TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court has laid down the law that a Governor, in case he withholds assent, should send back a Bill forwarded to him by a State Legislature “as soon as possible” with a message to reconsider the proposed law.

EXPLANATION

• In case, the State Assembly reiterates the Bill “with or without amendments”, the Governor has no choice or discretion, and has to give his assent to it.
• The substantive part of Article 200 empowers the Governor to withhold assent to the Bill.
  • In such an event, the Governor must mandatorily follow the course of action which is indicated in the first proviso of communicating to the State Legislature ‘as soon as possible’ a message warranting the reconsideration of the Bill.
• The ultimate decision on whether or not to accept the advice of the Governor as contained in the message belongs to the legislature alone.
• That the message of the Governor does not bind the legislature is evident from the use of the expression ‘if the Bill is passed again, with or without amendments’, a three-judge Bench headed by Chief Justice of India D.Y. Chandrachud has held.
• The court held that a Governor who chooses to withhold a Bill without doing anything further would be acting in contravention of the Constitution.

PROCESS OF GRANTING ASSENT

• Article 200 of the constitution:
  • When a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, has been passed by both Houses of the Legislature of the State, it shall be presented to the Governor.
  • Governor shall declare either that he assents to the Bill or withholds assent or reserves the Bill for the consideration of the President.
  • Governor may also return the Bill if it is not a Money Bill with a message requesting reconsideration by the house or houses.
• Article 201 of the constitution:
  • When a Bill is reserved by a Governor for the consideration of the President, the President shall declare either assents to the Bill or withholds assent from the bill.
  • President may also direct the Governor to return the Bill to the House or houses of the legislature of the state for reconsideration.
• In case the Governor chooses to withhold assent, he should return the Bill as soon as possible with a message requesting the Legislative Assembly to reconsider the proposed law or any specified provisions or suggest amendments.
• The Assembly would reconsider and pass the Bill, and this time, the Governor should not withhold his assent.
• In short, the constitutional head of the State would bow to the considered decision of the elected representatives of the people.

Source: Governor holds no veto power over Bills, says Supreme Court – The Hindu

TOPIC 1: ELECTRIC VEHICLE (EV) BATTERY RECYCLING

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: India’s ambition to lead in electric vehicle (EV) adoption is strongly linked to the necessity of safeguarding its battery supply chain. Despite the country’s shortage of mineral reserves, the emphasis on battery recycling to guarantee material security shows significant potential.

EXPLANATION:

• The electric vehicle (EV) battery recycling has a critical role in India’s pursuit of decarbonization and sustainable mobility.
• We will explain in this article about the challenges, opportunities and other aspects associated with recycling lithium-ion batteries, which are vital components of EVs.
• Challenges in the Battery Supply Chain:
  • India’s dependence on imported battery cells for its electric vehicles exposes the sector to geopolitical risks and supply chain vulnerabilities.
  • The lack of domestic mineral reserves, particularly for crucial materials like lithium, cobalt, and nickel, intensifies this reliance.
• Opportunity in Recycling:
  • Recycling retired batteries emerges as a strategic solution to mitigate supply chain risks, ensure material security, and reduce reliance on raw material imports.
  • It will minimize environmental hazards from e-waste.
  • It will advance towards achieving Net Zero emissions.
  • This approach aligns with India’s ambitions for clean energy and reduced carbon emissions.
• Growing Volume of Retired Batteries:
  • Although the electric vehicle industry in India is still in its early stages, the arrival of used batteries has commenced.
  • It suggests the potential increase in retired batteries due to the nation’s ambitious plans for electrification.
• Scope for Recycling and Second-Life Usage:
  • Retired batteries, even after reaching 70-80% of their original capacity, can still be repurposed for non-automotive applications, like stationary energy storage.
  • Recycling involves extracting valuable materials such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese for reuse in manufacturing new batteries.
• Current Recycling Infrastructure:
  • Presently, India’s lithium-ion battery recyclers primarily focus on pre-treatment to extract valuable materials.
  • However, there’s limited high-end refining capacity for the separation and recovery of battery-grade materials.
• Investment and Market Challenges:
  • Establishing battery recycling units requires substantial capital investment, making it a capital-intensive endeavour.
  • Moreover, without a robust domestic market for battery components, recyclers depend on global markets both for sourcing raw materials and selling final products.
  • It hinders India’s self-reliance in the battery supply chain.
• Global Dynamics and Export Restrictions:
  • Global trends, such as protectionist policies limiting black mass exports and the rising costs of transporting battery scrap, further complicate India’s reliance on importing recycled materials.
    • Black Mass is a mixture of all the valuable materials contained in a lithium-ion cell.
    • The black mass is checked for quality and relevant batches go through extraction, which is essentially a chemical process in which first graphite is recovered, followed by lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese in that order.
    • These materials can then be used to manufacture anode and cathode and are ready to enter the supply chain again.
  • Efforts for Self-Sufficiency:
    • Initiatives are underway to develop domestic capabilities in cell manufacturing and refining processes to retain extracted materials within India for reuse in its industries.

