Day-579 | Daily MCQs | UPSC Prelims | ECONOMICS

Day-579

Time limit: 0

Quiz-summary

0 of 5 questions completed

Questions:

  1. 1
  2. 2
  3. 3
  4. 4
  5. 5

Information

DAILY MCQ

You have already completed the quiz before. Hence you can not start it again.

Quiz is loading...

You must sign in or sign up to start the quiz.

You have to finish following quiz, to start this quiz:

Results

0 of 5 questions answered correctly

Your time:

Time has elapsed

You have reached 0 of 0 points, (0)

Categories

  1. Not categorized 0%
  1. 1
  2. 2
  3. 3
  4. 4
  5. 5
  1. Answered
  2. Review
  1. Question 1 of 5
    1. Question

    1. Consider the following statements:
    1. Luxury goods have negative income elasticity of demand.
    2. Giffen goods have positive price elasticity of demand.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: B
    Explanation
    Statement 1 is incorrect: Income elasticity measures the percentage change in quantity demanded with respect to percentage change in income of a consumer.
    Formula= Percentage change in quantity demanded/ percentage change in income
    Income elasticity can be greater than one, less than one or equal to one.
    Luxury goods are those goods whose demand increases more than proportionately with increase in its income. Thus, they have positive income elasticity of demand, which is greater than one. For example, high-end automobiles.
    On the other hand, Inferior goods are those commodities, which have a negative relationship with income. It means their demand reduces with increase in income and vice versa. For example, Parle-G biscuit.
    Statement 2 is correct: Giffen goods are those goods, which are an exception to law of demand and have an upward sloping demand curve. The law of demand states that, other factors being constant (cetris peribus), price and quantity demand of any good and service are inversely related, ie, the demand increases with fall in price and vice versa.
    Contrary to this this, Giffen goods’ demand increases as price increases and vice-versa. Examples include potato and other staple goods. These goods have low substitutes and form a high percentage of a household’s budget. This phenomenon is witnessed in low-income households as the increase in their prices leaves less money for other goods. Hence, households buy more of these goods to compensate for other goods.

    Incorrect

    Answer: B
    Explanation
    Statement 1 is incorrect: Income elasticity measures the percentage change in quantity demanded with respect to percentage change in income of a consumer.
    Formula= Percentage change in quantity demanded/ percentage change in income
    Income elasticity can be greater than one, less than one or equal to one.
    Luxury goods are those goods whose demand increases more than proportionately with increase in its income. Thus, they have positive income elasticity of demand, which is greater than one. For example, high-end automobiles.
    On the other hand, Inferior goods are those commodities, which have a negative relationship with income. It means their demand reduces with increase in income and vice versa. For example, Parle-G biscuit.
    Statement 2 is correct: Giffen goods are those goods, which are an exception to law of demand and have an upward sloping demand curve. The law of demand states that, other factors being constant (cetris peribus), price and quantity demand of any good and service are inversely related, ie, the demand increases with fall in price and vice versa.
    Contrary to this this, Giffen goods’ demand increases as price increases and vice-versa. Examples include potato and other staple goods. These goods have low substitutes and form a high percentage of a household’s budget. This phenomenon is witnessed in low-income households as the increase in their prices leaves less money for other goods. Hence, households buy more of these goods to compensate for other goods.

  2. Question 2 of 5
    2. Question

    2. Consider the following statements:
    1. High oil prices may adversely affect the capital account of an oil- importing country.
    2. High exchange rate of the domestic currency may improve the trade balance of an economy.
    3. Low exchange rate of the domestic currency may make the imports cheaper for an economy.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: B
    Explanation
    Statement 1 is incorrect: High oil-prices negatively impacts the current account of an economy and not capital account. The balance of payment of the country consists of current account and capital account. Current account records all the transactions of trade in goods and services, in addition to private remittances, foreign aid, etc. A high current account deficit is not healthy for the economy.
    Capital account, on the other hand, records the net flow of all transactions of the country with the rest of the world that includes buying and selling of non- financial assets such as fixed assets, land, properties, etc and the financial components like FDI, FPI, external commercial borrowings, etc. India maintains a current account deficit on account of import of oil, electronic goods, etc.
    Statement 2 is correct: High exchange rate with respect to domestic currency also refers to the depreciation of a currency, which is the loss in its value. This makes the exports of a country cheaper in the foreign market, ie, increases its trade competitiveness. Thus, it results in the improvement of the trade balance.
    Statement 3 is correct: Low exchange rate is also known as appreciation of a currency. This results in increase in its value via-a-vis foreign currency. Thus, imports of a country become cheaper as the same value of a domestic currency can buy more goods.
    Additional information: Usually the BoP account doesn’t balance, so for this net errors and omissions account is maintained as not all the transactions can be recorded with the rest of the world.

    Incorrect

    Answer: B
    Explanation
    Statement 1 is incorrect: High oil-prices negatively impacts the current account of an economy and not capital account. The balance of payment of the country consists of current account and capital account. Current account records all the transactions of trade in goods and services, in addition to private remittances, foreign aid, etc. A high current account deficit is not healthy for the economy.
    Capital account, on the other hand, records the net flow of all transactions of the country with the rest of the world that includes buying and selling of non- financial assets such as fixed assets, land, properties, etc and the financial components like FDI, FPI, external commercial borrowings, etc. India maintains a current account deficit on account of import of oil, electronic goods, etc.
    Statement 2 is correct: High exchange rate with respect to domestic currency also refers to the depreciation of a currency, which is the loss in its value. This makes the exports of a country cheaper in the foreign market, ie, increases its trade competitiveness. Thus, it results in the improvement of the trade balance.
    Statement 3 is correct: Low exchange rate is also known as appreciation of a currency. This results in increase in its value via-a-vis foreign currency. Thus, imports of a country become cheaper as the same value of a domestic currency can buy more goods.
    Additional information: Usually the BoP account doesn’t balance, so for this net errors and omissions account is maintained as not all the transactions can be recorded with the rest of the world.

  3. Question 3 of 5
    3. Question

    3. Consider the following statements:
    1. A decline in yield spread between Indian and US government bonds may result in capital outflows from Indian markets.
    2. RBI buys dollar and sells rupee to check depreciation of rupee.
    3. Selling of Indian stocks by FIIs may result in appreciation of Indian currency.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation
    • Statement 1 is correct: Recently, the interest rate differential between the US and India has narrowed down due to the hike in policy rate by the Fed. Thus, effectively, yield spread between the US government bonds and Indian bonds has reduced. Due to this, investors may find the risk-reward ratio unfavourable due to high risk involved in the emerging markets, while they consider the US market to be a safe bet. This may result in a capital outflows from emerging markets, here India.
    • Statement 2 is incorrect: A depreciation of rupee represents high demand for foreign currency and low demand for Indian currency. To arrest the sharp depreciation of rupee, RBI may intervene by selling dollars and buying rupee, thus propping up the value of rupee. However, this would also result in decline in forex of the country. RBI became a net seller of dollar in FY23 to curb the fall in the value of rupee following Ukraine- Russia war.
    • Statement 3 is incorrect: Selling of Indian stocks by the foreign institutional investors represents capital outflows. This results in less demand for the Indian currency and high demand for foreign currency ( dollar) and would result in depreciation of rupee and not appreciation as there is low confidence on the Indian markets.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation
    • Statement 1 is correct: Recently, the interest rate differential between the US and India has narrowed down due to the hike in policy rate by the Fed. Thus, effectively, yield spread between the US government bonds and Indian bonds has reduced. Due to this, investors may find the risk-reward ratio unfavourable due to high risk involved in the emerging markets, while they consider the US market to be a safe bet. This may result in a capital outflows from emerging markets, here India.
    • Statement 2 is incorrect: A depreciation of rupee represents high demand for foreign currency and low demand for Indian currency. To arrest the sharp depreciation of rupee, RBI may intervene by selling dollars and buying rupee, thus propping up the value of rupee. However, this would also result in decline in forex of the country. RBI became a net seller of dollar in FY23 to curb the fall in the value of rupee following Ukraine- Russia war.
    • Statement 3 is incorrect: Selling of Indian stocks by the foreign institutional investors represents capital outflows. This results in less demand for the Indian currency and high demand for foreign currency ( dollar) and would result in depreciation of rupee and not appreciation as there is low confidence on the Indian markets.

  4. Question 4 of 5
    4. Question

    4. How many of the following are the likely effects of a tight monetary policy on the economy?
    1. Induces the consumers to spend more
    2. Investment cycle gets a boost due to lower interest rate
    3. Negatively impacts the growth rate in the medium term
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation
    • Statement 1 is incorrect: A contractionary/tight monetary policy is undertaken by the central bank, the Reserve Bank of India, in order reduce the inflationary situation in the economy. The banks will raise interest rates to make lending more expensive, thus discouraging the consumption activity in the economy.
    • Statement 2 is incorrect: A contractionary monetary policy by the central bank raises interest rate, which makes the borrowings costlier. This negatively impacts the investment cycle as the capital costs go up.
    • Statement 3 is correct: A contractionary monetary policy negatively impacts the growth rate in the medium term. Interest rates are raised to cool down the overheated economy. Prolonged high interest discourages the businesses, corporates to undertake capital expenditure, which reduces the gross fixed capital formation in the economy, thus reducing the economic growth.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation
    • Statement 1 is incorrect: A contractionary/tight monetary policy is undertaken by the central bank, the Reserve Bank of India, in order reduce the inflationary situation in the economy. The banks will raise interest rates to make lending more expensive, thus discouraging the consumption activity in the economy.
    • Statement 2 is incorrect: A contractionary monetary policy by the central bank raises interest rate, which makes the borrowings costlier. This negatively impacts the investment cycle as the capital costs go up.
    • Statement 3 is correct: A contractionary monetary policy negatively impacts the growth rate in the medium term. Interest rates are raised to cool down the overheated economy. Prolonged high interest discourages the businesses, corporates to undertake capital expenditure, which reduces the gross fixed capital formation in the economy, thus reducing the economic growth.

  5. Question 5 of 5
    5. Question

    5. When net factor income from abroad is positive, which of the following is necessarily correct?

    Correct

    Answer: C
    Explanation:
    Statement C is correct: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the aggregate value of final goods and services produced within the domestic economy during a year. On the other hand, Gross National Product (GNP) is the total value of all the final goods and services produced by the normal residents of a country.
    GDP can be calculated with three different approaches— expenditure side, income side and output side— with each arriving at the same value. This principle is based on the concept that someone’s expenditure is other person’s income.
    According to expenditure approach:
    GDP= consumption + investment + government spending+ exports- imports
    Relationship between GDP and GNP
    GNP= GDP+net factor income from abroad
    Where net factor income from abroad is the difference between the factor income received from the rest of the world and the factor income paid to the rest of the world.
    Gross Value Added (GVA) or GDP at market prices is the difference between value of output and intermediate consumption of all primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector. While GVA at basic prices includes production taxes and exclude production subsidies, GVA at factor cost includes no taxes and excludes no subsidies.
    GVA/GDP at basic prices = GVA at factor cost + production taxes- production subsidies.
    GVA/GDP at market prices= GDP at basic prices+ product taxes- product subsidies.
    It is to be noted that production taxes and subsidies are not dependent on the volume of production, while product taxes and product subsidies are paid or received based on per unit of a product.

    Incorrect

    Answer: C
    Explanation:
    Statement C is correct: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the aggregate value of final goods and services produced within the domestic economy during a year. On the other hand, Gross National Product (GNP) is the total value of all the final goods and services produced by the normal residents of a country.
    GDP can be calculated with three different approaches— expenditure side, income side and output side— with each arriving at the same value. This principle is based on the concept that someone’s expenditure is other person’s income.
    According to expenditure approach:
    GDP= consumption + investment + government spending+ exports- imports
    Relationship between GDP and GNP
    GNP= GDP+net factor income from abroad
    Where net factor income from abroad is the difference between the factor income received from the rest of the world and the factor income paid to the rest of the world.
    Gross Value Added (GVA) or GDP at market prices is the difference between value of output and intermediate consumption of all primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector. While GVA at basic prices includes production taxes and exclude production subsidies, GVA at factor cost includes no taxes and excludes no subsidies.
    GVA/GDP at basic prices = GVA at factor cost + production taxes- production subsidies.
    GVA/GDP at market prices= GDP at basic prices+ product taxes- product subsidies.
    It is to be noted that production taxes and subsidies are not dependent on the volume of production, while product taxes and product subsidies are paid or received based on per unit of a product.

window.wpAdvQuizInitList = window.wpAdvQuizInitList || []; window.wpAdvQuizInitList.push({ id: '#wpAdvQuiz_619', init: { quizId: 619, mode: 0, globalPoints: 10, timelimit: 0, resultsGrade: [0], bo: 0, qpp: 0, catPoints: [10], formPos: 0, lbn: "Finish quiz", json: {"2884":{"type":"single","id":2884,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[0,1,0,0]},"2885":{"type":"single","id":2885,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[0,1,0,0]},"2886":{"type":"single","id":2886,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[1,0,0,0]},"2887":{"type":"single","id":2887,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[1,0,0,0]},"2888":{"type":"single","id":2888,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[0,0,1,0]}} } });



FIRED UP AND PLUGGED IN – DRIVING INDIA’S ENERGY SECURITY AND DECARBONISATION THIS DECADE

THE CONTEXT: India’s quest for economic growth within COP-28’s coal phase-down commitments necessitates a balance between development, energy security, and decarbonization. The power sector must optimize existing thermal assets, enhance coal plant flexibility, promote energy storage integration, and establish self-reliant RE technology supply chains. Strategic planning in these areas will support India’s dual sustainable development objectives and meet its climate action goals.

