WSDP Bulletin (30/11/2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1.  India’s GDP growth expected to slow to 6.3% in FY24: OECD economic outlook READ MORE

2. Government launches first-ever auction of critical minerals; 20 blocks up for sale READ MORE

3. Govt confident of meeting FY24 fiscal deficit target, committed to lowering it to 4.5% by FY26: Ajay Seth READ MORE

4. Conspiracy under PMLA stands only if listed crime involved: Supreme Court verdict READ MORE

5. 5 kg foodgrain to poor under PMGKAY for 5 more years, drones to 15,000 women SHGs: Key Cabinet decisions today READ MORE

6. India backs UNGA resolution over Israel not withdrawing from Syrian Golan READ MORE

7. Cabinet clears terms of reference for 16th Finance Commission READ MORE

8. Sri Lanka reaches agreement with India, Paris Club on debt treatment READ MORE

9. Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) – Quarterly Bulletin for July – September 2023 READ MORE

10. Understanding rat-hole mining READ MORE

11. History of UNLF, Meitei insurgent group that signed peace deal with Centre READ MORE

12. India needs a surplus of $101 billion in investment to triple RE targets, finds report READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Rising student suicides shock Kota, India’s coaching capital READ MORE

2. Tropical cyclones cause more damage than we think — and India among countries facing high social cost of carbon READ MORE

3. Antarctic glacier dramatically moves eight kms after being stable for 50 years READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Critics are priceless and not unreasonable READ MORE

2. Growing number of vacant positions at Information Commissions threaten RTI Act READ MORE

3. Supreme Court ruling on Governor powers will be a game changer for federal disputes READ MORE

4. Taking constitutional justice to the people READ MORE

5. Getting pharma regulation right should be top priority READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Social justice, sexual education, the need of our times READ MORE  

2. Engage the private sector in the battle against TB READ MORE

 INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. S&T Initiatives and the Strategic Advance of India–US Relations READ MORE   

2. Why India’s response to the China challenge in Ladakh is so lopsided READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Indian economy’s ‘K-shaped’ recovery shows the rich are thriving, while the poor struggle READ MORE

2. How universities and industry can collaborate READ MORE

3. Towards an inclusive global tax regime bl-premium-article-image READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Realism, not rhetoric, should prevail at Dubai COP28 READ MORE

2. Climate finance, the North–South divide and India READ MORE

3. The climate hide and seek READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. The urgent challenge of Artificial Intelligence regulation READ MORE  

2. A new hope for Tuberculosis patients READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Should India be worried about Myanmar’s rebel offensive? READ MORE

2. Digital payment fraud: Cybercrime needs a coordinated response READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. A touchstone of risk: On the rescue efforts in the Silkyara tunnel in Uttarkashi READ MORE

2. Mining tragedy: Joint task force a must to curb illegal quarrying READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. To be stress-free, adopt ‘take it easy’ policy READ MORE

2. Your anger, your energy READ MORE

3. Ancient Indian democracy: Lessons for today READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. How far do you agree with this view that the members of Parliament do not have the freedom to represent the public interest since they have to follow the party whip and politics is all about exercising power to serve the interests of the financiers of the party? Critically examine your view

2. The autonomy of the Reserve Bank is indispensable for safeguarding the integrity of the financial system, in turn, a necessary condition for economic stability. Comment.

3. Governors, who sought to display overbearing attitudes vis-a-vis the elected governments, using their discretionary powers under the Constitution.

4. The role of the governor is not clearly defined in Indian Constitution and the time has come to strengthen the Constitution and bring more clarity to the roles and responsibilities of the governor. Critically comment on the statement in the light of recent state governments governor tussle.

5. Deepfake technology not only poses a threat to the privacy of individuals but can be a challenge to national security. In the light of the statement do you think that a robust regulatory framework should be implemented?

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it.
  • The lack of adequate Global South representation within climate governance is exacerbated by the actions of Global North States that underscore the hypocrisy of their inadequate provision of finance.
  • As one of the Global South’s leading States, India is in a prime position to represent Global South interests in climate governance issues.
  • The autonomy of the Reserve Bank is indispensable for safeguarding the integrity of the financial system, in turn a necessary condition for economic security.
  • The government is not treating the RTI Act as its own instrument for bringing to its notice its own shortcomings in performance.
  • Governors, who sought to display overbearing attitudes vis-a-vis the elected governments, using their discretionary powers under the Constitution.
  • When education is a right, it is only natural that sexual education is a part of it, which will transform gender relationships in society.
  • The Supreme Court now seems to realise that much more needs to be done quickly to make access to justice a right for all.
  • The UN’s move to develop a transparent tax regime and transfer rulemaking from the OECD must get India’s unstinted support.
  • Anger, a double-edged sword, needs careful handling. Right-channelling the energy released due to anger can raise one to great heights. Handled carefully, it is a door to justice and achievement.
  • Building a robust cybersecurity infrastructure requires high levels of investment and commitment. The Centre must continue playing its role of a facilitator, pushing the public and private sectors to deepen defences, expand detection capabilities and improve the response mechanism.
  • A well-regulated pharma industry is essential.
  • The education which does not help the common mass of people to equip themselves for the struggle for life, which does not bring out the strength of character, a spirit of philanthropy, and the courage of a lion – is it worth the name? Real education is that which enables one to stand on one’s own.

50-WORD TALK

  • With 16th finance commission’s report due in October 2025, the finalisation of its terms of reference now is timely. However, without an updated Census, the Commission’s recommendations lose significant current value. It’s becoming increasingly urgent for government to come clean on its Census preparedness, something it’s been too tight-lipped about.
  • A 7.6 percent growth in Q2, when RBI predicted 6.5 percent, is a strong consolidation of Q1’s performance. Construction has surged, with double-digit growth on an already high base. Manufacturing, too, has turned around strongly. But the government should look into whether consumption’s lower contribution to GDP suggests income distress.
  • SC’s deadline for last rites of unclaimed bodies in Manipur can be a nightmare to execute. With Kukis in the hills and Meiteis in Imphal, even crossing territories is risky. The security situation is still broken. Rushing to meet deadline without a plan can push Manipur into the abyss again.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
  • Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.


INVESTMENT IN INDIA’S RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTOR

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: According to a report by energy think tank Ember, India will need additional investment of $101 billion to align with International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Net Zero target of tripling renewable energy capacity, compared to the 14th National Electricity Plan (NEP14) pathway.

EXPLANATION:

  • India requires substantial investment to meet its renewable energy (RE) targets set by the National Electricity Plan (NEP14) and align with the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Net Zero objectives.
  • A report by energy think tank Ember highlights the investment gap and necessary actions to achieve these goals.

Investment Requirements:

  • According to the Ember report, India needs an additional investment of $101 billion to fulfill the IEA’s target of tripling renewable energy capacity compared to NEP14.
  • The country necessitates a total investment of $293 billion between 2023 and 2030 to meet NEP14 solar and wind capacity objectives, including storage and transmission infrastructure.

NEP14 Renewable Capacity Targets:

  • NEP projections outline renewable-based installed capacity for 2031-32, estimating 596,275 MW, encompassing various sources like solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and storage systems.
  • The plan indicates a rising share of non-fossil-based capacity, projected to reach 68.4% by 2031-32 from 42.5% in April 2023.

Comparing NEP14 and IEA Targets:

  • The report compares NEP14 projections with IEA targets, suggesting that to meet the latter, India must significantly increase annual solar and wind additions by 2027.
  • While NEP14 aims for 24% generation from solar and 9% from wind by 2030, IEA’s goals entail 32% from solar and 12% from wind by 2030, requiring higher annual additions.

Additional Capacity Requirement:

  • To achieve these targets, India needs an additional 115 GW of solar and 9 GW of wind capacity by 2030, surpassing NEP14 plans.
  • Meeting IEA Net Zero targets necessitates even higher capacities, totaling 448 GW of solar and 122 GW of wind by 2030.

Transmission and Storage Requirements:

  • The establishment of robust transmission systems is crucial to integrate renewables.
  • NEP14 targets include interstate and intra-state transmission systems and storage capacities.
  • To align with IEA Net Zero targets, India needs to enhance storage and transmission, requiring an additional 48 GW of ISTS and 14 GW of battery storage.

Pre-COP28 Context and Global Commitments:

  • With the COP28 approaching, there’s an increasing push for tripling renewable energy capacity globally.
  • India’s G20 commitment in 2023 aligns with these objectives, reflecting growing anticipation for a global commitment at COP28.

Challenges and Financing Needs:

  • Despite rising investment in renewables, challenges persist, including payment delays, renegotiation of agreements, and land acquisition complexities.
  • The report emphasizes the necessity for financing to meet NEP14 targets and urges even more substantial financial support to align with global net-zero pathways.

The 14th National Electricity Plan (NEP14):

  • The 14th National Electricity Plan (NEP14) is a significant initiative in India’s energy sector, aiming to increase the country’s renewable energy capacity.
  • According to the plan, India sets out solar capacity targets of 185.6 GW by fiscal 2026-27, reaching 364.6 GW by fiscal 2031-32.
  • To achieve these targets, India needs to increase its current annual solar capacity addition by about 36% each year leading up to 2026-27.
  • The plan also estimates India’s total annual electricity generation to grow by 1,174 TWh in fiscal 2022-32, reaching a total of 2,666 TWh in fiscal 2032.

Conclusion:

  • India faces significant investment requirements to achieve ambitious renewable energy targets set by NEP14 and to align with global Net Zero goals.
  • Addressing challenges and attracting substantial financing remains pivotal for successful implementation, ensuring a shift away from coal towards sustainable energy sources.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/renewable-energy/india-needs-a-surplus-of-101-billion-in-investment-to-triple-re-targets-finds-report-93065



UNITED NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT (UNLF) – MEITEI INSURGENT GROUP

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Union Home Minister announced the signing of a peace agreement with the Meitei separatist group United National Liberation Front (UNLF) in Manipur, terming it a “historic milestone.”

EXPLANATION:

UNITED NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT (UNLF):

  • The United National Liberation Front (UNLF) was established on November 24, 1964.
  • It was established as the oldest valley-based insurgent group in Manipur.
  • It stands apart from insurgent groups active in the state’s Naga-dominated and Kuki-Zomi dominated hills.
  • It was formed under the leadership of Arembam Samarendra Singh, the group demanded secession from India.
  • Notably, top central committee leaders included individuals from diverse backgrounds like Khalalung Kamei (Naga) and Thangkhopao Singsit (Kuki).

EVOLUTION :

  • The UNLF underwent changes and established its armed wing, the Manipur People’s Army, in 1990.
  • Over time, it executed numerous attacks targeting Indian security personnel, operating mainly in the valley areas of Manipur and certain villages in the Kuki-Zomi hill districts.
  • Currently divided into two factions, the UNLF has an estimated cadre strength of 400-500 individuals.
  • It largely operated from camps in Myanmar’s Sagaing Region, Chin state, and Rakhine state with Myanmar military patronage.
  • However, recent unrest and attacks by Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs) and People’s Defence Forces (PDFs) in Myanmar have weakened its position across the border.

Concerns and Activity Surge:

  • Despite a decline and retreat to Myanmar, concerns arose over increased activity, including recruitment of around 500 new members, coinciding with the ongoing ethnic conflict in Manipur.

Peace Agreement:

  • The recent peace agreement signed with UNLF is a significant milestone in Manipur’s history.
  • It marks the first time a valley-based insurgent group has engaged in such an agreement with the Centre.

Previous Splintering and Leadership Changes:

  • The group experienced internal divisions leading to formal splits, with N Oken forming the Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup (KYKL) and later, Khundongbam Pambei breaking away from the central committee in 2021.
  • Consequently, two factions emerged under Pambei and NC Koireng.

Other Meitei Insurgent Groups and Dynamics:

  • The UNLF is one of several Meitei insurgent groups in Manipur.
  • It is among the seven “Meitei Extremist Organisations” banned by the Union government.
  • While one faction is open to talks, another continues to oppose negotiations.

Tripartite Agreement and Recent Developments:

  • In 2008, a Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreement was reached between the Centre, Manipur state, and Kuki-Zomi insurgent groups.
  • However, in March of the current year, the Manipur government withdrew from the agreement with Zomi Revolutionary Army and Kuki National Army due to their alleged influence on forest encroachment agitation.

Conclusion:

  • The history of UNLF is marked by its long-standing demand for secession and armed resistance.
  • The recent peace agreement with the Centre signifies a significant development in the region’s complex insurgency landscape.
  • Despite this milestone, challenges persist due to internal factionalism, differing stances among insurgent groups, and regional dynamics, requiring sustained efforts for lasting peace and stability in Manipur.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/history-of-unlf-meitei-insurgent-group-that-signed-peace-deal-with-centre-9047846/lite/



PERIODIC LABOUR FORCE SURVEY (PLFS) QUARTERLY BULLETIN – JULY TO SEPTEMBER 2023

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation has released the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) – Quarterly Bulletin for July – September 2023.

