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Question 1 of 5
1. Question
2 points1. Consider the following statements regarding Temperature Inversion:
1. A long winter night with clear skies and still air is an ideal condition for temperature inversion.
2. Temperature inversion is a frequent phenomenon in polar areas.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?Correct
Answer: C
Explanation:
Context: Recently the reason for the high rates of pollution detected over North India has been identified as a phenomenon called ‘winter inversion’, where cooler air is trapped under a layer of warm air creating an atmospheric blanket of sorts. This has trapped pollutants closer to the Earth’s surface, prohibiting them from dispersing into the upper reaches of the atmosphere.
● Normally, temperature decreases with an increase in elevation in the troposphere. It is called normal lapse rate. At times, the situation is reversed and the normal lapse rate is inverted. It is called Inversion of temperature.
● In this situation, the temperature actually increases with elevation. During a temperature inversion, cold air is trapped beneath warm air, creating a pocket of stagnated air close to the Earth’s surface.
● A long winter night with clear skies and still air is an ideal situation for Temperature Inversion Long Nights ensure that outgoing radiation is greater than the incoming radiation. Clear skies without clouds allow the unobstructed escape of radiation. Still air prevents the vertical mixing of air at lower levels and maintains the separation of cold air mass below and warm air mass above. Statement 1 is correct.
● A temperature inversion in the polar areas is caused by the lack of surface heating by the Sun, which stays below the horizon during the winter (the Polar Night), and the continuous loss of heat from the surface through the emission of infrared radiation. This allows the temperatures near the surface to be colder than the air above.
● Even during periods of sunlight in polar regions, the high albedo of snow in the visible part of the spectrum means relatively little solar radiation is absorbed. This facilitates temperature inversion throughout the year in polar areas. Statement 2 is correct.
● Temperature Inversion is also common in mountain valleys. During a temperature inversion, the upward and downward movement of air is prevented and this results in stable conditions in the lower levels of the atmosphere.Incorrect
Answer: C
Explanation:
Context: Recently the reason for the high rates of pollution detected over North India has been identified as a phenomenon called ‘winter inversion’, where cooler air is trapped under a layer of warm air creating an atmospheric blanket of sorts. This has trapped pollutants closer to the Earth’s surface, prohibiting them from dispersing into the upper reaches of the atmosphere.
● Normally, temperature decreases with an increase in elevation in the troposphere. It is called normal lapse rate. At times, the situation is reversed and the normal lapse rate is inverted. It is called Inversion of temperature.
● In this situation, the temperature actually increases with elevation. During a temperature inversion, cold air is trapped beneath warm air, creating a pocket of stagnated air close to the Earth’s surface.
● A long winter night with clear skies and still air is an ideal situation for Temperature Inversion Long Nights ensure that outgoing radiation is greater than the incoming radiation. Clear skies without clouds allow the unobstructed escape of radiation. Still air prevents the vertical mixing of air at lower levels and maintains the separation of cold air mass below and warm air mass above. Statement 1 is correct.
● A temperature inversion in the polar areas is caused by the lack of surface heating by the Sun, which stays below the horizon during the winter (the Polar Night), and the continuous loss of heat from the surface through the emission of infrared radiation. This allows the temperatures near the surface to be colder than the air above.
● Even during periods of sunlight in polar regions, the high albedo of snow in the visible part of the spectrum means relatively little solar radiation is absorbed. This facilitates temperature inversion throughout the year in polar areas. Statement 2 is correct.
● Temperature Inversion is also common in mountain valleys. During a temperature inversion, the upward and downward movement of air is prevented and this results in stable conditions in the lower levels of the atmosphere. -
Question 2 of 5
2. Question
2 points2. Consider the following pairs:
Atmospheric Layers – Features
1. Troposphere – Temperature decreases with increase in altitude.
2. Stratosphere – Temperature increases with increase in altitude.
3. Ionosphere – Presence of electrically charged particles.
4. Exosphere – Absorption of ultra-violet radiation
How many pairs given above are correctly matched?Correct
Answer: C
Explanation:
Context: Scientists have detected barium in the upper atmosphere of two giant exoplanets for the first time, noted a new study. Barium, two and half times heavier than iron, is the heaviest-ever detected element. The researchers hope that their study encourages more researchers to explain the presence of these elements in the upper layers of the atmosphere.
● The troposphere is the lowermost layer of the atmosphere. Its average height is 13 km and extends roughly to a height of 8 km near the poles and about 18 km at the equator. Thickness of the troposphere is greatest at the equator because heat is transported to great heights by strong convectional currents. This layer contains dust particles and water vapour. All changes in climate and weather take place in this layer. The temperature in this layer decreases at the rate of 1°C for every 165 m of height. This is the most important layer for all biological activity.
● The stratosphere is found above the tropopause and extends up to a height of 50 km. One important feature of the stratosphere is that it contains the ozone layer. This layer absorbs ultra-violet radiation and shields life on the earth from intense, harmful forms of energy. Here temperature increases with increasing height.
● The mesosphere lies above the stratosphere, which extends up to a height of 80 km. In this layer, once again, temperature starts decreasing with the increase in altitude and reaches up to minus 100°C at the height of 80 km.