ISSUES:

  • Economic Growth and COP-28 Commitments: India aims to be the fastest-growing economy but faces the challenge of global agreements to phase down unabated coal. Adherence to COP-28 dictates a shift from traditional coal reliance to sustainable energy sources.
  • Climate Action and Vulnerability: India is the seventh most vulnerable country to the impacts of climate change. Reduction in fossil fuel subsidies by 76% between FY14 and FY22. Goal to triple installed renewable power generation by 2030.
  • Energy Sector Dynamics: Over 100 GW from coal-based plants meets the base power load most days. Coal remains indispensable for peak demands and backup during non-solar hours.
  • Decarbonization and Energy Security: Strategies to make existing coal plants flexible and more responsive to peak demand periods, reducing unplanned outages. ~38 GW thermal plants faced unplanned outages in 2023. Enhancing coal fleet flexibility to integrate renewable energy smoothly.
  • Renewable Energy Integration: Plans to retrofit approximately 92% of coal and lignite-based capacity for better integration of renewables. Payment mechanisms developed by CERC and state regulators for retrofitting costs.
  • Energy Storage Systems :There is a need for incentivizing storage solutions like battery energy storage systems (BESS) to balance the grid during renewable downtime. Introducing ’round-the-clock’ bids combining renewable energy production with energy storage.
  • Supply Chain Indigenization :Emphasis on indigenizing supply chains for battery storage and renewable energy (RE) technology. FY22 data: Coal worth approx. INR 1.5 lakh crore produced, supporting central and state revenue, and Indian Railways. The Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme commits INR 19,000 crore to solar manufacturing.
  • Policy and Future Commitments :Policymakers are urged to balance domestic energy security with long-term decarbonization plans. Importance of transparent assessment of long-term costs associated with traditional versus renewable energy sources. Focus on providing low-cost and affordable electricity essential for the economy and living standards.

WAY FORWARD:

  • Enhancing Grid Stability and Reducing Outages: Implement advanced grid management using big data analytics and AI to predict and mitigate outages. Strengthen regulatory frameworks to incentivize the reliability of power plants.
  • Integrating Renewable Energy: Accelerate the retrofitting of coal-based power plants to handle variable loads from renewable sources. Develop new market mechanisms to compensate plants for providing flexible services.
  • Renewable Energy Storage Incentives: Establish financial subsidies or tax rebates for energy storage solutions to complement renewable energy sources. Promote public-private partnerships to scale up battery storage infrastructure.
  • Domestic Manufacturing and Atmanirbhar Bharat: Expand the scope of the PLI scheme to include battery storage and other renewable energy technologies. Encourage joint ventures and knowledge sharing with global leaders to build technical expertise.
  • Sustainable Energy Policies: Formulate policies favoring low-carbon technologies and consider total life-cycle costs to make renewables more competitive. Implement robust Feed-in Tariff (FIT) policies to ensure favorable returns on renewable energy investments.
  • Infrastructure for Renewable Integration: Upgrade transmission infrastructure to handle increased renewable capacity. Invest in smart grids capable of two-way communication and dynamic response to changing energy demands.
  • Research and Development: Allocate a significant portion of the national budget to R&D in clean energy technologies. Establish Centers of Excellence for renewable energy research with global partnerships.
  • Public Awareness and Education: Launch nationwide campaigns to raise public awareness regarding the benefits of renewable energy and energy efficiency. Integrate energy conservation and renewable energy principles into educational curriculums.
  • International Cooperation: Maintain active dialogues with international bodies to share best practices and technology transfer in renewable energy. Seek international funding and technical expertise for large-scale renewable projects.
  • Long-term Energy Planning: Conduct comprehensive assessments of the long-term returns and sustainability of energy investments. Frame long-term energy policies that balance immediate energy security needs with long-term decarbonization goals.

THE CONCLUSION:

Proactive strategies to enhance energy sector efficiencies, foster renewable energy integration, and build self-reliant supply chains are crucial and inevitable steps toward a greener future. With judicious policymaking and tech-enabled solutions, India can achieve the dual objectives of energy security and a thriving, sustainable economy.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q 1) Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at the World Leaders Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November 2021. When was this idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (2021)

Q 2) The adoption of electric vehicles is rapidly growing worldwide. How do electric vehicles contribute to reducing carbon emissions, and what are their key benefits compared to traditional combustion engine vehicles? (2023)

Q 3) With growing energy needs, should India keep expanding its nuclear energy program? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (2018)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1) Discuss the proactive strategies that India can adopt to enhance energy sector efficiencies, foster renewable integration, and build self-reliant supply chains. How can these strategies help India achieve the dual objectives of energy security and a thriving, sustainable economy?”

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/fired-up-and-plugged-in-driving-indias-energy-security-and-decarbonisation-this-decade/article67765417.ece



ONE NATION, ONE ELECTION PANEL

THE CONTEXT: Recently, a High-Level Committee headed by a former president, Ram Nath Kovind, issued a public notice asking for suggestions for simultaneous election between January 5-15, 2024. According to the Union Law Ministry, 81% of the 20,000-plus responses received by the High-Level Committee on One Nation, One Election have favoured the idea.

ABOUT THE RECENT COMMITTEE:

  • Government has constituted an eight-member high level committee to examine One Nation, One Election in September, 2023.
  • Former President Ram Nath Kovind has been appointed as Chairman of the committee. Union Home Minister Amit Shah, Congress MP Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury, Former Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha Ghulam Nabi Azad, Former Chairman 15th Finance CommissionK. Singh and others are appointed as the members of the committee.
  • The high level committee will examine and make recommendation for holding simultaneous elections of Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, Municipalities and Panchayats, keeping in view the existing framework under the Constitution and other statutory provisions.
  • It will examine and recommend, if the amendments to the Constitution would require ratification by the States.
  • They will also suggest a framework for synchronisation of elections and specifically, suggest the phases and time frame within which simultaneous elections may be held.
  • The committee will also examine the logistics and manpower required, including EVMs and VVPATs for holding simultaneous elections.

CONCEPT OF SIMULTANEOUS ELECTIONS AND BACKGROUND

  • ‘Simultaneous Elections’ is defined as structuring the Indian election cycle in a manner such that elections to Lok Sabha and State Assemblies are synchronized together.
  • The elections to the House of the People and Legislative Assemblies of States were mostly held simultaneously from 1951-52 to 1967 after which this cycle got broken.
  • Lok Sabha and State legislatures went to polls together in 1952 and 1957, with the Congress initially comfortably placed all over the country.
  • The synchronised cycle was first broken in Kerala, in July 1959, when the Centre invoked Article 356 of the Constitution to dismiss the ministry headed by E M S Namboodiripad of the Communist Party. This was followed by state elections in February 1960.
  • As the Congress’s popularity declined, it suffered major setbacks in several states Bihar, UP, Rajasthan, Punjab, West Bengal, Orissa, Madras and Kerala in the 1967 elections.
  • Consequently, Samyukta Vidhayak Dal governments, comprising Bharatiya Kranti Dal, SSP, PSP, Swatantra Party, Jana Sangh and Congress defectors, came to power.
  • Defections and counter-defections ultimately led to the dissolution of Assemblies, which separated the poll cycles of many states from the central one.
  • At present, Assembly elections in Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim are held together with Lok Sabha polls.

PREVIOUS RECOMMENDATIONS:

  • Election Commission (1983): In 1983, the Election Commission proposed the idea of holding simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies.
  • The Law Commission (1999): The Law Commission, led by Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy, presented its 170th report in May 1999. The report recommended exploring a system where elections for the Lok Sabha and all legislative assemblies are held simultaneously.
  • Election Commission (2019): In 2019, Chief Election Commissioner Sunil Arora expressed support for the idea of simultaneous elections, calling it a desirable goal. He suggested aligning the terms of state assemblies with the life of the Parliament for successful implementation.
  • Parliamentary Standing Committee (2015): The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law, and Justice, led by E.M. Sudarsana Natchiappan, compiled a report in 2015. The report highlighted benefits such as
  • Massive expenditure that is currently incurred for the conduct of separate elections
  • Policy paralysis that results from the imposition of the Model Code of Conduct during election time;
  • Impact on delivery of essential services
  • Burden on crucial manpower that is deployed during election time,” the report observed.
  • Law Commission’s Draft Report (2018): In August 2018, the Law Commission, under the leadership of Justice B.S. Chauhan, drafted a report stating that simultaneous elections couldn’t be held within the existing constitutional framework. The Commission recommended amendments to the Constitution, the Representation of the People Act 1951, and parliamentary procedures for its implementation. The report suggested that at least 50% of states ratify constitutional amendments.

ISSUES:

  • Partisan committee: Given the constitution and manner of functioning and the larger context of one-party dominance, the newly formed committee gives the impression of just being the rubber stamp.
  • Constitutional Amendments:Implementing simultaneous elections needs extensive amendments to the Constitution and electoral laws, which requires complex negotiations and consensus-building.
  • Impact on Federal Structure:Simultaneous elections has the potential to weaken the federal structure and eroding the autonomy of state elections.
  • Financial burden:Coordinating simultaneous elections would place a significant burden on the Election Commission’s resources, possibly affecting the efficiency and credibility of the electoral process.
  • Lack of engagement of opposition: There is a lack of robust debate on the proposal of simultaneous elections as there is lack of engagement of opposition. For example, Congress leader in the Lok Sabha, refused to be a part of the Committee arguing that it is imbalanced.

THE WAY FORWARD

  • Taking into account opposition viewpoint: Though, the Committee’s terms of reference assume that One Nation, One Election is in “national interest”. But despite this, there is a need for opposition leader to play an important role by pushing for greater transparency in the process. As such a fundamental change in the democratic structure and process cannot be brought without adequate engagement with the Opposition’s concerns.
  • Consultative approach: Achieving simultaneous elections in India requires a consultative approach and stakeholder consultations to adapt a framework that can pave the way for a synchronized electoral process.
  • Uphold federalism: There is a need to balance the benefits of streamlined governance with the complexities of diverse regional dynamics to uphold federalism. A system of election should be devised that respects federal structures while enhancing administrative efficiency.

THE CONCLUSION:

The concept of one nation, one election remains a subject of ongoing deliberation in Indian politics. While proponents emphasize the potential advantages of simultaneous election and critics raise valid concerns about its implementation and impact on regional dynamics. The future of this proposal of simultaneous election will depend on various factors in the evolving political landscape of India.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? (2018)

Q.2 To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful? (2017)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.1 Discuss the challenges for conducting simultaneous election in India and suggest measures to ensure federalism while upholding democratic process in the country.

Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/one-nation-one-election-union-law-ministry-high-level-committee-lok-sabha-elections-2024-9122617/



WITH THE RAM TEMPLE CONSECRATION IN AYODHYA, RECALLING WHAT GANDHI SAID ABOUT RAM RAJYA

THE CONTEXT: –“Ram Rajya” is an ideal state associated with moral values such as justice, equality, and truth. As envisioned by Mahatma Gandhi, it was not limited to a particular religion but was about respect for all faiths and religious harmony. Mahatma Gandhi believed that Ram Rajya meant the kingdom of God, where even the most marginalized would receive swift justice. He associated it with democracy, equality, and non-violence.

ISSUES:

  • Misinterpretation of Gandhian Ideology: Risk of Gandhi’s concept of ‘Ram Rajya’ being misunderstood or misrepresented, aligning it with religious connotations rather than the broader moral governance he advocated for.
  • Political Symbolism versus Reality: The risk of political leaders using the term ‘Ram Rajya’ for symbolic value rather than committing to its underlying principles of justice, equality, and truth in policy and governance.
  • Religious Pluralism and Secularism: Challenges to secularism with the promotion of symbols associated with a particular religion, which may lead to feelings of alienation or discrimination among minority communities.
  • Economic and Social Disparities: Although leaders speak of ‘Ram Rajya’ in the context of development and prosperity, actualizing these ideals amidst persistent economic inequality and poverty remains an issue.
  • Justice and Access to Rights: The complexity and cost of legal procedures contrast Gandhi’s vision of a system where the most marginalized can swiftly obtain justice.
  • Communal Harmony: The invocation of ‘Ram Rajya’ comes at a time of heightened communal sensitivity in India, potentially disrupting harmony if the term is seen as exclusionary.
  • Constitutional Values: Upholding the fundamental rights enshrined in the Indian Constitution in the light of Gandhian philosophy, emphasizing equality and non-discrimination across all spectrums of society.

