TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Six of the world’s largest dairy companies will soon begin disclosing their methane emissions as part of a new global alliance launched at the United Nations climate summit.

EXPLANATION:

• This alliance aims to disclose and mitigate methane emissions in the dairy sector, recognizing the urgency of tackling this issue for environmental sustainability.

The Significance of Methane Emissions in Dairy Industry

• The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization highlights that approximately 30% of global anthropogenic methane emissions stem from livestock, primarily through sources like cow burps and manure.
• This underscores the pressing need to address methane emissions from the dairy industry as a crucial aspect of combating climate change.
• Six prominent dairy companies – Danone, Bel Group, General Mills, Lactalis USA, Kraft Heinz, and Nestle – have joined forces to form the Dairy Methane Action Alliance.
• This coalition’s primary objectives include disclosing methane emissions by mid-2024 and drafting actionable plans to mitigate these emissions by the end of the same year.

Focus on Reducing Methane: Importance and Challenges

• Methane, known for being nearly 30 times more potent than carbon dioxide, is a focal point in global efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions.
• The alliance acknowledges the complexity of reducing dairy methane emissions, emphasizing the necessity of providing comprehensive support to farmers worldwide.
• Strategies such as experimenting with feed additives are being considered to combat methane production from livestock.
• While the alliance members are not mandated to commit to specific emission reduction targets, enhanced measurement and reporting of methane emissions serve as crucial steps towards eventual mitigation.
• Companies like Danone have independently pledged significant reductions, aiming to cut methane emissions from their fresh milk supply chain by 30% by 2030.

Impact of Methane Reduction Goals on Global Warming

• Studies, including a 2021 assessment by the Climate & Clean Air Coalition and the United Nations Environment Programme, indicate that a 45% reduction in human-caused methane emissions by the end of this decade is critical in limiting global warming to under 2 degrees Celsius.

Environmental Defense Fund’s Role and Accountability

• The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), convening this alliance, stresses the importance of increased accountability through improved measurement and reporting.
• EDF considers these measures instrumental in compelling companies to eventually reduce their methane emissions.

COP28’s Focus on Food Sector Emissions

• Acknowledging that food production accounts for approximately a third of global greenhouse gas emissions, leaders at COP28 have pledged to prioritize actions addressing emissions from the food sector.
• The initiative by the Dairy Methane Action Alliance aligns with this overarching commitment to tackle emissions across industries.

Conclusion

• The formation of the Dairy Methane Action Alliance marks a significant step in addressing methane emissions in the dairy industry.
• The coalition’s commitment to disclosure, planning, and eventual mitigation of methane emissions signifies a collective effort by major players in the sector to contribute meaningfully to climate change mitigation efforts outlined at COP28.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE REFER TO 5^TH DECEMBER 2023 DNA

SOURCE: https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/global-dairy-companies-announce-alliance-cut-methane-cop28-2023-12-05/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The recent data from the Climate Trace Project shows an increase in global greenhouse gas emissions since the Paris climate agreement in 2015.

EXPLANATION:

• The recent data from the Climate Trace project underscores some critical points in the global effort to combat climate change.
• It sheds light on the specific regions and sectors that have contributed significantly to the surge in greenhouse gas emissions since the signing of the Paris climate agreement in 2015.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions:

• China, India, and the US stand out as major contributors to the increase in emissions.
• Electricity generation in China and India, coupled with oil and gas production in the US, have been identified as the primary drivers behind this concerning trend.
• These revelations highlight the challenges in accurately reporting emissions, showcasing deficiencies in fulfilling obligations under the Paris Agreement by both countries and companies.

Rising Methane Emissions and Pledges:

• Despite global pledges to reduce methane emissions, the data indicates an alarming increase in methane levels, a potent greenhouse gas.
• China’s coal mines contributed to the surge in methane emissions.
• However, there’s a recent commitment from China to address methane emissions by including it in its national climate plans and collaborating with the US on this issue.

Importance of Accurate Emissions Information:

• The Climate Trace project plays a crucial role in pinpointing emission sources using satellite images and AI software.
• Al Gore emphasized the necessity of accurate emissions information to tackle the problem effectively, highlighting the significance of identifying precise emission sources to address the issue adequately.

Mitigating Methane and COP28 Summit:

• Scientists stress the urgency of sharp cuts in methane emissions to mitigate the severe impacts of global heating.
• The COP28 UN climate summit in Dubai aimed to assess progress towards emission cuts necessary to stay within the 1.5ºC temperature limit set by the Paris Agreement.
• Cooperation on methane reduction at this summit was seen as a positive step towards achieving the 1.5ºC target, with reductions potentially contributing up to 0.3ºC in lowering global temperature increases.

Efforts and Challenges in Decarbonization:

• More than 50 oil and gas companies at COP28 have pledged to join a “decarbonization accelerator” to reduce their climate impact.
• However, critics argue that the voluntary nature of these pledges presents challenges in ensuring accountability.
• They advocate for stronger legal agreements to phase out fossil fuels substantially.

Impact of Post-Covid Aviation and Positive Note on Deforestation:

• Emissions from aviation rebounded post-Covid lockdowns, with a significant surge in both international and domestic flight emissions, along with a rise in road transport emissions potentially linked to increased SUV sales.
• On a positive note, there’s a decline in emissions from deforestation in key regions like the Congo Basin, showcasing a reduction in forest degradation and destruction.
• Overall, the data underscores the pressing need for coordinated global efforts to address emissions from various sectors, emphasizing the importance of accurate reporting, urgency in mitigating methane, and the necessity for stronger commitments and actions to achieve meaningful climate goals.

CLIMATE TRACE:

• Climate TRACE is an independent initiative that aims to track greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with unprecedented detail, speed, and trusted independence.
• It was founded by a global coalition of nonprofits, tech companies, and universities to make meaningful climate action faster and easier by providing real-time or near-real-time data on GHG emissions.
• The project uses a combination of satellite data, artificial intelligence, and other remote sensing technologies to monitor and publish GHG emissions within weeks, improving monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of both carbon dioxide and methane.

SOURCE: https://www.wionews.com/world/surge-in-greenhouse-gas-emissions-points-to-china-us-and-india-as-primary-culprits-data-665785

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. What the World Malaria Report says about India READ MORE
2. COP28: What is Global Stocktake — and why is it important? READ MORE
3. RBI monetary policy: Why is the Monetary Policy Committee likely to leave repo rate unchanged? READ MORE
4. BCG revaccination study in high-risk adults to begin in 23 States READ MORE
5.  ‘India will be the largest cotton producer’ READ MORE
6. COP28 climate meet | India not among 118 nations that pledged to triple green energy READ MORE
7. Lithium supply strategy: India’s initiative with Argentina’s CAMYEN gains traction READ MORE
8. Natural superhero fungi boosts crop yields by 40% READ MORE
9. After COVID break, Centre approves fourth phase roll-out of GIAN scheme READ MORE
10. India agreed to withdraw soldiers from country, says Maldives President Muizzu READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Re-criminalising adultery as a gender-neutral offence READ MORE
2. Weather Report: East India braces for wet days ahead as Cyclone Michaung builds up; North India to remain dry READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. The legal net to trap peddlers of deepfakes READ MORE
2. Private job quota for locals ends with order READ MORE
3. Role of Governors in focus again READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. India, disability inclusion and the power of ‘by’ READ MORE  

 INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Kissinger: Cold warrior of realpolitik READ MORE  
2. Time for a reset in India-US ties READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Growth surprise points to status quo on repo rate READ MORE
2. Economy well on track but growth not yet broad-based READ MORE
3. Why government is not worried about missing disinvestment target READ MORE
4. How Indian economy has silenced ‘perennial pessimists’ READ MORE
5. India’s geo-digital age is here – tech partnerships, data protection, semiconductors READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Why India will continue to rely on coal for foreseeable future READ MORE  
2. India reduced emissions intensity 33% in 2005-2019, shows new submission to UN READ MORE
3. COP28 must put global climate action back on track READ MORE
4. Will COP28 UAE shape climate justice amid clash between urgency and economic realities in global climate action? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. The transformative benefits of population-level genome sequencing | Explained READ MORE   
2. Artificial Intelligence: Benefits outweigh the detriments READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Combating cybercrimes READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. The Uttarakhand tunnel workers have been rescued. It’s time to ask hard questions about the project READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Panacea for grief: Realise the eternity within READ MORE
2. Your anger, your energy READ MORE
3. Serve Param Purush READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. A bottom-up approach to disability inclusion is needed to ensure that persons with disabilities are recognised as active members of society and the economy. In the light of the statement critically examine the schemes established as part of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016).
2. The goal of social justice cannot be achieved without the inclusion of persons with disabilities in all spheres of development, starting with rural areas and rural resilience. Comment.
3. The historic marginalisation of persons with disabilities and the backsliding of the progress on the Sustainable Development Goals, a fundamental shift in commitment, solidarity, financing and action is critical. Discuss how the voices and needs of persons with disabilities be prioritised at the centre of the global development agenda.
4. ‘Strategic Autonomy’ deployed by India in recent times owes itself to the foundational principle of realpolitik, as it allows the practitioner to not get closeted within the linear grouping. Critically examine the statement.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it.
• There needs to be more inclusive opportunities and employment in the rural areas as a majority of persons with disabilities live here.
• The first step is awareness to ensure last-mile connectivity of the benefits enumerated for people with disabilities by the government, which begins with the capacity-building of community leaders who can advocate for this at the grass-roots level.
• A bottom-up approach to disability inclusion is crucial to build productive pathways out of poverty and ensure that persons with disabilities are recognised as active members of society and the economy.
• The goal of social justice cannot be achieved without the inclusion of persons with disabilities in all spheres of development, starting with rural areas and rural resilience.
• A bi-directional link to poverty, nutrition, and hunger, and as a consequence, there needs to be more inclusive opportunities and employment in rural areas.
• The historic marginalisation of persons with disabilities and the backsliding of the progress on the Sustainable Development Goals, a fundamental shift in commitment, solidarity, financing and action is critical.
• It is about time that the voices and needs of persons with disabilities be prioritised at the centre of the global development agenda.
• Though the domestic economy is on a stronger footing, inflation needs to sustain at 4 per cent for interest rates to be cut.
• Though the domestic economy is on a stronger footing and global headwinds are not too threatening as to upset inflation-growth dynamics, the lingering El Nino impact on the farm sector could be a cause of concern.
• ‘Strategic Autonomy’ deployed by India in recent times owes itself to the foundational principle of realpolitik, as it allows the practitioner to not get closeted within the linear grouping and associated puritanism of ‘allies’ to which a sovereign subscribed.
• As India meanders and navigates its rise in global relevance and animus simultaneously, it would do well to mull over and keep pace with the evolving nature of diplomacy.
• The extent of moral compromises, leniencies and even suppressions done by Superpowers in their quest to assert their geopolitical agendas and interests, is even more pronounced.
• It is imperative to foster a constructive working relationship to resolve the disharmony between the Centre and the states.
• Instead of engaging in public arguments, Chief Ministers and Governors should create a more conducive environment for the federal structure to operate seamlessly. Establishing a positive and productive relationship is crucial for the efficient functioning of the state.
• The core commitment of COP28 is to conceptualise a sustainable socio-economic model that will substantively decouple itself from conventional reliance on the fossil-related energy model.
• The alignment of AI use cases with the vision of the organisation is the most important aspect of the adoption of AI.
• The development of AI should not be an ad-hoc process but a part of a well-thought-out strategy which has the support of the top management and confidence of all stakeholders as a tool for reducing their burden rather than replacing them or their work.

ESSAY TOPIC

• Strategy is not the consequence of planning, but the opposite: its starting point.

50-WORD TALK

• Tamil Nadu police have a new target. It’s called ED. Scenes of police raiding ED office upend the playbook of what has become so routine and partisan that nobody even ponders anymore. It shows how broken the federal compact is. The primary responsibility of repairing centre-state balance lies with centre.
• China has become the first nation to accept the Taliban’s ambassador, starting the normalisation of the outfit in the global order. This is the destiny of Afghanistan that everyone will have to accept, even as efforts continue to sustain international pressure on the Taliban for women’s rights and curbing terrorism.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: With coal use set to be a key topic during the COP28 summit, India said it would continue to rely on coal for electricity generation for the foreseeable future, even as it rapidly expanded its renewable energy sources.

EXPLANATION:

• India, despite its aspirations towards achieving net-zero emissions, remains reliant on coal for electricity generation due to several factors.
• The country’s energy demands have been escalating significantly, with a considerable surge in power requirements in recent years.

Rising Energy Demand:

• India’s power demand has shown an annual increase of about 8%, nearly twice the rate of the Asia Pacific region, reaching approximately 149.7 terawatt-hours (TWh) in 2022.
• This surge in demand has been attributed to heightened economic activity, with industries, commercial sectors, residences, and agriculture being substantial consumers of energy.

Projections for Future Energy Needs:

• Projections from the International Energy Agency (IEA) suggest that India will experience the most substantial growth in energy demand globally over the next three decades.
• The escalating demand is anticipated to be primarily driven by the increased requirement for electricity, particularly for household air conditioning, expected to multiply nine-fold by 2050, surpassing the total power consumption of Africa.

