.

The Indian Stamp Act, 1899: A Historical Overview

• The Indian Stamp Act, 1899, serves as a fiscal statute governing the taxation of instruments through stamp duties.
• Under its purview, an “instrument” encompasses any document creating, transferring, limiting, extending, extinguishing, or recording rights or liabilities.
• The Act defines a “stamp” as any mark, seal, or endorsement duly authorized by the State Government, encompassing adhesive or impressed stamps for duty chargeable under the Act.

Conclusion: Toward a Modernized and Uniform Stamp Duty Framework

• The proposed Indian Stamp Bill, 2023, signifies a crucial step toward modernizing and streamlining stamp duty regulations in India.
• By embracing digital advancements, addressing redundancy, and aiming for uniformity across states, the government aims to create a more efficient and adaptable system.
• As stakeholders provide feedback on the draft bill, the future of stamp duty laws in India is poised for a transformative shift that aligns with the demands of the contemporary legal landscape.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/indian-stamp-act-1899-repeal-9134931/

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: In a strategic move to address territorial disputes and bolster cooperation, the Philippines and Vietnam have inked agreements aimed at preventing incidents in the South China Sea.

EXPLANATION:

• The signing ceremony, which took place during Philippine President visit to Hanoi, underscores the growing alliance between the two Southeast Asian nations.
• However, this alignment is likely to draw scrutiny and disapproval from China, which asserts expansive claims over the contested waters.
• The agreements encompass various facets of collaboration, extending beyond maritime security.
• In addition to measures to prevent incidents in the South China Sea, both nations have committed to enhancing information-sharing and conducting training exchanges between their militaries.
• The diplomatic discussions also delved into trade, investment, and included the signing of a pivotal deal on rice, showcasing the multi-dimensional nature of their evolving partnership.

Strategic Significance of Rice Deal: Food Security and Economic Cooperation

• The signing of a significant rice deal holds implications beyond the immediate diplomatic context.
• Vietnam has agreed to supply the Philippines with 1.5 to 2 million metric tons of rice annually at affordable prices.
• This not only addresses concerns over food security but also solidifies economic ties between the two countries.
• The stability of rice supplies is of paramount importance, especially considering the global surge in prices due to climate change and disruptions in major exporting countries.

Addressing South China Sea Tensions: Concerns and Collaborative Efforts

• Philippine President, during his visit, expressed concerns over China’s perceived aggressions in the South China Sea.
• Incidents involving the Chinese coast guard, including a water cannon assault damaging a Philippine vessel, were highlighted.
• The agreements signed aim to foster maritime cooperation, prevent escalations, and promote trust between the coast guards of both nations.
• The delicate balance between asserting sovereignty and engaging in peaceful dialogue with China remains a focal point of the discussions.

De escalation Efforts: Diplomatic Interactions with China

• While in Hanoi, Philippine President conveyed his concerns to Vietnamese Prime Minister, emphasizing the need to deescalate tensions in the South China Sea.
• The Philippine leader disclosed discussions with Chinese President in November 2023, where both leaders agreed on the imperative to reduce tensions.
• However, the recent incidents and ongoing disputes underscore the challenges in achieving lasting stability in the region.

Potential for UN Involvement: Joint Submission on Continental Shelf Limits

• A notable development is the Philippines’ interest in a joint submission with Vietnam to the United Nations commission that deals with the limits of continental shelves.
• This move suggests a concerted effort to address maritime boundaries through established international frameworks, potentially paving the way for more transparent and regulated territorial claims.

SOUTH CHINA SEA DISPUTE

• The heart of the South China Sea dispute revolves around territorial claims to land features (islands and reefs) and their associated territorial waters.
• The major island and reef formations in the South China Sea are the Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands, Pratas, the Natuna Islands and Scarborough Shoal.
• As many as 70 disputed reefs and islets are under contention, with China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Taiwan all building more than 90 outposts on these disputed features.
• China claims up to 90% of the sea with its “nine-dash line” map and has physically expanded islands and constructed military installations to assert control.
• China has been particularly active in the Paracel and Spratly Islands, engaging in extensive dredging and artificial island-building, creating 3,200 acres of new land since 2013.
• China also controls the Scarborough Shoal through a constant Coast Guard presence.

