Day-426
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Question 1 of 5
1. Question
2 points1. Consider the following statements regarding an aquatic ecosystem:
1. Both photosynthesis and respiration activities take place in aphotic zone.
2. Neustons are unattached organisms which live at the air-water interface.
3. The limnetic zone is dominated by both phytoplankton and zooplankton.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?Correct
Answer: C
Explanation:
Context: The impact of the neglect of lakes by way of encroachments and unscientific rejuvenation processes was on full display during the recent heavy rains, but what goes on inside the lakes is a story that is equally distressing. As pollutants continue to flow into many lakes, it is wreaking havoc on the aquatic ecosystem. Hundreds of fish have died in Bengaluru in the last few years. According to a recently released report around 35 cases of fish kill were seen in the city in the last five years, with the Jakkur, the Kothanur, the Panatthur, and the Haralur lakes being identified as vulnerable.
● The topmost zone near the shore of a lake or pond is the littoral zone. This zone is the warmest since it is shallow and can absorb more of the Sun’s heat. It sustains a fairly diverse community which can include several species of algae (like diatoms), rooted and floating aquatic plants, grazing snails, clams, insects, crustaceans, fishes, and amphibians.
● The near-surface open water surrounded by the littoral zone is the limnetic zone. The limnetic zone is well-lighted (like the littoral zone) and is dominated by plankton both phytoplankton and zooplankton. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
● The deep-water part of the lake or pond is called the profundal zone. This zone is much colder and dense than the other two. Little light penetrates all the way through the limnetic zone into the profundal zone.
● Only respiration activity takes place in this zone. It is also known as aphotic zone. Hence, statement 1 is not correct
● The fauna are heterotrophs, meaning that they eat dead organisms and use oxygen for cellular respiration.
● Nektons are animals which are swimmers. They are relatively large and powerful as they have to overcome the water currents.
● Floating plants are called neustons. These are unattached organisms which live at the air water interface. Hence, statement 2 is correct.Incorrect
Answer: C
Explanation:
Context: The impact of the neglect of lakes by way of encroachments and unscientific rejuvenation processes was on full display during the recent heavy rains, but what goes on inside the lakes is a story that is equally distressing. As pollutants continue to flow into many lakes, it is wreaking havoc on the aquatic ecosystem. Hundreds of fish have died in Bengaluru in the last few years. According to a recently released report around 35 cases of fish kill were seen in the city in the last five years, with the Jakkur, the Kothanur, the Panatthur, and the Haralur lakes being identified as vulnerable.
● The topmost zone near the shore of a lake or pond is the littoral zone. This zone is the warmest since it is shallow and can absorb more of the Sun’s heat. It sustains a fairly diverse community which can include several species of algae (like diatoms), rooted and floating aquatic plants, grazing snails, clams, insects, crustaceans, fishes, and amphibians.
● The near-surface open water surrounded by the littoral zone is the limnetic zone. The limnetic zone is well-lighted (like the littoral zone) and is dominated by plankton both phytoplankton and zooplankton. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
● The deep-water part of the lake or pond is called the profundal zone. This zone is much colder and dense than the other two. Little light penetrates all the way through the limnetic zone into the profundal zone.
● Only respiration activity takes place in this zone. It is also known as aphotic zone. Hence, statement 1 is not correct
● The fauna are heterotrophs, meaning that they eat dead organisms and use oxygen for cellular respiration.
● Nektons are animals which are swimmers. They are relatively large and powerful as they have to overcome the water currents.
● Floating plants are called neustons. These are unattached organisms which live at the air water interface. Hence, statement 2 is correct. -
Question 2 of 5
2. Question
2 points2. This is a process of chemical decomposition of organic matter brought about by heat. In this process, the organic material is heated in the absence of air until the molecules thermally break down to become a gas comprising smaller molecules. This is the most likely description of:
Correct
Answer: A
Explanation:
Context: The National Green Tribunal has directed the Central Pollution Control Board to expeditiously close all tyre pyrolysis units (TPUs) functioning without following environment norms. Pyrolysis is the method of recycling old tyres through thermochemical treatment under high temperature to produce industrial oil and other matters.
● Pyrolysis is a process of chemical decomposition of organic matter brought about by heat. In this process, the organic material is heated in the absence of air until the molecules thermally break down to become a gas comprising smaller molecules (known collectively as syngas).
● Gasification can also take place as a result of partial combustion of organic matter in the presence of a restricted quantity of oxygen or air. The gas so produced is known as producer gas. The gasses produced by pyrolysis mainly comprise carbon monoxide (25%), hydrogen and hydrocarbons (15%), and carbon dioxide and nitrogen (60%). The next step is to ‘clean’ the syngas or producer gas. Thereafter, the gas is burned in internal combustion (IC) engine generator sets or turbines to produce electricity. Chemical processes like gasification, combustion and pyrolysis convert biomass to useful products, combustion being the most common of them.