Increased Coal Production and Challenges with Renewables:

• India’s response to the mounting energy demand has been a substantial increase in coal production, rising from 778 million tons in 2021-22 to 893 million tons in 2022-23, and setting targets to further escalate production to meet growing needs.
• The country’s heavy reliance on coal is primarily due to limitations and challenges associated with renewable energy sources.
• Renewable Energy Constraints:
  • Currently, renewable sources contribute only 22% of India’s total energy generation.
  • Despite ambitious targets to source 50% of electricity from renewables by 2030, the actual contribution remains far below this goal.
• Reliability Concerns:
  • Renewable sources like solar and wind are dependent on natural elements such as sunlight and wind, making them intermittent and less reliable for constant power generation.
  • Additionally, grid-scale battery storage, necessary for ensuring continuous supply, faces challenges due to supply chain disruptions and high costs.
• Complexities of Hydropower:
  • While hydropower is a significant renewable energy source for India, ongoing projects in the Himalayan region have faced criticism for ecological damage and water resource conflicts.
  • Developing hydropower also requires substantial infrastructure improvements for reliability.
• Underutilization of Nuclear Power:
  • Despite plans to generate energy from nuclear power plants, India’s nuclear capacity contributes only about 3.15% to the total electricity generation, suggesting underutilization and limitations in expansion.

Future Energy Strategy:

• India aspires to amplify its renewable energy capacity to 500 GW by 2030, three times the current capacity.
• However, given the challenges and constraints associated with renewable sources, the country will continue to rely significantly on coal-generated electricity.
• The Union Minister of Power and New and Renewable Energy emphasized that while India intends to decrease the share of fossil fuels in electricity generation to around 35% by 2030, the absolute capacity of coal may still rise to meet the escalating electricity demand.
• The country aims to implement a phase-down strategy for coal rather than an immediate phase-out, considering the imperative need to meet surging energy requirements.
• As India grapples with its increasing energy demand, the dilemma between pursuing cleaner energy sources and meeting immediate electricity needs through coal generation remains a significant challenge for the nation’s energy transition.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-coal-power-demand-9051441/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: At COP28, the global community convened to address the critical issue of global warming. The conference was held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, from November 30 to December 3, 2023, and brought together parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change to assess progress on the Paris Agreement and to chart a course of action for the future.

EXPLANATION:

• This climate summit involved representatives from nearly 200 nations, along with business leaders, climate scientists, Indigenous Peoples, journalists, and various experts.
• The Global Stocktake, a process assessing progress in curbing global warming since the inception of the Paris Agreement in 2015, is a pivotal component of this event.

Purpose and Importance of the Global Stocktake:

• The Global Stocktake serves as an evaluation mechanism to gauge the progress made by countries in combating global warming.
• This assessment holds significant importance as it determines the efficacy of measures taken under the Paris Agreement.
• It identifies areas requiring more robust action, whether through stricter national policies, ambitious goals, or facilitating transitions to clean energy in developing nations.

Objectives and Framework of the Paris Agreement:

• The Paris Agreement of COP21 in 2015 marked a turning point in global climate action, necessitating all countries to commit to emissions reduction targets and adapt to climate change impacts.
• This commitment, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), mandates periodic assessments of progress every five years.
• The Agreement aims to limit global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius from pre-industrial levels, striving to cap it at 1.5 degrees Celsius to mitigate severe climate change impacts.

First Global Stocktake Report:

• A significant milestone in this process was the publication of the UN’s technical report on the first Global Stocktake in September 2023.
• The report highlighted some progress but emphasized that the collective action taken was insufficient.
• It called for an accelerated pace of implementation across all sectors and urged an inclusive approach involving society to meet the Paris Agreement’s goals and address the climate crisis.

Challenges and Urgency for Action:

• The report indicated a rise in global temperatures by approximately 1.2 degrees Celsius since pre-industrial times, underscoring the urgency for more robust efforts to curb climate change.
• While acknowledging progress, it also highlighted existing gaps and the need for innovative solutions and increased efforts to bridge these gaps.
• The urgency to accelerate implementation, foster greater action, and provide support to meet the Paris Agreement’s objectives was emphasized.

Conclusion:

• As COP28 unfolded in Dubai, the Global Stocktake becomes a focal point for assessing the global community’s efforts in combating climate change.
• It emphasized the critical need for heightened ambition, collective action, and innovative strategies to combat climate change effectively.
• The outcomes of this evaluation will guide nations toward charting a more sustainable and resilient future in mitigating the impacts of climate change.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/cop28-what-global-stocktake-9051353/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: In a recent Swiss study, researchers mixed Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) into soil, prior to sowing, at 800 trial plots on 54 maize farms.

EXPLANATION:

• The findings from the large-scale field study on mycorrhizal fungi and their impact on maize crop yields bring forth a revolutionary stride in sustainable agriculture and food production methods.
• The study focused on the integration of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) into soil prior to maize sowing.
• These fungi naturally inhabit healthy soil and establish a symbiotic relationship with plant roots, forming arbuscules that enhance the root system’s surface area.
• This process significantly amplifies nutrient uptake, thereby promoting improved crop health and yield.

Yield Enhancement and Soil Health:

• A remarkable outcome of the study was the substantial yield improvement, up to 40%, witnessed in a quarter of the trial plots.
• However, intriguingly, about one-third of the plots did not exhibit substantial yield increases.
• This observation prompted researchers to investigate further, revealing that the fungi’s efficacy was optimal in soils already harbouring high concentrations of fungal pathogens.
• This discovery implies that AMF serve as a defense mechanism, protecting crops from pathogenic attacks and subsequently maintaining yields in fields prone to such threats.

Role of Fungi in Nutrient Uptake and Pathogen Defense:

• The AMF not only enhance nutrient absorption but also act as a frontline defense against soil-borne pathogens that can significantly diminish crop yields.
• Their presence in fields with pathogen contamination helped sustain yields that would have otherwise suffered, while their impact was less pronounced in fields without such threats.
• This dual role—facilitating nutrient uptake and defending against pathogens—positions these fungi as essential contributors to crop health and productivity.

Predictive Analysis and Soil Microbiome Indicators:

• A significant aspect of this study was the utilization of soil microbiome indicators to predict plant growth variations with an impressive 86% accuracy before sowing.
• This predictive ability enables the targeted application of AMF in fields where they are most likely to be effective, laying the foundation for the development of reliable agricultural methodologies.

Implications for Sustainable Agriculture:

• This breakthrough in utilizing AMF to enhance crop yields without relying on intensive pesticide and fertilizer use holds tremendous promise for sustainable agriculture.
• Considering the alarming degradation of global soil reported by the United Nations, this discovery signifies a potential solution to address food production challenges without exacerbating soil degradation.

Challenges and Future Prospects:

• Despite the promising outcomes, challenges persist in efficiently implementing this technique on a larger commercial scale.
• Addressing how to effectively disseminate and apply these fungi remains a significant consideration for future agricultural practices.
• In conclusion, the study’s findings underscore the transformative potential of mycorrhizal fungi in revolutionizing agricultural practices, offering a glimpse into a more sustainable future for global food production.

SOURCE: https://newatlas.com/science/fungi-boost-crop-yield/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, during a high-level event at the ongoing climate talks in COP28 in Dubai, India highlighted that the Green Credits Initiative surpasses the commercial nature of carbon credits.

EXPLANATION:

• India presented the concept at COP28 to create a global market for green credits.
• It aimed to establish an international marketplace analogous to the existing carbon credit market.

GREEN CREDIT PROGRAM (GCP): INCENTIVIZING ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONS:

• Green Credit Program (GCP) has been notified on 13th October 2023.
• The Green Credits Programme (GCP) is an initiative launched by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in India.
• It is an innovative market-based mechanism designed to incentivize voluntary environmental actions by generating and trading green credits across diverse sectors, by various stakeholders like individuals, communities, companies etc.
• Green credits are tradable units that represent a specified environmental activity and its positive impact on the environment.
• The GCP’s governance framework is supported by an inter-ministerial Steering Committee.
• The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) serves as the GCP Administrator, responsible for program implementation, management, monitoring, and operation.
• In its initial phase, the GCP focuses on two key activities:
• Water conservation and
• Afforestation
• Draft methodologies for awarding Green Credits have been developed and will be notified for stakeholder consultation.
• These methodologies set benchmarks for each activity/process, to ensure environmental impact and fungibility across sectors.
• The Green Credit Registry and trading platform, being developed by ICFRE along with experts, would facilitate the registration and thereafter, the buying and selling of Green Credits.
• The Administrator will grant a Green Credit certificate which will be tradable on the green credit platform.

Conclusion

• Green Credits Programme seeks to expand incentives beyond carbon emission reductions.
• It intends to create a diverse market for environmental actions, benefiting communities and individuals while complementing existing carbon credit systems.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/what-is-the-green-credits-scheme-which-pm-modi-mentioned-at-cop28-9050627/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the COP28 climate conference in Dubai marked the official launch of a significant loss and damage fund aimed at assisting developing nations vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.

EXPLANATION:

• While an initial funding of $475 million has been allocated, the broader financial requirements, estimated to be in the trillions, remain a critical concern.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LOSS AND DAMAGE FUND:

• Purpose:
  • The fund is intended to aid vulnerable countries coping with the consequences of climate change, addressing issues like rising sea levels, floods, droughts, and cyclones.
• Financial Need:
  • Economists highlight the urgent requirement for trillions of dollars to effectively address the challenges posed by climate change.
• Launch:
  • The fund was officially announced during COP27 but saw resolution and agreement on key aspects only shortly before COP28.
• Contributions:
  • The UAE pledged $100 million, the European Union committed $275 million, the US offered $17.5 million, and Japan contributed $10 million towards the initial funding.

UNDERSTANDING THE LOSS AND DAMAGE FUND:

• Global Financial Package:
  • Designed to support countries facing the impacts of climate change by providing compensation from wealthier nations responsible for higher emissions.
• Definition Complexity:
  • Different interpretations of “loss and damage” exist; there’s no universally agreed definition within the UNFCCC, categorized broadly as economic and non-economic impacts.

IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE:

• Historical Context:
  • The Industrial Era since 1850 disrupted natural greenhouse gas mechanisms, with the US, UK, EU, and a few others contributing significantly to global emissions.
• Responsibility for Emissions:
  • Developed countries account for a significant portion of historical emissions, with India responsible for a small percentage, while China is the world’s largest emitter in recent years.

EXTENT OF LOSS AND DAMAGE:

• Financial Impact:
  • Vulnerable countries have collectively faced $525 billion in climate crisis-related losses over 20 years, projected to rise to $580 billion annually by 2030.
• Impact on Vulnerable Communities:
  • Global warming has profoundly affected vulnerable communities, with projections indicating worsening conditions, especially in developing nations.

OPERATION AND SIZE OF THE FUND:

• Fund Management:
  • Initially overseen by the World Bank, funded by wealthier nations and some developing countries, though the scale and replenishment cycle remain uncertain.
• Concerns and Acceptance:
  • Developing nations initially hesitated to involve the World Bank, fearing greater control by richer nations, but have since acquiesced to this arrangement.

CONCLUSION:

• The establishment of the loss and damage fund at COP28 represents a crucial step towards assisting vulnerable nations affected by climate change.
• However, the disparity between the initial funding and the colossal financial requirement underscores the monumental challenge ahead in effectively mitigating and addressing the consequences of climate change globally.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/loss-and-damage-fund-approved-cop-28-9049082/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A recent study forecasts unprecedented global mean surface temperatures during the 2023-2024 winter, potentially breaking historical records due to the confluence of the El Nino event and an enduring global warming trend.

EXPLANATION:

• The paper, published in Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, highlights projections that could push temperatures beyond the critical 1.5-degree Celsius threshold above pre-industrial levels, with far-reaching implications for the environment.

TEMPERATURE TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS:

• Temperature Anomalies:
  • The global average temperature from June to October 2023 surpassed the 1991-2020 average by 0.57℃.
  • In August and September, temperatures surpassed historical averages by 0.62℃ and 0.69℃, respectively, beating the 2016 record.
• Global Projection:
  • It projects a potential 1.38°C rise in global mean surface temperatures in 2023, possibly surpassing the 2016 record of 1.29°C above pre-industrial levels.

DRIVERS OF TEMPERATURE INCREASE:

• El Nino Impact:
  • The emergent El Nino pattern, coupled with the persistent long-term warming trend, is identified as the primary drivers of the escalating temperatures.
• Consequences:
  • The forecasted temperature rise could exacerbate sea-level rise, sea-ice loss, and significantly impact the global ecosystem and food security, with potential ramifications extending into 2024.

TEMPERATURE EXCEEDANCE AND REGIONAL IMPACTS:

• Temperature Records:
  • In 2023, temperatures surpassed 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels on 86 days, leading to heatwaves impacting North America, southern Europe, and Asia during summer.
• Regional Projections:
  • Multiple climate prediction systems indicate exceptionally warm winter conditions in mid-low latitude regions of Eurasia and the Americas, especially in China, expected to experience abnormal warming significantly surpassing the global average.