CONCLUSION:

• Domestic battery manufacturers are gearing up to establish cell manufacturing capabilities, which could potentially reduce dependence on imports and strengthen India’s position in the battery supply chain.
• There is a dire need for revised Battery Waste Management Rules to enhance recycling efficiency and promote the development of a robust domestic market for recycled battery materials.
• The challenges in infrastructure, investment, and market dynamics must be addressed to achieve self-sufficiency in the battery supply chain.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/energy/ev-battery-recycling-can-give-wings-to-india-s-decarbonisation-dreams-but-faces-stiff-challenges-92899

TOPIC 2: NITROGEN-9

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: As per the study published in “Physical Review Letters” a specific resonant state indicating the existence of nitrogen-9, an unusual isotope, has been discovered.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE STUDY:

• Isotope Characteristics and Stability:
  • Nitrogen-9 is highlighted due to its unique proton-to-neutron ratio, which places it outside conventional stability thresholds.
  • The unusual properties of this isotope raise questions about its existence and stability, prompting scientific investigation.
• Drip Lines and Isotope Limits:
• Drip Lines:
  • Drip lines are theoretical boundaries that indicate the limits of nuclear stability concerning the number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.
  • There are two types of drip lines: the neutron drip line and the proton drip line.
• Neutron Drip Line:
  • It represents the boundary beyond which an atomic nucleus becomes unstable due to an excess of neutrons.
  • For instance, oxygen-24 with 16 bound neutrons represents the heaviest stable isotope of oxygen.
  • Adding more neutrons beyond this point causes the nucleus to become too unstable.
• Proton Drip Line:
  • This concept refers to the boundary beyond which nuclei become unstable due to an excess of protons.
  • Nuclei with imbalanced ratios of protons to neutrons pose a challenge, especially beyond these drip lines.
• Challenges in Understanding:
  • Nuclei with unbalanced proton-neutron ratios, particularly those situated beyond the drip lines, are difficult to categorize and predict their stability. This lack of understanding poses a significant challenge to physicists in classifying and comprehending these nuclei.
• Experimental Study on Nitrogen-9:
  • The study aimed to confirm the existence of nitrogen-9 through experimental methods.
  • By bombarding beryllium-9 with an oxygen-13 beam, researchers observed resulting particles and utilized detectors to analyze the reactions.
  • They discovered specific resonant states indicating the existence of nitrogen-9.
• Resonant States and Findings:
  • The detection of distinct peaks in the energy spectrum revealed stable resonant states of nitrogen-9, corroborated by the Gamow shell model’s theoretical predictions.
  • These findings strongly supported the existence of nitrogen-9, challenging previous interpretations and expanding the nuclide chart’s boundaries.
• Implications and Future Studies:
  • The discovery of nitrogen-9 suggests the potential for more isotopes beyond conventional limits.
  • This challenges existing knowledge and offers insights into subatomic structures.
  • Theoretical models like the Gamow shell model enhance understanding and pave the way for further research into exotic isotopes’ properties and their role in astrophysical processes.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/nitrogen-9-nucleus-stability-challenge-nuclear-structure/article67550743.ece

TOPIC 3: HIJACKING OF THE SHIP BY HOUTHIS

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Yemen rebel group of Houthis seized an Israel-linked ship bound for India, raising fears of another dimension being added to the ongoing Gaza conflict.

EXPLANATION:

• Houthi fighters descended on the ship from helicopters and took all 25 crew members hostage.
• The crew is being treated “in accordance with Islamic values”.
• Israel has claimed the ship is British-owned and Japanese-operated while terming the hijack “another Iranian act of terrorism”.

WHY WAS THE SHIP HIJACKED?

• The ship, Galaxy Leader, was heading from Turkey towards Pipavav in Gujarat, and had no cargo on board.
• Its crew members are from Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Mexico, and the Philippines.
• The hijacking is in line with the Houthis’ earlier statement, where they had said they would attack Israel-linked ships in the Red Sea and the crucial Bab al-Mandeb, a narrow strait that connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden, if Israel continued its bloodshed in Palestine.
• After the hijacking, the Houthis’ chief negotiator and spokesman, said that the Israelis only understand “the language of force,”.

HOW HAS ISRAEL REACTED, AND WHY IS JAPAN INVOLVED?