WAY FORWARD: –

  • Enhancing Constitutional Understanding and Moral Governance: Strengthen civic education to enhance understanding of constitutional values and the vision of ‘Ram Rajya’ as a moral and ethically governed state. Educational reforms incorporate teachings on justice, equality, and truth in the curriculum to build a socially conscious citizenry.
  • Enforcing Secularism and Religious Harmony: Reinforce the secular ethos through policies and public discourse, emphasizing the state’s neutral stance on religion. Encourage interfaith dialogue and initiatives that promote mutual respect and understanding among diverse religious communities.
  • Bridging Socio-Economic Inequalities: Implement equitable economic policies to minimize disparities and ensure that the benefits of growth reach the most marginalized segments. Monitor and address the root causes of poverty and social injustice to realize the welfare state envisioned in ‘Ram Rajya’.
  • Streamlining Access to Justice: Simplify legal processes and improve access to justice for all, particularly the impoverished and marginalized communities. Invest in legal aid services and judicial infrastructure to ensure fairness and efficiency in dispensing justice.
  • Promotion of Non-Violence and Peaceful Coexistence: Adopt Gandhian principles of ahimsa (non-violence) in conflict resolution at both domestic and international levels. Engage civil society and community leaders in peace-building efforts to foster non-violent advocacy and action.
  • Inclusive Development and Political Integrity: Development policies must be people-centric, focusing on improving the quality of life for every citizen, irrespective of their socio-economic status. Uphold political integrity and accountability, ensuring that governance is transparent, responsive, and corrupt-free.
  • Fostering Self-Introspection and Personal Growth: Promote self-introspection for personal and societal growth inspired by Gandhian philosophy. Encourage self-improvement and community service to contribute to collective welfare. Achieve “Ram Rajya” – where everyone is treated with dignity, has rights, and can live harmoniously.

THE CONCLUSION: –

The ‘Ram Rajya’ concept advocated by Mahatma Gandhi represents a secular framework that upholds justice, equality, and truth. It aligns with the constitution and promotes democratic values, moral governance, and non-violent reform for all citizens, irrespective of their socio-economic background.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

Q.1) “Anger and intolerance are the enemies of correct understanding.” Mahatma Gandhi (2018)

Q.2) Throw light on the significance of Mahatma Gandhi’s thoughts in the present times. (2018)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.1) What were some key elements of Gandhi’s “Ram Rajya” concept, and how did he interpret it? How did Gandhi link Ram Rajya to principles such as justice, non-violence, and democratic governance?

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-quote-means-ayodhya-ram-temple-gandhi-ram-rajya-9120495/



WSDP Bulletin (23/01/2024)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. Jammu CSIR lab finds cannabis plant compound has antibiotic effects | Explained READ MORE

2. Govt expands scope of financial services on offer at IFSC READ MORE

3. PM Modi announces solar roof-top scheme for one crore households READ MORE

4. Odisha government seeks urgent deployment of kumki elephants from Tamil Nadu READ MORE

5. PM Modi launches new rooftop solar power scheme: What it is, why it is needed READ MORE

6. How food inflation in India has been de-globalised, what factors can drive prices now READ MORE

7. Over 17,000 tree species face heightened risk of extinction due to global change READ MORE

8. What ails climate-smart agriculture in South Asia? Limited state resources & incentives, unequal tech dissemination READ MORE

9. Over 3% of all cancer patients in India are under 15; 4.6% under 20: Study READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Women in small towns see a future in business READ MORE

2. How smartphones can make education inclusive READ MORE

3. Unravelling Antarctica’s Shrinking Sea Ice Levels READ MORE

4. Multi-pronged strategy needed to conserve groundwater READ MORE

5. China’s population dip is a global concern READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Why was FCRA registration for several NGOs cancelled? | Explained READ MORE

2. On equal access to benefits for all Scheduled Caste communities | Explained READ MORE

3. The idea of one nation, one election is against federalism READ MORE

4. How the Union Govt Is Slowly but Surely Blurring India’s Federal Structure READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Time to move beyond 1-2-3-4: What the ASER report reveals about Indian education system READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Delving into the Iran-Pak dispute: While tensions may have been defused for now, the underlying causes persist READ MORE   

2. India-Maldives ties: Turbulence in paradise READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Tax contribution by States needs to be revisited READ MORE

2. Fired up and plugged in – Driving India’s energy security and decarbonisation this decade READ MORE

3. Building on financial inclusion’s success READ MORE

4. Cooperative route to build rural economy READ MORE

5. India’s fight for food security at WTO READ MORE

6. What next for India’s fintech revolution? READ MORE

7. WTO | Permanent solution to central pool stocks critical for India READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Warming up to climate change: What is the 1.5 degree Celsius threshold, and what happens when we breach it? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Better use of technology needs free access READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Army needs smartsizing to optimise resource utilisation READ MORE   

2. Will Myanmar fence end problems? READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. In Morbi’s debris, the role of the State in PPP projects READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Ram represents triumph of responsibility READ MORE

2. Education’s role in opening the mind READ MORE

CASE STUDY

1. How Aadhaar is strangling MGNREGA in a Maharashtra district and pushing workers to migrate READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. India’s growing economy and Azerbaijan’s strategic location as a gateway to Europe and Asia offer the potential for increased trade and investment. Comment.

2. It is important to focus on technical and vocational education from the school level onwards so that children are equipped with skills that are needed in a growing economy. Comment in the light of ASER’s survey.

3. AI can lead to economic growth, but it also has the potential to destabilise national policies and disrupt financial systems. Critically comment.

4. The Right to Education Act, 2009 may have ensured universal access to education, but there is many a gap to fill before it touches every child in the true spirit of the law. Comment on the statement in the light of recent ASER’s report.

5. Asia is one of the fastest-growing regions globally and a united Asian front could serve as a counterbalance allowing for a more multipolar world order where India plays a significant role. Comment.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • Everyone’s worried about stopping terrorism. Well, there’s really an easy way: Stop participating in it.
  • The cost of holding free and fair elections to elect a government of the choice of the people is a price that can never be high.
  • The Model Code of Conduct and other guidelines issued by the Election Commission are necessary pains to ensure that executive influence over voters is kept to a minimum and the playing field, during the election period, remains level.
  • The Indian constitutional architecture is structured differently granting higher courts inherent and broad powers of judicial review when executive actions transgress the fields assigned to them.
  • Efficiency is to reward the States that are efficient in collecting revenue and rationalising spending. The trade-off between equity and efficiency is normative and remains dynamic in successive Finance Commission recommendations.
  • In the case of Union excise duties, the value of taxable products consumed in a State is essential to decide its contribution. Due to the unavailability of proper consumption statistics, contribution was never a determinant in the distribution formula for Union excise duties.
  • In this critical decade, the spotlight will be on how India decarbonises its power sector while ensuring economic development and energy security.
  • To effectively advance financial inclusion in India, a comprehensive and multifaceted strategy is essential, addressing the varied needs of its diverse population.
  • Overcoming geographical and social barriers, such as inaccessibility, illiteracy and other socio-economic constraints, is imperative to achieve financial inclusion vision.
  • In this evolving scenario, maintaining consistency in international relations and diplomatic finesse becomes paramount for India to navigate the stormy waters of the India-Maldives controversy.
  • With AI, cyber-risks will pose a significant threat. But the challenges can spur agile and proactive regulatory resposes to safeguard users while fostering innovation.
  • Through generative AI India see conversational interfaces that support a range of regional languages and this evolution reflects a more interactive and accessible approach across the country, further bridging the digital and financial divide.
  • The fintech landscape in India, as with other digital new-age sectors, will continue to face challenges with cyber risk and data security, especially as we enter the AI-led future.
  • Apart from issuing guidelines and directives, the health authorities should ensure that they are strictly followed. It is not known whether there are inspections and checks and those who violate the rules are penalised.
  • Responsibilities of the state governments are being slowly overtaken by the Centre, keen as it is to take credit for all welfare programmes. Meanwhile, state coffers are not getting the assistance they need from the Union government.
  • In a federal structure it is critical that Union government responds to the needs of states and there is complete transparency and accountability in the functioning of both these organs.

ESSAY TOPIC

  • Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony.

50-WORD TALK

  • Supreme Court’s refusal to extend the deadline for surrender of Bilkis Bano’s rape convicts is a bold iteration of the rule of law. Their reasons for extension were flimsy and an obvious sham to buy more time. It was a travesty that they were even released in the first place.
  • Health ministry’s direction to doctors ordering them to specify the reason every time they prescribe antibiotics has come not a day too soon. With high incidence of antibiotics abuse, India’s contribution to the global drug-resistant pathogen is very high. And it is now also India’s burden to fix the problem.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
  • Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.


NHRC ADVOCATES IMPLEMENTATION OF IDATE COMMISSION REPORT FOR NOMADIC TRIBES’ PROTECTION

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has emphasized the critical need for implementing the Idate Commission report, which recommends the establishment of a permanent commission for Nomadic, Semi-Nomadic, and De-Notified Tribes (NTs, SNTs, and DNTs) in India.

EXPLANATION:

  • The commission’s call for action also includes the repeal of the Habitual Offenders Act, 1952, and the formulation of specific policies for the welfare of these marginalized communities.
  • One of the commission members stressed the importance of changing the colonial mindset that labels De-Notified Tribes as having “criminal tendencies.”
  • The need for proper documentation of their identities to ensure they benefit from welfare schemes and receive basic necessities has been also highlighted.
  • De-Notified communities lacking citizenship documents, leads to challenges in obtaining government benefits and constitutional rights.

Recommendations from the Idate Commission Report:

  • The Idate Commission report suggests several key measures for the protection and empowerment of NTs, SNTs, and DNTs:
    • Establishment of a Permanent Commission:
      • The Idate Commission proposes the creation of a permanent commission dedicated to addressing the unique needs and challenges faced by Nomadic, Semi-Nomadic, and De-Notified Tribes.
    • Repealing the Habitual Offenders Act, 1952:
      • The NHRC stresses the urgency of repealing this act, which has been a source of stigma and discrimination against these communities.
      • Alternatively, it recommends the appointment of a representative from the De-Notified Tribe community as stipulated in the Act.
    • Non-Inclusion under SC/ST/OBC:
      • The report advocates for the non-inclusion of DNTs/NTs/SNTs under the Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC) categories.
      • It emphasized the need for specific policies tailored to their requirements.

Addressing Stigma and Discrimination:

  • Historical Context:
    • The NHRC acknowledges the historical challenges faced by NTs, SNTs, and DNTs, stemming from enactments like the Criminal Tribes Act, 1872, and the Habitual Offenders Act, 1952.
    • It underscores the necessity to modify discriminatory provisions of the latter.
  • Identifying Challenges and Facilitating Basic Facilities:
    • The NHRC calls for the identification of challenges faced by these communities, particularly in accessing basic facilities such as education, employment, healthcare, and legal documents.
    • It urges the development of measures to mitigate these challenges.
  • Ensuring Representation:
    • The NHRC advocates for the representation of De-Notified tribes in parliament, government institutions, and higher education, with a specific focus on women and children.

Idate Commission

  • The Idate Commission has made a total of 20 recommendations which concern the various ministries and departments.
  • Some of the issues raised by the report with regard to these ministries involve:
    • the repealing of the Habitual Offenders Act (which still results in harassment of the community by the police),
    • provision of PDS cards,
    • special housing schemes for the largely landless community,
    • establishment of a separate academy to preserve their art and culture,
    • special education and health schemes.

Conclusion:

  • The NHRC’s proactive stance on implementing the Idate Commission report and addressing the multifaceted challenges faced by Nomadic, Semi-Nomadic, and De-Notified Tribes reflects a commitment to human rights, social justice, and the eradication of discriminatory practices.
  • The recommendations underscore the need for a comprehensive and inclusive approach to uplift these marginalized communities and ensure their meaningful participation in India’s socio-economic and political landscape.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/protection-of-nomadic-tribes-nhrc-stress-on-need-for-implementation-of-the-idate-commission-report/article67757054.ece#:~:text=The%20National%20Human%20Rights%20Commission,%2C%20and%20DNTs)%20in%20India



NAMIBIAN CHEETAH BIRTHS AT KUNO NATIONAL PARK

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: In a significant development for India’s wildlife conservation efforts, a Namibian cheetah named Jwala has given birth to three cubs at the Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh.