PLFS AND OBJECTIVES:

  • The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) was initiated in April 2017 with the aim of providing frequent and timely labour force data.
  • The survey serves two primary purposes:
    • estimating key employment and unemployment indicators every three months for urban areas and
    • conducting an annual assessment in both rural and urban areas.
  • The recent PLFS report for July – September 2023 was the twentieth quarterly bulletin in the series.
  • The fieldwork for this period was completed timely, except for a few samples in Manipur and Telangana, which were considered casualties.
  • Notably, the revisit schedules were primarily conducted via telephone (about 96.2% of the time) since June 2020.

SAMPLE DESIGN AND SIZE:

  • The PLFS employs a rotational panel sampling design in urban areas where selected households are visited four times, ensuring continuity in data collection.
  • For the quarter July – September 2023, 5,706 first-stage sampling units (FSUs) were surveyed, comprising 44,738 urban households and 1,70,004 individuals.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF KEY INDICATORS:

  • The PLFS provides estimates for significant employment and unemployment indicators:
    • Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Worker Population Ratio (WPR), and Unemployment Rate (UR).
  • These indicators are based on the ‘Current Weekly Status’ (CWS), evaluating activity status in the preceding seven days before the survey.
  • Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR):
    • LFPR is defined as the percentage of persons in labour force (i.e., working or seeking or available for work) in the population.
  • Worker Population Ratio (WPR):
    • WPR is defined as the percentage of employed persons in the population.
  • Unemployment Rate (UR):
    • UR is defined as the percentage of persons unemployed among the persons in the labour force.
  • Current Weekly Status (CWS):
    • The activity status determined on the basis of a reference period of last 7 days preceding the date of survey is known as the current weekly status (CWS) of the person.

KEY FINDINGS FROM THE QUARTERLY BULLETIN – JULY TO SEPTEMBER 2023:

  • Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) Increase:
    • LFPR in urban areas for individuals aged 15 years and above rose from 47.9% in July – September 2022 to 49.3% in the same period of 2023.
    • Notably, LFPR increased for both males and females during this period.
  • Worker Population Ratio (WPR) Growth:
    • WPR in urban areas for individuals aged 15 years and above increased from 44.5% in July – September 2022 to 46.0% in the same period of 2023.
    • Similar to LFPR, WPR exhibited growth for both males and females.
  • Unemployment Rate (UR) Decline:
    • UR in urban areas for individuals aged 15 years and above decreased from 7.2% in July – September 2022 to 6.6% in the same period of 2023.
    • While male UR was at 6.0% in 2023, female UR declined from 9.4% to 8.6% during this period.

CONCLUSION AND ACCESS TO DETAILED DATA:

  • The PLFS Quarterly Bulletin – July to September 2023 highlights positive trends in LFPR, WPR, and a decline in UR in urban areas for individuals aged 15 years and above. (can refer to ministry website for the data in tabular form).
  • These indicators provide crucial insights into the labour market dynamics, aiding in policy formulation and interventions for economic growth and employment generation.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1980887#:~:text=UR%20in%20urban%20areas%20decreased,%25%20in%20July%20%E2%80%93%20September%202023



SRI LANKA’S DEBT TREATMENT AGREEMENT

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Sri Lanka has reached an “agreement in principle” with India and the Paris Club group of creditors including Japan, on a debt treatment plan.

EXPLANATION:

  • The Debt treatment agreement will help the crisis-hit island nation tap the next tranche of the International Monetary Fund’s nearly-$3 billion recovery package.

BACKGROUND:

  • Sri Lanka, facing a severe economic crisis, defaulted on its nearly $51 billion foreign debt last year.
  • It necessitated a comprehensive restructuring of loans to initiate an economic recovery program supported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
  • The country approached major lenders and formed the Official Creditor Committee (OCC), which includes India, Japan, and France (as chair of the Paris Club), to negotiate debt treatment plans.

AGREEMENT WITH INDIA AND PARIS CLUB:

  • Sri Lanka has secured an “agreement in principle” with India and the Paris Club group of creditors, including Japan, outlining a debt treatment plan.
  • The debt treatment plan aligns with the parameters of the Extended Fund Facility (EFF) arrangement between Sri Lanka and the IMF.
  • The Paris Club announced the agreement’s main parameters, without explicit details, and aims to formalize the agreement through a Memorandum of Understanding in the upcoming weeks.

OCC’S ROLE AND EXPECTATIONS:

  • The OCC was formed in response to Sri Lanka’s request for debt treatment and has engaged in discussions with the country’s authorities, evaluating options to restructure Colombo’s outstanding debt.
  • China, Sri Lanka’s largest bilateral creditor, opted to remain outside the platform but participated as an observer.
  • Japan and India, as significant lenders, stressed the importance of creditor parity and transparency.

EXPECTATIONS FROM OTHER CREDITORS AND PRIVATE ENGAGEMENT:

  • The OCC, alluding to China, emphasized the necessity for “other bilateral creditors” to share information transparently for evaluating the comparability of treatment regarding their bilateral agreements.
  • Additionally, the Committee urged Sri Lanka to continue engaging with its private creditors, aiming for an agreement at least as favourable as the terms offered by the OCC.

IMF’S STANDPOINT AND CONDITIONS:

  • The IMF, after reaching a staff-level agreement with Sri Lanka in October 2023, highlighted the significance of securing an agreement with official creditors on a debt treatment plan consistent with the Fund’s debt targets.
  • The next installment of the IMF package is contingent on this agreement, underscoring its criticality for Sri Lanka’s economic recovery.

CHINA’S ROLE AND AWAITED SPECIFICS:

  • While China has assured cooperation in Sri Lanka’s debt restructuring, ensuring transparent participation, the specific details of the potential debt treatment plan are yet to be disclosed.

PARIS CLUB:

  • The Paris Club is an informal group of official creditors whose role is to find coordinated and sustainable solutions to the payment difficulties experienced by debtor countries.
  • The members are:
    • The current permanent members of the Paris Club are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
    • South Africa is a prospective member since 2022
  • As debtor countries undertake reforms to stabilize and restore their macroeconomic and financial situation, Paris Club creditors provide an appropriate debt treatment.
  • Paris Club creditors provide debt treatments to debtor countries in the form of rescheduling, which is debt relief by postponement or, in the case of concessional rescheduling, reduction in debt service obligations during a defined period (flow treatment) or as of a set date (stock treatment).
  • The origin of the Paris Club dates back to 1956 when Argentina agreed to meet its public creditors in Paris.
  • Since then, the Paris Club has reached 478 agreements with 102 different debtor countries.
  • Since 1956, the debt treated in the framework of Paris Club agreements amounts to $ 614 billion.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/sri-lanka-reaches-agreement-with-india-paris-club-on-debt-treatment/article67587365.ece/amp/



ANTARCTIC GLACIER MOVEMENT: A STARK REMINDER OF CLIMATE CRISIS

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Antarctic glacier has moved eight kms after being stable for 50 years.

EXPLANATION:

  • The recent observation of significant movement and collapse of the Cadman Glacier’s ice shelf in Antarctica has raised concerns about the vulnerability of polar ice dynamics to climate change.
  • This event, characterized by an accelerated retreat of the glacier after decades of stability, highlights the potential repercussions of warming oceans on Antarctic glaciers.

SCIENTIFIC INSIGHTS:

  • Utilizing information from nine satellite missions, including ESA’s CryoSat and Copernicus Sentinel-1, researchers were able to analyze the changes in the ice shelf and glacier.
  • The study revealed that between November 2018 and May 2021, the Cadman Glacier retreated an astonishing eight kilometers after being stable for almost 50 years.
  • The rapid retreat is attributed to ocean water temperatures that were up to 2°C warmer than average during 2018–2019 around the west Antarctic Peninsula.

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CAUSES:

  • Researchers pointed out that warmer waters began undermining the Cadman Ice Shelf as early as the 1970s, with noticeable effects becoming pronounced by the early 2000s.
  • The warm water not only affected the surface but also penetrated deeper layers of the ocean, potentially reaching the point where the ice shelf grounded on the seafloor.
  • This bottom-up melting was detected through satellite observations.

IMPACT OF ICE SHELF LOSS:

  • The collapse of ice shelves like the Cadman Ice Shelf plays a pivotal role in glacier stability.
  • These shelves act as a barrier, floating on the ocean surface and anchoring to the ocean floor, which slows down the flow of glacial ice towards the sea.
  • With the loss of the Cadman Ice Shelf, this crucial support has been removed, leading to increased discharge of ice into the ocean at an alarming rate.

IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSION:

  • This research underscores the vulnerability of Antarctic glaciers to changes in oceanic temperatures, emphasizing the potential for rapid ice loss due to climate change.
  • As global leaders prepare for discussions on climate action, the situation in Antarctica serves as a compelling call to address warming oceans.
  • It poses threats not only to polar regions but also to global sea levels and ecosystems.

SOURCE: https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/antarctic-glacier-dramatically-moves-eight-kms-after-being-stable-for-50-years-2469116-2023-11-29



WOMEN’S POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT- MORE TALK, LESS ACTION

THE CONTEXT: Fielding few women candidates in the Assembly elections even after a law was enacted this year is a reflection of the lack of political commitment in ensuring greater women’s empowerment.

THE POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN

  • In any country, the political empowerment of women is generally possible with two routes:
    • The first is to reserve seats for women in the legislature by means of legislation.
    • The second is to have provision for quotas for women candidates within political parties while nominating candidates.
  • There are examples for both routes that have been adopted in various countries. Neighbouring Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan have opted for the legislative route and are faring better in terms of representation of women in their legislatures.
    • For example, in Pakistan, 17% seats are reserved for women in its national assembly; Bangladesh has reserved 50 out of 350 seats in its Jatiya Sansad and Nepal has reserved 33% of the total seats for women.
  • Statistics show that there is an improvement in the number of women legislators being elected crossing the percentage of seats reserved for women which is a sign of women’s political empowerment in one way or the other.

THE WORLD AND INDIA

No laws mandating quotas for women: There are many countries where there are no laws mandating quotas for women, but political parties are required to give a certain percentage of tickets to women candidates.

  • Australia (38%), Canada (31%), South Africa (45%), and Sweden (46%) have no legislatively backed quotas in their Parliament, yet most of these countries have more than 30% women in their respective Parliament.

Women’s political representation in India: The Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance government has chosen the quota route for the political empowerment of women by enacting the Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act of 2023.

  • It is considered a milestone in terms of women empowerment (reserving by law 33% seats in State Assemblies and Parliament ).
  • The Bill was passed in the Lok Sabha with a huge majority, only two Members opposing the Bill.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WOMEN RESERVATION ACT 2023

Reservation for Women: The act reserves one-third of the total seats in Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies for women. This reservation will apply to both general and reserved seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) .

Rotation of Seats: The reserved seats for women will be rotated after each delimitation exercise, ensuring that different constituencies get a chance to have women representatives.

Commencement of Reservation: The reservation will come into effect after the next census is conducted and delimitation is completed.

Duration of Reservation: The reservation will initially be valid for 15 years. However, Parliament can extend it beyond this period if it deems necessary.

Empowering Women: The act aims to increase the representation of women in India’s political sphere, empowering them to participate in decision-making processes and address issues that affect women’s lives.

Promoting Gender Equality: The reservation is seen as a step towards achieving gender equality in India’s political system, ensuring that women have a voice and equal representation in the legislative bodies.

Enhancing Social Justice: The act aligns with India’s commitment to social justice and aims to address the historical underrepresentation of women in politics.

Strengthening Democracy: By increasing women’s participation in politics, the act is expected to strengthen India’s democracy and make it more inclusive and representative of its diverse population.

ISSUES

Ticket distribution for Assembly elections: No political party has reached even the 15% mark in giving tickets to women candidates, far less than the mandated 33%. It is obvious that political parties are more interested in viewing women as voters than encouraging and empowering them as legislators.

Linkage with the new delimitation: Linkage with the new delimitation which will be done after 2026, we can say that the law looks good only on paper. In spite of not having any law, regional parties such as the TMC (Trinamool Congress is an Indian political party that is mainly influential in the state of West Bengal) have fielded candidates successfully and won electoral battles.

WAY FORWARD

Immediate implementation: The reservation is proposed to be implemented after a new census is published and the delimitation exercise is completed which may take time longer than expected. In this case there is a need to have immediate implementation for its effective result.

Innovative move: In the 2022 Assembly elections in Uttar Pradesh, the Congress party had reserved 40% of seats for women which was a bold and innovative move in the Indian political arena.

  • In Assembly elections in Odisha (2019) and West Bengal (2021), fielded more female candidates and won the electoral battle. The TMC’s tickets to 46 women candidates, resulted in 32 candidates winning.

More inclusivity: There should be sub quota for reservation of OBC as well to have inclusive political representation of women from marginalized strata of society.

Extend reservation to Rajya Sabha: The report examining the 1996 women’s reservation Bill recommended reservation be extended to the Rajya Sabha and the Legislative Councils as well to have an overall holistic growth.