EL NINO’S ROLE AND PREDICTIONS:

• Mature El Nino:
  • Anticipated maturation of El Nino this winter, releasing heat into the atmosphere and potentially enhancing global mean surface temperatures.
• Impending Climate Variations:
  • El Nino’s dominance in the 2023-2024 northern hemisphere winter is expected, triggering anomalous anticyclone activity in the Northwest Pacific, leading to warm and dry weather patterns.

IMPACT ON PACIFIC-NORTH AMERICAN ATMOSPHERIC TELECONNECTION:

• Teleconnection Patterns:
  • El Nino may initiate a Pacific-North American atmospheric teleconnection, influencing winter climates in East Asia and North America.
• Typical Outcomes:
  • Positive phases of this pattern could result in above-average temperatures in western Canada and western U.S., contrasting with below-average temperatures in south-central and southeastern U.S., linked to reduced precipitation in specific regions.

CONCLUSION:

• The study underscores the potential for unprecedented winter temperatures in 2023-2024, propelled by El Nino’s intensification and the continued global warming trend.
• These projections have far-reaching implications for regional climates, ecosystems, and food security, necessitating preparedness and mitigation strategies to address the anticipated environmental impacts.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/study-warns-of-new-warming-records-this-winter-driven-by-el-nino-long-term-global-warming-trend-93095

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: According to a report by energy think tank Ember, India will need additional investment of $101 billion to align with International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Net Zero target of tripling renewable energy capacity, compared to the 14th National Electricity Plan (NEP14) pathway.

EXPLANATION:

• India requires substantial investment to meet its renewable energy (RE) targets set by the National Electricity Plan (NEP14) and align with the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Net Zero objectives.
• A report by energy think tank Ember highlights the investment gap and necessary actions to achieve these goals.

Investment Requirements:

• According to the Ember report, India needs an additional investment of $101 billion to fulfill the IEA’s target of tripling renewable energy capacity compared to NEP14.
• The country necessitates a total investment of $293 billion between 2023 and 2030 to meet NEP14 solar and wind capacity objectives, including storage and transmission infrastructure.

NEP14 Renewable Capacity Targets:

• NEP projections outline renewable-based installed capacity for 2031-32, estimating 596,275 MW, encompassing various sources like solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and storage systems.
• The plan indicates a rising share of non-fossil-based capacity, projected to reach 68.4% by 2031-32 from 42.5% in April 2023.

Comparing NEP14 and IEA Targets:

• The report compares NEP14 projections with IEA targets, suggesting that to meet the latter, India must significantly increase annual solar and wind additions by 2027.
• While NEP14 aims for 24% generation from solar and 9% from wind by 2030, IEA’s goals entail 32% from solar and 12% from wind by 2030, requiring higher annual additions.

Additional Capacity Requirement:

• To achieve these targets, India needs an additional 115 GW of solar and 9 GW of wind capacity by 2030, surpassing NEP14 plans.
• Meeting IEA Net Zero targets necessitates even higher capacities, totaling 448 GW of solar and 122 GW of wind by 2030.

Transmission and Storage Requirements:

• The establishment of robust transmission systems is crucial to integrate renewables.
• NEP14 targets include interstate and intra-state transmission systems and storage capacities.
• To align with IEA Net Zero targets, India needs to enhance storage and transmission, requiring an additional 48 GW of ISTS and 14 GW of battery storage.

Pre-COP28 Context and Global Commitments:

• With the COP28 approaching, there’s an increasing push for tripling renewable energy capacity globally.
• India’s G20 commitment in 2023 aligns with these objectives, reflecting growing anticipation for a global commitment at COP28.

Challenges and Financing Needs:

• Despite rising investment in renewables, challenges persist, including payment delays, renegotiation of agreements, and land acquisition complexities.
• The report emphasizes the necessity for financing to meet NEP14 targets and urges even more substantial financial support to align with global net-zero pathways.

The 14th National Electricity Plan (NEP14):

• The 14th National Electricity Plan (NEP14) is a significant initiative in India’s energy sector, aiming to increase the country’s renewable energy capacity.
• According to the plan, India sets out solar capacity targets of 185.6 GW by fiscal 2026-27, reaching 364.6 GW by fiscal 2031-32.
• To achieve these targets, India needs to increase its current annual solar capacity addition by about 36% each year leading up to 2026-27.
• The plan also estimates India’s total annual electricity generation to grow by 1,174 TWh in fiscal 2022-32, reaching a total of 2,666 TWh in fiscal 2032.

Conclusion:

• India faces significant investment requirements to achieve ambitious renewable energy targets set by NEP14 and to align with global Net Zero goals.
• Addressing challenges and attracting substantial financing remains pivotal for successful implementation, ensuring a shift away from coal towards sustainable energy sources.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/renewable-energy/india-needs-a-surplus-of-101-billion-in-investment-to-triple-re-targets-finds-report-93065

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Antarctic glacier has moved eight kms after being stable for 50 years.

EXPLANATION:

• The recent observation of significant movement and collapse of the Cadman Glacier’s ice shelf in Antarctica has raised concerns about the vulnerability of polar ice dynamics to climate change.
• This event, characterized by an accelerated retreat of the glacier after decades of stability, highlights the potential repercussions of warming oceans on Antarctic glaciers.

SCIENTIFIC INSIGHTS:

• Utilizing information from nine satellite missions, including ESA’s CryoSat and Copernicus Sentinel-1, researchers were able to analyze the changes in the ice shelf and glacier.
• The study revealed that between November 2018 and May 2021, the Cadman Glacier retreated an astonishing eight kilometers after being stable for almost 50 years.
• The rapid retreat is attributed to ocean water temperatures that were up to 2°C warmer than average during 2018–2019 around the west Antarctic Peninsula.

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CAUSES:

• Researchers pointed out that warmer waters began undermining the Cadman Ice Shelf as early as the 1970s, with noticeable effects becoming pronounced by the early 2000s.
• The warm water not only affected the surface but also penetrated deeper layers of the ocean, potentially reaching the point where the ice shelf grounded on the seafloor.
• This bottom-up melting was detected through satellite observations.

IMPACT OF ICE SHELF LOSS:

• The collapse of ice shelves like the Cadman Ice Shelf plays a pivotal role in glacier stability.
• These shelves act as a barrier, floating on the ocean surface and anchoring to the ocean floor, which slows down the flow of glacial ice towards the sea.
• With the loss of the Cadman Ice Shelf, this crucial support has been removed, leading to increased discharge of ice into the ocean at an alarming rate.

IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSION:

• This research underscores the vulnerability of Antarctic glaciers to changes in oceanic temperatures, emphasizing the potential for rapid ice loss due to climate change.
• As global leaders prepare for discussions on climate action, the situation in Antarctica serves as a compelling call to address warming oceans.
• It poses threats not only to polar regions but also to global sea levels and ecosystems.

SOURCE: https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/antarctic-glacier-dramatically-moves-eight-kms-after-being-stable-for-50-years-2469116-2023-11-29

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Zimbabwe announced that it will construct its first utility-scale geothermal energy Independent Power Producer (IPP) and support the reduction of greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in the country, of which the energy sector is the highest contributor.

Project Origins and Climate Fund Support

• The endeavor emerges from the Green Resilient Recovery Rapid Readiness (GRRRR) and Geothermal Energy Development Project in Zimbabwe.
• This initiative, identified under the Green Climate Fund, aims to reduce the country’s reliance on fossil fuels and address the highest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from the energy sector.

Current Energy Scenario and Climate Challenges

• Zimbabwe’s energy makeup in 2021 comprised 71% from renewable sources, with hydropower dominating at 69%.
• However, climate change-induced factors like increased droughts and erratic rainfall have impacted hydropower levels, leading to severe load shedding and heightened dependence on imported electricity and fossil fuels.

Geothermal Project Details

• The geothermal project entails the establishment of a 10MW geothermal power plant in the Chimbwatata Hot Springs, Binga District.
• The chosen binary cycle geothermal technology harnesses electricity and waste heat, offering an additional revenue stream.

Integration and Transmission

• The generated electricity will be integrated into the existing energy grid via Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company (ZETDC) transmission lines.

Climate Change Sensitivity and Hydropower Challenges

• Despite Zimbabwe’s minor global contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, it ranks among the top 10 nations most affected by climate change.
• The nation’s heavy reliance on hydropower, especially from the Kariba South hydroelectric power plant, faces a crisis due to plummeting water levels in Lake Kariba, exacerbating power shortages and affecting neighboring Zambia.

Geothermal as a Viable Alternative

• The initiative highlights the significance of diversifying the energy mix to mitigate climate-induced vulnerabilities.
• Geothermal power emerges as a promising alternative, offering reliability amidst climate-induced uncertainties impacting hydropower.

Challenges and Exploration of Other Renewable Sources

• While geothermal energy represents a significant step, Zimbabwe has untapped potential in various renewables like solar, wind, and biofuels.
• However, challenges such as financial constraints and reluctance in venturing into solar energy, despite its substantial potential, persist due to limitations in meeting diverse energy demands.

Future Prospects and Energy Dynamics

• Efforts to expand renewable energy, including geothermal exploration, are crucial to Zimbabwe’s energy landscape.
• Collaboration through joint ventures or international investments becomes imperative for implementing large-scale projects beyond the utility’s financial capabilities.

Conclusion

• Zimbabwe’s foray into geothermal power marks a pivotal shift in energy strategy, aiming to bolster energy security, mitigate climate risks, and diversify the energy portfolio for sustainable development.
• The exploration of alternative renewable sources aligns with the nation’s quest for energy resilience amid climate-induced challenges.

GREEN CLIMATE FUND (GCF) :

• The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was adopted by 194 governments as a financial mechanism of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
• Its goal is to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries and help adapt vulnerable societies to the already-felt impacts of climate change.
• It aims to make an ambitious contribution to attaining the mitigation and adaptation goals of the international community with the goal of keeping the temperature increase of the planet below 2 degrees Celsius.
• The Fund aims to support a paradigm shift in the global response to climate change.
• It allocates its resources to low-emission and climate-resilient projects and programmes in developing countries.
• It is designed as an operating entity of the Convention’s financial mechanism and is headquartered in the Republic of Korea.
• It is governed by a 24 Board member Board, representing countries, and receives guidance from the Conference of the Parties to the Convention (COP).

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/africa/zimbabwe-to-construct-first-utility-geothermal-power-plant-93036

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The completion of 18 years by the Sloth Bear Rescue Centre at Bannerghatta National Park (BNP) in Karnataka marks a significant milestone in the conservation efforts and facilities provided for sloth bears.

EVOLUTION OF THE CENTRE:

• Growth and Development:
  • Initially starting with just two buildings, the facility has expanded significantly, now comprising five large separate enclosures.
  • It has advanced infrastructure, including a state-of-the-art operation theatre and an eco-friendly bear kitchen operated using biomass-based cooking stoves.
• Sustainability Initiatives:
  • The centre’s focus on sustainability is evident from being the first fully solar-powered rescue centre in its organization.
  • Adoption of solar power not only aligns with eco-friendly practices but also reduces operational costs, showcasing a commitment to environmental conservation.

OUTREACH AND AWARENESS PROGRAMS:

• Engagement Strategies:
  • Recognizing the importance of raising awareness about sloth bear conservation, the centre emphasizes outreach programs.
  • Activities include corporate partnerships, celebrity visits, and an active volunteering program aimed at engaging people directly in bear care and conservation efforts.
• Benefits of Volunteer Participation:
  • Volunteers and participants directly contribute their time toward the care and wellbeing of rescued bears, enhancing the hands-on care provided to the animals.
  • This active involvement of volunteers not only benefits the bears but also fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility towards wildlife conservation among participants.

TESTIMONIAL AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS:

• Center’s Achievements:
  • The unique aspects of the Bannerghatta rescue centre’s journey and its evolution into a sustainable have been highlighted.
  • The integration of solar panels, an eco-friendly kitchen, and a commitment to energy efficiency showcases the center’s emphasis on sustainability and responsible operational practices.

CONCLUSION:

• The completion of 18 years by the Sloth Bear Rescue Centre at Bannerghatta National Park represents an impactful journey towards bear conservation and welfare.
• The center’s evolution into a sustainable and environmentally conscious facility, along with its innovative outreach strategies, signifies a holistic approach to wildlife conservation.
• The active involvement of various stakeholders, including volunteers, corporations, and celebrities, underscores the collaborative effort in protecting and preserving sloth bears and their habitat.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bannerghattas-sloth-bear-rescue-centre-completes-18-years/article67571030.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Continuous warm temperatures for prolonged periods may have led to the serious pest infestation in Assam that damaged around 28,000 hectares of paddy crop in at least 15 districts.

EXPLANATION

• The crop was nearing maturity and about to be harvested when the pests attacked it.
• The pest (Mythimna separata) is known as the ear head cutting caterpillar, rice ear-cutting caterpillar, or armyworm.
• It feeds on leaves and can cut off panicles from the base of a crop plant, frequently leaving the field looking like it has been grazed by cattle.
• During an outbreak, the pest multiplies in large numbers and moves in swarms from field to field, like an army, to feed and attack the crops.
• This is the first time that the attack has happened on such a large scale.
  • Experts told that, this was partly due to continuous warm temperatures for prolonged periods.
• Assam Chief Minister on November 19 said the government was constantly monitoring the infestation and has instructed officers to ensure that affected farmers get benefits under the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, the national crop insurance policy.
• The biggest problem was that this time the attack happened at the last stage of the crop when there was absolutely no chance of crop recovery.