● The upper limit of the mesosphere is known as the mesopause. The ionosphere is located between 80 and 400 km above the mesopause. It contains electrically charged particles known as ions, and hence, it is known as ionosphere. Radio waves transmitted from the earth are reflected back to the earth by this layer. Temperature here starts increasing with height.
● The uppermost layer of the atmosphere is known as the exosphere. This is the highest layer but very little is known about it. Whatever contents are there, these are extremely rarefied in this layer, and it gradually merges with the outer space. Although all layers of the atmosphere must be exercising influence on us, geographers are concerned with the first two layers of the atmosphere.
Therefore, only 3 pairs are correctly matched
Incorrect
Answer: C
Explanation:
Context: Scientists have detected barium in the upper atmosphere of two giant exoplanets for the first time, noted a new study. Barium, two and half times heavier than iron, is the heaviest-ever detected element. The researchers hope that their study encourages more researchers to explain the presence of these elements in the upper layers of the atmosphere.
● The troposphere is the lowermost layer of the atmosphere. Its average height is 13 km and extends roughly to a height of 8 km near the poles and about 18 km at the equator. Thickness of the troposphere is greatest at the equator because heat is transported to great heights by strong convectional currents. This layer contains dust particles and water vapour. All changes in climate and weather take place in this layer. The temperature in this layer decreases at the rate of 1°C for every 165 m of height. This is the most important layer for all biological activity.
● The stratosphere is found above the tropopause and extends up to a height of 50 km. One important feature of the stratosphere is that it contains the ozone layer. This layer absorbs ultra-violet radiation and shields life on the earth from intense, harmful forms of energy. Here temperature increases with increasing height.
● The mesosphere lies above the stratosphere, which extends up to a height of 80 km. In this layer, once again, temperature starts decreasing with the increase in altitude and reaches up to minus 100°C at the height of 80 km.
● The upper limit of the mesosphere is known as the mesopause. The ionosphere is located between 80 and 400 km above the mesopause. It contains electrically charged particles known as ions, and hence, it is known as ionosphere. Radio waves transmitted from the earth are reflected back to the earth by this layer. Temperature here starts increasing with height.
● The uppermost layer of the atmosphere is known as the exosphere. This is the highest layer but very little is known about it. Whatever contents are there, these are extremely rarefied in this layer, and it gradually merges with the outer space. Although all layers of the atmosphere must be exercising influence on us, geographers are concerned with the first two layers of the atmosphere.
Therefore, only 3 pairs are correctly matched
-
Question 3 of 5
3. Question
2 points3. Consider the following statements with reference to Jet Streams:
1. Jet streams blow in a direction parallel to the pressure gradient force.
2. They help in the maintenance of latitudinal heat balance.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?Correct
Answer: B
Explanation:
Context: The winter season of 2022-23 in the Himalayan mountains and the plains of northwest India seems to be a dry one, according to local reports and meteorological data. The subtropical jet stream, which plays an important role in the propagation of western disturbances towards India, has shifted northwards this December compared to its position when the western disturbance activity was robust.
Jet streams are concentrated narrow bands of fast flowing and strong winds in the upper troposphere of the earth that significantly affect global weather phenomena. There are three types of jet streams:
● Polar jet stream – between Ferrel and Polar cells
● Sub-Tropical jet stream – between Hadley and Ferrel cells
● Temporary jet streams – e.g.- Somali Jet Stream, Tropical Easterly Jet Stream
● Properties- Geostrophic winds – due to Coriolis force, they blow in a direction perpendicular to the pressure gradient force. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
● Role of Jet Streams in Weather Phenomenon – Help in maintenance of latitudinal heat balance by mass exchange of air. Hence statement 2 is correct.
Role of Jet Streams in Rainfall in India:
● Sub-tropical jet streams and some temporary jet streams together influence Indian Monsoon patterns, winter rainfall and tropical cyclones.
● Winter rainfall: The Sub-Tropical westerly jet stream transports the western disturbances (temperate cyclones) originating over the Mediterranean Sea and brings rain to northwestern regions of India – Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh.
● Southwest monsoon: The sub-tropical jet stream and easterly jet stream play an important role in the monsoon system of India.Incorrect
Answer: B
Explanation:
Context: The winter season of 2022-23 in the Himalayan mountains and the plains of northwest India seems to be a dry one, according to local reports and meteorological data. The subtropical jet stream, which plays an important role in the propagation of western disturbances towards India, has shifted northwards this December compared to its position when the western disturbance activity was robust.
Jet streams are concentrated narrow bands of fast flowing and strong winds in the upper troposphere of the earth that significantly affect global weather phenomena. There are three types of jet streams:
● Polar jet stream – between Ferrel and Polar cells
● Sub-Tropical jet stream – between Hadley and Ferrel cells
● Temporary jet streams – e.g.- Somali Jet Stream, Tropical Easterly Jet Stream
● Properties- Geostrophic winds – due to Coriolis force, they blow in a direction perpendicular to the pressure gradient force. Hence statement 1 is not correct.