CONCLUSION:

The initiative of enacting the Women Reservation Act, 2023 is a commendable move by the parliamentarians of the day. However, not having an adequate number of tickets to women candidates even after a law has been enacted (though it will come into effect by 2029) does not send out a positive signal about political commitment to ensure women’s political empowerment.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1) Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer. (2017)

Q.2) The reservation of seats for women in the institution of local self-government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian political process”. Comment. (2019)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q) The initiative of enacting the Women Reservation Act, 2023 is a commendable move by the parliamentarians of the day. Examine the concerns regarding its feasibility, desirability, and implications.

SOURCE: Women’s political empowerment — more talk, less action – The Hindu



A NON-STARTER: ON THE SUGGESTION FOR AN ALL-INDIA JUDICIAL SERVICE

THE CONTEXT: The President suggested that an All-India Judicial Service will help make the judiciary diverse by increasing representation from marginalised social groups.

MORE ON THE NEWS

  • The President suggested that the creation of an All-India Judicial Service (AIJS) will help diversify the judiciary by allowing bright youngsters from varied backgrounds.
  • The idea has been mooted and discussed in the past and has been part of discussions on official policy in the Union government for years.
  • However, as the Union Law Minister disclosed last year in the Rajya Sabha, there is no consensus on the proposal.
  • Only two High Courts agreed to the idea, while 13 were against it.

ABOUT ALL INDIA JUDICIAL SERVICE(AIJS)

  • The idea of AIJS was first proposed by 14th Report of Law Commission titled ‘Report on Reforms on Judicial Administration’ in 1958.
  • The All-India Judicial Service is a proposal to create a recruitment of district judges centrally through an all-India examination and allocated to each State along the lines of the All-India Services such as IAS and IPS.
  • The current system of recruitment of district judges is through the respective High Courts and other subordinate judicial officers, through public service commissions.
  • Article 312 of the Constitution, as amended by the 42nd Amendment, provides for the creation of an AIJS.

VIEWS OF THE PRESIDENT ON THE ALL-INDIA JUDICIAL SERVICE

  • The President said that a more varied representation of India’s unique diversity on the Bench and the Bar definitely helps serve the cause of justice better.
    • One way to hasten this diversification process can be the creation of a system in which judges can be recruited from varied backgrounds through a process that is merit-based, competitive and transparent.
  • There can be an all-India judicial service which can select brilliant youngsters and nurture and promote their talents from lower levels to higher levels.
  • Those who aspire to serve the Bench can be selected from across the country to create a larger pool of talent.
  • Such a system can offer opportunities to the less-represented social groups too.
  • A national judicial service could be established to identify and cultivate talented young people, promoting them from lower to higher levels.
  • Individuals interested in serving on the Bench could be chosen from all over the country, creating a larger pool of talent.
  • This system could provide opportunities for underprivileged social groups as well.
  • The President said India has been deepening democracy since winning freedom by upholding justice and equality and empowering every citizen.

ISSUES

States unlikely to agree: It is unlikely that all States will agree to one more subject from their domain being consumed by centralisation.

Legal education lacks country-wide uniformity:  However, it cannot be forgotten that legal education lacks country-wide uniformity. After enrolling, lawyers typically consider judicial service based on practical experience rather than academic brilliance.

Unlikely to sit for an NJS recruitment examination: Toppers, especially from the few elite law schools, are unlikely to sit for a national judicial service (NJS) recruitment examination. In comparison, options such as litigation, joining law firms and going into the corporate sector will appear more beneficial.

Lack of certainty: Number of district judges elevated to the High Courts is much lower than those from the Bar, the lack of certainty on career progression may also render a national judicial service unattractive.

WAY FORWARD

  • Over the years, some states and high courts have expressed opposition to the formation of an All-India Judicial Service.
  • Therefore, before establishing an AIJS, consensus is needed among the central government, states, and the judiciary.
  • Efforts should be directed towards implementing more immediate solutions to address the challenges faced by the Indian judiciary.

CONCLUSION:

The establishment of an All-India Judicial Service (AIJS) is a complex and controversial issue that requires careful consideration and consensus-building among all stakeholders. It is essential to address the concerns and ensure that all stakeholders are on board. In the meantime, efforts should focus on implementing other measures to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the Indian judiciary.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION:

Q) Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgment on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (2017)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q) “Good intentions do not always make for sound policy”. In this context discuss the issues with the implementation of the All-India Judicial Service (AIJS).

SOURCE: A non-starter: The Hindu Editorial on President Droupadi Murmu’s suggestion for an All-India Judicial Service – The Hindu



UPSC Mains Result 2023

UPSC Mains Result-2023


DOWNLOAD PDF



Day-542 | Daily MCQs | UPSC Prelims | ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

Day-542

Time limit: 0

Quiz-summary

0 of 5 questions completed

Questions:

  1. 1
  2. 2
  3. 3
  4. 4
  5. 5

Information

DAILY MCQ

You have already completed the quiz before. Hence you can not start it again.

Quiz is loading...

You must sign in or sign up to start the quiz.

You have to finish following quiz, to start this quiz:

Results

0 of 5 questions answered correctly

Your time:

Time has elapsed

You have reached 0 of 0 points, (0)

Categories

  1. Not categorized 0%
  1. 1
  2. 2
  3. 3
  4. 4
  5. 5
  1. Answered
  2. Review
  1. Question 1 of 5
    1. Question

    1. Consider the following statements in the context of lead pollution:
    1. Lead is commonly found in paints and cigarette smoke.
    2. Exposure to lead can cause neurodegenerative diseases.
    3. Unlike other toxins, lead can be naturally excreted from the human body.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: B
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is correct: Lead is commonly found in paints, ceramic cookware, cigarette smoke, PVC plastics, lead acid batteries, etc.
    Cigarette smoke is known to contain several toxic and heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, copper, nickel, chromium, and zinc.
    The sources of lead are as follows:

    Statement 2 is correct: Lead is a metal which harms both the environment and human health. Exposure to lead can cause numerous and severe neurological problems including nerve damage, cognitive problems, loss of IQ and possibly even conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease.
    During pregnancy, if the woman consumes lead in some form, there is no placental barrier either, so the lead is transferred to the foetus. In a newborn, lead poisoning can result in premature birth, low birth weight and slow growth. In children and adults, it can cause anaemia as well as neurological, skeletal and neuromuscular illnesses.
    There is no known safe level of lead in the human body. However, WHO regulations specify a tolerable limit of 5 μg/dL for lead exposure, beyond which lead poisoning occurs.
    Treatment for lead poisoning involves chelation, in which the patient is given medication that binds with lead molecules and facilitates their excretion through urine.
    Statement 3 is incorrect: Lead, unlike many other toxins, does not get diluted when exposure decreases. Nor does the body excrete it naturally. Instead, it accumulates in the bones and leaches into blood.

    Additional information-
    ● Management of lead-acid batteries came under the Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001.
    ● In 2022, the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change notified the Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022. The new rules aim at reducing share of battery recycling in the informal sector and stress on extended producer responsibility.

    Incorrect

    Answer: B
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is correct: Lead is commonly found in paints, ceramic cookware, cigarette smoke, PVC plastics, lead acid batteries, etc.
    Cigarette smoke is known to contain several toxic and heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, copper, nickel, chromium, and zinc.
    The sources of lead are as follows:

    Statement 2 is correct: Lead is a metal which harms both the environment and human health. Exposure to lead can cause numerous and severe neurological problems including nerve damage, cognitive problems, loss of IQ and possibly even conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease.
    During pregnancy, if the woman consumes lead in some form, there is no placental barrier either, so the lead is transferred to the foetus. In a newborn, lead poisoning can result in premature birth, low birth weight and slow growth. In children and adults, it can cause anaemia as well as neurological, skeletal and neuromuscular illnesses.
    There is no known safe level of lead in the human body. However, WHO regulations specify a tolerable limit of 5 μg/dL for lead exposure, beyond which lead poisoning occurs.
    Treatment for lead poisoning involves chelation, in which the patient is given medication that binds with lead molecules and facilitates their excretion through urine.
    Statement 3 is incorrect: Lead, unlike many other toxins, does not get diluted when exposure decreases. Nor does the body excrete it naturally. Instead, it accumulates in the bones and leaches into blood.

    Additional information-
    ● Management of lead-acid batteries came under the Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001.
    ● In 2022, the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change notified the Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022. The new rules aim at reducing share of battery recycling in the informal sector and stress on extended producer responsibility.

  2. Question 2 of 5
    2. Question

    2. Consider the following provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972:
    1. The onus of immunization of livestock within at least ten km of a Wildlife Sanctuary is on the government authorities.
    2. The diversion of area of two (or more) connected tiger reserves for unsustainable projects requires the approval of the National Tiger Conservation Authority as well as the National Board for Wildlife.
    3. Plants and their derivatives lawfully collected from any National Park are considered the property of respective State governments.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is incorrect: As per the provisions of Section 33(A) of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, the onus of immunization of livestock within at least 5 km of Wildlife Sanctuary is on the State government.
    It states that it is the responsibility of the Chief Wildlife Warden to take measures necessary for immunisation against communicable diseases of the live-stock kept in or within five kilometres of a sanctuary. Also, it prohibits the entry of any livestock in a sanctuary without getting it immunised.
    Statement 2 is correct: The Sec. 38(O) of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 states that the diversion of area of two (or more) connected tiger reserves for unsustainable projects requires the approval of both the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) and the National Board for Wildlife (NBW).
    Sec. 38(W) of the Act also specifies that no alteration in the boundaries of a tiger reserve shall be made except on a recommendation of the Tiger Conservation Authority and the approval of the National Board for Wildlife.
    Statement 3 is incorrect: As per the provisions of Section 17(H) of the Wildlife Protection Act, every specified plant or part or derivative thereof, which has been lawfully collected or acquired from a sanctuary or National Park declared by the Central Government, shall be the property of the Central Government.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is incorrect: As per the provisions of Section 33(A) of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, the onus of immunization of livestock within at least 5 km of Wildlife Sanctuary is on the State government.
    It states that it is the responsibility of the Chief Wildlife Warden to take measures necessary for immunisation against communicable diseases of the live-stock kept in or within five kilometres of a sanctuary. Also, it prohibits the entry of any livestock in a sanctuary without getting it immunised.
    Statement 2 is correct: The Sec. 38(O) of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 states that the diversion of area of two (or more) connected tiger reserves for unsustainable projects requires the approval of both the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) and the National Board for Wildlife (NBW).
    Sec. 38(W) of the Act also specifies that no alteration in the boundaries of a tiger reserve shall be made except on a recommendation of the Tiger Conservation Authority and the approval of the National Board for Wildlife.
    Statement 3 is incorrect: As per the provisions of Section 17(H) of the Wildlife Protection Act, every specified plant or part or derivative thereof, which has been lawfully collected or acquired from a sanctuary or National Park declared by the Central Government, shall be the property of the Central Government.

  3. Question 3 of 5
    3. Question

    3. Consider the following statements:
    Statement I: Black rhinos have hooked upper lips, whereas white rhinos have squared lips.
    Statement II: The black rhino is a browser and feeds on leaves, shoots, and branches.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Black Rhino and White Rhino are found in the African continent.
    Statement 1 is correct: Among black and white rhinos, black rhinos are the smaller of the two African rhino species. Black and white rhinos can be distinguished by the shape of their lips. Black rhinos have hooked upper lips, whereas white rhinos are characterized by a square lip.
    Statement 2 is correct and explains statement 1: Black rhinos are browsers, rather than grazers, meaning they are herbivores who do not feed on low-growing vegetation, and their pointed lip helps them feed on leaves from bushes and trees.
    A white rhinoceros has a very broad, flat, wide lip, which gives this creature the right idea as a grazer and requires a mouth designed for it. The broad muscular lips are ideal for tearing and tearing the grass.
    HABITATS: Semi-Desert Savannah, Woodlands, Forests, Wetlands
    DISTRIBUTION: Black rhinos or Dicerosbicornis are spread across 12 African countries including Kenya, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, and Zambia.