REASONS

• An increase in temperatures with dryness creates a favourable condition for the pest population to increase.
• In a warming world, changes in both temperature and rainfall are the two big drivers of shifts in how and where pests and diseases spread.
• A 2017 study published in the book Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture said that every small rise in global temperatures will reduce the lifecycle of insects, resulting in a higher population of pests, increasing generations, an extension of geographical range and development season, high risks of invasion by migrant pests and overwintering.

States:

• The pest was first reported as a sporadic pest from Tamil Nadu during 1937 and Kerala and Odisha in 1957.
• On November 22, both the maximum and minimum temperatures were above normal in at least seven districts in the state, for which data was available at the Regional Meteorological Centre.
• In Guwahati, the maximum temperature was 31.4 degrees Celsius, 4.5 degrees above normal for this part of the year.
• Damage to crops by the ear head cutting caterpillar was reported in 2016 too.
  • However, the damage was restricted to a few areas, unlike this year, when farmers from half of the state have faced a total wipeout of their crops.

In India:

• In India, which is home to 6.83 per cent of the world’s insect species, a degree Celsius rise in temperature would enable them to expand in presence about 200 km northwards and 40m upward in terms of altitude.

Source: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/warm-temperatures-for-prolonged-periods-may-have-led-to-massive-pest-attack-in-assam-9294

RELEVANCE TO UPSC SYLLABUS: GS 3: ECONOMIC GROWTH; EMPLOYMENT; LABOUR AND PRODUCTIVITY

THE CONTEXT: Infosys chairman N.R. Narayana Murthy sparked a debate by urging young Indians to work 70 hours per week to develop the country. He cited Japan and Germany as examples of countries that grew because their citizens worked for longer hours to rebuild their nations in the aftermath of the Second World War.

ISSUES

• Against law of economics: According to Keynesian law of economics, the output is determined by aggregate demand of goods, and the demand for labour is entirely dependent upon this demand. Firms that employ more labour while aggregate demand has not increased will find themselves with unsold goods. So, an offer by workers to work longer hours will not ensure that they will find employment so long as firms are unwilling to hire them.
• Not aligned to Indian conditions: The high working hours that contributed to

other countries are unlikely to serve the purpose in Indian conditions. In the economic rise of the mentioned countries, it was post-war reconstruction that provided the demand for greater output.

• Informal nature of economy: In India, major segment of economy is informal in nature which is another hurdle in reaping the benefits of increasing worker productivity.
• Asymmetric demography: There is asymmetric growth of the working-age ratio in India as major working population is likely to be concentrated in some of India’s poorest states. The full economic growth can fully realized only if India is able to create gainful employment opportunities for this working-age population.
• Lack of skills: Most of the new jobs that will be created in the future will be highly skilled and lack of skill in Indian workforce is a major challenge. India may not be able to take advantage of the opportunities, due to a low human capital base and lack of skills.
• Lack of capital: Indian workers do not actually lag behind other countries when it comes to clocking in long hours at work. But there is a lack of sufficient capital that can help boost their productivity. Among the top 10 biggest economies, India has the highest weekly working hours and the lowest per capita GDP.

CONDITIONS IN OTHER COUNTRIES

• Germany and Japan had experienced a decline in their workforces due to greater mortality, both from combat and the bombing after second world war. So, when it came to rebuilding these economies, the demand for labour was abnormally high. In the case of west Germany, there was the Marshall Plan by which the United States had assisted the country’s revival.
• South Korea too was recovering from a war, though a different one, and its resurgence was supported by considerable foreign aid received from the U.S.
• Prior to the resumption of production, these cities would have had to be cleared of rubble, a task requiring massive deployment of labour given the scale of the devastation.
• However, a political aspect beyond finance, common to all these three countries, is a strong nationalistic element that is likely to have accompanied their post-war reconstruction.
• There is insufficient recognition of the fact that the manufacturing success of the east is underpinned by prior success in agriculture.

THE WAY FORWARD

• Employment generation: The nation needs to create enormous job to absorb the addition of young people into the workforce. Promoting business interests and entrepreneurship would help in job creation to provide employment to the large labour force.
• Enhance human development parameters: India ranks 130 out of 189 countries in UNDP’s Human Development Index, which is alarming. Therefore, health and education parameters need to be improved substantially to make the Indian workforce efficient and skilled.
• Use of global market to grow domestic economy: There is a need to use the global market demand to grow the domestic economy for which India’s goods would have to be globally competitive. Here, the experience of South Korea is relevant. As most of the produced inputs into production are available to all countries via trade, a country’s competitiveness is determined by the productivity of its workforce. The strength of a workforce is related to its health and skill. Here, India’s workers are at a disadvantage compared to the most successful economies of Asia. Thus, there is need to enhance skills for maximum utilization of global economy.
• Expand the domestic market: There is a need to expand the domestic market which can increase the aggregate demand. For example, there is need to cut cost of food production to increase the real income of the Indian households. This would lead them to spend on non-agricultural goods and services. This would generate the demand needed to spur production in the rest of the economy.

THE CONCLUSION: India represents a unique case and any arbitrary comparison with other countries would only lead to irrational policy prescriptions. There is a need to enhance social investments potential for increased labour productivity to achieve more sustainable and desirable outcome.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard. (2023)
2. Is inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India. (2022)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

According to the International Labour Organization, despite long working hours, Indian economic growth is not substantial. How can India translate its worker productivity to economic growth? Explain

Refer to mains focus article for more:

https://blog.lukmaanias.com/2023/10/13/labour-force-participation-is-up-unemployment-is-down-what-about-the-quality-of-work/

https://blog.lukmaanias.com/2023/11/09/the-problem-with-the-70-hours-a-week-line/

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/making-sense-of-the-employment-challenge/article67555366.ece

TOPIC 1: RHODODENDRON

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT  

THE CONTEXT: The rhododendron flower in Uttarakhand, is portrayed as an integral part of the region’s culture, rituals, mythology, and even culinary practices.

RHODODENDRON AS A CULTURAL SYMBOL:

• Cultural and Ritual Importance:
  • The rhododendron is deeply embedded in Uttarakhand’s culture, being an essential part of local rituals and mythology.
  • Its presence in rituals and temples signifies purity and endurance, demonstrating the reverence people hold for this flower.
• Pilgrimage Significance:
  • The flower is central to the Nanda Devi Raj Jat Yatra, a significant pilgrimage in Uttarakhand that occurs every 12 years.
  • This underscores the strong bond between the local people and their natural environment.

UTILIZATION BEYOND AESTHETICS:

• Culinary and Medicinal Use:
  • Beyond its visual appeal, the rhododendron finds usage in regional cuisine, with its blossoms being used to create sweets, drinks, jams, and juice.
  • Its distinct flavour and purported cooling properties make it popular among locals and visitors alike.
• Environmental Concerns:
  • Climate change-induced alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns are impacting the rhododendron’s growth and flowering cycles.
  • Consequently, conservation efforts are gaining importance, with initiatives in place to safeguard these Himalayan flowers, including the establishment of conservation zones and promoting eco-friendly travel practices.

ECONOMIC AND TOURISTIC VALUE:

• Cultural Tourism:
  • The rich cultural connection with the rhododendron offers a unique opportunity for cultural tourism.
  • Visitors are drawn not only to the natural beauty but also to the rituals and traditions associated with the flower.
• Local Economy:
  • The utilization of rhododendron in cuisine and traditional practices also contributes to the local economy, providing opportunities for culinary ventures and indigenous products.

IMPLICATIONS:

• Cultural Heritage Preservation:
  • The importance of preserving not just the flower itself but also the associated cultural heritage and traditions has been emphasized.
  • The emphasis on conservation and sustainable practices reflects a holistic approach to safeguarding this floral emblem and the surrounding ecosystem while acknowledging its cultural significance.
• Sustainable Development:
  • Balancing conservation with tourism and economic activities is crucial to ensure sustainable development, where efforts to protect the rhododendron align with the promotion of eco-friendly practices.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/the-power-of-the-rhododendron/article67529485.ece

TOPIC 2: ONATTUKARA SESAME

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Efforts are being made to expand the cultivation of Geographical Indication (GI)-tagged Onattukara sesame in the Kerala region.

INITIATIVE TO EXPAND SESAME CULTIVATION:

• Increase in Cultivation Area:
  • The Onattukara Vikasana Agency (OVA) plans to significantly increase the area under sesame cultivation.
  • It aimed to expand it to 2,000 hectares from the current 600 hectares in the region encompassing three districts of Kerala: Alappuzha, Kollam, and Pathanamthitta.
• Incentive Scheme:
  • To encourage farmers, a financial assistance program has been announced, offering ₹40 for a cent of land for cultivating sesame within the Thekkekara Krishi Bhavan limits.
  • This incentive is expected to attract individuals, farming collectives, Kudumbashree groups, self-help groups, and joint liability groups towards sesame cultivation.
• Collaborative Efforts:
  • The initiative is a joint venture involving local Krishi Bhavan, Onattukara Vikasana Agency (OVA), Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station (ORARS), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kayamkulam, and Mavelikara Thekkekara Panchayat.
  • Collaboration between these entities indicates a concerted effort to promote sesame cultivation.
• Support Mechanisms:
  • Farmers and groups engaging in sesame cultivation are offered additional support.
  • It also includes access to workforce from Thekkekara Karshika Karma Sena and tractor rental at a nominal charge of ₹750 per hour.

SIGNIFICANCE OF ONATTUKARA SESAME:

• Geographical Indication (GI) Tag:
  • The Onattukara sesame holds a GI tag, signifying its unique characteristics and origin from a specific geographical location, adding value to its identity and quality.
• Medicinal and Nutritional Value:
  • Studies by the Kerala Agricultural University reveal the medicinal value of Onattukara sesame.
  • It contains high levels of Vitamin E, antioxidants, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitoleic acid, promoting good health.
• Varieties Cultivated:
  • Apart from the traditional Ayali variety, farmers in the region are cultivating varieties like Kayamkulam-1, Thilak, Thilathara, and Thilarani, developed by the Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station (ORARS).

POTENTIAL BENEFITS:

• Economic Development:
  • Expanding sesame cultivation holds the potential to boost local economies, generate employment opportunities, and contribute to the agricultural sector’s growth in the region.
• Health and Nutritional Benefits:
  • Highlighting the nutritional and medicinal values of Onattukara sesame could create consumer awareness, potentially increasing demand for this particular variety.
• Collaborative Approach:
  • The joint efforts involving various agricultural institutions, local governance bodies, and farmers’ groups indicate a coordinated strategy towards agricultural development and sustainability.
• GI Tag and Quality Assurance:
  • The GI tag signifies quality, authenticity, and unique characteristics associated with the geographical region, contributing to the promotion and branding of Onattukara sesame.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/measures-on-to-expand-cultivation-of-gi-tagged-onattukara-sesame/article67551308.ece/amp/

TOPIC 3: INDIA-UK FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (FTA)

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: External Affairs Minister of India discussed the India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Britain’s Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary recently.

EXPLANATION:

• The agreement is under negotiation and has not been signed yet.
• When signed, the India-UK FTA will serve as a template for an agreement with the European Union (EU).

INDIA-UK FREE TRADE AGREEMENT:

• Strategic Importance as a Template for EU Agreement:
  • The FTA between India and the UK is seen as a model for a similar pact with the European Union, India’s second-largest trade partner.
  • It signifies a shift in India’s trade strategy towards Western nations and African countries rather than solely focusing on the East, as previously done under the UPA government.
• China Factor and Supply Chain Disruptions:
  • The disruption in supply chains during the pandemic has prompted Western companies to reconsider their over-dependence on China, leading to a ‘China-plus one’ strategy.
  • This shift has motivated countries like Australia and the UK to seek stronger economic ties with India.
• Brexit-Induced Insecurities for the UK:
  • Brexit has created uncertainties for the UK, making an FTA with India crucial to compensate for the loss of access to the European Single Market.
  • However, concerns exist regarding offering work permits to Indian service sector workers due to political reasons.
• Potential Gains and Challenges for India:
  • For India, the FTA presents an opportunity to revive declining sectors like apparel and gems/jewellery by reducing tariffs in the UK.
  • However, concerns have been raised about the impact on Least Developed Countries (LDCs) like Bangladesh if India gains zero-duty access for its textiles.
• Beneficial Aspects for the UK:
  • The UK aims to gain deeper access to the Indian market, especially for goods like cars, Scotch whisky, and wines, which currently face significant tariffs.
  • Elimination or reduction of tariffs on these goods could enhance British exports to India.
• Tariff Disparity and Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs):
  • There exists a substantial tariff disparity between goods imported from India into the UK and vice versa.
  • The FTA negotiations might focus on reducing these tariff barriers.
  • Additionally, addressing non-tariff barriers such as regulations and standards could be crucial for Indian exporters, particularly in agriculture and manufacturing.
• Carbon Tax and Border Adjustment Mechanism:
  • The UK’s plan to impose a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) similar to the EU’s strategy might affect India’s exports, especially in sectors like cement, chemicals, steel, and others.
  • This imposition aims to reduce dependence on high carbon-emitting imports and could potentially impact Indian exports to the UK.