EXPLANATION:

  • This follows closely after another Namibian cheetah, Aasha, gave birth to three cubs a few weeks earlier.
  • The news was shared by Union Environment Minister highlighting the success of ‘Project Cheetah.’

Project Cheetah and Reintroduction Efforts:

  • Project Cheetah is the world’s first intercontinental large wild carnivore translocation project.
  • The project aimed at the reintroduction of Cheetahs in the country which had become extinct in 1950s in the country.
  • The cheetahs, including Jwala and Aasha, were translocated from Namibia as part of this ambitious conservation initiative.
  • The cheetahs were translocated from Namibia and South Africa, showcasing global collaboration in wildlife conservation.
  • The first batch of eight cheetahs arrived in India in September 2022, followed by a second batch of 12 cheetahs from South Africa in February.
  • Project Cheetah aimed at establishing a self-sustaining population of about 35 cheetahs in the country over the next decade.
  • However the Project has faced several criticisms with the death of 9 cheetahs (6 adults and 3 cubs) out of the 20 translocated cheetahs from Namibia and South Africa.

  • The birth of three cubs by Namibian cheetah Jwala adds to the growing success of the reintroduction program at Kuno National Park.
  • Earlier, Aasha had given birth to three cubs on January 3, showcasing the adaptability and reproductive success of the translocated cheetahs.

Challenges:

  • Jwala had previously given birth to four cubs in March, but unfortunately, only one of them survived.
  • This highlights the challenges and uncertainties associated with the reintroduction process and the delicate nature of wildlife conservation.

Importance of Cheetah Reintroduction:

  • The reintroduction of cheetahs holds ecological significance, contributing to the restoration of a balanced ecosystem.
  • Cheetahs, as apex predators, play a crucial role in controlling herbivore populations, ensuring the health of the overall ecosystem.

Conclusion:

  • The birth of three cubs by Namibian cheetah Jwala at Kuno National Park marks a positive step forward in India’s efforts to reintroduce this magnificent species.
  • It underscores the success of ‘Project Cheetah’ and highlights the dedication of wildlife conservationists.
  • As the cubs grow, they symbolize hope for the revival of a species once extinct in India, contributing to the country’s rich biodiversity and ecological balance.
  • The collaborative efforts and achievements in cheetah translocations exemplify India’s commitment to global conservation initiatives.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/three-cubs-born-to-namibian-cheetah-at-kuno-national-park/article67767867.ece



GOVERNMENT EXPANDS FINANCIAL SERVICES SCOPE AT IFSC

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Indian government has recently broadened the range of activities permissible at the International Financial Services Centre (IFSC), including services like bookkeeping, accounting, taxation, and financial crime compliance.

EXPLANATION:

  • This strategic move aims to enhance the appeal and functionality of the IFSC, a designated financial hub set up to attract international businesses and investors.
  • In a gazette notification issued by the Ministry of Finance, various financial services, crucial for international financial transactions, have been explicitly incorporated into the scope of activities at the IFSC.
  • The services mentioned include bookkeeping, accounting, taxation, and financial crime compliance.

Regulatory Framework and IFSC Authority:

  • The financial services offered at the IFSC will be regulated by the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA).
  • This regulatory body ensures adherence to global standards and provides a conducive environment for financial activities within the IFSC.

Target Audience and Business Set-Up Conditions:

  • The notification specifies that the financial services can be offered by IFSC-regulated units to non-residents.
  • However, these non-resident businesses should not be set up through the splitting up of existing businesses in India or the reconstruction/reorganization of businesses already in existence in India.

Restrictions on Transferring Existing Contracts:

  • To prevent any misuse or evasion of regulations, the notification imposes a restriction on IFSC units.
  • These units are not allowed to offer financial services by transferring or receiving existing contracts or work arrangements from their group entities based in India.

Enhancing IFSC’s Competitive Edge:

  • The expansion of financial services at the IFSC aligns with the government’s efforts to position it as a competitive global financial hub.
  • By including critical services like bookkeeping and accounting, the IFSC becomes more versatile, catering to the diverse needs of international businesses and investors.
  • The role of the IFSCA becomes pivotal in ensuring that the financial services offered at the IFSC comply with international standards, maintain transparency, and adhere to regulatory guidelines.
  • This is crucial for building trust among international stakeholders and attracting a wide range of financial activities.

International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) :

  • An IFSC enables bringing back the financial services and transactions that are currently carried out in offshore financial centres by Indian corporate entities and overseas branches/subsidiaries of Financial Institutions (such as banks, insurance companies, etc.) to India.
  • It offers a business and regulatory environment that is comparable to other leading international financial centres in the world like London and Singapore.
  • IFSCs are intended to provide Indian corporates with easier access to global financial markets, and to complement and promote further development of financial markets in India.
  • The first IFSC in India has been set up at the Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City) in Gandhinagar.

Conclusion:

  • The government’s decision to broaden the scope of financial services at the IFSC demonstrates a commitment to fostering a business-friendly environment and positioning India as a key player in the global financial landscape.
  • By incorporating services like bookkeeping and accounting, the IFSC aims to become a one-stop destination for diverse financial activities, attracting international businesses seeking a well-regulated and dynamic financial ecosystem.
  • The success of this initiative will not only boost India’s economic standing but also contribute to the global competitiveness of the IFSC.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/govt-expands-scope-of-financial-services-on-offer-at-ifsc/article67766402.ece



FCRA REGISTRATION CANCELLATIONS

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act, 2010 (FCRA) registration of two prominent non-governmental organisations (NGOs) — Centre for Policy Research (CPR) and World Vision India (WVI) have been cancelled.

EXPLANATION:

  • The Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) plays a crucial role in regulating foreign donations to NGOs in India.
  • The Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the FCRA, ensuring that foreign funds do not compromise the country’s internal security.
  • Thousands of NGOs faced FCRA registration renewal in 2020-2021, with the process being impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and amendments to the FCRA Act in 2020.
  • The MHA, recognizing these challenges, extended the renewal deadline multiple times, with the latest extension set until March 31, 2024.

Evolution of FCRA Legislation:

  • Enacted in 1976, the FCRA underwent significant changes, culminating in the 2010 legislation.
  • Further amendments were made in 2020.
  • It solidified the legal framework for NGOs receiving foreign donations.
  • Registration under FCRA is mandatory for entities intending to receive foreign contributions.

Scale of FCRA Cancellations:

  • Since 2015, over 16,000 NGOs have seen their FCRA registrations canceled due to violations.
  • As of January 22, there were 16,989 FCRA-registered NGOs.
  • Nearly 6,000 NGOs had their registrations cease from January 1, 2022, either due to MHA refusals or the NGOs not applying for renewal.

MHA Report on NGO Vulnerability:

  • A 2012 MHA report highlighted the vulnerability of the NGO sector, acknowledging over 20 lakh registered NGOs in the country.
  • Less than 2% of these are registered under FCRA.
  • The report emphasized the risks of money laundering and terrorist financing, necessitating rigorous enforcement and international coordination.

Fresh FCRA Registrations and Trends:

  • In 2023, a record 1,111 associations gained fresh FCRA registration.
  • Analysis revealed that nearly half of these registrations under the religious category were for Christian NGOs.
  • Out of 1,615 applications received in 2021 and 2022, 722 were granted clearance, while 225 applications were rejected.

Foreign Contribution Statistics:

  • The MHA reported that 13,520 associations received ₹55,741.51 crore in foreign contributions during the financial years 2019-2022.
  • It indicates the substantial impact of foreign aid on various social, economic, and cultural programs.
  • The MHA alleged that Centre for Policy Research (CPR) diverted foreign donations for protests against developmental projects, impacting India’s economic interests.
  • CPR’s involvement in producing current affairs programs, using foreign funds, was deemed a violation.
  • World Vision India’s (WVI) registration was canceled for FCRA violations spanning from 2012-13 to 2020-21.

Responses and Controversies:

  • CPR contested the MHA’s decision, labeling it incomprehensible and disproportionate.
  • CPR argued that some reasons challenged the very functioning of a research institution.
  • WVI, a major recipient of foreign donations, faced cancellations over alleged violations, raising questions about the application of FCRA regulations.

Conclusion:

  • The cancellations of FCRA registrations for CPR and WVI shed light on the government’s commitment to ensuring accountability in the utilization of foreign contributions.
  • The broader context of FCRA cancellations underscores the challenges and complexities of regulating the NGO sector, balancing transparency, and safeguarding national interests.
  • As FCRA continues to evolve, the need for fair assessments and clear communication between regulatory authorities and NGOs becomes imperative.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/why-was-fcra-registration-for-several-ngos-cancelled-explained/article67766734.ece



PRADHAN MANTRI SURYODAYA YOJANA

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Prime Minister recently launched the ‘Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana’, a pivotal government initiative aimed at installing rooftop solar power systems in one crore households.

EXPLANATION:

  • This initiative comes in the backdrop of the existing Rooftop Solar Programme.
    • It was launched in 2014 with the ambitious goal of achieving 40 GW of cumulative installed capacity by 2022.
    • It was later extended to 2026.
  • The primary objective of this scheme is to install solar power systems on residential rooftops, benefiting approximately one crore households.
  • This initiative not only aims to reduce electricity bills for the poor and middle class but also aligns with India’s broader goal of achieving self-reliance in the energy sector.

Current Solar Capacity in India:

  • As of December 2023, India’s solar power installed capacity stands at approximately 73.31 GW, with rooftop solar contributing around 11.08 GW.
  • Noteworthy leaders in total solar capacity include Rajasthan with 18.7 GW and Gujarat with 10.5 GW.
  • In the rooftop solar segment, Gujarat leads with 2.8 GW, followed by Maharashtra with 1.7 GW.
  • Solar power holds a significant share in India’s total renewable energy capacity, reaching around 180 GW.
  • India is projected to experience the highest growth in energy demand globally over the next three decades.
  • Meeting this demand necessitates a reliable energy source, and with a commitment to reaching 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030, solar energy becomes pivotal.
  • The expansion is evident in the trajectory of solar capacity, growing from less than 10 MW in 2010 to 70.10 GW in 2023.

Rooftop Solar Programme:

  • The Rooftop Solar Programme, initiated in 2014, focuses on expanding rooftop solar capacity in the residential sector.
  • It provides Central Financial Assistance and incentives to distribution companies (DISCOMs).
  • The target of achieving 40 GW of rooftop solar capacity by March 2026 has seen significant progress, with capacity increasing from 1.8 GW in March 2019 to 10.4 GW in November 2023.
  • Consumers can benefit from the programme through DISCOM tendered projects or the National Portal (www.solarrooftop.gov.in).
  • The National Portal offers consumers the flexibility to choose vendors, select solar equipment based on brand and quality, and receive subsidy directly in their bank accounts after installation and inspection.
  • The surplus solar power generated can be exported to the grid, with consumers receiving monetary benefits based on prevailing regulations.

Pradhanmantri Suryoday Yojana Eligibility:

  • Applicants are required to be permanent residents of India.
  • The annual income of applicants should not surpass Rs 1 or 1.5 lakh.
  • All necessary documents must be submitted accurately.
  • Applicants should not be engaged in government service.

Benefits:

  • Approximately one crore households will receive solar rooftop systems installed on their residences.
  • The scheme specifically targets assisting those who are economically disadvantaged, including citizens below the poverty line, with their electricity expenses and other issues related to lighting.
  • Participants in the scheme will have solar-powered lights installed in their homes, ensuring a continuous 24-hour supply of electricity.
  • It is envisioned as a lasting solution, offering citizens a permanent and reliable source of electricity.

Conclusion:

  • The Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana, in conjunction with the ongoing Rooftop Solar Programme, reflects India’s commitment to harnessing solar energy for a sustainable and self-reliant future.
  • The initiatives not only address the pressing need for clean energy but also empower households, especially those in the lower-income brackets, by reducing electricity bills and contributing to India’s renewable energy goals.
  • The success of these programs is crucial in shaping India’s energy landscape and combating the challenges posed by increasing energy demand and environmental concerns.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/modi-launches-new-rooftop-solar-scheme-pradhan-mantri-suryodaya-yojana-9122514/



Day-578 | Daily MCQs | UPSC Prelims | CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS

Day-578

Time limit: 0

Quiz-summary

0 of 5 questions completed

Questions:

  1. 1
  2. 2
  3. 3
  4. 4
  5. 5

Information

DAILY MCQ

You have already completed the quiz before. Hence you can not start it again.

Quiz is loading...

You must sign in or sign up to start the quiz.