    Additional Information:
    DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WHITE RHINO AND BLACK RHINO:

    PARAMETER – BLACK RHINO – WHITE RHINO
    1. Size of body – Smaller and more compact physical structure.It has shorter face compared to white rhino. However, it prefers keeping its head lifted because it spends most of its time eating trees. – Taller, bigger, and more complex physical structure.It has a long face, small eyes and a neck weakened because it does not need to be raised so large to feed.
    2. Structure of lips – Black rhinos feed on leaves and branches. Accordingly, their lips shape has evolved into a pointed lip (with the shape of a hook) to be able to grab hold of the trees. – Squared lips. White rhinos are grazers, so flat and broad lips serve excellently to the purpose.
    3. Ears – Since black rhinos are less dependent on just one sense, as they have better eye-sight than white rhinos. This results in black rhinos having smaller and rounded ears. – White rhinos’ ears are tubular and very long, acting as little satellites to keep them aware of the surroundings.
    4. Volume of body – A black rhino that weighs between 800 – 1,400 kg. – A white rhino female weighs about 1,700 kg and a male weighs about 2,300 kg.
    5. Length of horn – The black rhinos have shorter front horns than white rhinos, but the second horn is slightly shorter. – A white rhino will usually have a longer front horn and a much shorter second horn.
    6. Habitat and Behaviour – The black rhinos are most commonly spotted in dense brush.Black rhinos have a reputation for being more aggressive and territorial than white rhinos. – White rhinos prefer to live in grasslands and fields. White rhinos are calmer and more placid.
    7. IUCN status – Critically Endangered (CR) – Near Threatened (NT)

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Black Rhino and White Rhino are found in the African continent.
    Statement 1 is correct: Among black and white rhinos, black rhinos are the smaller of the two African rhino species. Black and white rhinos can be distinguished by the shape of their lips. Black rhinos have hooked upper lips, whereas white rhinos are characterized by a square lip.
    Statement 2 is correct and explains statement 1: Black rhinos are browsers, rather than grazers, meaning they are herbivores who do not feed on low-growing vegetation, and their pointed lip helps them feed on leaves from bushes and trees.
    A white rhinoceros has a very broad, flat, wide lip, which gives this creature the right idea as a grazer and requires a mouth designed for it. The broad muscular lips are ideal for tearing and tearing the grass.
    HABITATS: Semi-Desert Savannah, Woodlands, Forests, Wetlands
    DISTRIBUTION: Black rhinos or Dicerosbicornis are spread across 12 African countries including Kenya, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, and Zambia.

    Additional Information:
    DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WHITE RHINO AND BLACK RHINO:

    PARAMETER – BLACK RHINO – WHITE RHINO
    1. Size of body – Smaller and more compact physical structure.It has shorter face compared to white rhino. However, it prefers keeping its head lifted because it spends most of its time eating trees. – Taller, bigger, and more complex physical structure.It has a long face, small eyes and a neck weakened because it does not need to be raised so large to feed.
    2. Structure of lips – Black rhinos feed on leaves and branches. Accordingly, their lips shape has evolved into a pointed lip (with the shape of a hook) to be able to grab hold of the trees. – Squared lips. White rhinos are grazers, so flat and broad lips serve excellently to the purpose.
    3. Ears – Since black rhinos are less dependent on just one sense, as they have better eye-sight than white rhinos. This results in black rhinos having smaller and rounded ears. – White rhinos’ ears are tubular and very long, acting as little satellites to keep them aware of the surroundings.
    4. Volume of body – A black rhino that weighs between 800 – 1,400 kg. – A white rhino female weighs about 1,700 kg and a male weighs about 2,300 kg.
    5. Length of horn – The black rhinos have shorter front horns than white rhinos, but the second horn is slightly shorter. – A white rhino will usually have a longer front horn and a much shorter second horn.
    6. Habitat and Behaviour – The black rhinos are most commonly spotted in dense brush.Black rhinos have a reputation for being more aggressive and territorial than white rhinos. – White rhinos prefer to live in grasslands and fields. White rhinos are calmer and more placid.
    7. IUCN status – Critically Endangered (CR) – Near Threatened (NT)

  4. Question 4 of 5
    4. Question

    4. Consider the following statements about rhododendrons:
    1. Rhododendrons are restricted to the Eastern Himalayas only.
    2. Usually, they are not found in the regions where mosses and lichens are found.
    3. The phenology of rhododendrons can be an important indicator of climate change.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Rhododendron is mostly concentrated in the temperate regions of northern hemisphere especially in Sino-Himalayas (Eastern Himalayas and Western China). A good number are also found in Myanmar, China, Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and New Guinea. Most rhododendrons are found in high rainfall, humid temperate regions of highly organic well-drained acidic soils and reach their magnificent development in the high hills and mountains that have dry, cool summer and rainy seasons.
    Statement 1 is incorrect: Rhododendrons are found in abundance in the eastern Himalayas in India but they are also distributed in the Western Himalayas and Western Ghats.

    ● Of the four parallel ranges in Himalayas, rhododendrons are practically absent in the Shiwaliks, a few are found in the lesser Himalayas and majority of them are in the greater Himalayas.
    ● Only one species occurs in Trans-Himalayan region located in extreme north-west of India (including the cold deserts of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh). The greater Himalayas are thus an ideal locality for rhododendrons in India.
    ● Besides this, a good number of species are found in north-eastern India particularly in Naga and Khasi hills.
    ● One subspecies, nilagiricum of Rhododendron arboreum occurs in Western Ghats.
    ● State-wise, Arunachal Pradesh harbours the maximum number of species (67 species) followed by Sikkim (36 species).
    Statement 2 is incorrect: Mosses and lichens are commonly found in association with rhododendron species. The epilithic/epiphytic rhododendrons grow on the moss-wrapped rocks and tree trunks associated with Agapetes, Vaccinium and orchids.
    Eight species are found growing epilithically/epiphytically, which are confined to eastern Himalayas and north-east India. Such species are entirely absent in western Himalayas.
    Statement 3 is correct: Rhododendron, meaning rose tree in Greek, is considered an indicator species for climate change. Generally, the flowering season for rhododendrons starts in March and continues till May. However, recently, flowering was found to begin as early as January for some species. This is an indication that those areas are getting warmer, and the phenology (the timing of biological events such as flowering and fruiting) of rhododendrons can be an important indicator of climate change.
    Of the 45 taxa of rhododendrons documented by the Botanical Survey of India, five are facing a high threat due to anthropological pressures and climate change.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Rhododendron is mostly concentrated in the temperate regions of northern hemisphere especially in Sino-Himalayas (Eastern Himalayas and Western China). A good number are also found in Myanmar, China, Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and New Guinea. Most rhododendrons are found in high rainfall, humid temperate regions of highly organic well-drained acidic soils and reach their magnificent development in the high hills and mountains that have dry, cool summer and rainy seasons.
    Statement 1 is incorrect: Rhododendrons are found in abundance in the eastern Himalayas in India but they are also distributed in the Western Himalayas and Western Ghats.

    ● Of the four parallel ranges in Himalayas, rhododendrons are practically absent in the Shiwaliks, a few are found in the lesser Himalayas and majority of them are in the greater Himalayas.
    ● Only one species occurs in Trans-Himalayan region located in extreme north-west of India (including the cold deserts of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh). The greater Himalayas are thus an ideal locality for rhododendrons in India.
    ● Besides this, a good number of species are found in north-eastern India particularly in Naga and Khasi hills.
    ● One subspecies, nilagiricum of Rhododendron arboreum occurs in Western Ghats.
    ● State-wise, Arunachal Pradesh harbours the maximum number of species (67 species) followed by Sikkim (36 species).
    Statement 2 is incorrect: Mosses and lichens are commonly found in association with rhododendron species. The epilithic/epiphytic rhododendrons grow on the moss-wrapped rocks and tree trunks associated with Agapetes, Vaccinium and orchids.
    Eight species are found growing epilithically/epiphytically, which are confined to eastern Himalayas and north-east India. Such species are entirely absent in western Himalayas.
    Statement 3 is correct: Rhododendron, meaning rose tree in Greek, is considered an indicator species for climate change. Generally, the flowering season for rhododendrons starts in March and continues till May. However, recently, flowering was found to begin as early as January for some species. This is an indication that those areas are getting warmer, and the phenology (the timing of biological events such as flowering and fruiting) of rhododendrons can be an important indicator of climate change.
    Of the 45 taxa of rhododendrons documented by the Botanical Survey of India, five are facing a high threat due to anthropological pressures and climate change.

  5. Question 5 of 5
    5. Question

    5. Consider the following statements:
    Statement I: Antibiosis is a specific type of amensalism.
    Statement II: In antibiosis, one organism produces toxic chemicals that may have antagonistic effect on another organism but has no effect on the former.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    Correct

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is correct: Antibiosis is a specific type of amensalism. Amensalism defines the association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected. There are two basic modes:
    ● Competition, in which a larger or stronger organism excludes a smaller or weaker one from living space or deprives it of food, and
    ● Antibiosis, in which one organism is unaffected but the other is damaged or killed by a chemical secretion.
    Statement 2 is correct and explains statement 1: Antibiosis can be defined as the antagonism resulting from the toxicity of secondary metabolites produced by one microorganism for other microorganisms.
    The classic demonstration of antibiosis is the destructive effect that the bread mold Penicillium has upon certain bacteria; the secretion, known as penicillin, has become a potent medicine in combating bacterial infections.
    Some higher plants secrete substances that inhibit the growth of—or kill outright—nearby competing plants. An example is the black walnut (Juglans nigra), which secretes juglone, a substance that destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone.
    Antibiosis may involve an important role in plant disease suppression by certain bacteria and fungi. Microorganism performs an active role in the suppression of pathogens by secreting one or more antibiotics.

    Incorrect

    Answer: A
    Explanation:
    Statement 1 is correct: Antibiosis is a specific type of amensalism. Amensalism defines the association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected. There are two basic modes:
    ● Competition, in which a larger or stronger organism excludes a smaller or weaker one from living space or deprives it of food, and
    ● Antibiosis, in which one organism is unaffected but the other is damaged or killed by a chemical secretion.
    Statement 2 is correct and explains statement 1: Antibiosis can be defined as the antagonism resulting from the toxicity of secondary metabolites produced by one microorganism for other microorganisms.
    The classic demonstration of antibiosis is the destructive effect that the bread mold Penicillium has upon certain bacteria; the secretion, known as penicillin, has become a potent medicine in combating bacterial infections.
    Some higher plants secrete substances that inhibit the growth of—or kill outright—nearby competing plants. An example is the black walnut (Juglans nigra), which secretes juglone, a substance that destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone.
    Antibiosis may involve an important role in plant disease suppression by certain bacteria and fungi. Microorganism performs an active role in the suppression of pathogens by secreting one or more antibiotics.

window.wpAdvQuizInitList = window.wpAdvQuizInitList || []; window.wpAdvQuizInitList.push({ id: '#wpAdvQuiz_581', init: { quizId: 581, mode: 0, globalPoints: 10, timelimit: 0, resultsGrade: [0], bo: 0, qpp: 0, catPoints: [10], formPos: 0, lbn: "Finish quiz", json: {"2699":{"type":"single","id":2699,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[0,1,0,0]},"2700":{"type":"single","id":2700,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[1,0,0,0]},"2701":{"type":"single","id":2701,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[1,0,0,0]},"2702":{"type":"single","id":2702,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[1,0,0,0]},"2703":{"type":"single","id":2703,"catId":0,"points":2,"correct":[1,0,0,0]}} } });



SAGITTARIUS C (SGR C)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has captured a stunning image of the dense center of the Milky Way galaxy with clarity never seen before.

Sagittarius C (Sgr C)

  • It is the star-forming region known situated approximately 300 light-years from the Milky Way’s central supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*.
  • It is revealing a bustling cluster of protostars within an infrared-dark cloud.
  • These nascent stars are in the process of accumulating mass, their outflows glowing intensely in the infrared spectrum, akin to embers in a cosmic bonfire.
  • The cloud that protostars are emerging from is so dense that the light from stars behind it cannot reach Webb.
  • Scattered throughout are smaller infrared-dark clouds, akin to celestial voids against the starry backdrop, signaling the birthplaces of future stars.
  • Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) has detected extensive emissions from ionised hydrogen on the periphery of the dark cloud, highlighted in a striking cyan hue.

Key facts about James Webb Space Telescope

  • It was built in collaboration between NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency.
  • It was launched in December 2021.
  • It is presently at a point in space known as the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point.
  • Lagrange Point 2 is one of the five points in the orbital plane of the Earth-Sun system.
  • It’s the largest, most powerful infrared space telescope ever built.
  • Objectives: It will examine every phase of cosmic history, from the Big Bang to the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets to the evolution of our Solar System.

SOURCE: https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/heart-of-milky-way-galaxy-has-a-mysterious-structure-james-webb-telescope-2468011-2023-11-27



UNDERSTANDING UNSEASONAL RAINS AND LIGHTNING STRIKES IN GUJARAT

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, 27 fatalities were reported due to unexpected lightning strikes accompanying unseasonal heavy rainfall in Gujarat.

EXPLANATION:

  • Despite prior warnings from the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the disaster management system in the region primarily focuses on earthquakes and heavy rainfall, lacking specific mechanisms for lightning alerts, which contribute to numerous deaths across India annually.

IMD’s Weather Attribution

  • The IMD has linked the lightning occurrences to three distinct weather systems:
  • Cyclonic circulation over the Northeast Arabian Sea and adjacent Saurashtra and Kutch regions.
  • Influence of Western Disturbances, originating from the Mediterranean Sea, bringing winter rainfall to northwestern India.
  • Presence of an Easterly trough with airflow from the Southwest to Northeast Arabian Sea.

Insights from Meteorological Experts

  • According to the regional director of IMD, the convergence of these three weather systems isn’t uncommon and has previously occurred, not just during current events but also in monsoon seasons.
  • The group director at ISRO’s Space Applications Centre, attributes the unseasonal rainfall to passing Western disturbances that occasionally extend rainfall into southern latitude areas such as Gujarat.