IMPACTS AND CHALLENGES:

• Strategic Shift: India’s reorientation towards Western nations and away from over-dependence on China is evident. However, concerns persist regarding the impact on LDCs, especially in terms of textiles.
• Potential Imbalance: While India aims to boost declining sectors, the disparity in tariffs and non-tariff barriers presents a challenge. Addressing these barriers will be critical for ensuring mutual benefits.
• Carbon Tax Implications: The UK’s plan for a carbon tax and CBAM could pose challenges for India’s exports, especially in energy-intensive sectors.
• Negotiation Dynamics: The negotiations hold importance for both countries, but balancing mutual benefits while addressing concerns of sectors vulnerable to tariff changes and non-tariff barriers is crucial.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/proposed-india-uk-fta-its-politics-and-why-the-uk-may-benefit-more-9031599/

TOPIC 4: 30th ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) ECONOMIC LEADERS’ MEETING

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The 30th Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Leaders’ Meeting concluded in San Francisco recently with the adoption of the Golden Gate Declaration. The declaration underscores the commitment to creating a resilient and sustainable future for all member economies.

EXPLANATION:

• For the first time since 2011, USA hosted annual APEC
• Theme of the meeting was creating a “Resilient and Sustainable Future for All”.

GOLDEN GATE DECLARATION:

• The declaration aims to harness the technological and economic progress to continue to unleash the enormous potential and tremendous dynamism across regions, spur economic growth.
• The declaration was adopted after the two-day meeting, during which the leaders focused on the subjects of sustainability, climate, just energy transition, interconnectedness and building inclusive and resilient economies.
• The importance of the rules-based multilateral trading system, with the World Trade Organization at its core, which continues to catalyze APEC region’s extraordinary growth has been reaffirmed.
• APEC economies vow to accelerate the transition towards low and zero emissions vehicles; sustainable aviation fuels; and low and zero emission maritime shipping and port decarbonization, reads the document.

APEC:

• It was formed in 1989 with 12 members.
• Now, it has 21 members.
• Grouping of economies around Pacific Ocean aiming to promote trade, investment, and economic development in region.
• Accounts for nearly 62% of global GDP, half of global trade and covers 38% of global population.
• Operates on basis of non-binding commitments with decisions reached by consensus. India is an observer since 2011.

SOURCE: https://www.wionews.com/world/apec-summit-live-updates-biden-meets-mexican-president-lopez-obrador-659895

TOPIC 5: GOVERNOR’S ROLE IN LEGISLATION

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Tamil Nadu Governor R. N. Ravi has withheld assent for certain Bills passed by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. In this article, we will analyse the governor’s role in legislation.

EXPLANATION:

• The role of a Governor in the legislative process within a state is a crucial aspect of India’s federal structure.
• The Governor, as the constitutional head of a state, plays a significant role in the enactment of laws.

GOVERNOR’S ROLE IN LEGISLATION:

• Options When Receiving a Bill for Assent:
  • Article 200 of the Indian Constitution provides a structured approach for the Governor’s actions concerning bills, emphasizing the Governor’s role as a link between the State Legislature and the Union.
  • It also outlines four alternatives available to a Governor upon receiving a bill from a State Legislature:
    • Give Assent: The Governor approves the bill, making it law.
    • Withhold Assent: The Governor refuses to approve the bill, effectively rejecting it.
    • Return for Reconsideration: If it’s not a Money Bill, the Governor can send the bill back to the State Legislature for reconsideration.
    • Reserve for President’s Consideration: Certain bills need to be reserved for the President’s consideration, such as those that reduce High Court powers or conflict with Union laws.
  • Exercise of Discretionary Powers:
    • According to judicial precedents like the Shamsher Singh case, the Governor typically acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers while withholding assent or returning a bill.
    • Discretionary powers might be exercised in rare cases where the Governor believes a bill contravenes the Constitution and should be reserved for the President’s consideration.
  • Recommendations and Unimplemented Suggestions:
    • Reports like the Sarkaria Commission and the Punchhi Commission have suggested limiting the Governor’s discretionary powers, emphasizing adherence to ministerial advice.
    • Recommendations also proposed time limits for decision-making on bills but have not been implemented.
  • Resolution of Impasses:
    • The politicization of the Governor’s role has been a persistent issue.
    • Suggestions include consulting Chief Ministers before a Governor’s appointment, and the possibility of impeachment by the State Legislature to remove an uncooperative Governor.
    • Amendments are proposed to ensure responsible cooperation between the Centre and States in matters related to Governors’ appointments and functioning.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO THE GOVERNOR

• Article 153 says that there shall be a Governor for each State. One person can be appointed as Governor for two or more States.
• A Governor is appointed by the President and is a nominee of the Central Government.
• It is stated that the Governor has a dual role.
• He is the constitutional head of the state, bound by the advice of his Council of Ministers (CoM).
• He functions as a vital link between the Union Government and the State Government.
• Articles 157 and 158 specify eligibility requirements for the post of governor. A governor must:
• Be a citizen of India.
• Be at least 35 years of age.
• Not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature.
• Not hold any office of profit.
• Governor has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, etc. (Article 161).
• There is a CoM with the CM at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except some conditions for discretion. (Article 163).
• The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other Ministers (Article 164).
• Governor assents, withholds assent, or reserves the bill for the consideration of the President passed by the Legislative Assembly (Article 200).
• Governors may promulgate the Ordinances under certain circumstances (Article 213).
• Governor’s role:
• The Governor holds a constitutional position and is expected to perform specific functions, including granting assent to bills passed by the state legislature and ensuring the proper functioning of state administration.
• The Governor’s actions are perceived as a hindrance to these responsibilities.
• FOR FURTHER RINFORMATION PLEASE REFER TO THE DNA ARTICLE OF 1^ST OCTOBER 2023.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-role-of-the-governor-in-legislature-explained/article67552112.ece/amp/

RELEVANCE TO UPSC SYLLABUS: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE: IRRATIONAL FREEBIES, FREEBIES AND ITS IMPLICATION ON ECONOMY; ELECTORAL REFORMS

THE CONTEXT

The ongoing assembly elections in five states are seen as a prelude to the general election expected in the first half of 2024. Competitive populism seems to have replaced communalism in these campaigns. Whether its ruling party or opposition, India’s political landscape stuck with the dilemma of populist policies, which may end up shifting the country from reforms to retrogression.

 MORE ON THE NEWS

• Polling has concluded in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Mizoram while campaigning is peaking in Rajasthan and Telangana, which will vote on November 25 and 30, 2023.
• Competitive populism has been the defining theme of campaigning so far, and attempts at communal polarisation have been relatively understated.
• The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Congress, the main contestants in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh, have sought to outdo each other in promising a widening array of welfare schemes.
• In Telangana, the Congress, which is mounting a serious challenge to incumbent Bharat Rashtra Samithi, has promised to expand the State’s saturated welfare regime even further.
• Incumbents in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, the Congress and the BJP, respectively, have relied on new welfare architectures to fight for another term.
• Tribal voters have received special attention from the BJP and the Congress. Prime Minister launched a ₹24,000-crore PM Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan for last-mile welfare scheme delivery and protection for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups. Congress and BJP have both claimed a better track record in delivering on election promises they make.

WHAT IS COMPETITIVE POPULISM?

• Competitive populism is the idea of framing the policies and campaigns by the political parties that focuses more on the individual problem rather than the country as a whole.
• The thrust is majorly on promising schemes for the poor, senior citizens, women and children, patients, farmers, the homeless and differently-abled people, pensioners and home makers.
• This results in the implementation of short term plans and lack proper outcomes, resulting in the wastage of financial resources.

 ISSUES WITH COMPETITIVE POPULISM

Financial issues: Competitive populism raise questions about welfare schemes without specifying details about resource mobilisation. Example: Loan waiver schemes for farmers cause big relief from farmers’ perspective but cause huge problems in Indian economy by widening the fiscal deficit. Many of our states are deep in debt. The national average of liabilities of states is as high as 31% of their total GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product).This creates a financial situation that is untenable in the long run.

Temporary solutions: Competitive populism among political parties offers in the run up to elections are just temporary solutions. It does not address structural changes needed to sustainable development.

Loss of trust of people: Competitive populism causes the loss of trust and confidence of people on Government thus affecting the mechanism of good governance in India at all levels of administration.

Centralisation of power: This competitive populism leads to centralisation of power, not just institutionally but also within the Party. It implies that the voter is increasingly likely to attribute the delivery of economic benefits to one leader rather than the party as a whole.

 THE WAY FORWARD

Empowering Election Commission of India: ECI should be provided more powers to regulate and monitor the announcement of freebies by political parties during elections. This would include giving the ECI more powers to de-register parties, impose penalties on violation of model code of conduct.

Voter awareness: There is a need for educating voters about the economic and social consequences of freebies and false promises. This can be done by creating awareness campaigns to empower voters to make rational and ethical choices.

Right approach for welfare schemes: Welfare schemes can result in more equitable development outcomes, but a more thoughtful and researched approach would be healthier for public finances.

Capacity creation: There is a need for skill development rather than providing unemployment allowances that will further breed an aversion to work. There is need of building social infrastructure such as rural schools and public healthcare over vote catching vows that are seldom fulfilled.

 THE CONCLUSION

With the campaign going for competitive populism, the impact of these promises on the economy would be vast. In this condition, there is a need to focus on inclusive development that would create a more conducive environment for economic growth and social progress rather than freebies.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

Q. In what way could the replacement of price subsidy with direct benefit Transfer (DBT) change the scenario of subsidies in India? Discuss. (2015)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. Regular electioneering forces parties to indulge in competitive populism to differentiate themselves and attract voters. Can simultaneous elections help in overcoming this challenge? Argue.
2. Critically examine the socio-economic implications of competitive populism which is a recent phenomenon devised by political parties to attract voters.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/raining-promises-the-hindu-editorial-on-competitive-populism-in-the-assembly-elections-in-five-states/article67551104.ece

RELEVANCE TO UPSC SYLLABUS: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE: LOCAL RESERVATION IN JOBS, ARTICLE 14,16,19.

THE CONTEXT: The Punjab & Haryana High Court has struck down the Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 stating that it is violative of the Part-III of the constitution.

LOCAL RESERVATIONS ATTEMPT IN STATES:

• Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 requires firms with 10 or more employees to reserve 75% of all jobsoffering a salary of less than Rs. 30,000 a month for eligible candidates of State domicile.
• Job reservation Bills or laws for domiciles have also been announced in other States including Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand.
• The job quota Bill passed in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 2019, also reservingthree-fourths of private jobs for locals.

WHY  THE COURT HAS DECLARED THE LAW AS “UNCONSTITUTIONAL”?

• The term fraternity connoting a sense of common brotherhood is to embrace all Indians. In this respect, a blind eye could not be turned to other citizens of the country irrespective of the State they belong to.
• The court stated that the legislation is violative of right to equality under Article 14. The Court referred to Navtej Singh Johar and others vs. Union of India, where it states ‘miniscule minority have a right to participate as a citizen and an equal right of enjoyment of living regardless of what majority may believe’.
• The Court said that freedom given under Article 19 of the Constitution could not be taken away. The Court particularly referred to the freedoms guaranteed by Article 19(1)(d) and 19(1)(g).

1. The Act is imposing unreasonable restrictions regarding the right to move freely throughout the territory of India or to reside and settle in any part or the territory of India.
2. As per Article 19(6), the right of the State is to impose restrictions regarding professional or technical qualifications and not domicile requirements. It can, thus, be said that the Act as such cannot be said to be reasonable in any manner and it was directing the employers to violate the constitution provisions, the Court concluded.

• Article 35 of the Constitution bars state from legislating on requirement of domicile in employment under Article 16(3). The same further provides that there has to be equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
• The power under Article 16(3) gives power only to the Parliament for making any law prescribing in regard to the class or classes of employment or appointment to an office under the Government or any local or other authority.
• The bench said that the concept of constitutional morality has been openly violated by introducing a secondary status to a set of citizens not belonging to the State of Haryana and curtailing their fundamental rights to earn their livelihood.

ISSUES WITH LOCAL RESERVATION:

Violation of fundamental rights of Constitution: The Act was a violative of fundamental rights as Article 14, Article 16 and Article 19.

Treated as secondary citizen: 75% reservation for the locals was discriminatory as it discriminates against the individuals on account of the fact that they do not belong to a certain State. It has a negative discrimination against other citizens of the country as treating them as secondary citizens.

Fuels Sons-of-the-Soil Theory: The ‘Son of the soil’ theory puts forward the idea of reservation based on regionalism. Reservation law based on domicile law will fuel such theories across States and in the long run destabilise the foundations of Indian democracy i.e., ‘Unity in diversity’.

Affects industrialisation: Raising the son of the soil issue and preventing free movement of manpower resources in the State from other regions can have an adverse effect on the existing industries in the State.  It could trigger an exodus of large domestic and multinational investors across sectors such as auto, IT that rely on highly skilled manpower.