● Co-generation, also known as combined heat and power (CHP), is a process that involves the simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heat from the same energy source. Co-generation systems can be powered by a variety of fuels, including natural gas, biogas, biomass, and coal. The electricity generated by a co-generation system can be used on-site or sold to the grid, while the heat can be used for space heating, hot water, or industrial processes.
● Biomethanation is a process that involves the digestion of organic matter by microorganisms to produce biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. The organic matter can be derived from a variety of sources, including agricultural waste, food waste, and sewage. Biomethanation can also help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by diverting organic waste from landfills and reducing methane emissions.
● Co-generation, also known as combined heat and power (CHP), is a process that involves the simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heat from the same energy source. Co-generation systems can be powered by a variety of fuels, including natural gas, biogas, biomass, and coal.Incorrect
Answer: A
Explanation:
Context: The National Green Tribunal has directed the Central Pollution Control Board to expeditiously close all tyre pyrolysis units (TPUs) functioning without following environment norms. Pyrolysis is the method of recycling old tyres through thermochemical treatment under high temperature to produce industrial oil and other matters.
● Pyrolysis is a process of chemical decomposition of organic matter brought about by heat. In this process, the organic material is heated in the absence of air until the molecules thermally break down to become a gas comprising smaller molecules (known collectively as syngas).
● Gasification can also take place as a result of partial combustion of organic matter in the presence of a restricted quantity of oxygen or air. The gas so produced is known as producer gas. The gasses produced by pyrolysis mainly comprise carbon monoxide (25%), hydrogen and hydrocarbons (15%), and carbon dioxide and nitrogen (60%). The next step is to ‘clean’ the syngas or producer gas. Thereafter, the gas is burned in internal combustion (IC) engine generator sets or turbines to produce electricity. Chemical processes like gasification, combustion and pyrolysis convert biomass to useful products, combustion being the most common of them.
● Co-generation, also known as combined heat and power (CHP), is a process that involves the simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heat from the same energy source. Co-generation systems can be powered by a variety of fuels, including natural gas, biogas, biomass, and coal. The electricity generated by a co-generation system can be used on-site or sold to the grid, while the heat can be used for space heating, hot water, or industrial processes.
● Biomethanation is a process that involves the digestion of organic matter by microorganisms to produce biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. The organic matter can be derived from a variety of sources, including agricultural waste, food waste, and sewage. Biomethanation can also help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by diverting organic waste from landfills and reducing methane emissions.
● Co-generation, also known as combined heat and power (CHP), is a process that involves the simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heat from the same energy source. Co-generation systems can be powered by a variety of fuels, including natural gas, biogas, biomass, and coal. -
Question 3 of 5
3. Question
2 points3. Arrange the following renewable sources of energy in increasing order of their contribution to total installed power capacity in India:
1. Solar Power
2. Wind Power
3. Waste To Energy
4. Large Hydro projects
Select the correct answer using the code given below:Correct
Answer: D
Explanation:
Context: In India, which is the world’s third largest producer of renewable energy, nearly 40 per cent of installed electricity capacity comes from non-fossil fuel sources. As the share of renewables increases in the grid, GOI explores new storage options.
As of 31st August 2022, Renewable energy sources, including large hydropower, have a combined installed capacity of 163 GW.
The following is the installed capacity for Renewables:
● Wind power: 41.2 GW
● Solar Power: 59.34 GW
● Biomass/Co-generation: 10.2 GW
● Small Hydro Power: 4.88 GW
● Waste To Energy: 0.47 GW
● Large Hydro: 46.85 GW
India has set a target to reduce the carbon intensity of the nation’s economy by less than 45% by the end of the decade, achieve 50% cumulative electric power installed by 2030, and achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070. Low-carbon technologies could create a market worth up to $80 bn in India by 2030.
India has been ranked amongst top 5 countries in the world, and the best among the G20 countries, based on its Climate Change performance. India jumps 2 spots higher, and is now ranked 8th as per Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI, 2023).
India attracts $13 bn FDI in the non-conventional energy sector. India could attract close to $10 bn in renewable energy investment in 2023.Incorrect
Answer: D
Explanation:
Context: In India, which is the world’s third largest producer of renewable energy, nearly 40 per cent of installed electricity capacity comes from non-fossil fuel sources. As the share of renewables increases in the grid, GOI explores new storage options.
As of 31st August 2022, Renewable energy sources, including large hydropower, have a combined installed capacity of 163 GW.
The following is the installed capacity for Renewables:
● Wind power: 41.2 GW
● Solar Power: 59.34 GW
● Biomass/Co-generation: 10.2 GW
● Small Hydro Power: 4.88 GW
● Waste To Energy: 0.47 GW
● Large Hydro: 46.85 GW
India has set a target to reduce the carbon intensity of the nation’s economy by less than 45% by the end of the decade, achieve 50% cumulative electric power installed by 2030, and achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070. Low-carbon technologies could create a market worth up to $80 bn in India by 2030.