Understanding Lightning Occurrences

  • The lightning strikes result from interactions between weather systems and Western Disturbances.
  • Additionally, the initial activity after a prolonged dry spell triggers convective activity, leading to lightning strikes, as observed during the recent rainfall in Gujarat.
  • The increased moisture interacting with the Western disturbance contributes to thunderstorm activity and lightning incidents.

Warnings and Preparedness

  • While the Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA) was initially established post-2001 earthquake to manage rehabilitation and reconstruction, its disaster preparedness focuses on heavy rainfall and earthquakes, lacking a specific plan for lightning warnings.

Long-Term Disaster Preparedness

  • GSDMA aims to develop an early warning system for cyclones as part of its long-term disaster mitigation strategy, aiming to minimize losses due to disasters.
  • However, as of now, the authority lacks a dedicated lightning warning system.
  • This incident highlights the importance of comprehensive disaster management planning that includes specific strategies for various weather-related calamities to ensure public safety and mitigate the impact of unforeseen natural occurrences.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/lightning-deaths-gujarat-unseasonal-rains-explained-9045217/  



THE PARTHENON SCULPTURES

TAG: GS 1: ART AND CULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Over the years, Greece has repeatedly asked for the sculptures’ permanent return to Athens, but Britain and the British Museum have refused to do so. A diplomatic row sparked between Greece and the UK recently after British Prime Minister cancelled a meeting with his Greek counterpart over the status of the Parthenon Sculptures housed at the British Museum.

Background and Historical Significance

  • The Parthenon Sculptures is also known as the Elgin Marbles.
  • It represents a collection of over 30 ancient stone sculptures from Greece, dating back more than 2,000 years.
  • Originating from the Parthenon temple on the Acropolis hill in Athens, built around 432 BC to honor the goddess Athena, these sculptures symbolize the pinnacle of Athens’ Golden Age.

Controversy Surrounding Removal and Ownership

  • The dispute stems from the sculptures’ removal in the early 19th century by Thomas Bruce, the 7th Earl of Elgin, during his tenure as the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.
  • Transported to Britain, the sculptures were later acquired by the British Museum in 1816.
  • Greece has persistently sought their permanent return to Athens since gaining independence in the 1830s.
  • However, the British Museum maintains ownership, asserting that Elgin obtained them legally through a contract with the Ottoman Empire.
  • Nevertheless, the validity of the permission granted to Elgin remains contentious due to the absence of original documentation.

Evolution of the Conflict and Conflicting Positions

  • The controversy has seen periodic escalations, notably highlighted during the 1980s when Greek actress championed the cause for repatriation during her tenure as Greece’s culture minister.
  • Despite Greece’s consistent demands, the British Museum staunchly refuses to return the sculptures, citing legal acquisition.
  • British Museum proposed that the sculptures remain divided between museums due to losses and potential safety concerns associated with reunification.

Recent Developments and Diplomatic Strains

  • Recent events, including the cancellation of a meeting between British Prime Minister and Greek Prime Minister, have heightened tensions.
  • Greece vows to continue discussions with the British Museum regarding the sculptures’ return.
  • Speculation arises that the Labour Party, expected to win upcoming national elections, might consider a loan agreement between the British Museum and the Greek government, potentially signaling a policy shift regarding ownership and repatriation of the Parthenon Sculptures.

Ongoing Diplomatic Implications

  • The unresolved dispute remains a focal point in diplomatic relations between Greece and the UK, revolving around the cultural heritage and rightful ownership of these ancient artifacts.
  • The debate underscores the complexities of cultural diplomacy and the ongoing global discourse surrounding the repatriation of historically significant artifacts.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/parthenon-sculptures-britain-greece-9046166/



ZIMBABWE’S VENTURE INTO GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Zimbabwe announced that it will construct its first utility-scale geothermal energy Independent Power Producer (IPP) and support the reduction of greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in the country, of which the energy sector is the highest contributor.

Project Origins and Climate Fund Support

  • The endeavor emerges from the Green Resilient Recovery Rapid Readiness (GRRRR) and Geothermal Energy Development Project in Zimbabwe.
  • This initiative, identified under the Green Climate Fund, aims to reduce the country’s reliance on fossil fuels and address the highest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from the energy sector.

Current Energy Scenario and Climate Challenges

  • Zimbabwe’s energy makeup in 2021 comprised 71% from renewable sources, with hydropower dominating at 69%.
  • However, climate change-induced factors like increased droughts and erratic rainfall have impacted hydropower levels, leading to severe load shedding and heightened dependence on imported electricity and fossil fuels.

Geothermal Project Details

  • The geothermal project entails the establishment of a 10MW geothermal power plant in the Chimbwatata Hot Springs, Binga District.
  • The chosen binary cycle geothermal technology harnesses electricity and waste heat, offering an additional revenue stream.

Integration and Transmission

  • The generated electricity will be integrated into the existing energy grid via Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company (ZETDC) transmission lines.

Climate Change Sensitivity and Hydropower Challenges

  • Despite Zimbabwe’s minor global contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, it ranks among the top 10 nations most affected by climate change.
  • The nation’s heavy reliance on hydropower, especially from the Kariba South hydroelectric power plant, faces a crisis due to plummeting water levels in Lake Kariba, exacerbating power shortages and affecting neighboring Zambia.

Geothermal as a Viable Alternative

  • The initiative highlights the significance of diversifying the energy mix to mitigate climate-induced vulnerabilities.
  • Geothermal power emerges as a promising alternative, offering reliability amidst climate-induced uncertainties impacting hydropower.

Challenges and Exploration of Other Renewable Sources

  • While geothermal energy represents a significant step, Zimbabwe has untapped potential in various renewables like solar, wind, and biofuels.
  • However, challenges such as financial constraints and reluctance in venturing into solar energy, despite its substantial potential, persist due to limitations in meeting diverse energy demands.

Future Prospects and Energy Dynamics

  • Efforts to expand renewable energy, including geothermal exploration, are crucial to Zimbabwe’s energy landscape.
  • Collaboration through joint ventures or international investments becomes imperative for implementing large-scale projects beyond the utility’s financial capabilities.

Conclusion

  • Zimbabwe’s foray into geothermal power marks a pivotal shift in energy strategy, aiming to bolster energy security, mitigate climate risks, and diversify the energy portfolio for sustainable development.
  • The exploration of alternative renewable sources aligns with the nation’s quest for energy resilience amid climate-induced challenges.

GREEN CLIMATE FUND (GCF) :

  • The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was adopted by 194 governments as a financial mechanism of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
  • Its goal is to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries and help adapt vulnerable societies to the already-felt impacts of climate change.
  • It aims to make an ambitious contribution to attaining the mitigation and adaptation goals of the international community with the goal of keeping the temperature increase of the planet below 2 degrees Celsius.
  • The Fund aims to support a paradigm shift in the global response to climate change.
  • It allocates its resources to low-emission and climate-resilient projects and programmes in developing countries.
  • It is designed as an operating entity of the Convention’s financial mechanism and is headquartered in the Republic of Korea.
  • It is governed by a 24 Board member Board, representing countries, and receives guidance from the Conference of the Parties to the Convention (COP).

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/africa/zimbabwe-to-construct-first-utility-geothermal-power-plant-93036



MICHAUNG – A CYCLONIC STORM

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: As per the IMD, there is a strong possibility of the development of a potential cyclonic storm named ‘Michaung’ in the Bay of Bengal, originating from a low-pressure area.

EXPLANATION:

  • The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has issued warnings and forecasts regarding the progression of this weather system.

Cyclone Formation:

  • Initially identified as a low-pressure area in the South Andaman Sea, it has evolved into a well-marked low-pressure area.
  • Predicted to intensify into a depression by November 30 and further evolve into a cyclonic storm named ‘Michaung’ over the Southwest and adjoining Southeast Bay of Bengal within the next 48 hours.

Anticipated Weather Conditions:

  • South Andaman Sea and Andaman & Nicobar Islands are expected to experience strong winds initially, reaching speeds of 25-35 kmph gusting to 45 kmph on November 29.
  • Forecasted light to heavy rainfall in the Nicobar Islands and Andaman Islands between November 29 and December 1.
  • Squally weather with increasing wind speeds in the Southeast Bay of Bengal from November 30 onwards, likely reaching gale wind speeds by December 2.
  • Fishermen advisories have been issued for different regions to avoid venturing into the sea during specific periods due to the expected severe weather conditions.

Rainfall Forecasts in Other Regions:

  • Various regions across India, including Jammu-Kashmir-Ladakh-Gilgit-Baltistan-Muzaffarabad, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Northwest India, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Vidarbha, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Karaikal, Kerala, and Mahe are also forecasted to experience light to heavy rainfall, accompanied by thunderstorm activities at isolated places, during specific time frames.

State Preparations and Alerts:

  • The Odisha government has placed seven coastal districts on alert due to the anticipated cyclonic storm formation, advising necessary precautions.
  • The IMD’s proactive approach in issuing warnings and advisories regarding the cyclonic storm’s progression reflects a commitment to public safety and preparedness.

Significance of warnings:

  • The significance of these warnings is to alert not only coastal regions but also inland areas prone to heavy rainfall and thunderstorms, emphasizing the need for precautions and preparedness measures.
  • The coordinated efforts of meteorological departments, regional governments, and the dissemination of information to potentially affected areas demonstrate a proactive approach towards minimizing the impact of the cyclonic storm on both coastal and inland regions.
  • Residents, especially in the warned areas, are urged to follow safety instructions and preparedness guidelines to mitigate potential risks associated with severe weather conditions.
  • It’s essential for individuals and authorities in these regions to stay updated with the latest forecasts and advisories from official weather monitoring agencies to ensure appropriate actions are taken to safeguard lives and property.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyclonic-storm-michaung-over-bay-of-bengal-likely-in-next-48-hours-imd-101701227978409-amp.html



INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (ILO)

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the International Labour Organization (ILO) report revealed an alarming statistics of work-related fatalities globally, highlighting the urgent need for enhanced safety measures and comprehensive health protocols in workplaces.

KEY FINDINGS:

  • Global Work-Related Deaths:
    • Approximately 30 lakh workers lose their lives annually due to work-related accidents and diseases.
    • The Asia-Pacific region alone accounts for more than 63% of these fatalities.
  • Leading Causes of Deaths:
    • Long working hours, exposure to occupational hazards like particulate matter, gases, and fumes, followed by occupational injuries, are the major contributors to these fatalities.
  • Occupational Risk Factors:
    • Exposure to long working hours (55 hours or more per week) stands as the most significant risk factor, resulting in approximately 7.45 lakh deaths.
    • Work-related diseases contribute to a significant number of fatalities, with circulatory diseases, malignant neoplasms, and respiratory diseases being the primary causes.
  • ILO Conventions and Ratification:
    • Only 79 out of 187 member countries have ratified the ILO Occupational Safety and Health Convention (No. 155), and 62 countries have ratified the Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 (No. 187).
    • India has yet to ratify both conventions.
  • Work-Related Diseases and Occupational Hazards:
    • Most deaths (26 lakh) are due to work-related diseases, while 3.3 lakh deaths result from work accidents.
    • Occupational exposure to certain elements like chromium, asbestos, and other hazards has contributed to a rise in diseases like lung cancer, mesothelioma, and skin cancer.

Recommendations:

  • The report emphasizes “Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work” for ensuring safety and health at workplaces.
  • It encompasses the freedom of association, elimination of forced labor and child labor, eradication of employment discrimination, and the provision of a safe working environment.

Implications:

  • The data underscores the need for robust safety frameworks and collective efforts to prevent work-related fatalities and illnesses.
  • Ratification of ILO conventions and adherence to safety protocols are crucial to ensuring a safer working environment globally.
  • The rise in occupational diseases due to exposure to various hazards necessitates more stringent safety measures and increased awareness regarding health risks in specific industries.

Overall Assessment:

  • The report serves as a stark reminder of the imperative to prioritize occupational safety and health standards universally.
  • It stresses the significance of international collaboration and adherence to fundamental rights at work to mitigate the alarming rates of work-related deaths and diseases.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/as-deaths-due-to-work-related-factors-increase-ilo-report-calls-for-countries-to-strengthen-safety-net/article67580297.ece



DOLLARISATION OF ECONOMY

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Javier Milei, the recent winner of Argentina’s presidential election, has drawn attention for his unconventional policies, one of them being the plan to replace the country’s currency of peso with the dollar.

Argentina’s Recent Election and Dollarisation Proposals:

  • Context of Argentina’s Election:
    • Javier Milei, the recent winner in Argentina’s presidential election, has gained attention due to his unorthodox policies, including proposing the replacement of the peso with the dollar.
  • Economic Challenges in Argentina:
    • Argentina grapples with high inflation exceeding 100%, significant poverty levels, and a weakened purchasing power affecting its citizens.
  • Milei’s Policy Stand:
    • Milei’s campaign promises included dollarisation, elimination of the Central Bank, and considerable government spending cuts.
  • Adjustment in Approach:
    • Post-election, Milei appears to backtrack on immediate dollarisation and currency control relaxation due to Argentina’s limited dollar reserves.