You have to finish following quiz, to start this quiz:

Results

0 of 5 questions answered correctly

Your time:

Time has elapsed

You have reached 0 of 0 points, (0)

Categories

  1. Not categorized 0%
  1. 1
  2. 2
  3. 3
  4. 4
  5. 5
  1. Answered
  2. Review
  1. Question 1 of 5
    1. Question

    1. With reference to the UN Democracy Fund (UNDEP), consider the following statements:
    1. The primary objective of the UN Democracy Fund is to facilitate peace and security, protect civilians, and support the restoration of stable governance structures.
    2. India is the fourth highest donor to the UN Democracy Fund.
    3. It mobilises finances by mandatory contributions from its member states in accordance with their voting power.
    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Context: India, a founding member of UNDEF, has no objections to the Fund giving grants to NGOs funded by George Soros, while he is put on the watchlist in India in April, 2023.
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is incorrect: UNDEF funds projects that empower civil society, promote human rights, and encourage the participation of all groups in democratic processes. The large majority of UNDEF funds go to local civil society organizations. In this way, UNDEF plays a novel and unique role in complementing the UN’s other, more traditional work — the work with Governments — to strengthen democratic governance around the world.
    Statement 2 is correct: India is a founding member of UNDEF. India is the fourth highest donor to the UN Democracy Fund (UNDEF).
    Statement 3 is incorrect: It subsists entirely on voluntary contributions from Governments.
    Additional information:
    About UN Democracy Fund:
    • It was created by the former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 2005 as a United Nations General Trust Fund to support democratization efforts around the world.
    Advisory Board:
    It is constituted by the Secretary-General and includes eight largest Member State contributors and six other states to reflect diverse geographical representation. India has been a member of the Board since the beginning.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Context: India, a founding member of UNDEF, has no objections to the Fund giving grants to NGOs funded by George Soros, while he is put on the watchlist in India in April, 2023.
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is incorrect: UNDEF funds projects that empower civil society, promote human rights, and encourage the participation of all groups in democratic processes. The large majority of UNDEF funds go to local civil society organizations. In this way, UNDEF plays a novel and unique role in complementing the UN’s other, more traditional work — the work with Governments — to strengthen democratic governance around the world.
    Statement 2 is correct: India is a founding member of UNDEF. India is the fourth highest donor to the UN Democracy Fund (UNDEF).
    Statement 3 is incorrect: It subsists entirely on voluntary contributions from Governments.
    Additional information:
    About UN Democracy Fund:
    • It was created by the former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 2005 as a United Nations General Trust Fund to support democratization efforts around the world.
    Advisory Board:
    It is constituted by the Secretary-General and includes eight largest Member State contributors and six other states to reflect diverse geographical representation. India has been a member of the Board since the beginning.

  2. Question 2 of 5
    2. Question

    2. Consider the following pairs:
    Militant group – Places
    1. Fano militia – Ethiopia
    2. Hezbollah – Sudan
    3. Hamas – Niger
    How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Context: Various militant groups have been in news recently due to launch of devastating attack in different regions.
    Explanation:
    Given below is the correctly matched pairs:
    Militant group – Places
    1) Fano militia – Ethiopia
    2) Hezbollah – Lebanon
    3) Hamas – Palestine
    Additional information:
    • Hamas, an acronym of its official name, the Islamic Resistance Movement, is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist political and military organization governing the Gaza Strip of the Palestinian territories, which are occupied by Israel under international law.
    • Hezbollah is a Shiite Islamic militant organisation from Lebanon. The think tank Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has described it as “The world’s most heavily armed non-state actor, with a large and diverse stockpile of unguided artillery rockets, as well as ballistic, antiair, antitank, and antiship missiles.” Hezbollah originated during the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), which was a result of “long-simmering discontent over the large, armed Palestinian presence in the country”, according to the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR).
    • Fano is an ethno-nationalist Amhara youth militia and former protest movement. Fano first emerged in the 2010s and during the 2016-2018 state of emergency as a protest movement against the former Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) government. . Fano members declare themselves as “protectors of Ethiopia” – demonstrating the rhetoric that “Amhara nationalism is Ethiopianism”.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Context: Various militant groups have been in news recently due to launch of devastating attack in different regions.
    Explanation:
    Given below is the correctly matched pairs:
    Militant group – Places
    1) Fano militia – Ethiopia
    2) Hezbollah – Lebanon
    3) Hamas – Palestine
    Additional information:
    • Hamas, an acronym of its official name, the Islamic Resistance Movement, is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist political and military organization governing the Gaza Strip of the Palestinian territories, which are occupied by Israel under international law.
    • Hezbollah is a Shiite Islamic militant organisation from Lebanon. The think tank Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has described it as “The world’s most heavily armed non-state actor, with a large and diverse stockpile of unguided artillery rockets, as well as ballistic, antiair, antitank, and antiship missiles.” Hezbollah originated during the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), which was a result of “long-simmering discontent over the large, armed Palestinian presence in the country”, according to the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR).
    • Fano is an ethno-nationalist Amhara youth militia and former protest movement. Fano first emerged in the 2010s and during the 2016-2018 state of emergency as a protest movement against the former Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) government. . Fano members declare themselves as “protectors of Ethiopia” – demonstrating the rhetoric that “Amhara nationalism is Ethiopianism”.

  3. Question 3 of 5
    3. Question

    3. With reference to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), consider the following statements:
    1. It is a specialized organization of the United Nations that helps formulate industrial policy for aviation.
    2. Its headquarters is located in Montreal, Canada.
    3. It was established by the Convention on International Civil Aviation, known as Chicago Convention.
    How many of the statements given above are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Context: The upcoming Noida International Airport (NIA) in Jewar was awarded its own unique international three-letter code, ‘DXN’, by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) in September, 2023.
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is incorrect: IATA is a trade association that represents its airlines around the world. Initially founded by 57 carriers, it now has some 300 member airlines from 120 countries. International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) on the other hand, is a specialized organization that is part of the United Nations with 193 members, with its headquarters in Montreal, Canada.
    Statement 2 is correct: Its headquarters is located in Montreal, Canada.
    Statement 3 is incorrect: IATA was formed in April 1945 in Havana, Cuba. It is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, which was formed in 1919 at The Hague, Netherlands. At its founding, IATA consisted of 57 airlines from 31 countries. Much of IATA’s early work was technical and IATA provided input to the newly created International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), which was reflected in the annexes of the Chicago Convention in 1944.
    Additional information:
    International Air Transport Association (IATA):
    • IATA is an international trade body founded in 1945 by a group of airlines. Currently, IATA represents some 300 airlines comprising 94% of the international scheduled air traffic.
    • IATA members include the world’s leading passenger and cargo airlines.
    • Mission: To represent, lead and serve the airline industry.
    • IATA supports many areas of aviation activity and helps formulate industry policy on critical aviation issues, including environmental concerns.
    International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO):
    • ICAO is an intergovernmental specialized agency associated with the United Nations (UN).
    • It was established in 1947 by the Convention on International Civil Aviation (1944) known as Chicago Convention.
    • Headquarters: Montreal, Canada
    • ICAO is dedicated to developing safe and efficient international air transport for peaceful purposes and ensuring a reasonable opportunity for every state to operate international airlines.
    • It sets standards and regulations necessary for aviation safety, security and facilitation, efficiency, and economic development of air transport as well as to improve the environmental performance of aviation.
    • It also serves as a clearinghouse for cooperation and discussion on civil aviation issues among its 193 member states.
    • It also promotes regional and international agreementsaimed at liberalizing aviation markets.
    • It helps to establish legal standards to ensure that the growth of aviation does not compromise safety and encourages the development of other aspects of international aviation law.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Context: The upcoming Noida International Airport (NIA) in Jewar was awarded its own unique international three-letter code, ‘DXN’, by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) in September, 2023.
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is incorrect: IATA is a trade association that represents its airlines around the world. Initially founded by 57 carriers, it now has some 300 member airlines from 120 countries. International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) on the other hand, is a specialized organization that is part of the United Nations with 193 members, with its headquarters in Montreal, Canada.
    Statement 2 is correct: Its headquarters is located in Montreal, Canada.
    Statement 3 is incorrect: IATA was formed in April 1945 in Havana, Cuba. It is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, which was formed in 1919 at The Hague, Netherlands. At its founding, IATA consisted of 57 airlines from 31 countries. Much of IATA’s early work was technical and IATA provided input to the newly created International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), which was reflected in the annexes of the Chicago Convention in 1944.
    Additional information:
    International Air Transport Association (IATA):
    • IATA is an international trade body founded in 1945 by a group of airlines. Currently, IATA represents some 300 airlines comprising 94% of the international scheduled air traffic.
    • IATA members include the world’s leading passenger and cargo airlines.
    • Mission: To represent, lead and serve the airline industry.
    • IATA supports many areas of aviation activity and helps formulate industry policy on critical aviation issues, including environmental concerns.
    International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO):
    • ICAO is an intergovernmental specialized agency associated with the United Nations (UN).
    • It was established in 1947 by the Convention on International Civil Aviation (1944) known as Chicago Convention.
    • Headquarters: Montreal, Canada
    • ICAO is dedicated to developing safe and efficient international air transport for peaceful purposes and ensuring a reasonable opportunity for every state to operate international airlines.
    • It sets standards and regulations necessary for aviation safety, security and facilitation, efficiency, and economic development of air transport as well as to improve the environmental performance of aviation.
    • It also serves as a clearinghouse for cooperation and discussion on civil aviation issues among its 193 member states.
    • It also promotes regional and international agreementsaimed at liberalizing aviation markets.
    • It helps to establish legal standards to ensure that the growth of aviation does not compromise safety and encourages the development of other aspects of international aviation law.

  4. Question 4 of 5
    4. Question

    4. Which of the following statements is correct regarding Sulina Channel?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Context: In August, 2023, Russia, in overnight drone strikes targeted ports and grain storage facilities along the Danube river in Ukraine. The Danube delta has provided Ukraine with an alternative passage for its grain and the ‘new’ trade route is the Sulina Channel.
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is correct: Sulina Channel is situated in the Southeastern part of Romania.
    Statement 2 is incorrect: It connects the Ukranian ports to the Mediterranean Sea, providing a direct passage for ships traveling to and from the river and the sea.
    Statement 3 is incorrect: It is situated at the mouth of the Danube River which is second longest river in Europe.
    Statement 4 is incorrect: Suez canal connects Gulf of Suez and the Mediterranean Sea, separating Asia from Africa.
    Additional information:
    • Sulina channel is a distributary of the Danube River with a total length of 71.7 km. The Sulina Channel is the primary navigational route for ships entering or leaving the Danube River from the Black Sea. It provides a well-maintained and marked passage that allows ships to traverse the delta region and reach the deeper waters of the river.
    Danube river:
    • The Danube River originates in the Black Forest region of Germany, near the town of Donaueschingen.
    • It begins as two smaller streams, the Brigach and the Breg, which eventually merge to form the Danube proper.
    • The river then flows eastward, passing through several countries before emptying into the Black Sea.
    • The Danube River passes through or forms the border of ten countries, making it one of the most international rivers in the world.
    • The countries it flows through include: Germany; Austria; Slovakia; Hungary; Croatia; Serbia; Bulgaria; Romania; Moldova; Ukraine.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Context: In August, 2023, Russia, in overnight drone strikes targeted ports and grain storage facilities along the Danube river in Ukraine. The Danube delta has provided Ukraine with an alternative passage for its grain and the ‘new’ trade route is the Sulina Channel.
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is correct: Sulina Channel is situated in the Southeastern part of Romania.
    Statement 2 is incorrect: It connects the Ukranian ports to the Mediterranean Sea, providing a direct passage for ships traveling to and from the river and the sea.
    Statement 3 is incorrect: It is situated at the mouth of the Danube River which is second longest river in Europe.
    Statement 4 is incorrect: Suez canal connects Gulf of Suez and the Mediterranean Sea, separating Asia from Africa.
    Additional information:
    • Sulina channel is a distributary of the Danube River with a total length of 71.7 km. The Sulina Channel is the primary navigational route for ships entering or leaving the Danube River from the Black Sea. It provides a well-maintained and marked passage that allows ships to traverse the delta region and reach the deeper waters of the river.
    Danube river:
    • The Danube River originates in the Black Forest region of Germany, near the town of Donaueschingen.
    • It begins as two smaller streams, the Brigach and the Breg, which eventually merge to form the Danube proper.
    • The river then flows eastward, passing through several countries before emptying into the Black Sea.
    • The Danube River passes through or forms the border of ten countries, making it one of the most international rivers in the world.
    • The countries it flows through include: Germany; Austria; Slovakia; Hungary; Croatia; Serbia; Bulgaria; Romania; Moldova; Ukraine.