Conclusion: Navigating Diplomacy in Tumultuous Waters

• The Philippines and Vietnam’s collaborative efforts signify a diplomatic balancing act in the face of heightened tensions in the South China Sea.
• The agreements, spanning maritime security, economic cooperation, and joint international submissions, reflect a nuanced approach to regional challenges.
• As these Southeast Asian nations navigate complex geopolitical waters, the evolving dynamics in the region will continue to shape the future of South China Sea politics.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/philippines-and-vietnam-agree-to-expand-cooperation-in-south-china-sea-which-beijing-also-claims/article67793021.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: In a groundbreaking effort, India has conducted its first-ever comprehensive survey to estimate the population of snow leopards, unveiling a count of 718 individuals in the wild.

EXPLANATION:

• The elusive nature of these cats, coupled with their habitat in hard-to-access mountainous terrain, has made this four-year-long estimation exercise a significant milestone in understanding and conserving the endangered species.

Distribution Across Regions: Ladakh Dominates, followed by Northern States

• The survey delineates the distribution of snow leopards across various regions in India.
• Ladakh emerges as a stronghold with an estimated 477 individuals, followed by Uttarakhand (124), Himachal Pradesh (51), Arunachal Pradesh (36), Sikkim (21), and Jammu and Kashmir (9).
• This geographic insight provides valuable data for targeted conservation efforts and highlights the critical role of specific regions in snow leopard preservation.

Global Significance: India’s Contribution to Snow Leopard Conservation

• The estimated 718 snow leopards in India constitute approximately 10-15% of the global population.
• This revelation underscores India’s significance in the global conservation landscape and emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts to ensure the survival of this vulnerable species.

Survey Methodology: Camera Traps and Extensive Trail Surveys

• The survey employed an innovative approach involving the strategic placement of ‘camera traps’ in 1,971 locations.
• Additionally, teams covered 13,450 km of trails, meticulously documenting signs of snow leopards, such as scat, hair, and other distinctive markers.
• This methodology mirrors established techniques used in tiger surveys, providing a scientific basis for estimating elusive wildlife populations.

Snow Leopard Population Assessment in India (SPAI): A Collaborative Initiative

• Initiated in 2019, the Snow Leopard Population Assessment in India (SPAI) involved collaborative efforts between the Wildlife Institute of India, the Worldwide Fund for Nature-India, and the Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysuru.
• This synergy between governmental and non-governmental entities showcases the collective dedication to understanding and safeguarding the snow leopard population.
• The snow leopard’s population assessments have evolved over the years, transitioning from limited research in the 1980s to the recent SPAI survey covering approximately 80% of the species’ range.
• This progress signifies an increased understanding of the species, providing crucial information for targeted conservation initiatives.

Conservation Challenges: Human-Wildlife Conflict, Poaching, and Free-Ranging Dogs

• Despite being classified as ‘vulnerable’ by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, the snow leopard faces an array of threats.
• Human-wildlife conflicts, poaching, and interactions with free-ranging dogs pose significant challenges to the species.
• Unlike tigers, poaching is not the primary concern for snow leopards, with conservation efforts driven by increased sightings and a global interest in species preservation.

Future Prospects: Building on a Scientific Baseline for Conservation

• As India unveils its snow leopard census results, the focus shifts to future conservation endeavors.
• The established baseline from this survey will serve as a reference point for future assessments, guiding conservation strategies, and fostering international collaboration for the protection of this majestic species.

Snow leopard:

• It is found in the mountainous regions of central and southern Asia.
• In India, it is seen in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
• The Hemis National Park has a good presence of Snow Leopard.
• They play a key role as a top predator, an indicator of the health of their high-altitude habitat, and, increasingly, an important indicator of the impacts of climate change on mountain environments.
• Solo traveller: the snow leopard is usually solitary and highly elusive
• Crepuscular: dawn and dusk are the cat’s most active times
• Living large: some snow leopards have home ranges of up to 1,000 square kilometers
• Single moms: for about 18 months, females raise their cubs – all alone
• Cold and dry: the snow leopard primarily lives in arid, barren mountain areas
• Gentle: snow leopards are not known to be aggressive toward humans
• Carnivorous: the cat’s main prey are ibex, argali and blue sheep
• Conservation status:
  • IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
  • Under CITES it is listed in Appendix I
  • Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972: Schedule I