The Pros and Cons of Dollarisation:

  • Benefits of Dollarisation:
    • Dollarisation can potentially curb hyperinflation by disconnecting rising prices from increased money supply controlled by political interests.
    • It may encourage economic growth by necessitating export focus and foreign capital inflows into a stable currency environment.
  • Drawbacks of Dollarisation:
    • Economies lose policy leverage with limited control over money supply.
    • Currency depreciation for export advantages becomes unavailable.
    • Critics highlight the challenges of losing monetary policy control and the potential constraints on boosting exports.

Ecuador’s Experience with Dollarisation:

  • Successful Outcomes of Dollarisation:
    • Ecuador, after adopting the dollar, showcased substantial economic growth, poverty reduction, and improved inequality metrics.
    • Notable achievements included reduced inflation rates, GDP growth, and lowered foreign debt ratios.
  • Role of Other Factors in Success:
    • Ecuador’s natural resource reserves, particularly oil and gas, played a significant role in economic progress during the commodity boom.
    • Government policies under Rafael Correa expanded state intervention, increased social spending, and altered fiscal policies, impacting economic growth.

Complexity of Economic Prosperity:

  • Role of Active Fiscal Policy:
    • Ecuador’s economic prosperity wasn’t solely due to dollarisation but involved active fiscal policy, especially during rising oil prices, resulting in substantial social spending.
  • Challenges and Lessons from Greece:
    • Greece’s Euro adoption led to growth but constrained policy options during the Eurozone crisis, leading to austerity measures imposed by external institutions like the IMF and ECB.
  • Evaluation of Dollarisation:
    • Dollarisation isn’t a cure-all but can succeed with strategic domestic policy.
    • However, overreliance on external currency without independent policy may lead to limitations similar to Greece’s experience.

Argentina’s Prospective Scenario:

  • Milei’s Approach and Concerns:
    • Milei’s intent to abolish the Central Bank and slash government spending raises concerns about limited policy space and potential austerity measures.
  • Awaiting Economic Outcomes:
    • Argentina faces a potential shift in economic policy under Milei’s leadership, with the public watching the impact of such macroeconomic decisions on their lives.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/can-dollarisation-save-an-economy-explained/article67580968.ece/amp/



JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The James Webb Space Telescope has observed early galaxies that are in a “teenage” phase, having formed approximately 2-3 billion years after the Big Bang.

Observations by James Webb Space Telescope:

  • Focus of Observation:
  • Characterizing Teenage Galaxies:
    • The telescope observed 23 such galaxies, analyzing light across various wavelengths to understand their chemical makeup or “chemical DNA.”
    • These galaxies show characteristics of being relatively mature with substantial star formation while still rapidly growing, akin to teenagers.
  • Unique Characteristics:
    • Galaxies during this phase differ significantly from modern-day galaxies, undergoing vital but not fully understood processes shaping their future characteristics.
    • The temperature of gas in star-forming regions is notably higher (~24,000 degrees Fahrenheit) compared to present-day galaxies, indicating differences in stars and gas properties.

Chemical Composition and Galactic Evolution:

  • Chemical Analysis:
    • Detection of eight elements within these galaxies, including oxygen, helium, nitrogen, sulfur, argon, nickel, and silicon.
    • Oxygen is particularly significant for tracking past galactic growth.
    • The presence of nickel, typically not detectable in nearby galaxies, suggests uniqueness in the massive stars causing the gas to emit light.
  • Understanding Galactic Evolution:
    • The presence of elements beyond hydrogen and helium provides insights into the star formation history, revealing how many stars formed in the past and the rate at which they occurred.
    • The findings suggest that these galaxies are still in a chemically ‘immature’ state and are evolving rapidly.

Significance of James Webb Space Telescope and CECILIA Survey:

  • Impact of Webb Telescope:
    • The JWST, operational since 2021, has significantly reshaped our understanding of the early universe by providing detailed observations of distant galaxies.
    • While it has enabled the observation of the earliest galaxies, the study suggests limited knowledge about them. However, it offers profound insights into galaxies a bit further along in development.
  • CECILIA Survey’s Contribution:
    • The study presents initial findings from the CECILIA Survey, leveraging JWST’s capabilities to study the chemistry of distant galaxies.
    • This survey is named after Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, a prominent 20th-century astronomer, and represents a groundbreaking use of JWST’s capabilities.

Conclusion:

  • The James Webb Space Telescope’s observations of ‘teenage’ galaxies provide crucial insights into the early phases of galactic evolution.
  • The study, using the CECILIA Survey, analyzes the chemical composition of these galaxies, shedding light on their unique characteristics and rapid evolution.
  • These observations reshape our understanding of galactic development in the early universe, highlighting the significance of JWST’s capabilities in unraveling cosmic mysteries.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/james-webb-space-telescope-spies-precocious-teenage-galaxies/article67565120.ece



OPTICAL FIBRES

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY  

THE CONTEXT: Along with quantum optics, fibre optic communication stands on the cusp of a new era. So, in this article we will discuss the intricacies of fibre optic cables, their historical evolution, working principles, technological advancements, and their current and potential future applications.

Introduction to Optical Fibres:

  • Optical fibres are slender glass strands used for transmitting data in the form of light pulses.
  • They’re incredibly thin, almost resembling the diameter of a human hair.
  • They are capable of carrying vast amounts of digital information over long distances.

Evolution and Development:

  • Historical background:
    • It traces the historical timeline of light guidance and manipulation from Colladon’s demonstration of light’s narrow stream in water jets to the early use of thin glass rods in medicine and defense.
  • Landmark moments:
    • The contributions of scientists like John Tyndall, Clarence Hansell, John Logie Baird, and the significant breakthroughs by Harold Hopkins, Narinder Singh Kapany, Lawrence E. Curtiss, and Theodore Maiman have been significant.

Working Principle of Optical Fibres:

  • Nature of Light:
    • Light is an electromagnetic wave with a spectrum of frequencies, including visible light, X-rays, radio waves, and heat.
    • Optical fibres utilize the properties of light to transmit data.
  • Total Internal Reflection (TIR):
    • When light passes from one medium to another, such as from glass to air, its path bends due to the change in the refractive index.
    • Refractive index refers to how fast light can travel in a medium.
    • Total Internal Reflection (TIR) is the phenomenon where light traveling within a material strikes the boundary with another material at an angle greater than the critical angle and is reflected back into the original material instead of refracting outwards.
  • Light Propagation in Optical Fibres:
    • Optical fibres consist of thin cylindrical strands of glass with a diameter close to that of a human hair.
    • These fibres serve as the medium for transmitting information encoded as digital data.
    • When a beam of light (carrying encoded information) enters an optical fibre, it passes through the glass but experiences partial reflection at the boundary between the glass and air due to the differences in refractive index.
    • If the angle of incidence is within a certain range (greater than the critical angle), the light will be totally reflected back within the glass fibre.
    • This total internal reflection allows the light to propagate through the fibre over long distances without significant loss of optical power.
    • The information encoded in the form of electromagnetic waves travels within the glass walls, bouncing off the internal surfaces of the fibre, and traverses several kilometers while retaining the integrity of the signal.
  • Components of Fibre Optic Communication:
    • A fibre optic communication system comprises three essential components:
      • Transmitter: Encodes information into optical signals (rapidly blinking light pulses representing zeros and ones).
      • Optical Fibre: Carries the encoded signal over long distances using the principles of total internal reflection.
      • Receiver: Decodes the transmitted optical signals, reproducing the original information.
    • Advantages of Optical Fibres:
      • Optical fibres enable high-speed data transmission rates, capable of carrying large volumes of information, such as text, images, videos, and voice calls, almost at the speed of light.
      • Unlike traditional communication mediums like radio or copper cables, optical fibres are less susceptible to external interferences such as lightning and weather conditions.

CURRENT AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS:

  • Telecommunications:
    • Fiber optics are extensively used in modern communication networks for transmitting data, providing high-speed internet, and enabling phone calls.
  • Medical Science:
    • Optical fibers are employed in endoscopy, illuminating surgical sites, and transmitting images for medical procedures.
  • Laser Technology:
    • Fiber optics contribute to laser technology, used in various industries for cutting, welding, and medical procedures like laser eye surgery.
  • Sensing Technology:
    • Optical fibers have applications in sensing systems, including environmental monitoring and industrial sensors.
  • Quantum Technologies:
    • Integration of fiber optics with quantum technologies is expected to revolutionize secure communication and computing.
  • Expanded Connectivity:
    • Further advancements may bring enhanced fiber optic networks into homes and rural areas, providing faster and more reliable internet access.
  • Smart Cities and IoT:
    • Fiber optics could play a pivotal role in creating interconnected smart cities and powering the Internet of Things (IoT) for improved efficiency and connectivity.

IMPACT AND SIGNIFICANCE:

  • Global Connectivity:
    • Fiber optic technology has connected the world, facilitating instant communication, information exchange, and global interconnectedness.
  • Technological Advancements:
    • Its continuous development has led to faster data transmission, better signal quality, and more durable and efficient fiber optic cables.
  • Scientific Contributions:
    • Scientists, engineers, and researchers’ contributions in developing fiber optics have significantly impacted modern communication systems and various technological fields.
  • National and Economic Importance:
    • Governments recognize its strategic importance, as reflected in initiatives like India’s national mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications, which highlights the technology’s potential economic and scientific benefits.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/fibre-optic-cables-explained/article67579264.ece



MQ-9B PREDATOR ARMED DRONES

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: India is procuring MQ-9B Predator armed drones from the United States to enhance its surveillance capabilities, particularly along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China.

EXPLANATION:

  • India aims to boost its surveillance capacity, particularly along the LAC with China, by procuring MQ-9B Predator drones which are known for their long-endurance and versatile capabilities.
  • The procurement deal involves 31 MQ-9B Predator armed drones from General Atomics (GA) under a government-to-government framework with the U.S.

Negotiations and Deal Finalization:

  • The deal is expected to be finalized by March 2024, pending clearance from the US Congress.
  • Negotiations between American and Indian officials are ongoing to settle details like cost and specifications.
  • The procurement agreement will be established between the Indian government and American authorities. The Pentagon will convey India’s requirements to General Atomics.
  • Estimated Cost:
    • While the final cost is yet to be determined, the estimated procurement is valued at around $3 billion.
  • Negotiation Process:
    • The negotiation process will ascertain the pricing and other intricate details, involving respective teams from India and the U.S.

Additional Aspects of the Deal:

  • Previous Collaboration:
    • A prior agreement between the U.S. and India involved General Electric partnering with Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. to manufacture jet engines for Indian military aircraft in India.
  • Drone Allocation:
    • The drones (Sea Guardian and Sky Guardian) will be distributed among the three services (Navy, Air Force, and Army) for various purposes like maritime surveillance, anti-submarine warfare, and targeting.

Drone Capabilities and Prior Engagement:

  • MQ-9B Sea Guardian Drones:
    • These drones are high-altitude, long-endurance vehicles capable of remaining airborne for over 35 hours.
    • They can carry weaponry like Hellfire missiles and bombs, enhancing India’s surveillance and offensive capabilities.
  • Prior Engagement:
    • In 2020, the Indian Navy leased two MQ-9B Sea Guardian drones from General Atomics for one year, subsequently extending the lease for surveillance in the Indian Ocean.

Conclusion:

  • India’s pursuit of MQ-9B Predator drones underscores its focus on bolstering defense capabilities, particularly in surveillance and potential offensive operations along the LAC with China.
  • The impending deal signifies a significant stride in India’s defense modernization efforts and strategic partnership with the United States in the realm of military technology and cooperation.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-us-look-at-finalising-mq-9b-predator-drone-deal-by-early-next-year/article67579519.ece



NOT A PANACEA: ON THE MARATHA DEMAND FOR RESERVATION

THE CONTEXT: In a sign of significant socioeconomic churning in various parts of India, there have been demands for reservation by communities that are known to be politically dominant and are not traditionally classified as “backward”.

WHO ARE THE MARATHAS?

  • The Marathas are a group of castes comprising peasants and landowners among others constituting nearly 33 per cent of state’s population.
  • While most Marathas are Marathi-speaking, not all Marathi-speaking people belong to the Maratha community.
  • This politically dominant community in state comprises nearly one-third of the population of the state.
  • Historically, they have been identified as a ‘warrior’ caste with large land holdings.
  • Since the formation of Maharashtra state in 1960, of its 20 chief ministers, 12 have been from the Maratha community.

ABOUT MARATHA COMMUNITY

  • Maratha community has had significant representation in positions of political power, over 35% of MLAs since 1967 and 12 of 18 Chief Ministers in the State.
  • It has also traditionally been economically influential in rural areas due to landowning, over 75% of the cultivable land in the State, besides controlling an overwhelming majority of sugar factories.
  • Data from the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) in 2011-12 in the State:
    • Marathas had a per capita consumption expenditure only lower than that of Brahmins.
    • Poverty incidence among Marathas was comparable to that of other forward communities and significantly lower than that of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and marginally lower than that of Other Backward Classes.
  • There are significant intra-community variations in terms of income and educational outcomes.
    • The IHDS survey showed that the highest quintile of the community had an average per capita income of ₹86,750, while the per capita income of the lowest quintile was one-tenth of this.
  • The Marathas have been demanding reservation in government jobs and educational institutions for a long time.