  5. Question 5 of 5
    5. Question

    5. Recently seen in the news, the ‘Nature restoration law’, is an initiative of which of the following?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Context: EU lawmakers and member states have struck a deal on a landmark law to protect nature after watering down rules that critics argued would trouble farmers in July, 2023.
    Explanation:
    Nature restoration law is an initiative of European union.
    Nature Restoration Law
    • The law plans to fix the 80% of European living spaces that are in rough shape by 2050.
    • There will be legally binding targets for each member state.
    • By 2030, nature restoration law should cover at least 20% of the EU’s land and sea areas, eventually reaching all ecosystems in need of restoration by 2050.
    The targets proposed include
    • Reversing the decline of pollinator populations by 2030 and expanding their population from that point on.
    • By 2030, there will be no net loss of green urban spaces, and by 2050, there will be a 5% increase and a minimum of 10% canopy cover.
    • In agricultural ecosystems, a general increment of biodiversity, and a positive pattern for prairie butterflies, farmland birds, natural carbon.
    • Reclamation and rewetting of depleted peatlands under farming use and in peat extraction destinations.
    • A positive trend in forest connectivity, the number of forest birds, and the stock of organic carbon in forest ecosystems, as well as an overall increase in biodiversity.
    • Restoring the habitats of iconic marine species like dolphins and porpoises, sharks, and seabirds, as well as marine habitats like seagrasses and sediment bottoms.
    • Eliminating river barriers so no less than 25 000 km of streams would be transformed into free-streaming waterways by 2030.
    Significance of The Nature Restoration Law
    • The Nature Restoration Law is significant because it adheres to the scientific consensus and recommendations for restoring Europe’s ecosystems and is an essential component of the European Green Deal.
    • It ensures a habitable planet for future generations and will benefit fishermen and farmers.
    • The law puts into effect a significant agreement in which member nations, including the EU, agreed to safeguard 30% of the world’s oceans and lands.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Context: EU lawmakers and member states have struck a deal on a landmark law to protect nature after watering down rules that critics argued would trouble farmers in July, 2023.
    Explanation:
    Nature restoration law is an initiative of European union.
    Nature Restoration Law
    • The law plans to fix the 80% of European living spaces that are in rough shape by 2050.
    • There will be legally binding targets for each member state.
    • By 2030, nature restoration law should cover at least 20% of the EU’s land and sea areas, eventually reaching all ecosystems in need of restoration by 2050.
    The targets proposed include
    • Reversing the decline of pollinator populations by 2030 and expanding their population from that point on.
    • By 2030, there will be no net loss of green urban spaces, and by 2050, there will be a 5% increase and a minimum of 10% canopy cover.
    • In agricultural ecosystems, a general increment of biodiversity, and a positive pattern for prairie butterflies, farmland birds, natural carbon.
    • Reclamation and rewetting of depleted peatlands under farming use and in peat extraction destinations.
    • A positive trend in forest connectivity, the number of forest birds, and the stock of organic carbon in forest ecosystems, as well as an overall increase in biodiversity.
    • Restoring the habitats of iconic marine species like dolphins and porpoises, sharks, and seabirds, as well as marine habitats like seagrasses and sediment bottoms.
    • Eliminating river barriers so no less than 25 000 km of streams would be transformed into free-streaming waterways by 2030.
    Significance of The Nature Restoration Law
    • The Nature Restoration Law is significant because it adheres to the scientific consensus and recommendations for restoring Europe’s ecosystems and is an essential component of the European Green Deal.
    • It ensures a habitable planet for future generations and will benefit fishermen and farmers.
    • The law puts into effect a significant agreement in which member nations, including the EU, agreed to safeguard 30% of the world’s oceans and lands.

window.wpAdvQuizInitList = window.wpAdvQuizInitList || []; window.wpAdvQuizInitList.push({ id: '#wpAdvQuiz_618', init: { quizId: 618, mode: 0, globalPoints: 10, timelimit: 0, resultsGrade: [0], bo: 0, qpp: 0, catPoints: [10], formPos: 0, lbn: "Finish quiz", json: {"2879":{"type":"single","id":2879,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[1,0,0,0]},"2880":{"type":"single","id":2880,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[1,0,0,0]},"2881":{"type":"single","id":2881,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[1,0,0,0]},"2882":{"type":"single","id":2882,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[1,0,0,0]},"2883":{"type":"single","id":2883,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[1,0,0,0]}} } });



REVISIONS IN WILDLIFE TRADE RULES: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE 2024 AMENDMENTS

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The recent amendments to the Wildlife (Protection) Licensing (Additional Matters for Consideration) Rules, 2024, by the central government mark a significant overhaul in wildlife trade regulations after four decades.

EXPLANATION:

  • The revised notification, effective from January 16, introduces fresh guidelines for the issuance of licenses related to snake venom, captive animals, trophy animals, and stuffed animals.
  • The last revision of wildlife trade rules occurred in 1983.
  • The previous regulations prohibited the issuance of licenses for trading in wild animals categorized under Schedule I or Part II of Schedule II under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
  • Exceptions were made only with the prior approval of the central government.
  • In a noteworthy shift, the government has excluded certain species from the licensing process.
  • While the specific reasons for lifting restrictions on Schedule II species remain unclear, the new guidelines emphasize that licenses related to wild animals specified in Schedule I can only be granted with the previous consultation of the central government.

Key Changes and Guidelines:

  • Additional Considerations for Licensing:
    • The revised rules introduce new considerations for granting licenses.
    • Authorized officers must evaluate the applicant’s capacity to handle the business, including facilities, equipment, and the feasibility of premises.
  • Source and Supplies:
    • The source and manner in which supplies would be obtained by the business are crucial factors.
    • The number of licenses already issued in the concerned area must be taken into account.
  • Implications on Wildlife:
    • The potential implications on hunting or trade of wild animals, concerning the granting of licenses, are now a significant consideration.
  • Absence of Explanation for Schedule II Relaxation:
    • The notification does not explicitly provide reasons for lifting restrictions on Schedule II species.
    • This raises questions about the government’s rationale behind this decision.

Previous Amendments in 2022:

  • In 2022, the central government merged four schedules of wild animals into two, reducing the total number of schedules from six to four.
  • Schedule I includes animals requiring utmost protection, while Schedule II comprises species needing comparatively lower protection.
  • Plant species are now listed under Schedule II, and Schedule IV is dedicated to species protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

Species Listed under Schedule II:

  • Under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, animals listed under Schedule II include a diverse range, such as birds (sparrows, bulbul, ducks, etc.), reptiles (snakes, turtles), mammals (deer, hare, langur), and amphibians (geckos, frogs).

Global Wildlife Trade Scenario:

  • According to the World Wildlife Report 2020, approximately 6,000 species of flora and fauna were seized globally from 1999-2018, highlighting the global concern and the need for robust regulations.

Conclusion:

  • The 2024 amendments signify a crucial step in the evolution of wildlife trade rules in India.
  • The relaxation of restrictions on Schedule II species, coupled with the introduction of new licensing considerations, reflects the government’s efforts to balance conservation with the interests of stakeholders.
  • The lack of explicit reasoning behind certain changes warrants continued scrutiny and discussion within the conservation community.
  • As the global community grapples with wildlife conservation challenges, India’s approach to wildlife trade regulations assumes heightened significance.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/new-amendments-in-wildlife-trade-rules-enable-issuing-licences-for-certain-schedule-ii-species-94010



SECURING THE INDIA-MYANMAR BORDER: EXAMINING THE FREE MOVEMENT REGIME

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Union Home Minister declares the decision to fence the entire 1,643 km India-Myanmar border to halt free movement.

EXPLANATION:

  • The move challenges the existing Free Movement Regime (FMR) agreement implemented in 2018.

Understanding the Free Movement Regime (FMR)

  • FMR Concept:
    • Mutual Agreement: Implemented in 2018, FMR facilitates tribes living along the border to travel 16 km across the border without a visa.
    • Act East Policy: Aligned with the Act East policy, FMR aims to strengthen ties, promote local trade, and address historical divisions caused by the British-drawn border.

Rationale Behind FMR Implementation

  • Historical Context:
    • British Demarcation: The border drawn by the British in 1826 divided people with shared ethnicity and culture, prompting FMR to foster people-to-people connections.
    • Cross-Border Ties: Ethnic and familial ties across the border, intertwined villages, and historical trade relationships motivated the implementation.

Controversies Surrounding FMR

  • Ethnic Conflict Dynamics:
    • Manipur Conflict: Ongoing ethnic conflicts between Meiteis and Kukis in Manipur intensify debates about the impact of FMR, particularly concerning illegal migration, drug trafficking, and arms trade.
    • Manipulated for Political Ends: Accusations fly between Meiteis and Kukis, with each side blaming the other for utilizing the situation for political motives.

Impact of FMR on Migration and Conflict

  • Migration Challenges:
    • Myanmar Coup Fallout: The military coup in Myanmar prompts large-scale displacement of Myanmarese tribals, adding pressure on the India-Myanmar border.
    • Illegal Migration: Manipur reports instances of illegal migration, contributing to the already complex situation amid the ongoing ethnic conflict.

Concerns and Criticisms of FMR

  • Security and Narcoterrorism Concerns:
    • Insurgent Activity: Insurgent groups exploit unfenced and porous borders, using FMR for arms training, drug smuggling, and illegal activities.
    • Increased Narcotics Cases: Manipur witnesses a surge in narcotics-related cases, emphasizing the challenges of border management.

Potential Implications of FMR Removal and Recommendations

  • Balancing Act:
    • Local Livelihoods: FMR suspension impacts local livelihoods, hindering cross-border trade and essential travel for healthcare and education.
    • National Security Challenges: Experts debate the removal’s impact on curtailing illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and addressing security concerns.
  • Regulating FMR:
    • Need for Regulation: Experts suggest a nuanced approach, emphasizing the necessity to regulate FMR rather than complete removal or full border fencing.
    • Complex Border Dynamics: Plugging illegal immigration and controlling drug trafficking across challenging terrain requires a comprehensive strategy.

Conclusion: Striking a Delicate Balance

  • Challenges Ahead: Securing the India-Myanmar border demands a careful balance between national security, local livelihoods, and historical ties.
  • Policy Imperatives: Policymakers face the task of adopting an approach that addresses security concerns without jeopardizing essential cross-border interactions.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-myanmar-border-free-movement-regime-explained-9120124/



LABOUR RULES AND WORKER RECRUITMENT FOR ISRAEL

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The governments of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana, in collaboration with the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), are actively recruiting around 10,000 workers for construction projects in Israel.

EXPLANATION:

  • Described as a “passport to dreams abroad,” the initiative presents opportunities for roles such as plastering workers, ceramic tile workers, iron bending, and frame workers, offering monthly salaries around ₹1.37 lakh.

Opposition from Trade Unions: Legal and Ethical Standpoints

  • Emigration Act Challenge: Trade unions, citing the Emigration Rules under the Emigration Act, oppose the recruitment initiative.
  • They plan legal challenges, asserting that the move contradicts Indian values of not sending citizens to conflict zones.
  • Political Allegations: Union leaders accuse the government of utilizing youth unemployment for political gain and fostering relations with Israel, a stance causing discontent.

Understanding Emigration Rules: Compliance and Criticism

  • Emigration Act Regulations:
    • Registration Requirements:
      • Workers heading to conflict zones or areas lacking labor protections must register on the Ministry of External Affairs’ ‘e-migrate’ portal.
      • However, Israel is not listed under the ECR scheme.
    • Service Charges Limitation:
      • The Emigration Act specifies a maximum service charge of ₹30,000, inclusive of domestic travel and lodging costs.
      • The NSDC’s fee structure and additional expenses raise concerns among trade unions.

Government’s Perspective and International Labor Standards

  • Security and Standards: The Ministry of External Affairs spokesperson emphasizes India’s satisfaction with Israel’s stringent labor laws, asserting the government’s commitment to ensuring the safety and rights of Indian workers abroad.

International Labor Standards: ILO Conventions and Migration Trends

  • ILO Conventions: The International Labour Organisation (ILO) governs international practices for migrant worker protection, with Conventions No. 97 and No. 143. India has not ratified these conventions, while Israel ratified No. 97 in 1953.
  • Migration Trends: A 2017 ILO report highlights a significant increase in international migration over the last two decades, particularly from Asia to the Arab states.

Challenges and Future Considerations: Global Employment Outlook

  • Global Employment Outlook: ILO Report Insights:
    • Unemployment Projection: The ILO’s World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2024 report projects a global increase in unemployment rates in 2024, urging countries to design effective migration policies and skill development initiatives to address evolving labor markets.
  • Calls for Policy Development: Parliament Standing Committee Recommendations:
    • Migration Policy Urgency: The Parliament Standing Committee on External Affairs recommended the development of a migration policy in 2019, emphasizing the need for robust institutional arrangements for the protection and welfare of Indian emigrants.

Conclusion: Striking a Balance

  • The recruitment drive for workers bound for Israel reflects a complex interplay of economic opportunities, labor regulations, and ethical considerations.
  • Policy Reevaluation: Calls for migration policy development and closer scrutiny of recruitment practices underscore the importance of a nuanced approach to ensure the welfare and rights of workers in an evolving global employment landscape.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/what-are-labour-rules-for-workers-abroad-explained/article67760523.ece



MOSQUITOFISH

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A new study has revealed that two species of mosquitofish have invaded various ecosystems across India.