India has been ranked amongst top 5 countries in the world, and the best among the G20 countries, based on its Climate Change performance. India jumps 2 spots higher, and is now ranked 8th as per Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI, 2023).
India attracts $13 bn FDI in the non-conventional energy sector. India could attract close to $10 bn in renewable energy investment in 2023. -
Question 4 of 5
4. Question
2 points4. Consider the following statements regarding the “Apis karinjodian” (Indian Black honeybee):
1. It is a new endemic honey bee species recently discovered in the Western Ghats.
2. It has the ability to produce higher quantities of honey which is comparatively thicker.
3. It is listed as endangered under the IUCN Red list.
Which of the statements given above are correct?Correct
Answer: A
Explanation:
Context: A new species of endemic honeybee has been discovered in the Western Ghats. The new species has been named Apis karinjodian and given the common name Indian black honeybee.
Indian black honeybee (Apis karinjodian):
● A new endemic species of honeybee, the Indian black honeybee (Apis karinjodian), was discovered in the Western Ghats. Its habitat ranges from the central Western Ghats and Nilgiris to the southern Western Ghats, spanning the states of Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and parts of Tamil Nadu. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
● The species has been classified as Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
● Interestingly, the new species has been found after more than 200 years as it was in 1798 the last honey bee had been discovered in the country.
● The new species is found well for apiculture in India, as it has the ability to produce higher quantities of honey which is thicker in consistency opening up new avenues for increasing honey production. Hence, statement 2 is correct.Incorrect
Answer: A
Explanation:
Context: A new species of endemic honeybee has been discovered in the Western Ghats. The new species has been named Apis karinjodian and given the common name Indian black honeybee.
Indian black honeybee (Apis karinjodian):
● A new endemic species of honeybee, the Indian black honeybee (Apis karinjodian), was discovered in the Western Ghats. Its habitat ranges from the central Western Ghats and Nilgiris to the southern Western Ghats, spanning the states of Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and parts of Tamil Nadu. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
● The species has been classified as Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
● Interestingly, the new species has been found after more than 200 years as it was in 1798 the last honey bee had been discovered in the country.
● The new species is found well for apiculture in India, as it has the ability to produce higher quantities of honey which is thicker in consistency opening up new avenues for increasing honey production. Hence, statement 2 is correct. -
Question 5 of 5
5. Question
2 points5. Consider the following statements regarding “Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)”:
1. It is a fuel produced from carbon capture, utilization and storage technology.
2. It is considered as a renewable energy source.
3. It can be used as an alternative fuel to fossil fuels in automobiles.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?Correct
Answer: B
Explanation:
Context: Refuse derived fuel issue recently ignited heated debate in Kochi Corporation Council. Refuse derived fuel (RDF) piled up on the Brahmapuram campus after bio-mining of legacy waste at the site will be removed as per Mayor of Kochi Corporation Council.
● The fuel produced from combustible components that the industry calls Municipal Solid Waste is called Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF). It is a renewable energy source that ensures waste simply isn’t thrown into a landfill and instead, put to good use. Hence, statement 1 is not correct and 2 is correct.
● Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is a highly combustible fraction obtained from municipal solid waste through mechanical biological treatment (MBT). MBT consists of magnets, trommels, shredders, and eddy current separators which separate the recyclable components of MSW. RDF mainly consists of plastics, yard waste, waste paper textiles, and a very low amount of biomass components such as kitchen waste. RDF contains a high number of combustibles and a low number of pollutants (chlorine, mercury, cadmium) in comparison with municipal solid waste.
● State-of-the-art commercial applications of RDF for energy generation were found to be mainly by cement industries for heating cement kilns but are also used for combined heat and power in incinerators. It has found its application in co-firing biomass, coal, and poultry litter in conventional waste-to-energy plants. It has no application as fuel in automobiles. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.Incorrect
Answer: B
Explanation:
Context: Refuse derived fuel issue recently ignited heated debate in Kochi Corporation Council. Refuse derived fuel (RDF) piled up on the Brahmapuram campus after bio-mining of legacy waste at the site will be removed as per Mayor of Kochi Corporation Council.
● The fuel produced from combustible components that the industry calls Municipal Solid Waste is called Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF). It is a renewable energy source that ensures waste simply isn’t thrown into a landfill and instead, put to good use. Hence, statement 1 is not correct and 2 is correct.
● Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is a highly combustible fraction obtained from municipal solid waste through mechanical biological treatment (MBT). MBT consists of magnets, trommels, shredders, and eddy current separators which separate the recyclable components of MSW. RDF mainly consists of plastics, yard waste, waste paper textiles, and a very low amount of biomass components such as kitchen waste. RDF contains a high number of combustibles and a low number of pollutants (chlorine, mercury, cadmium) in comparison with municipal solid waste.
● State-of-the-art commercial applications of RDF for energy generation were found to be mainly by cement industries for heating cement kilns but are also used for combined heat and power in incinerators. It has found its application in co-firing biomass, coal, and poultry litter in conventional waste-to-energy plants. It has no application as fuel in automobiles. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
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