ISSUES AROUND THE MARATHA RESERVATION

GOVERNMENT’S RESPONSE:

Government bowed to the demands of the latest agitation and set up a committee to help expedite the issue of Kunbi certificates to all Marathas so that they could benefit from reservations as part of the OBCs.

THE WAY FORWARD

Comprehensive socio-economic survey: The need for a comprehensive socio-economic survey across states, instead of knee-jerk responses to agitations, is a must to evaluate the implementation of reservation, its outcomes, and to find out which group deserves it based on constitutional provisions.

Bringing in proper framework: There is a need to bring proper framework for job ecosystem. As the role of the government is not in the matter of job creation but that of building an ecosystem conducive to creation of jobs. It has become common to suggest that the “New India” is characterised by the overwhelming importance of private enterprise, therefore new frameworks are needed.

Alternative ways to provide benefits: Alternative ways to provide benefits to the Maratha community, such as through scholarships or targeted subsidies. This would allow the government to address the specific needs of the Maratha community without creating a new reservation category.

CONCLUSION:

Any solution to the Maratha reservation issue will need to be carefully considered and will likely require a combination of approaches. The Maharashtra government will need to work closely with the Maratha community to develop a fair and equitable solution for all.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION:

Q) Whether National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Schedules Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine. (2018)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q) Discuss the issues around the demand for reservation for the Marathas. Can we say that the time has come to extend the scope of reservation to private sector in India?. Argue.

SOURCE: Not a panacea: The Hindu Editorial on the Maratha demand for reservation – The Hindu



TOPIC- PRIMARY HEALTHCARE NEEDS SHARP FOCUS TO ERADICATE COMMUNICABLE DISEASE FROM INDIA

THE CONTEXT: The health sector being a crucial arena of discussion at G20 Summit 2023 held in Delhi, the Prime Minister launched the sixth edition of One Earth and One Health Advantage Healthcare India 2023, where he reinstated India’s vision and commitment towards universal health coverage not just for humans but for their entire ecosystem. Although the initiatives are laudable, however, in order to achieve the objective of one health and universal health coverage it is necessary to focus on primary health care. This article analyses various aspects of primary healthcare in India from the UPSC perspective.

STATUS OF NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) AND RELATED INITIATIVE

  • Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioural factors.
  • India is experiencing a rapid health transition with a rising burden of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) surpassing the burden of Communicable diseases like water-borne or vector borne diseases, TB, HIV, etc.
  • The four major NCDs are cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) and diabetes which share four behavioural risk factors – unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, and use of tobacco and alcohol.
  • A study ‘India: Health of the Nation’s States – The India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative in 2017’ by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) estimated that the proportion of deaths due to NCDs in India have increased from 37.9% in 1990 to 61.8% in 2016.
  • Recently, the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) programme has been renamed National Programme for Prevention & Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NP-NCD) for widening coverage and expansion.
  • Now, the NP-NCD Scheme subsume all types of NCDs with an addition of diseases to the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS), such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic kidney disease etc.

GOVT POLICY AND SCHEMES RELATED WITH PRIMARY HEALTH CARE:

  • Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs): HWC are created under Ayusham Bharat Programme by converting the existing primary health centres and subcentres. They provide comprehensive primary health care (CPHC) including a child and maternal health services, non-communicable diseases, and also diagnostic services, and free essential drugs.
  • Primary Health Centre (PHC): Under the National Health Mission (NHM), Primary Health Centre (PHC) are established to cover a population of 30,000 in rural areas and 20,000 in hilly, tribal and desert areas. PHCs are established to cover defined population.
  • Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK): The scheme is to benefit pregnant women and infant who access Government health facilities for their delivery and post-delivery care.
  • Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0:  It seeks to address the challenging situation of malnutrition among children up to the age of 6 years, adolescent girls (14-18 years) and pregnant and lactating women. The scheme is open to all eligible beneficiaries and the only pre-condition is that the beneficiary has to be registered at the nearest Anganwadi centre with Aadhaar identification.

ONE EARTH AND ONE HEALTH ADVANTAGE HEALTHCARE INDIA 2023:

  • One Earth One Health is a holistic approach that emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.
  • Recently, the sixth edition of One Earth and One Health has been launched for universal health coverage not just for humans but for their entire ecosystem. It aligns with India’s G20 Presidency theme of ‘One Earth, One Family, One Future’.
  • It was organised in partnership with the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI), the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
  • Its primary objective is to showcase India’s competence in the medical value travel industry as a provider of Value-Based Healthcare services and exporter of Healthcare Workforce.

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria that people spread to one another through contact with contaminated surfaces, bodily fluids, blood products, insect bites, or through the air. There are many examples of communicable diseases. Some examples of reportable communicable disease include HIV, hepatitis A, B and C, measles, salmonella, measles, and blood-borne illnesses.

  • State of Communicable Diseases in India:

India, a country with a population of over 1.3 billion, has made significant strides in various facets of healthcare. Yet, communicable diseases remain a looming challenge, causing a substantial number of deaths and illnesses annually. From diseases like tuberculosis, which has long haunted the nation, to more recent challenges like the dengue and chikungunya outbreaks, India’s battle against infectious diseases is ongoing.

OVERVIEW OF PRIMARY HEALTHCARE IN INDIA

Primary Healthcare: The First Line of Defense

Primary health care (PHC) refers to a broad range of health services provided by medical professionals in the community. This means universal health care is accessible to all individuals and families in a community.

General health-care practitioners, nurses, pharmacists, and allied health-care providers are exclusive components of the primary health-care team. Basically, the PHC service is the process and practice of immediate health services, including diagnosis and treatment of a health condition, support in managing long-term health care, including chronic conditions such as diabetes. PHC also includes regular health checks, health advice when an unhealthy person seeks support for ongoing care.

With a vast rural populace and dense urban settlements, primary healthcare becomes even more significant for India. It’s not just about treating diseases but preventing them, educating the public, and ensuring early intervention.

Effective PHC systems are characterized by the following:

  • Accessibility:PHC facilities should be accessible to all members of the community, regardless of their income or social status.
  • Affordability:PHC services should be affordable to all members of the community.
  • Quality:PHC services should be of high quality, and PHC workers should be skilled and knowledgeable.
  • Comprehensiveness:PHC services should be comprehensive and include preventive care, curative care, and rehabilitative care.

Why Strengthening Primary Healthcare is Imperative

While tertiary healthcare institutions, like specialized hospitals, play a role in treating advanced stages of diseases, the importance of primary healthcare cannot be overstated.

In a country as vast and diverse as India, the eradication of communicable diseases necessitates a bottom-up approach, where Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) become the epicenters of change.

By bolstering our primary healthcare systems, we can ensure that every Indian, regardless of their socio-economic background or geographical location, has access to timely and effective medical care.

GLOBALIZATION AND THE SPREAD OF DISEASE

In the age of globalization, the world has become a smaller place. Borders are more porous, and people, goods, and services move across countries with ease. While this brings countless benefits, it also comes with its share of challenges, particularly in the realm of health. Communicable diseases, which once were localized, can now spread globally within days, as evidenced by recent pandemics.

  • The Indian Context: Localized Spreading

For a country like India, with its diverse landscapes, dense urban settlements, and vast rural expanses, the concept of ‘local globalization’ is especially pertinent. A disease outbreak in one part of the country can quickly spread to other parts, given the high mobility of the population. This inter-state and inter-district transmission can be likened to global disease transmission but on a national scale.

THE SWOT ANALYSIS OF INDIA’S PRIMARY HEALTHCARE IN ADDRESSING COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

STRENGTHS

  • Vast Network of Healthcare Centers: India boasts a vast network of primary healthcare centers (PHCs), sub-centers, and community health centers (CHCs) spread across the country, reaching even the remotest regions.
  • Diverse Healthcare Workforce: From ASHA workers to specialized doctors, the healthcare workforce in India is diverse, ensuring varied expertise at the grassroots level.
  • Government Initiatives: Over the years, the Indian government has launched various health schemes like Ayushman Bharat, which focus on making healthcare accessible to all.
  • Traditional Medical Knowledge: India’s rich heritage in traditional medicine, including Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani, offers alternative methods for disease prevention and treatment.

WEAKNESSES

  • Infrastructure Gaps: Many PHCs and CHCs lack adequate infrastructure, from basic amenities to specialized equipment.
  • Staff Shortages: Vacant positions, especially in rural areas, make it challenging to deliver consistent healthcare services.
  • Inadequate Training: While the workforce is vast, there’s often a gap in training, particularly in understanding and managing emerging diseases.
  • Lack of Technology Integration: Modern health technologies, including telemedicine and health informatics, are yet to be fully integrated into primary healthcare.

OPPORTUNITIES

  • Digital Health: With the rising penetration of smartphones and internet connectivity, there’s immense potential for digital health solutions, from remote consultations to health apps.
  • Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Collaborations between the government and private entities can bring in investments, expertise, and innovative healthcare delivery models.
  • Community Engagement: By involving communities in health decision-making, there’s potential for more tailored, effective health interventions.
  • Global Collaborations: Partnerships with international health bodies can bring in global best practices, funding, and expertise.

THREATS

  • Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases: New diseases, like COVID-19, or the resurgence of old ones, like tuberculosis, pose constant challenges to primary healthcare.
  • Climate Change: Altered weather patterns can lead to the spread of vector-borne diseases, challenging existing healthcare strategies.
  • Healthcare Funding Cuts: Economic challenges might lead to reduced healthcare budgets, impacting service delivery.
  • Socio-cultural Barriers: Misinformation, superstitions, or resistance to certain medical practices can hinder effective disease management at the grassroots level.

CONSEQUENCES OF NEGLECTING PRIMARY HEALTHCARE

Primary healthcare (PHC) forms the bedrock of a nation’s health system. Serving as the first point of contact for individuals with the healthcare system, its role is pivotal in disease prevention, health promotion, and timely intervention. A neglected primary healthcare system can have dire consequences, ranging from health to socio-economic impacts.

RISE IN DISEASE TRANSMISSION

  • Without robust PHC systems, routine immunization drives can suffer, early disease detection can be compromised, and timely interventions can be delayed.
  • According to a WHO report from 2021, disruptions in essential health services due to the COVID-19 pandemic could result in an additional 200,000 child deaths and 12,000 maternal deaths every month globally. Much of these deaths can be attributed to weakened primary healthcare services.

ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS

  • Loss in Productivity: Sick employees or those taking care of sick family members can lead to reduced working hours and absenteeism. A study published in Health Affairs in 2020 estimated that absenteeism due to illness can cost the global economy around $530 billion annually.
  • Increased Healthcare Costs: With a compromised PHC, there’s a higher reliance on tertiary care, which is often more expensive and may involve advanced treatments due to delayed interventions resulting in high out of the pocket expenditure. According to the World Bank, India spends less than 2% of its GDP on healthcare. This is one of the lowest levels of healthcare spending in the world. As a result, many people in India are unable to afford to access healthcare services.

SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS

Disruption of Communities: High disease prevalence can lead to stigmatization, loss of workforce, and even community displacement in extreme cases. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant concern in India.

  • In 2020, the Global Tuberculosis Report cited an estimated 2.64 million TB cases in India. Neglected PHC can result in delayed TB diagnosis, thereby affecting community health. Stigmatized diseases can lead to reduced social interactions, community cohesion loss, and even mental health issues.
  • According to the National Sample Survey, the poorest 20% of the population in India accounts for only 9% of total healthcare spending. The richest 20% of the population, on the other hand, accounts for 42% of total healthcare spending. This means that the poorest people in India are less likely to be able to afford healthcare services than the richest people in India.

Impact on Families: Families bear the emotional, financial, and physical burden of caring for sick members. As per a report by the World Economic Forum in 2021, families in Southeast Asia, including India, spent approximately 7.3% of their monthly income on healthcare, a number that escalates with weak PHC.

CHALLENGES IN NAVIGATING THE COMPLEX LANDSCAPE OF PRIMARY HEALTHCARE IN INDIA

LIMITED RESOURCES AND FUNDING

  • Despite the vastness of the healthcare system, funding remains a pivotal concern. The allocation for healthcare in India’s budget, as a percentage of GDP, has historically been low (less than 2%) compared to global standards.
  • Underfunded PHCs also result in compromised services, lack of essential medications, inadequate diagnostic tools, and sub-par infrastructure.

GEOGRAPHICAL AND CULTURAL BARRIERS

  • India’s diverse terrain, from hilly regions to remote villages, poses logistical challenges. Additionally, cultural differences, language barriers, and traditional beliefs can influence healthcare-seeking behavior.
  • These barriers can lead to delayed treatments, reluctance in adopting preventive measures, and non-adherence to medical advice.