EXPLANATION:

A Growing Challenge in Mosquito Management

  • Increasing Mosquito-Borne Diseases:
    • The changing world climate has led to the accelerated spread of mosquito-borne diseases.
    • It is affecting over 150 countries and posing a significant public health concern.
    • 40 million cases are reported annually in India alone.
  • Biological Control Solutions:
    • In the 1960s, amidst concerns about the adverse effects of chemical pesticides, the introduction of mosquitofish, such as Gambusia affinis and Gambusia holbrooki, gained prominence as an eco-friendly alternative for mosquito larvae control.

Release Programs Across States:

  • Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Punjab Initiatives: Recent months have seen government and non-governmental organizations releasing mosquitofish in water bodies to combat mosquito issues in Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Punjab.
  • Visakhapatnam’s Ongoing Efforts: In Visakhapatnam, officials plan to release an additional six lakh mosquitofish, adding to the 20 lakh released a few months ago.

Origins and Global Spread:

  • Global Invasion: Initially from the U.S., Gambusia species, notorious for adaptability and tolerance, have spread globally, establishing self-sustaining populations, including in India.
  • Invasive Nature: The unintended consequence has been the detrimental ecological impact, displacing and preying on native fauna, leading to the extinction of indigenous fish, amphibians, and freshwater communities.

Historical Use of Mosquitofish in India: Well-Intentioned but Misguided

  • ICMR and Governmental Initiatives:
    • Gambusia was first introduced during British rule in 1928, with various governmental bodies like the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) adopting the strategy to control mosquito-borne diseases.
    • Expanding Adoption: Municipal corporations, health departments, fisheries departments, and private organizations joined efforts to introduce mosquitofish across India.
  • Ecological Backfire:
    • Unforeseen Consequences: Despite good intentions, the strategy backfired, resulting in severe ecological and environmental repercussions.
    • Invasive Alien Species Designation: In 2018, the National Biodiversity Authority of the Government of India labeled G. affinis and G. holbrooki as invasive alien species due to their impact on indigenous biodiversity.

Studies on Consequences:

  • Australian Extinction Case: In Australia, introduced mosquitofish contributed to the extinction of endemic fish species and preyed on native fish and frog eggs.
  • Global Recognition: Designated among the hundred most detrimental invasive alien species, mosquitofish’s negative impact on aquatic biodiversity is recognized globally.
  • Current Challenges and Call for Action: Rethinking Mosquito Control

Ineffective Control Measures:

  • In 1982, the World Health Organization ceased recommending Gambusia as a mosquito control agent, recognizing its harmful consequences.
  • Continued Use in India: Despite global awareness, both governmental and non-governmental organizations in India persist in introducing these species for mosquito control.

Stringent Measures and Alternatives:

  • A call for more stringent enforcement measures to prevent further introduction of mosquitofish in freshwater ecosystems.
  • Local Alternatives: Suggestions for collaborative efforts between mosquito biologists, entomologists, invasion ecologists, and fish taxonomists to identify native fish species capable of controlling mosquito larvae, ensuring ecological balance.

Conclusion: A Multi-Faceted Approach for Sustainable Solutions

  • Addressing the Wolf and Termites Analogy: Drawing an analogy, the challenge is both a ‘wolf at the door’ and ‘termites at the base,’ requiring a multi-pronged approach.
  • National Centre’s Role: Urging the National Centre for Vector Borne Diseases Control to reconsider its recommendation for mosquitofish use.
  • Expert Collaboration: The need for collaboration between experts in various fields to compile lists of native fish species capable of mosquito control, promoting local solutions without ecological repercussions.
  • Preserving Indigenous Biodiversity: Emphasizing the importance of safeguarding indigenous aquatic biodiversity and the well-being of native species.
  • The mosquitofish scenario in India serves as a crucial lesson in the careful consideration, research, and monitoring required when implementing biological control methods for pest species.
  • As the nation grapples with mosquito-borne diseases, a shift towards sustainable, locally tailored solutions is imperative to mitigate the ecological impact and protect India’s diverse ecosystems.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/gambusia-mosquitofish-mosquito-control-invasive-species-india/article67550819.ece



TWO NEW MAMMALIAN SPECIES IN KAZIRANGA NATIONAL PARK AND TIGER RESERVE

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve, nestled in the northeastern state of Assam, India, renowned for being the primary habitat of the one-horned rhinoceros, has recently witnessed a significant ecological development.

EXPLANATION:

  • The discovery of two previously elusive mammalian species, the binturong and the small-clawed otter, adds to the rich tapestry of biodiversity in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Newcomers in the Wilderness: Binturong and Small-Clawed Otter

  • Binturong (Arctictis binturong):
    • Profile: The binturong, colloquially known as the bearcat, stands as the largest civet in India.
    • Habitat and Rarity: Exhibiting nocturnal and arboreal habits, the binturong’s rarity is underscored by its uncommon distribution, primarily confined to the northeast in India.
    • Distribution: Native to South and Southeast Asia, this arboreal mammal made a noteworthy appearance in Kaziranga during the fifth migratory bird count.

  • Small-Clawed Otter (Aonyx cinereus):
    • Characteristics: As the world’s smallest otter species, the small-clawed otter garnered attention after a training program conducted by the Wildlife Institute of India in collaboration with the Assam Forest Department.
    • Geographical Presence: With a wide distribution from India to Southeast Asia and southern China, this otter is predominantly found in freshwater habitats.
    • Hunting Prowess: Equipped with partially webbed feet and short claws, these otters exhibit adept hunting skills in aquatic environments, focusing on fish, crustaceans, and mollusks.

Conservation Significance: Wildlife Protection Act of 1972

  • Legal Protection: Both the binturong and small-clawed otter find themselves listed under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, underscoring their critical status and the need for conservation efforts.

Documentation and Enumeration: Adding to the Mammalian Count

  • Enumeration Efforts: The discovery of these mammals is credited to recent enumeration activities, revealing a total of 37 mammalian species in the 1,302 sq. km Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve.
  • Diverse Mammalian Community: The park boasts an impressive array of mammals, with the “Big Five” – the great Indian one-horned rhinoceros, Indian elephant, Bengal tiger, wild water buffalo, and eastern swamp deer – dominating the list.

Photographic Evidence: Capturing the Elusive

  • Binturong Sighting: On January 10, the binturong made its presence known during the fifth migratory bird count, immortalized in a photograph taken by tour guide.
  • Small-Clawed Otter Photography: Divisional Forest Officer captured the small-clawed otter on camera, showcasing the world’s smallest otter species in all its glory.

Educational Initiatives: Knowledge Sharing for Conservation

  • The small-clawed otter’s documentation was a result of a training program conducted for officers and frontline staff by the Wildlife Institute of India in collaboration with the Assam Forest Department.
  • These initiatives aim to enhance awareness and expertise among conservationists and wildlife officials, fostering a more informed approach to wildlife protection.

Geographical Spread and Beyond: The Habitat Context

  • Distribution Range: While the binturong is native to South and Southeast Asia, the small-clawed otter’s habitat stretches from India to Southeast Asia and southern China.
  • Previous Reports: Notably, the small-clawed otter was previously reported in the western Himalayas and parts of Odisha, though recent records indicate its absence in these regions.

Conclusion: A Tapestry of Life Unveiled

  • Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve, with its recent additions of the binturong and small-clawed otter, continues to be a beacon of biodiversity.
  • The careful documentation, legal protections, and educational initiatives underscore the importance of preserving these habitats and fostering a harmonious coexistence between wildlife and human activities.
  • The rich mammalian diversity stands as a testament to the ecological significance of this UNESCO World Heritage Site, inviting further exploration and conservation endeavors.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/two-new-mammalian-species-added-to-kazirangas-fauna/article67762072.ece



DEMOCRATIC BACKSLIDING: ON THE STATE WIELDING THE FCRA AS A WEAPON

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Government of India has cancelled the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA) licence of the Centre for Policy Research (CPR) less than a year after suspending the FCRA licence. A free civic space regulated under constitutionally guaranteed principles is the essence of democracy, however, the recent instance shows that civil society is under threat in India.

ISSUES:

  • Restraining civil liberties: The recent curb of financing of civil society denotes eroding of civil liberties in India. The government has given the justification that CPR publications are similar to current affairs programming which is prohibited for an entity using FCRA funds which is quite unreasonable.
  • Curbing dissent and alternate views: As a premier think tank, theCPR has been providing an ecosystem of governance and policymaking where multiple stakeholders through informed debates acts as the hallmark of a democracy. A decision to effectively shut down such an institution by crippling its finances is an indication of curbing dissent and free flow of knowledge and ideas.
  • Using FCRA as a weapon: The move also fits into a broader pattern of the state wielding the FCRA as a weapon to silence entities whose work is not aligning to the ruling government like those working on environmental issues, civil liberties, and human rights. The FCRA itself has emerged during the Emergency to address the concern of foreign governments interfering in India’s internal affairs by channelling funds through NGOs. Since then, it has been amended by successive governments, with the provisions becoming more stringent.
  • Malign international image: The International Commission of Jurists has raised concern regarding the latest amendment of FCRA in 2020 and denounced it as “incompatible with international law”. It warned that it would “impose extraordinary obstacles on the capacity of civil society actors to carry out their important work”. When the U.S.-based non-profit, Freedom House, in its Democracy Index, downgraded India to an “electoral autocracy”, a reason it cited was erosion of civil liberties. Though, the government is hypersensitive to rankings on international indices, yet unwilling to acknowledge the link between perception and reality.

THE WAY FORWARD:

  • Alternate funding: There is a need to promote alternate funding for civil societies through Local Resource Mobilization (LRM) and corporate funding. It can also be done by charitable funding by pooling resources for a more significant impact.
  • Enact legislation: The Union Government should draft a comprehensive model legislation covering both Trusts and Societies in lieu of the existing laws on Societies, Trusts, Endowments and Charitable Institutions etc. The government should recognize the importance of a strong civil society for the effectiveness of key laws as Right to Information Act and National Food Security Act.
  • Establish system of accreditation: A system of accreditation or certification of voluntary organizations which seek funding from government agencies should be established. Government should take initiative to enact a law to set up an independent body to take up this work.
  • Collaboration: It is essential that the Government and the civil societies should collaborate and work together where feasible. Such partnership may also include other entities such as panchayati raj institutions, municipalities, academic institutions, and private sector organizations.
  • Stakeholder consultation: There is a need to devise proper consultation through a formal process of interaction at the Centre, State and District level. Stakeholder consultation acts to tackle complex interventions where sustained social mobilization is critical over the long term.
  • Transparency and Accountability: Civil society organisations as well should be transparent in their functioning and accountable to the people they serve, to gain their trust and support.

THE CONCLUSION:

The recent shutting off the finances of civil society organisations is an example of civil liberties erosion which tends to amplify the narrative of democratic backsliding. There is a need to promote a vibrant civil society and institution building in the country to protect human rights seeking truth, justice, and reparations.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

Q. Can Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organisations present an alternative model of public service delivery to benefit the common citizen? Discuss the challenges of this alternative model. (2022)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q. A free civic space regulated under constitutionally guaranteed principles is the essence of democracy.  Examine the statement in light of recent cancellation of Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA) licence of the Centre for Policy Research (CPR).

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/democratic-backsliding-the-hindu-editorial-on-the-state-wielding-the-fcra-as-a-weapon/article67762270.ece



LOW WHEAT STOCKS: THE TEST

CONTEXT: India’s wheat stock situation is unstable, the government has managed supply-side issues for pulses and edible oils but not for wheat, rice, and sugar. This lack of stability is affecting long-term investments and strategic planning. A comprehensive agrarian vision is needed to address inflation concerns and ensure sector health. Future governments must prioritize this issue to safeguard India’s food security and agricultural industry.

ISSUES

  • Existing Wheat Stocks: Government warehouses hold wheat stocks at a seven-year low but sufficient to meet more than the minimum buffer requirements for the next three months.
  • Interim Measures for Inflation Control: Government actions such as export bans and market interventions aim to manage food inflation.
  • Supply Challenges: There are potential issues in the supply challenges with complexities in demand forecasting and gaps in distribution supply chains.
  • Policy on Import and Exports: The current government’s hesitancy to open imports for key staples despite similar proactive measures for pulses and edible oils.
  • Impact on Investment in Agriculture: Unpredictable policies have undermined investment incentives in processing, warehousing, and research areas.
  • Selective Reactivity: The government’s quicker action on pulses and edible oils contrasted with a cautious approach to wheat, rice, and sugar.
  • Export and Import Regulations: Restrictions on exports and domestic stock holdings; reservations about opening imports despite supply pressures.