Conclusion: A Pioneering Step in Snow Leopard Conservation

• The culmination of India’s first snow leopard survey marks a pioneering step in wildlife conservation.
• With robust methodology, collaborative efforts, and technological advancements, this endeavor sets the stage for informed conservation actions.
• It ensures a sustainable future for the enigmatic and endangered snow leopards in India and beyond.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/first-ever-survey-puts-indias-snow-leopard-count-at-718/article67793739.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Astronomers have recently stumbled upon a celestial anomaly in the star cluster NGC 1851, challenging our understanding of extreme matter in the universe.

EXPLANATION:

• This discovery, detailed in a science publication, revolves around a peculiar system comprising a millisecond pulsar and a concealed massive object with enigmatic properties.

Neutron Stars and the Black Hole ‘Mass Gap’: A Precarious Balance

• Neutron stars, known for their extreme density, serve as a fascinating subject for astrophysical exploration.
• These remnants, as compact as atomic nuclei but as expansive as cities, often teeter on the brink of collapsing into black holes.
• The elusive transition from neutron stars to black holes poses a scientific conundrum, necessitating the identification of objects residing on this boundary.

NGC 1851E: A Glimpse into the Extremes of Matter

• The discovery unfolded in the depths of the NGC 1851-star cluster, where astronomers identified what seems to be a binary system comprising a millisecond pulsar and a concealed massive object.
• The latter, intriguingly, remains invisible across all electromagnetic frequencies, presenting a challenge for conventional observation methods.

The Role of Millisecond Pulsars: Cosmic Clocks and Observational Aids

• Millisecond pulsars, akin to cosmic atomic clocks, played a crucial role in deciphering the secrets of this celestial pairing.
• Their stable spins, detectable through regular radio pulses, provided astronomers with a means to measure the system’s intricacies over extended periods.
• Despite the invisible nature of the massive companion, the pulsar’s behavior offered a gateway to understanding the elusive object.

MeerKAT Radio Telescope: Unveiling Orbits and Changing Approaches

• The international team of astronomers leveraged the MeerKAT radio telescope in South Africa for precise observations of the NGC 1851E system.
• By scrutinizing changes in the pulsar’s orbit and applying Einstein’s theory of relativity, they unveiled crucial details about the system’s mass.
• The observations disclosed a combined mass nearly four times that of the Sun, raising questions about the nature of the invisible companion.

The Enigma of the Dark Companion: Black Hole Mass Gap and Astrophysical Possibilities

• Intriguingly, the companion’s mass falls within the elusive “black hole mass gap,” challenging existing astrophysical frameworks.
• This gap, situated between the heaviest neutron stars and the lightest black holes, remains a focal point of scientific curiosity.
• The mass estimation, ranging between 2.09 and 2.71 solar masses, prompts speculation about the true identity of the concealed object.

Astrophysical Scenarios: A Collision of Neutron Stars and the Birth of a Pulsar

• One tantalizing hypothesis suggests that the NGC 1851E system might be a result of a neutron star merger, culminating in the formation of a pulsar in orbit around the remnants.
• The crowded stellar environment of NGC 1851 allows for dynamic interactions, where stars engage in a cosmic dance.
• If two neutron stars collide and create a black hole, this celestial wanderer may disrupt ongoing stellar dances, reshaping the system.

Future Prospects: Unraveling the Mystery and Exploring Extreme Environments

• The study of NGC 1851E is ongoing, with astronomers diligently working to ascertain the true nature of the concealed companion.
• The possibility of identifying the lightest black hole or the most massive neutron star adds to the intrigue.
• At the interface between neutron stars and black holes, the potential existence of novel astrophysical objects remains an exciting avenue for future exploration.

Conclusion: NGC 1851E’s Promise for Understanding Extreme Environments

• While speculation abounds regarding this celestial oddity, one certainty emerges — the NGC 1851E system holds immense promise for unraveling the mysteries of matter in the most extreme corners of the universe.
• As astronomers continue to delve into this cosmic enigma, the scientific community eagerly anticipates further revelations that may redefine our comprehension of celestial phenomena.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/astronomers-spot-unusual-object-falling-in-the-black-hole-mass-gap/article67792301.ece