● Role of Jet Streams in Weather Phenomenon – Help in maintenance of latitudinal heat balance by mass exchange of air. Hence statement 2 is correct.
Role of Jet Streams in Rainfall in India:
● Sub-tropical jet streams and some temporary jet streams together influence Indian Monsoon patterns, winter rainfall and tropical cyclones.
● Winter rainfall: The Sub-Tropical westerly jet stream transports the western disturbances (temperate cyclones) originating over the Mediterranean Sea and brings rain to northwestern regions of India – Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh.
● Southwest monsoon: The sub-tropical jet stream and easterly jet stream play an important role in the monsoon system of India. -
Question 4 of 5
4. Question
2 points4. Which of the following factors affect the direction of ocean currents?
1. Wind speed and direction
2. Density of ocean water
3. Earth’s rotation
4. Air temperature and humidity
Select the correct answer using the code given below:Correct
Answer: B
Explanation
● Wind speed and direction affect the direction of ocean currents through the frictional drag of wind on the ocean’s surface. This drag causes the water to move, which can result in the formation of surface currents that are driven by prevailing winds.
● Density of ocean water affects the direction of ocean currents through the process of thermohaline circulation. Differences in water density, which are determined by temperature and salinity, cause water to move vertically and horizontally in the ocean.
● Earth’s rotation affects the direction of ocean currents through the Coriolis effect. This effect causes the direction of currents to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
● Air temperature and humidity can affect the formation and intensity of ocean currents indirectly by influencing wind patterns, but they do not directly affect the direction of ocean currents. Therefore, option 4 is not correct in this case.Incorrect
Answer: B
Explanation
● Wind speed and direction affect the direction of ocean currents through the frictional drag of wind on the ocean’s surface. This drag causes the water to move, which can result in the formation of surface currents that are driven by prevailing winds.
● Density of ocean water affects the direction of ocean currents through the process of thermohaline circulation. Differences in water density, which are determined by temperature and salinity, cause water to move vertically and horizontally in the ocean.
● Earth’s rotation affects the direction of ocean currents through the Coriolis effect. This effect causes the direction of currents to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
● Air temperature and humidity can affect the formation and intensity of ocean currents indirectly by influencing wind patterns, but they do not directly affect the direction of ocean currents. Therefore, option 4 is not correct in this case. -
Question 5 of 5
5. Question
2 points5. Consider the following statements about landslides:
1. Landslide is a gradual movement of rock, boulders, earth or debris down a slope.
2. Geomorphology and weathering of rocks play an influential role in the occurrence of landslides.
3. In India, the deccan traps witness landslides more frequently.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?Correct
Answer: B
Explanation:
Context: With a steady rise in the number of extreme weather events, especially heavy rainfall capable of triggering landslides and floods, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) recently released the Landslide Atlas of India, a detailed guide identifying landslide hotspots in the country.
● Statement 1 is incorrect: Landslides are natural disasters occurring mainly in mountainous terrains where there are conducive conditions of soil, rock, geology and slope. A sudden movement of rock, boulders, earth or debris down a slope is termed as a landslide. Natural causes that trigger it include heavy rainfall, earthquakes, snow-melting and undercutting of slopes due to flooding. Landslides can also be caused by anthropogenic activities such as excavation, cutting of hills and trees, excessive infrastructure development, and overgrazing by cattle.
● Considered among the most frequent natural disasters, landslides are extremely hazardous, posing a threat to human and animal lives, damaging property, roads and bridges, disrupting communication lines and snapping power lines.
● Statement 2 is correct: Some of the main factors that influence landslides are lithology, geological structures like faults, hill slopes, drainage, geomorphology, land use and land cover, soil texture and depth, and weathering of rocks. All these are factored in when a landslide susceptibility zone is earmarked for planning and making predictions.
● Statement 3 is incorrect: In India, rainfall-induced landslide events are more common. This is primarily seen in hilly regions as shown in the map.
Incorrect
Answer: B
Explanation:
Context: With a steady rise in the number of extreme weather events, especially heavy rainfall capable of triggering landslides and floods, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) recently released the Landslide Atlas of India, a detailed guide identifying landslide hotspots in the country.
● Statement 1 is incorrect: Landslides are natural disasters occurring mainly in mountainous terrains where there are conducive conditions of soil, rock, geology and slope. A sudden movement of rock, boulders, earth or debris down a slope is termed as a landslide. Natural causes that trigger it include heavy rainfall, earthquakes, snow-melting and undercutting of slopes due to flooding. Landslides can also be caused by anthropogenic activities such as excavation, cutting of hills and trees, excessive infrastructure development, and overgrazing by cattle.
● Considered among the most frequent natural disasters, landslides are extremely hazardous, posing a threat to human and animal lives, damaging property, roads and bridges, disrupting communication lines and snapping power lines.
● Statement 2 is correct: Some of the main factors that influence landslides are lithology, geological structures like faults, hill slopes, drainage, geomorphology, land use and land cover, soil texture and depth, and weathering of rocks. All these are factored in when a landslide susceptibility zone is earmarked for planning and making predictions.
● Statement 3 is incorrect: In India, rainfall-induced landslide events are more common. This is primarily seen in hilly regions as shown in the map.
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