THE WAY FORWARD

Implementation of reservation: The reservation policy could be implemented in a way that does not hamper the free movement of manpower resources in the Country. The reservation policy could be revisited periodically to assess its impact on the economy and industries in the state.

Protect fundamental rights: It is important to ensure that any policy decision taken is in compliance with the Constitution of India and does not violate the fundamental rights of citizens.

Skill impartation: To ensure job creation state governments should provide youths with skill training and proper education as key focus areas, enabling the masses to compete in the free market.

Engagement with industries: Government should involve industry’s engagement in the State because reservation affects productivity and industry competitiveness. The State governments can come up with certain incentives to companies which are investing a certain amount of money for training the local youths.

THE CONLCUSION: Enactment of local reservation in state is a violation of fundamental right of the citizens. Thus, High Court concluded that Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 is ” unconstitutional and violative of Part III of the Constitution of India. In this respect, state governments should enable the reservation system in such a way that it serves its original purpose of making India a more just society.
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Whether the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine. (2018)
2. “The reservation of seats for women in the institution of local self-government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian political process”. Comment. (2019)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. What are the challenges associated with the reservations for locals in the private sector? Suggest measures to generate enough job opportunities in the Indian economy.
2. Local reservation in private sector fuels the concept of sons of soils theory”. Critically examine the statement and give your views.

SOURCE: https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/punjab-and-haryana-high-court/punjab-haryana-high-court-struck-down-75-reservation-for-haryana-domicile-in-private-sector-unconstitutional-242457#:~:text=The%20Court%20said%20that%20freedom,Constitution%20could%20not%20be%20curtailed

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: As per the State of the Cryosphere 2023 report, nearly all tropical glaciers, most mid-latitude glaciers and polar regions will disappear even if the world manages to limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius, above the preindustrial era.

EXPLANATION:

• The State of the Cryosphere 2023 Report was released by the International Cryosphere Climate Initiative (ICCI), an organization that brings together scientists from around the world to study the cryosphere and its impacts on climate change.
• The report delves into the profound impact of rising global temperatures on the Earth’s cryosphere.
• It emphasizes the critical need to limit global warming to 1.5°C to safeguard this essential frozen component of the planet.

STATE OF THE CRYOSPHERE:

• Impact of Temperature Rise:
  • The report underscores that even with a 2°C temperature increase above preindustrial levels; the cryosphere faces dire consequences.
  • Most tropical and mid-latitude glaciers, along with polar regions, will vanish, causing severe ice loss.
• Regional Effects:
  • The Himalayas are predicted to lose half of their current ice under a 2°C scenario.
  • Various regions like the northern Andes, East Africa, and Indonesia are already witnessing rapid glacier disappearance due to the current 1.2°C temperature rise.

IMPORTANCE OF LIMITING WARMING TO 1.5°C:

• Criticality of 1.5°C Limit:
  • The report highlights that 1.5°C is not just a preferable target but the only viable option to mitigate catastrophic consequences for the cryosphere.
  • It urges leaders to discard the 2°C threshold, emphasizing the urgency of adopting the 1.5°C target.
• Cryosphere as Ground Zero:
  • The cryosphere, encompassing frozen water in various forms, is depicted as ground zero for climate change.
  • Its vulnerability to temperature changes serves as a barometer for the severity of global warming’s impact.

OBSERVATIONS AND CLIMATE INCIDENTS:

• Climate Disasters:
  • The year 2023 witnessed various climate-related disasters, such as the Sikkim flash flood triggered by a glacial lake outburst and significant losses in Swiss glaciers.
• Alarming Indicators:
  • The report highlights alarming indicators, including record-low sea ice around Antarctica, unusually high-water temperatures in the Arctic and North Atlantic, and atmospheric CO2 levels surpassing those of the past three million years.

CONSEQUENCES OF TEMPERATURE RISE:

• Sea-Level Rise and Ice Loss:
  • A temperature increases of 2°C, it spells catastrophic sea-level rise from ice sheet melting in Greenland and parts of Antarctica, potentially leading to extensive and rapid irreversible effects.
• Permafrost Thawing:
  • Both 2°C and 1.5°C scenarios signify significant permafrost thawing, releasing substantial CO2 and methane emissions that could amplify global warming.

CALL TO ACTION AND COP28:

• Urgent Course Correction:
  • The report urges a significant shift in climate action, highlighting COP28 as a pivotal moment for global leaders to prioritize the 1.5°C target and avert long-term environmental catastrophes.
• Potential Consequences:
  • Failure to act decisively risks displacing millions due to rising sea levels, disrupting freshwater resources, harming polar ecosystems, and committing future generations to offset irreversible permafrost emissions.

CONCLUSION:

• The report’s comprehensive analysis emphasizes the urgency of addressing global warming to protect the cryosphere.
• It stresses the significance of limiting temperature rise to 1.5°C, outlining the profound repercussions of exceeding this threshold on glaciers, polar regions, and permafrost.
• The report serves as a critical call to action for global leaders to prioritize ambitious climate policies at COP28 and beyond to prevent catastrophic consequences for humanity and the environment.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/world-needs-to-limit-global-warming-to-1-5-c-to-protect-cryosphere-2-c-too-high-report-92845

1. Climate pledges lacking: 87% of remaining global carbon budget to limit warming may be depleted by 2030, finds UN READ MORE
2. Global emissions: UN report exposes inadequacy of efforts READ MORE
3. Climate concerns or trade barriers? READ MORE

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. India sees 6.2% rise in goods exports in October READ MORE
2. PM launches Rs 24,000-cr scheme for vulnerable tribal groups’ welfare READ MORE
3. NASA, ISRO gearing up to launch joint space mission to map globe every 12 days READ MORE
4. Gold pushed trade deficit to new high of $31.46 billion in October READ MORE
5. Greenhouse gases hit record high in 2022: UN READ MORE
6. FATF team in India to hold on-site review meetings READ MORE
7. Tribal body declares ‘self-rule’ in a few districts of Manipur READ MORE
8. India to host 2nd Voice of Global South Summit on November 17 READ MORE
9. WHO roadmap to end TB in children focuses for 1st time on pregnant, post-partum women affected by disease READ MORE
10. CBD’s Geneva meetings: Benefit sharing on traditional knowledge & digital sequence information on agenda READ MORE  
11. Why adultery was struck off IPC, and why a House panel wants to make it a crime again READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Let society evolve; resist return of regressive laws READ MORE
2. Challenges to curbing community-based prostitution READ MORE  
3. Does It Work To Pay People Not To Cut the Forest? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. The growing wave of decentralisation: Comparative evidence from developing countries READ MORE
2. The price of persistent federal frictions READ MORE
3. Life over death: On death penalty abolition and parliamentary panel report READ MORE
4. Regulating OTT: Draft Broadcasting Regulation Bill may be an attempt to control digital infrastructure READ MORE
5. A grave error in the law READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Improve teacher quality to raise school standards READ MORE
2. Extend political discourse on poverty to redistributive justice READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. India Once Was a Strong Ally of Palestine. What Changed? READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Food flux: On food costs and the October tidings READ MORE
2. IPEF supply chain pact is unfair READ MORE
3. Is there more room for competitive populism? READ MORE
4. Electrification of last-mile mobility and logistics READ MORE
5. RBI, Narendra Modi and the Subtle Art of Ignoring Concerns READ MORE
6. How a gendered digital divide, low quality of jobs keeps Indian women out of the workforce READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Climate pledges lacking: 87% of remaining global carbon budget to limit warming may be depleted by 2030, finds UN READ MORE
2. Global emissions: UN report exposes inadequacy of efforts READ MORE
3. Climate concerns or trade barriers? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. AI can play the sleuth to expose scientific fraud READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. MHA extends UAPA ban against eight Meitei extremist organisations READ MORE
2. Realism, not machismo, to counter terror READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Another warning in the Himalayas READ MORE
2. Tunnel tragedy is another eco-warning we need to heed READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. In the age of Kalyug, it is time to leverage the power of the collective READ MORE
2. Does Philosophical Reflection Still Hold Value? READ MORE
3. Tolerance is the key to achieving peace READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. AI is one of the most significant technical advancements in recent times, but it is posing a great danger to humanity by unleashing misinformation and deepfakes. Justify with recent examples.
2. The cause of poverty in the country is not only economic but the issue of caste plays a substantial role. Argue and justify.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• We are on a highway to climate hell with our foot still on the accelerator.
• Improving teacher quality and pedagogical innovation to enhance the overall rigour of education in the country, must be an immediate and urgent priority.
• Higher than expected tax revenues provide a cushion for the government. However, concerns remain about the medium-term fiscal deficit
• For an economy whose resilience relies on its domestic demand buffer against global shocks, reluctant or budget-cramped consumers are the biggest headwind for policymakers to strive to address.
• Any interest rate hike over and above the 2.5 percentage points already administered in this rate hike cycle would have hurt growth significantly.
• The agreement on Supply Chain Resilience will enhance the resilience of the US, while deepening the vulnerability of India and other developing countries.
• AI is one of the biggest technical advancements in recent times but it can pose a great danger to humanity by unleashing misinformation and deepfakes.
• Ensuring AI safety would require the convergence of multiple branches of activity, including skills, talent, and physical infrastructure.
• Transitioning to low-carbon cities can significantly reduce CO2 levels.
• The future will either be green or not at all.
• Energy justice and social equity issues can have severe implications for the economic well-being of people, livelihoods, and economic development.
• A beginning can be made by providing gig workers with EVs. The Govt must support them and acknowledge their contribution to the economy.
• As the demand for reservation reaches a crescendo, the original justification for this departure from formal equality has become more difficult.
• The cause of poverty in the country is not only economic. A substantial number of the poor belong to the Scheduled and Backward Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
• If background inequalities force certain people to live below the poverty line, this should be seen as a serious infringement of the right to equality granted by our Constitution.
• The idea of caste is the greatest dividing factor… all caste either on the principle of birth or of merit is bondage.
• India this time around has taken a much stronger pro-Israel stand than is typical during Israeli-Palestinian conflicts.
• The state and central governments also need to acknowledge the contributions and the critical nature of these gig workers.
• COP28 presents an opportunity to India and other nations to hold the West accountable and liable for the environmental crisis.

ESSAY TOPIC

• The future will either be green or not at all.

50-WORD TALK

• Irrational and unscientific fixed-dose combination drugs ruling the Indian pharma market is a menace that has gone on unchecked for too long. A study shows 70% of antibiotic FDC drugs in the market are banned or unapproved. This is a public health hazard; convoluted and inefficient regulations are bad medicine.
• The ordeal of 40 men trapped inside a collapsed tunnel in Uttarakhand is a reminder of the tightrope walk infrastructure development is in Garhwal Himalayas. Aggressive construction without mountain-appropriate plans is a slippery slope. We hope they are rescued soon, but disregarding the region’s vulnerability will only endanger more lives.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

1. EUCLID SPACE TELESCOPE

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, European astronomers released the first images from the newly launched Euclid space telescope which is designed to unlock the secrets of dark matter and dark energy.

EXPLANATION:

• Images released include irregular galaxies and a spiral formation resembling the Milky Way, shedding light on celestial formations and background galaxies.

EUCLID SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION OVERVIEW

• Purpose:
  • The Euclid telescope is a joint effort by the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA.
  • It is designed to explore the hidden aspects of the universe, specifically dark matter and dark energy, which are estimated to constitute about 95% of the cosmos.

• Initial Images:
  • The released images are said to be the sharpest of their kind, showcasing the telescope’s capability to observe billions of galaxies located up to 10 billion light-years away.

• Target Areas:
• • The captured images spanned various regions of the nearby universe, including the Perseus cluster, which contains around 1,000 galaxies, and over 100,000 galaxies spread across the background.

DARK MATTER AND DARK ENERGY

• Dark Matter’s Influence:
  • Scientists believe that structures like the Perseus cluster could only have formed if dark matter exists.
  • This unseen matter’s gravitational pull is considered responsible for organizing galaxies and impacting their rotational speeds.

• Dark Energy Enigma:
• • Dark energy, a hypothetical force, was postulated in the 1990s based on observations of supernovas.
  • It’s thought to be driving the acceleration of the universe’s expansion, a groundbreaking discovery that contrasts with earlier beliefs.

EUCLID’S MISSION GOALS

• Mapping the Universe:
  • Euclid aims to construct a 3D map covering a significant portion of the sky.
  • By detecting subtle variations attributable to dark matter and dark energy, the mission intends to enhance understanding of galaxy formation and distribution within the cosmic web.

• Exploring the Dark Sector:
• • By probing deeper into the dark sector of the universe, the mission hopes to uncover insights that current ground and space missions have been unable to achieve.

TECHNICAL ASPECTS AND CHALLENGES

• Teething Problems:
  • Euclid faced initial technical issues, including stray light and guidance problems, which the team has been addressing.

• Mission Duration:
• • The six-year mission, launched on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, aims to collect data for an extended period, although there’s hope for an additional six months’ worth of operational life due to extra propellant.

SIGNIFICANCE AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

• Scientific Implications:
  • Understanding dark matter and dark energy could revolutionize our comprehension of cosmic structures and the universe’s evolution.