THE WAY FORWARD

  • Strategic Reserves: Enhance and diversify strategic reserves to include multiple grains to prepare for variations in crop output.
  • Robust Infrastructure: Invest in robust storage and logistics to minimize post-harvest losses and ensure efficient distribution, particularly focusing on regions prone to shortages.
  • Cold Storage Facilities: Expand storage facilities to preserve perishable crops, stabilize markets, and reduce waste.
  • Flexible Import Policies: Formulate more responsive import policies that can be adjusted quickly to domestic production and international market changes.
  • Prudent Export Restrictions: Establish criteria for when to impose or lift export bans, ensuring they are used as a tool for market stabilization rather than a standard reaction.
  • Market Reforms: Implement market reforms to provide farmers with better market access, thus assuring fair prices and reducing the need for government intervention.
  • Financial Instruments: Introduce crop insurance and futures trading for key commodities to protect farmers against price volatility and crop failures.
  • Research and Development (R&D): Invest in agriculture R&D to improve crop yields, create drought-resistant varieties, and develop sustainable farming practices.
  • Agricultural Technology: Promote precision farming, IoT, and AI to optimize resource use and increase farm productivity.
  • Long-Term Agricultural Policy Framework: Develop a long-term policy framework for agriculture that includes input from stakeholders and experts to ensure consistency and predictability.
  • Farmer Education: Educate farmers on best practices, market trends, and alternative cropping patterns through extension services.
  • Inclusive Growth: Ensure that agricultural growth is inclusive, benefiting small and marginal farmers and integrating them into the value chain.
  • Consumer and Producer Price Stabilization Funds: Create funds to moderate volatile prices and secure farmers’ incomes.

THE CONCLUSION:

The Indian agricultural industry needs a dynamic and sustainable framework that fosters innovation, resilience, and sustainability. This requires practical trade policies, strategic reserves, import-export flexibility, and investment in agricultural technology and support systems for farmers. By establishing a long-term agricultural strategy a sustainable agricultural future can be established that can adapt to changing climates, global market fluctuations, and evolving domestic needs.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

Q.1 What are the reformative steps taken by the Government to make the food grain distribution system more effective? (2019)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.1 Discuss the strategic measures the government should adopt in the short and long term to manage inflation effectively. Evaluate the impact of current supply-side management policies on various stakeholders in the agricultural sector, including farmers and consumers.

SOURCE:https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/the-wheat-test-9118067/



THE PROBLEM WITH INDIA’S SCIENCE MANAGEMENT

THE CONTEXT: The government is overhauling India’s science establishment, which includes setting up the new National Research Foundation (NRF) and restructuring the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). In this scenario, a comprehensive assessment of the current administrative ability to optimise Indian science’s efficiency and resilience is necessary.

ISSUES

  • Low expenditure on research: One of the major issues constraining scientific outcomes in India is its low expenditure on research and development which is around 0.7% of GDP, compared to 3.5% for US and 2.4% for China. Added concern is inability to commit to long-term steady funding of critical projects when faced with the inevitable occasional failures.
  • Failure of scientific administration: The scientific administration is failing in India, for example, even the space programmes is witnessing narrowing leads. As in 2022, ISRO stood a very behind on launch numbers, with foreign startups racing ahead on key technologies such as reusable rockets. Likewise, the lead in nuclear energy has been fading away from being latecomers to small modular reactors to unutilisation of thorium ambition. On critical science and technology themes such as genomics, robotics, and artificial intelligence, the situation is even more alarming.
  • Domination of public sector: India’s science sector is dominated by the public sector. There are generic irritants associated with governmental bureaucracy, such as delay in approval of crucial time-dependent funding, or equitable decision making across different funding levels.The direction and organisation of science is inconsistent and unfit for the vital role which science must play going ahead.
  • Outsized role played by scientists: The defining feature of India’s science administration is the centrality of its senior scientists. However, there is another race going on there, with scientist trying to fit in the role of administrator as many try to become directors, vice-chancellors and secretaries to the Government of India. Therefore, top scientists rather than government bureaucrats are at the helm of India’s science administration.
  • Administrative efficiency: There is an argument that only scientists can appropriately run scientific institutions, considering the importance and technical rigours of the science that is supposed to go on in these places. The actual performance of these institutions is proof enough that this paradigm is faulty. This leads to shelved projects, loss of time and financial resources.
  • Lack of training: The lack of comprehensive training in selecting which particular metrics are appropriate under what circumstances leads to absurdities such as an entire project getting derailed due to a single invoice or acquisition. Administration is the art of translating policy into outcomes and scientists are simply not trained to prioritise between time, cost, or precision.
  • Conflict of interest: The scope for conflicts of interest in the present scenario and system is huge. Being an academic within the same institution in which one wields administrative control does not go well. Thus, scandals such as high plagiarism rates, paid publications in disreputable journals, and under-the-table dealings to garner government funding have become normalised.
  • Institutional capture and Factionalism: The culture of Indian science has descended into shoddy quality control and projects of scientific and strategic importance have been devastated due to reasons that range from competition to egotism. The fact that there is no system of all-India transfers of both scientists and science administrators only magnifies institutional capture and factionalism. Only few institutions have exclusive access to certain equipment which lead to emergence of system of gatekeepers. Many bright scientists’ careers and lives have been destroyed due to their conflicts with this oppressive network of gatekeepers.

THE WAY FORWARD

  • Focussing on positive funding balance: Considering such a low expenditure, there is a need to focus on allocating money wisely by emphasising on high-impact projects. Proper funding exhibit a significant drive towards supporting initiatives with the potential for commercial translation of products or services.
  • Freeing up scientist from administration: Administering an organisation as complex as a national lab or a university cannot be relegated to becoming a side-project of a ‘working’ scientist doubling up as a director or vice-chancellor. In this scenario, there is a need to free up scientist from administration, this will lessen the burden of scientists and will help use their expertise in research.
  • Separation of administration and scientific management: There is a need for separation between administration and scientific management. The separation of administrators and scientists is something which most robust science establishments generally embrace. Administration requires a particular skill set, most importantly, the allocation of money, resources and time. Indeed, attributes associated with good scientists, such as individuality, constructive ego, and erudition, have little congruence with the demands of administration tact, realism, flexibility and firmness.
  • International experience: An American middle-way arrangement can be adopted in this regard, where scientists are selected and trained in an all-India pool of a science administration central service. In U.S., with labs being embedded in the university ecosystem and run by scientists, selects scientists for an administrative role quite early on in their careers. Such selected science administrators only carry out administrative tasks thereon, and are groomed for the task, with very few of them ever going back to active science.
  • Cultivating a supportive ecosystem: A flourishing research ecosystem thrives on funding, infrastructure and a critical mass of expertise. Enhancing the quantum of allocation of research funds through government grants, which are the primary support for Indian researchers can result in more ideas coming to life. Enabling research exposure at the undergraduate level can motivate more youngsters to pursue research as a career.
  • Building trust: Scientists often prioritise delving into the fundamental aspects of a problem, and publishing their observations, sometimes sidelining the application of their findings. However, recognising the value of impactful outcomes, researchers can make significant contributions by formulating research proposals that address pressing societal needs. By bridging this gap between fundamental exploration and real-world innovation, the innovation pipeline gains momentum.

THE CONCLUSION:

Administration is something which has to be taught and practised separately from the subject matter being administered. Without addressing these core concerns, India’s science establishment will continue to do injustice to its economic and strategic aspirations. Research thrives when scientists can devote their time and energy to solving problems in science rather than administration. India presents a promising landscape of research and scientist need to strike the delicate balance between administrative tasks and their core research to achieve outstanding scientific outcomes.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 How is science interwoven deeply with our lives? What are the striking changes in agriculture triggered off by science-based technologies? (2020)

Q.2 Scientific research in Indian universities is declining, because a career in science is not as attractive as our business operations, engineering or administration, and the universities are becoming consumer-oriented. Critically comment. (2014)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.1 The administrative setup of any complex organisation is its central nervous system, and the same is true for science establishments. Examine the statement in light of challenges of administration in the arena of science and technology in India.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-problem-with-indias-science-management/article67757103.ece



NETFLIX ‘ANNAPOORANI’ TAKE-DOWN: WHY OTT PLATFORMS BENT THE KNEE TO MORAL POLICE

THE CONTEXT: There has been a controversy surrounding the Tamil film Annapoorani and its removal from Netflix due to allegations of hurting religious sentiments. It highlights the growing influence of self-appointed guardians of culture and religion. They have shown the capability to intimidate even multinational corporations and filmmakers.

ISSUES:

  • Threats to Creative Freedom: The Tamil film Annapoorani controversy exemplifies how self-appointed cultural watchdogs can intimidate filmmakers and production companies. Filmmakers are coerced into self-censorship, limiting creative expression and hindering the exploration of contentious or provocative themes. This inhibits the evolution of artistic endeavours and hampers the growth of alternative perspectives.
  • Influence of Corporations and Market Pressures: Streaming platforms initially provided a platform for independent filmmakers to create content free from regional morality constraints. However, commercial considerations and the pursuit of wider audiences led to the dominance of established production houses, resulting in fewer opportunities for unique and groundbreaking work.
  • Erosion of Cinematic Autonomy: The ability of streaming platforms to run uncensored versions of films was seen as a breakthrough in the field. Netflix, embroiled in multiple controversies, has ceased streaming uncut Indian films globally, highlighting the diminishing autonomy of streaming platforms in the face of societal pressure.
  • Impact on Freedom of Expression: The unofficial censorship and self-censorship practices restrict the transmission of ideas and hinder the artistic pursuit of truth, resulting in a disservice to the cause of art and cinema. Fear becoming an ingrained habit erodes the willingness of artists to challenge norms and express unconventional ideas, stifling creativity and contributing to a homogeneous cultural landscape.
  • Moral policing: There is an increasing influence of fringe elements in dictating censorship and moral standards in the entertainment industry. This can stifle creativity and hinder the exploration of unconventional or controversial themes in films and shows.

WAY FORWARD:

  • Strengthening self-regulatory bodies: Encouraging streaming platforms to establish effective self-regulatory bodies that can assess and classify content based on age-appropriateness and sensitivity, taking input from various stakeholders. This can help strike a balance between creative freedom and cultural sensitivities.
  • Transparent content guidelines: Streaming platforms should clearly communicate their guidelines and ensure content selection and moderation transparency. This can help creators understand the boundaries and minimize self-censorship.
  • Encouraging diversity in content: Platforms can actively promote and invest in diverse narratives that showcase different perspectives, cultures, and beliefs. This can help foster a more inclusive range of content that appeals to a broader audience while respecting cultural sensitivities.
  • Strengthening legal safeguards: Governments can consider reviewing and updating existing laws and regulations to balance freedom of expression and addressing concerns related to cultural and religious sensitivities. This can include providing clearer guidance on content classification and addressing censorship issues.
  • Engaging in dialogue: Open and inclusive discussions between filmmakers, streaming platforms, and cultural/religious organizations can help foster mutual understanding and bridge the gap in perspectives. This can contribute to finding common ground and resolving disputes through constructive dialogue.
  • Promoting media literacy: Educating the public about media literacy can help people critically analyse and interpret their content. This can encourage a more informed and nuanced approach to understanding and engaging with diverse narratives.
  • Protecting artistic freedom: Ensuring filmmakers and artists can express their creativity without fear of reprisal or personal threats is crucial. This can be supported by maintaining an atmosphere of open dialogue, respect for diverse viewpoints, and protecting artists’ rights.
  • International Collaboration: The Indian government can collaborate with global counterparts, sharing best practices and experiences dealing with content regulation and creative freedom. International partnerships can provide valuable insights and help shape a holistic approach to address the challenges faced by the streaming industry.
  • Need for a balanced mechanism: The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) can act as a balancing mechanism to ensure the rights of artists and the public. This highlights the need for a fair and impartial content regulation system that respects artistic freedom while addressing cultural sensitivity and public interest concerns.

THE CONCLUSION:

It is important to balance artistic freedom, cultural sensitivities, and the values of a diverse society. By implementing these solutions, stakeholders can work towards fostering an environment where creative expression is respected while addressing concerns related to hurt sentiments and divisive narratives. Recognizing the importance of an open and inclusive marketplace of ideas is crucial for the sustained growth of a vibrant creative industry while ensuring societal harmony.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 The expansion of the Internet has instilled different cultural values, often conflicting with traditional values. Discuss (2020)

Q.2 How do pressure groups influence the Indian political process? Do you agree with this view that informal pressure groups have emerged as more powerful than formal pressure groups in recent years? (2017)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Examine the challenges faced by the content streaming industry in India about censorship and self-censorship. Discuss the impact of fringe elements and self-appointed moral guardians on creative expression and the resultant fear and hesitation among filmmakers.

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/netflix-annapoorani-take-down-moral-police-9113120/