OVERBURDENED PHCS

  • With the population surge and the increasing burden of both communicable and non-communicable diseases, PHCs often cater to more patients than their capacity allows.
  • Overcrowding lead to reduced consultation times, long waiting periods, and potential misdiagnoses. Furthermore, healthcare workers under continuous stress are more prone to burnout.

TRAINED MEDICAL PERSONNEL

  • The demand for skilled healthcare professionals, particularly in rural areas, outstrips the supply. Specialized training for emerging diseases is also lacking. This gap can lead to mismanagement of diseases, reliance on under-qualified personnel, and decreased trust in the healthcare system.

FRAGMENTED HEALTHCARE DATA AND LACK OF INTEGRATION

  • The Indian healthcare system often operates in silos, with limited integration between primary, secondary, and tertiary care. Additionally, there’s a lack of unified health records. Fragmented data can hinder effective disease tracking, lead to repetitive diagnostic tests, and impede coordinated care.

RESISTANCE TO MODERN MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS

  • Misinformation, fuelled in part by myths, superstitions, and occasionally mistrust of modern medicine, poses hindrance to effective primary healthcare. Resistance can manifest in various ways, from vaccine hesitancy to reluctance in seeking timely medical interventions.

SUPPLY CHAIN INEFFICIENCIES

  • The timely availability of essential drugs, vaccines, and medical equipment can be compromised due to logistical issues, bureaucratic delays, or inadequate storage facilities. Inefficiencies can lead to stock-outs, hampering disease treatment and prevention efforts.

GOVERNANCE: THE BEDROCK OF EFFECTIVE DISEASE CONTROL

The rapid spread of diseases places an enormous responsibility on governance structures. Effective governance doesn’t just imply a reactive approach to outbreaks but necessitates a proactive stance, focusing on prevention, early detection, and rapid response.

Primary health infrastructures play a pivotal role in either curbing or exacerbating the spread of diseases. On the one hand, robust local health systems can quickly identify and contain outbreaks, reducing transmission rates. On the other hand, weak systems can result in delayed responses, furthering the spread and complicating treatment efforts.

Lack of foresight, underfunded health initiatives, and inadequate infrastructure can result in uncontrolled disease proliferation. Not only does this strain already overburdened healthcare systems, but it also leads to economic repercussions, hampers development, and erodes public trust in authorities.

Governance in healthcare isn’t merely about allocating funds or building infrastructure; it’s about orchestrating a symphony of diverse functions, stakeholders, and resources towards a unified goal of disease control and improved public health.

  • The Indian Duality: Central vs. State Governance: India’s federal structure necessitates a delicate balance between central and state healthcare policies. While the central government provides overarching guidelines and support, the implementation largely falls on state governments, each contending with unique demographics, health challenges, and resources.
  • The Role of Local Self-Governance Bodies: Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and urban local bodies play a pivotal role in health governance at the grassroots level. Their on-the-ground presence, understanding of local issues and direct engagement with communities make them instrumental in driving localized health initiatives.

The Analysis:

Continuous and comprehensive care provided by the primary health care team can provide effective health education and prevention interventions based on the medical and social needs of patients. This helps tackle risk factors and other social determinants of health, which in turn improves equity of health outcomes.

Drawing on these efforts to strengthen primary health care, efforts by states and the central government in India have been growing. At the state level, many have adopted varied models of primary health care like mohalla clinics in Delhi, Basti Dawakhana in Telangana, Apala dawakhana in Mumbai, and so on.

Nevertheless efficient and fully functionally primary health care facilities are distant in all regions. Neoliberalism and privatisation is to blame as proliferation of private hospitals and private clinics have drawn patients away from the public health system. In urban areas this phenomenon is prevalent although it has begun penetrating rural regions too.

This has led to a shift in focus from primary health care and the public health system to private health care. Efforts and strategic advancement is required to reinstate the importance and efficient working of primary health centres in the public health system.

THE WAY FORWARD TOWARDS ROBUST HEALTH GOVERNANCE:

  • Political Will: The commitment of policymakers to address pressing health challenges. It translates into budgetary allocations, policy prioritizations, and the creation of a conducive environment for healthcare reforms.

          For instance, India’s commitment to eradicating polio, which was realized in 2014, was underpinned by political will. Leaders across the spectrum recognized the importance of the issue and mobilized resources accordingly.

  • Collaboration: Collaborative federalism ensures that health policies are not only universally designed but are also locally relevant. However, it also necessitates greater communication and coordination between the two levels of government to prevent duplication of efforts and ensure the best use of resources.

          For instance, The National Health Mission (NHM) is a central government initiative, but its execution is tailored by state governments based on regional health challenges.

  • Increased cooperation of International Organizations and NGOs: International organizations (like WHO, UNICEF) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) complement the efforts of the government. They bring in expertise, funds, and global best practices.

          For instance, The WHO played a pivotal role in India’s battle against tuberculosis, providing technical assistance, monitoring, and evaluation. Similarly, NGOs such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation have contributed significantly to various health campaigns in the country. India should reap the benefits of such cooperation ensuring that India’s health initiatives are in line with global standards and benefit from international experiences.

  • (Awareness, Investment and Rethinking) AIR Strategy: Awareness to bring back people’s knowledge about the importance of an efficient primary health care structure.

          Investment in this domain is the need of the hour. Considering the staggering importance of a primary health centre, it is crucial to have a uniform, mandatory and enthusiastic investment in the primary health structure to overcome the health challenges faced by the country. Without uniformity, a strengthening of the primary health system and universal health coverage is not possible.

Need to rethink and reassess the primary health care needs of the community. The current primary health care system in India follows the guidelines outlined by the Bhore Committee report of 1946. People, society and health care challenges have transitioned over the years. Today the health care needs of the people are different from what people in post-partition India required.

BEST PRACTICES

Kerala’s Community-Based Approach: Kerala stands out for its robust public health system. The state adopted a community-based approach, actively involving local governing bodies and leveraging a network of community health workers. The state boasts high literacy rates, low infant and maternal mortality rates, and has been at the forefront in managing various health crises effectively, including the Nipah virus outbreak and COVID-19.

Tamil Nadu’s Health System Strengthening: Tamil Nadu has invested in strengthening its health infrastructure, including establishing well-equipped PHCs, introducing electronic health records, and ensuring a regular supply of medicines through the Tamil Nadu Medical Services Corporation. The state consistently ranks high in healthcare indices, with reduced mortality rates and efficient disease management systems.

THE CONCLUSION: Despite commendable government initiatives, India’s primary healthcare system requires augmented focus. While strides have been made, many areas, especially rural regions, still face infrastructural deficits, shortage of medical professionals, and inadequate facilities. Fortifying primary healthcare isn’t just a necessity; it’s a cornerstone for achieving comprehensive nation building. SDG 3, which aims to ensure health and well-being for all, underscores the importance of universal health coverage, including quality primary healthcare. Meeting SDG targets is not merely about global commitment but also about ensuring holistic well-being for India’s vast populace. Strengthening primary healthcare is pivotal in this quest.

Mains Practice Questions:

Q.1 The effective and timely implementation of well-designed primary healthcare policies result in improved health outcomes. Comment.

Q.2 What are the challenges faced by Primary Healthcare in India? Discuss the Awareness, Investment and Rethinking (AIR) strategy for improving the efficacy of the primary healthcare services in India.

Additional Information



WSDP Bulletin (28/11/2023)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1.  EC tells Telangana govt to stop disbursal of Rythu Bandhu, cites model code READ MORE

2.  Webb space telescope spies precocious ‘teenage’ galaxies READ MORE

3.  Lightning strikes kills 24 persons in Gujarat, as sudden rains and thunderstorms batter the State READ MORE

4.  As deaths due to work-related factors increase, ILO report calls for countries to strengthen safety net READ MORE

5.  SC rejects undertrial’s plea to use its powers to club 30 FIRs arraigned against him across seven States READ MORE

6.  Fibre optic cables: its origins, working and different functions READ MORE

7.  COP, carbon market, loss and damage: A glossary of climate terms READ MORE

8.  How Napoleon’s failed Egypt expedition gave birth to Egyptology READ MORE

9.  What is rat-hole mining, being done to rescue trapped Uttarkashi tunnel workers READ MORE

10. North India can tackle smog using eco-friendly farm practices from the South, say experts READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Why do Nepal, Bangladesh beat India in social indicators? Starts with caste READ MORE

2. Tropical cyclones cause more damage than we think — and India among countries facing high social cost of carbon READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. It’s time to revamp the structure of the Supreme Court READ MORE

2. In international law, government cannot override Parliament READ MORE

3. Judicial service: President’s pitch can help build consensus READ MORE

4. Governor-govt discord and the power of the unwritten word READ MORE

5. Governors must now fall in line with definition of role READ MORE

6. Governing the Governors READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. For government schemes, a path to dignity for the poor READ MORE

2. Bihar’s quixotic battle against alcohol READ MORE

 INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. The many grave risks confronting the world today READ MORE   

2. Delhi must be firm with Maldives’ new leader READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Can dollarisation save an economy? | Explained READ MORE

2. Producing more from less: How Indian agriculture has grown with limited ‘factors of production’ READ MORE

3. The revenue record READ MORE

4. Onionomics: Peeling back the layers READ MORE

5. ‘Jobs for locals only’ laws are unjust READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Winter blues READ MORE

2. Can the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund make a difference? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Is AI an ally in fight for gender equality? READ MORE  

2. Deepfake crackdown: Need to create robust regulatory framework READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. 15 years after 26/11: A tragedy that could have been averted READ MORE

2. Review internal security challenges READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. A touchstone of risk: On the rescue efforts in the Silkyara tunnel in Uttarkashi READ MORE

2. Mining tragedy: Joint task force a must to curb illegal quarrying READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. A padlocked gate in the middle of an open field READ MORE

2. Formless divinity READ MORE

3. Towards A Harmonious Milieu READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. DBT ended the poverty parade with the government reaching the poor rather than the other way around. Discuss how, apart from the effective delivering of subsidies, DBT has become an effective tool to preserve the dignity of the poor?

2. How far do you agree with this view that the Governor enjoys a unique position In India as he is neither answerable to the legislature nor Parliament? Justify your view with some cases.

3. Critically examine the discretionary power of the Governor. How far do you agree with this view that the state executive’s concept of ‘aid and advice’ to the Governor has lost its relevance, and discretionary power has become a significant guide for the Governor?

4. The role of the governor is not clearly defined in Indian Constitution and the time has come to strengthen the Constitution and bring more clarity to the roles and responsibilities of the governor. Critically comment on the statement in the light of recent state governments governor tussle.

5. Deepfake technology not only poses a threat to the privacy of individuals but can be a challenge to national security. In the light of the statement do you think that a robust regulatory framework should be implemented?

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

  • If the freedom of speech is taken away, dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the slaughter.
  • The work of the Supreme Court could be split so that there is a Final Court of Appeal and a permanent Constitution Bench. This would ensure greater judicial stability and consistency by explicitly distinguishing cases filed under constitutional authority from those filed under appellate and review jurisdiction.
  • Despite several instances of roads being washed away and dams breached, there is still the lack of an awareness that infrastructure development in fragile terrain requires much greater scrutiny, expertise and project-monitoring skills.
  • In a civil and humane society, it is essential to recognise that all individuals, irrespective of their economic and social circumstances, have equal rights to dignity.
  • DBT ended the poverty parade with the government reaching the poor rather than the other way around.
  • Tax-to-GDP ratio, a critical economic metric, has increased over the last few years. That’s very good news. Govt’s next goals should be a simple tax code & a system to tax self-employed professionals.
  • Better regulation, adequate de-addiction centres, health and safety checks, and more government attention on policing could curb ill-effects of prohibition.
  • The Governor also enjoys a unique position as he is neither answerable to the legislature nor Parliament. The President of India can be impeached, but there is no such provision in respect of a Governor. He serves only at the pleasure of the President, which actually means the Central Government.
  • Ironically, our forebears could not have foreseen that this humble, tear-inducing vegetable would influence politics and economics alike to the surprise of economists and policymakers, drawing worldwide attention.

50-WORD TALK

  • Election Commission’s ground for withdrawal of permission to Telangana government to make disbursals under Rythu Bandhu is flimsy. Calling minister’s announcement of disbursal time MCC violation but keeping silent on PM Modi declaring free foodgrain scheme’s extension is blatant partisanship. Poll watchdog losing credibility is bad news for Indian democracy.
  • It must be remembered that it is the right of the citizens to benefit from the laws passed by the legislatures. It is hence incumbent upon the apex court, armed under Article 142 with the discretionary power to “pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it” to remove every impediment that stands between the citizen and legislative actions. Fixing a time limit for the governors to decide on giving assent to bills will remove one such impediment.
  • The rescue mission to take out the 41 labourers stuck inside the collapsed tunnel in Uttarakhand is benefitting from the accumulated knowledge of six different government agencies. The first breakthrough has been made with food and essential medicines sent inside. India is rooting their valiant efforts to bring them home.

Things to Remember:

  • For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
  • Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
  • For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
  • For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
  • Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.