• Dependency on Launches:
• • The mission faced challenges due to geopolitical tensions, shifting from a planned launch on a Russian Soyuz rocket to the SpaceX Falcon 9 due to strained relations.

CONCLUSION

• Euclid’s Potential:
  • The successful initial imaging by the Euclid telescope marks a significant step in exploring the unknown realms of the universe, shedding light on the enigmatic aspects of dark matter and dark energy.
• It emphasizes the groundbreaking nature of the Euclid mission in unraveling the mysteries of the vast, unseen universe and how its findings could reshape our understanding of cosmic evolution.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/star-filled-euclid-images-spur-mission-to-probe-dark-universe/article67516002.ece

2. PM-KISAN BHAI

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: A new scheme called PM-Kisan Bhai will soon be launched by the Government of India.

OBJECTIVES OF PM-KISAN BHAI SCHEME:

• Empowering Farmers:
  • The scheme intends to empower farmers, particularly small and marginal ones.
  • It aims to ease the facilities for the farmers who face difficulties storing their produce post-harvest due to capacity constraints and dependence on traders for selling crops at prevailing market prices.

• Breaking Trader Monopoly:
• • It seeks to break the monopoly of traders who often dictate prices, especially during the harvesting season, compelling farmers to sell their crops quickly, often at lower rates.

FEATURES AND COMPONENTS OF THE SCHEME:

• Pilot Launch:
  • The scheme will likely commence on a pilot basis in specific states—Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh.
  • It is estimated to cost around ₹170 crore over three years, including the current fiscal year.

• Incentives and Components:
• • The scheme comprises two main components—Warehousing Rental Subsidy (WRS) and Prompt Repayment Incentive (PRI).
    • Warehousing Rental Subsidy (WRS):
      • Farmers and Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) will receive a storage incentive of ₹4 per quintal per month, capped at a maximum period of three months.
      • This subsidy aims to encourage storing crops in scientifically built warehouses.
    • Prompt Repayment Incentive (PRI):
      • It proposes a 3% additional interest subvention under the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme.
      • It allows the farmers to pledge their produce and obtain loans at subsidized rates for three months.

POTENTIAL IMPACT AND CHALLENGES:

• Farmers’ Autonomy:
  • The scheme intends to provide farmers with the autonomy to store their produce and sell it strategically, rather than being compelled to liquidate during the harvesting season.

• Trade via e-NAM:
  • The initiative encourages trade through online platforms like e-National Agriculture Market (e-NAM), facilitating access to a broader buyer base across the country.

• Dependence on Buyers:
• • However, there’s a cautionary note regarding the scheme’s effectiveness, as its success depends on buyer response.
  • Buyers’ engagement via online platforms will be crucial; if not adequately involved, farmers might still rely on traditional market yards (mandis).

EXPERT OPINION:

• An agriculture expert highlights concerns about the scheme potentially transferring power to stockists by limiting incentives after three months, impacting farmers’ control over pricing during festival seasons.
• A commodity market analyst emphasizes the scheme’s dependency on buyers’ response.
• The success of the scheme in enabling farmers as decision-makers hinges on buyers’ interest in purchasing through online portals.

CONCLUSION:

• The PM-Kisan Bhai scheme endeavors to offer support to small and marginal farmers by providing incentives for storing produce and facilitating better selling opportunities.
• However, its effectiveness and impact will heavily rely on buyer engagement through online platforms, along with addressing potential challenges in the agricultural supply chain.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/aimed-at-breaking-traders-monopoly-centre-to-launch-pm-kisan-bhai-scheme/article67525079.ece

3. GLOBAL TB REPORT 2023

TAG: GS 2: GOVERNANCE, GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: According to the recently released Global TB Report 2023 by the World Health Organisation, India accounts for 27 per cent of the total TB cases in the world.

TB CASES AND MORTALITY IN INDIA:

• Incidence Rate:
  • India continues to bear a significant burden of TB globally, accounting for 27% of total TB cases worldwide.

• Positive Trends:
  • India witnessed an increase in reported TB cases, surpassing pre-pandemic levels in 2022, reaching 24.2 lakh cases.
  • Treatment coverage also increased to 80%, showcasing improved access to care.

• Mortality Drop:
• • A significant reduction in TB-related deaths in India was noted in the 2023 report.
  • The shift in mortality calculation methodology, using India’s Sample Registration System dataset, led to a decline in TB mortality from 4.94 lakhs in 2021 to 3.31 lakhs in 2022.
  • This resulted in India’s contribution to global TB mortality dropping from 36% to 26%.

DATA REVISIONS AND RECOGNITION:

• Revised Data:
  • The Union Health Ministry provided newer evidence, including in-country mathematical modeling and data from the government’s Ni-Kshay portal, leading to a change in mortality estimates.
  • The WHO accepted and appreciated these efforts, acknowledging the revised estimates in the 2023 report.

• Improved Reporting:
• • India’s efforts in reporting TB cases were recognized, with the country being the only one among its peers to conduct a National TB prevalence survey, which provided key inputs to estimate TB incidence in India.

TB TREATMENT COVERAGE AND INITIATIVES:

• Treatment Coverage:
  • India witnessed a 19% increase in TB treatment coverage, reaching more than 80%.
  • This accomplishment positioned India among only four countries out of the 30 high-burden countries globally that achieved over 80% treatment coverage.

• Initiatives:
• • The Indian government implemented various initiatives toward TB elimination, including active case finding, molecular testing, screening services at health and wellness centers, engagement of the private sector, and additional nutritional support for TB patients through programs like Nikshay Mitra.

TB ELIMINATION TARGETS AND CHALLENGES:

• India’s Targets:
  • India aims to eliminate TB by 2025, setting ambitious goals in the National Strategic Plan 2017-2025, aiming for no more than 44 new TB cases per lakh population.
  • However, the reported incidence stands at 199 cases per lakh population in 2023.

• Mortality Target:
• • India aims to reduce TB-related mortality to 3 deaths per lakh population by 2025.
  • Although the current figure remains higher at 23 per lakh population, even after the revised estimates.

CHALLENGES AHEAD:

• Meeting Targets:
  • Achieving India’s ambitious targets for TB elimination by 2025 appears challenging, given the current incidence rates and mortality figures compared to the set benchmarks.
• While India has made significant strides in reporting, treatment coverage, and data accuracy regarding TB, achieving the elimination targets by 2025 remains a formidable challenge.
• The revisions in mortality estimates reflect efforts toward refining data accuracy, but the country still faces a substantial burden of TB cases and related mortality.
• Continuing and enhancing current initiatives will be crucial in combating this public health issue.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-health/indias-tb-mortality-report-2023-explained-9023266/

4. EARTHQUAKE IN ICELAND

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: Iceland experienced a swarm of earthquakes, a sequence of around 800 earthquakes within 14 hours on the Reykjanes peninsula. This was followed by a total of over 24,000 recorded earthquakes since late October, with the most powerful quake registering a magnitude of 5.2.

SEISMIC ACTIVITY AND VOLCANIC ERUPTION LIKELIHOOD:

• Recent Earthquakes:
  • A series of earthquakes, including a swarm of 800 quakes within 14 hours, hit Iceland’s Reykjanes peninsula, followed by about 1,400 quakes within 24 hours.
  • This was followed by a total of over 24,000 recorded earthquakes since late October, with the most powerful quake registering a magnitude of 5.2.

• Volcanic Precursors:
  • Such seismic activities concern precursors to potential volcanic eruptions, especially when they involve a swarm of earthquakes without a clear main shock.

• Geological Context:
• • Iceland’s location on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, between the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates, makes it prone to seismic activity and volcanic eruptions.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANIC ACTIVITY:

• Magma Movement and Earthquakes:
  • The movement of magma beneath the Earth’s surface exerts pressure on surrounding rocks, leading to earthquake swarms.
  • As magma approaches the surface, the likelihood of an eruption increases, correlating with increased seismic activities.

POTENTIAL ERUPTION SITE AND TIMELINES:

• Fagradalsfjall Volcano:
  • This area, about 40 km southwest of Reykjavík, has been active recently (in 2021, 2022, and 2023) and is the focus of current seismic activity.
  • The Icelandic Met Office noted significant magma movement in an area extending from Sundhnjúkagígum towards Grindavík, posing a serious volcanic hazard.

• Imminent Eruption:
• • The magma, at its shallowest depth just north of Grindavík, is approximately 800 meters below the Earth’s surface.
  • The IMO suggested a potential eruption could occur in a matter of days, with Grindavík, a nearby town, being evacuated as a precaution.

ACTIVE VOLCANO COUNT IN ICELAND:

• Iceland’s Active Volcanoes:
  • The country hosts 33 active volcanoes that have erupted more than 180 times in the past millennium.
  • Active volcanoes are those that have erupted within the Holocene or have the potential to erupt in the future.

• Notable Volcanoes:
  • Eyjafjallajökull, Hekla, Grímsvötn, Hóluhraun, and Litli-Hrútur (part of the Fagradalsfjall system) are among Iceland’s famous active volcanoes.

• Historical Context:
• • Eyjafjallajökull’s 2010 eruption caused a massive ash cloud that disrupted air travel across Europe for weeks, resulting in substantial economic damage.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/earthquake-swarm-iceland-volcanic-eruption-9023297/

5. TOWARDS ELIMINATING PLASTIC POLLUTION BY 2040: A POLICY SCENARIO ANALYSIS

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per a new interim report released by the intergovernmental organisation “Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)”- 21 million tonnes (MT) of plastics leaked into the environment globally in 2022.

EXPLANATION:

• The report was released on November 11, 2023, two days before the third session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on Plastic Pollution (INC3).
• Theme of the report was “Towards Eliminating Plastic Pollution by 2040: A Policy Scenario Analysis”.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• Plastic Leakage Statistics:
  • The report reveals that in 2022, a staggering 21 million tonnes (MT) of plastics leaked into the environment globally.
  • It highlights the concerning environmental impact caused by plastic waste, especially in aquatic environments.

• Policy Scenario Analysis:
  • The report outlines various policy scenarios to tackle plastic pollution, emphasizing the need for comprehensive actions across the entire lifecycle of plastics.
  • It discusses the potential benefits of these actions and the costs associated with delayed or limited measures.

• Baseline Scenario:
  • If no significant action is taken to curb plastic production and leakage, the report predicts a 50% increase in plastic leakage by 2040.
  • It will result into about 30 MT of plastic entering the environment, with adverse consequences for the environment, climate, and health.

• Impact of Policy Actions:
  • The report suggests that ambitious, coordinated policy actions could significantly reduce plastic waste generation by a quarter below baseline levels by 2040, virtually eliminating mismanaged waste and reducing plastic leakage.

• Cost of Action vs. Inaction:
  • It highlights that while ambitious policy action might cost 0.5% of global GDP in 2040.
  • The costs of inaction would have longer-term societal and environmental repercussions.
  • It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to limit transition costs.

• Challenges and Investment Needs:
  • The report acknowledges technical and economic barriers to eliminating plastic leakage by 2040.
  • It emphasizes the need for significant investments (over $1 trillion) in waste management systems for non-OECD countries.

• International Cooperation:
  • The report recognizes the uneven distribution of costs and investment needs.
  • It also stresses the importance of international cooperation to address plastic pollution effectively.

• Call for Evidence-Based Decision-making:
  • OECD’s Environment Director highlighted the need for further evidence to inform decision-making, especially concerning the negotiations for an international, legally binding treaty on plastic pollution.

• Policy Scenarios:
• • The report presents a comprehensive policy scenario package that, if implemented, could nearly eliminate plastic pollution by 2040, necessitating increased investments and international cooperation.

CONCLUSION:

• The detailed analysis of the report emphasizes the urgency of addressing plastic pollution and the dire consequences of inaction.
• It underscores the necessity for concerted efforts, international collaboration, increased investments, and ambitious policy actions across the lifecycle of plastics.
• It focuses on mitigation of the growing threat of plastic pollution to the environment, economies, and human well-being.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD):

• It is an international organisation of 38 countries committed to democracy and the market economy.
• OECD members are typically democratic countries that support free-market economies.
• The OECD was established on Dec. 14, 1960, by 18 European nations, plus the United States and Canada.
• Headquarters: Paris, France.
• The stated goal of OECD is to shape policies that foster prosperity, equality, opportunity and well-being for all.
• The OECD publishes economic reports, statistical databases, analyses, and forecasts on the outlook for economic growth worldwide.
• The organization also seeksto eliminate bribery and other financial crime worldwide.
• The OECD maintains a so-called “black list” of nations that are considered uncooperative tax havens.
• India is one of the many non-member economies with which the OECD has working relationships in addition to its member countries.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/pollution/globally-21-million-tonnes-of-plastics-leaked-into-environment-last-year-oecd-92759

1. CONCERNS RELATED TO THE GUIDELINES FOR GENETICALLY ENGINEERED INSECTS

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In April 2023, the Department of Biotechnology issued the ‘Guidelines for Genetically Engineered Insects’.

EXPLANATION:

• India’s bioeconomy contributes 2.6% to the GDP.
• In April 2023, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) released its ‘Bioeconomy Report 2022’ report, envisioning this contribution to be closer to 5% by 2030.
• This ambitious leap of $220 billion in eight years will require aggressive investment and policy support.
• But neither funding for the DBT nor its recent policies reflect any serious intention to uplift this sector.
• These guidelines are meant to provide procedural roadmaps for creating genetically engineered (GE) insects, but there are several key concerns.

UNCERTAINTY OF PURPOSE:

• The guidelines do not clearly specify the purposes for which GE insects may be approved in India.
• While they mention potential applications such as vector management in human and livestock health, crop pest management, environmental conservation, and healthcare protein production.
• But they lack a clear vision for how these insects can contribute to India’s broader bioeconomy goals.
• This lack of clarity hinders the alignment of biotechnology policies with the ambitious targets set in the “Bioeconomy Report 2022.”
• For instance, GE honeybees could be engineered to produce higher-quality or larger quantities of honey, potentially reducing imports and facilitating exports.
• Similarly, GE silkworms could be used to produce finer and cheaper silk, affecting prices and boosting sales.
• However, the guidelines and government policies do not provide a roadmap for how GE insects can directly benefit the bioeconomy or under what circumstances the government might approve their release.

UNCERTAINTY FOR RESEARCHERS:

• The guidelines are applicable only to research, not confined trials or deployment.
• Once GE insects are developed and tested in the laboratory, researchers can conduct trials with them.
• But this requires approval from the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) of the Union Environment Ministry.
• However, there is no clarity on whether the Environment Ministry will approve the deployment of GE insects or the criteria they would use to consider such proposals.
• This uncertainty creates a disincentive for researchers and investors to engage in research on GE insects.
• Furthermore, the guidelines define GE insects based on their risk group rather than the end product.
• This means that even insects modified for non-consumption purposes, such as silk or lac production, are subject to the same stringent checks.
• This lack of differentiation could impede research and development efforts for various insect-related industries.

UNCERTAINTY OF AMBIT:

• The guidelines provide standard operating procedures for GE mosquitoes, crop pests, and beneficial insects but do not clearly define what is meant by “beneficial” in the context of GE insects.
• This lack of clarity about which insects and modifications are considered “beneficial” can hinder funding and research efforts, particularly in a country with limited public and private funding.
• Additionally, the guidelines do not adequately account for more dangerous possibilities of genetic engineering, such as unintentionally generating malicious products.
• In the past, there have been concerns about the potential misuse of genetic engineering technology, which may pose risks to both human health and the environment.

CONCLUSION:

• The guidelines for genetically engineered insects in India are criticized for their lack of clarity regarding the purpose, deployment, and definition of “beneficial” insects.
• This uncertainty can deter researchers and investors from engaging in research on GE insects and hinder the development of a robust bioeconomy in India.
• To align with the goals outlined in the “Bioeconomy Report 2022,” it is suggested that these guidelines need revision and further clarification to promote innovation and industrial action in the biotechnology sector.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/genetically-engineered-insects-dbt-guidelines-problems-uncertainty/article67014161.ece

2. PRODUCTION GAP REPORT

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently a report titled the “Production Gap Report,” has been produced by several environmental organizations, including the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Climate Analytics, E3G, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP).

EXPLANATION:

• The report highlights a significant disparity between government commitments to combat climate change, particularly through the reduction of fossil fuel emissions, and their actual plans and projections for fossil fuel production.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• Climate Commitments vs. Fossil Fuel Production:
  • There has been a global consensus among 151 governments to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050-2070 as part of the Paris Agreement.
  • Despite the global consensus the report finds that these governments plan to produce significantly more fossil fuels than would be consistent with limiting global warming to 1.5°C or 2°C.
  • In essence, they are on track to produce twice as much fossil fuel in 2030 than would be compatible with the 1.5°C target and 69% more than the 2°C target.

• Widening Fossil Fuel Production Gap:
  • The report indicates that even though governments have pledged to peak global coal, oil, and gas demand this decade, their forecasts, if implemented without new policies, would lead to increased global coal production until 2030 and continued growth in global oil and gas production until at least 2050.
  • This creates an ever-widening gap between projected fossil fuel production and the emission reduction targets set by the Paris Agreement.

• Promotion of Fossil Gas as a Transition Fuel:
• • The report also highlights that many governments are promoting fossil gas as a transition fuel to a more sustainable energy future.
  • However, it raises concerns that there are no apparent plans to transition away from fossil gas in the future.
  • The report emphasizes that in order to achieve the 1.5°C goal set by the Paris Agreement, there is a pressing need to start reducing global coal, oil, and gas production.
  • Simultaneously scaling up clean energy, reducing methane emissions, and implementing other climate mitigation actions should be given appropriate attention.

UPCOMING CLIMATE CONFERENCE IN DUBAI:

• In the end of November, representatives from at least 190 countries are expected to gather in Dubai for the annual Conference of Parties (COP).
• The COP meetings are a crucial forum for discussing strategies to reduce fossil fuel emissions, accelerate the adoption of renewable energy, and provide support to vulnerable nations coping with the impacts of global warming.

CONCLUSION:

• The report underscores a significant inconsistency between the global climate commitments made under the Paris Agreement and governments’ actual plans and projections for fossil fuel production.
• This misalignment raises concerns about the ability to limit global warming to the agreed-upon targets.
• It also highlights the urgent need for governments to take more decisive actions to reduce fossil fuel production and transition to cleaner, renewable energy sources to combat climate change effectively.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/world-will-overshoot-2030-coal-limit-to-tame-warming-by-twice-over/article67513521.ece

3. ORGANIC FARMING MISSION

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Kerala Government has created an Organic Farming Mission to encourage the adoption of sustainable organic and climate-smart farming practices in the State.

ORGANIC FARMING MISSION:

• The primary objective of the Organic Farming Mission is to expand organic farming in Kerala.
• The mission sets a target of cultivating 5,000 hectares of land using organic farming practices within the next five years, with an annual target of 1,000 hectares.
• This demonstrates the government’s commitment to increasing the adoption of organic agriculture.
• The Kerala Agriculture Minister officially announced the formation of the mission.
• The government had issued formal orders related to the mission in October 2023 demonstrating political will and commitment to promoting organic farming.
• Mandates and Practices:
  • The mission mandates that at least 10% of the area in farms run by the State Agriculture Department be dedicated to organic farming practices.
  • This ensures that a significant portion of government-managed agricultural land will be used for organic farming.
  • Additionally, the mission aims to encourage farmers to continue organic farming for at least five years.

• Certification and Marketing:
  • The mission recognizes the importance of certification, branding, and marketing of organic agricultural products.
  • It plans to implement an organic farming protocol that aligns with national and international standards, indicating a commitment to ensuring the quality and marketability of organic products.

• Value Addition:
  • The mission highlights the importance of value addition for organic products.
  • This could involve processing, packaging, and marketing strategies to enhance the value of organic produce.
  • Value addition can lead to increased income for farmers and greater consumer acceptance.

• Access to Resources:
  • To support farmers, the mission aims to ensure that they have access to high-quality seeds and production equipment/materials.
  • This will be facilitated through various organizations and collectives, ensuring that farmers have the necessary resources to practice organic farming effectively.

• Local Initiatives and Governance:
  • The mission mentions the formation of organic farming schemes in every Assembly constituency in Kerala, which will involve collaboration with local collectives and farmer producer organizations.
  • This approach reflects a bottom-up, community-based approach to implementing organic farming initiatives.

• Management Structure:
• • The mission is set to be overseen by a governing council chaired by the Agriculture Minister, and an executive committee comprising members from government departments and farm sector institutions.
  • This structured governance ensures effective management and coordination of mission activities.

PREVIOUS INITIATIVES:

• The Kerala Government had previously announced the Organic Farming Policy in 2010.
• The Left Democratic Front (LDF) had also promised to institutionalize mechanisms for promoting organic farming in its election manifesto.
• There has been the continuation of efforts to promote sustainable farming practices in the state.
• The creation of the Poshaka Samriddhi Mission in September 2023, which focuses on increasing millet and vegetable production.
• Multiple aspects of sustainable and diversified agriculture have been simultaneously addressed by the government.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-government-forms-organic-farming-mission-to-boost-climate-smart-agriculture/article67512619.ece/amp/

4. PUSA 2090 AND STUBBLE BURNING

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT, AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Stubble burning in states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan remains an issue. A new rice variety named Pusa 2090 has been developed as a promising solution to the issue of stubble burning in North India.

EXPLANATION:

• The primary cause of stubble burning is the cultivation of long-duration paddy varieties like Pusa-44 and the Supreme Court has given the directives to stop this practice.
• A new rice variety has been developed called Pusa-2090 by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and it has the potential to replace Pusa-44.

PUSA-44 VARIETY:

• Pusa-44, bred by Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), is known for its high yield, producing 35-36 quintals per acre.
• However, it has a long maturation period of 155-160 days, leaving little time for farmers to prepare the fields for the next wheat crop.
• As a result, farmers resort to burning the remaining stubble after harvest.

PUSA-2090 – AN ALTERNATIVE:

• IARI has developed Pusa-2090, which is presented as an improved version of Pusa-44.
• This new variety is characterized by both high yield and a shorter maturation period of 120-125 days, making it more suitable for crop rotation.
• It’s a crossbreed of Pusa-44 and CB-501, an early-maturing Japonica rice line.
• Benefits of Pusa-2090:
  • Pusa-2090 is claimed to yield as much as Pusa-44 while maturing earlier.
  • It has been tested and officially identified for cultivation in Delhi and Odisha.
  • Farmers have shown interest in adopting this variety due to its potential to reduce the need for stubble burning.

• Crop Area and Stubble Burning:
  • Pusa-44 occupies a significant share of the crop area in Punjab, with 5.48 lakh hectares under cultivation in the current kharif season.
  • Stubble burning is a major concern in Punjab, and Pusa-44’s long maturation period contributes to this problem.

• Comparative Analysis:
  • Pusa-44 has been compared with another variety, PR-126, bred by the Punjab Agricultural University.
  • While PR-126 matures faster (125 days), it yields slightly less than Pusa-44.
  • It is emphasized that Pusa-2090 combines the best of both worlds, offering high yields and a shorter maturation period.

• Potential Adoption and Impact:
• • Farmers in Punjab have already started test-planting Pusa-2090, with initial results reported as very promising.
  • The potential adoption of Pusa-2090 could significantly reduce stubble burning in the region and contribute to improved air quality.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/possible-answer-to-farm-fires-new-rice-variety-can-replace-pusa-44-9019491/

5. ELECTORAL BONDS (EB) AND ELECTORAL TRUSTS (ET)

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Electoral Bonds are under challenge before the Supreme Court because they have become the primary route of political funding since they were launched in 2018.

EXPLANATION:

• After a three-day hearing, the Supreme Court on November 3 reserved its judgment on the challenge to the central government’s Electoral Bonds Scheme.

ELECTORAL TRUSTS:

• Electoral Trusts (ET) were introduced in 2013 by the UPA government.
• Unlike EBs, ETs have a higher degree of transparency, requiring trusts to report contributions and donations to the Election Commission of India.
• Under the ET scheme, any company registered under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956, can establish an electoral trust.
• Contributors to ETs include Indian citizens, Indian companies, firms, Hindu Undivided Families, or associations of persons living in India.
• Trusts are required to donate 95% of contributions to registered political parties under the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
• Contributors’ PAN or passport numbers are necessary for transparency.

ELECTORAL BONDS:

• Electoral Bonds (EB) were introduced in 2018 and have become the primary route of political funding.
• These bonds focus on ensuring donor anonymity.
• EBs are exempt from disclosure requirements, offering anonymity to donors.
• Parties inform the Election Commission of India (ECI) of the aggregate donations received through EBs but do not provide details of individual donors.
• The lack of transparency in EB donations is argued to protect donor privacy.

TRANSPARENCY IN FUNDING:

• The key difference between the two schemes is transparency.
• ETs provide details about contributors and beneficiaries, making it clear who funds which party.
• EBs, on the other hand, are not transparent regarding donors’ identities.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS:

• Data over nine financial years (2013-14 to 2021-22) show that political funding through both schemes increased after the introduction of EBs.
• The total amount donated through ETs over this period was Rs 2,269 crore, with significant growth over the years.
• In contrast, donations through EBs outstripped ET contributions, totaling Rs 9,208 crore between 2017-18 and 2021-22.
• The BJP received 72% of the total donations through ETs, a higher share than it received through EBs (57%).
• The Congress received 10% of EB funding and 9.7% of ET donations.
• The Trinamool Congress was the third-largest recipient of EBs (8.3%) but received only 0.11% of ET funds.
• The Biju Janata Dal (BJD) received about 1% of ET donations and reported its entire income in 2021-22 as coming from EBs.

OVERALL IMPACT:

• EBs have become the dominant source of political funding, with significant contributions compared to ETs.
• The lack of transparency in EBs has raised concerns, while ETs offer more insight into donor-party relationships.
• While EBs emphasize donor anonymity, ETs require greater disclosure, enabling the public to understand the relationships between contributors and political parties.
• A report by the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) earlier this year found that more than 55% of the funding for political parties came through electoral bonds.
• In fact, for some parties, these bonds have become the only source of contributions — the BJD declared to the ECI that its entire income from “grants, donations and contributions” in 2021-22 came from EBs.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/electoral-bonds-electoral-trusts-9018591/