• Israel’s Denial and Accusations:
  • Israel denied ownership or operation of the ship and clarified that no crew members were Israeli.
  • However, the office of Israel Prime Minister accused Iran of engaging in an act of terrorism, indicating a perceived escalation in Iran’s aggression against global citizens and the potential impact on international shipping security.
• Israeli Connection:
  • Although Israel disclaimed ownership, there are reported links between the ship and an Israeli billionaire associated with Ray Car Carriers.
  • This association raised eyebrows given the ship’s ownership details, with Ungar being known as one of Israel’s wealthiest individuals.
  • Notably, a previous explosion on a vessel linked to Ungar in the Gulf of Oman in 2021 had been attributed by Israeli media to Iran.
• Global Response:
  • The Israeli military termed the hijacking a serious incident with global implications, indicating the severity and broader ramifications of the event.
  • Meanwhile, Japanese officials condemned the hijacking as well, as the Galaxy Leader was operated by the Japanese company Nippon Yusen.
  • Japan is actively engaging in negotiations with the Houthis while seeking assistance from Saudi Arabia, Oman, and Iran to secure the release of the ship and its crew.

WHO ARE THE HOUTHIS, AND WHY ARE THEY INVOLVED AT ALL?

• The Houthis are a rebel group locked in a civil war with the Yemen government for almost a decade.
• They are in power in northern Yemen, including the official capital Sanaa. The official government now operates out of Aden.
• The group is named after the Houthi tribe.
• The Houthis are Zaydi Shias backed by Iran, while the Yemen government has the support of Iran’s biggest rival Saudi Arabia and the West.
• The group’s origins lie in a Zaydi religious revival movement of the early 1990s.
• Houthis’ support for “brothers and sisters in Palestine” stems from a staunch opposition to Israel and the West.

Military Significance:

• The Houthi rebels possess a substantial fighting force with tens of thousands of fighters and a considerable arsenal of ballistic missiles and armed drones.
• While their stronghold geographically may not directly threaten Israel, they have launched missiles towards Israel, presenting a risk of escalating conflict.

Potential Consequences and Regional Implications:

• The involvement of the Houthis in conflicts and their actions, such as seizing vessels at sea, pose significant risks.
• Their activities have the potential to escalate conflicts and draw in other nations, particularly Iran and Saudi Arabia.
• Additionally, attacks or retaliations involving Israel may necessitate crossing Saudi Arabian territory, potentially dragging Saudi Arabia into the conflict.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/why-houthis-seized-india-bound-ship-gaza-war-9035068/

TOPIC 4: RISK WEIGHT AND ITS IMPACTS

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has increased the risk weight by 25 percent on consumer credit exposure of commercial banks and non-banking finance companies (NBFCs).

EXPLANATION:

• This move by the RBI aims to address concerns arising from the rapid growth of unsecured loans and the potential risks associated with them.
• There are certain implications of the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) decision to increase risk weights on certain categories of loans, primarily unsecured loans like credit cards, consumer durable loans, and personal loans. We will discuss the implications one by one now.

What are Risk Weights?

• Risk weights are used by banks to determine the capital requirement for loans based on their inherent risk.
• Each type of loan is assigned a risk weight, which influences the bank’s capital allocation to cover potential losses.

Impact on Borrowers:

• Lower risk weights typically lead to lower interest rates for borrowers.
• Loans with lower risk weights, such as home loans, tend to have lower interest rates compared to higher-risk loans like personal loans and credit cards, which have higher interest rates.

RBI’s Decision on Risk Weights:

• The RBI increased risk weights on unsecured loans, particularly credit cards, consumer durable loans, and personal loans.
• This decision means that banks will need to allocate more capital to cover these loans’ potential risks.

Reasons for RBI’s Concern:

• The RBI is worried about the increasing share of unsecured loans, which has risen to 10% of the banking system.
• These loans, especially consumer durable loans, may not generate income and could pose repayment challenges as the end-use of the borrowed money cannot be effectively monitored.

Potential Impact on Retail Loans:

• The new risk weight limits could lead to banks needing more capital to cover these loans, which might affect their lending capacities.
• However, since most lenders are well-capitalized (above the statutory threshold), an immediate need to raise more capital might not arise.

Impact on Loan Demand and Pricing:

• Despite the increase in risk weights, it is suggested that there might not be an immediate curb on loan growth, as demand for loans has been robust regardless of interest rates.
• However, banks’ overall pricing power might be affected, which could influence the cost of borrowing for consumers.

CONCLUSION:

• This RBI measure aims to mitigate risks arising from the rapid growth of unsecured loans by increasing the capital buffer that banks must set aside.
• While it might not immediately restrict lending due to robust demand, it could affect the overall pricing dynamics of loans, potentially impacting borrowers’ borrowing costs.
• The RBI’s decision to increase risk weights on certain loans is aimed at addressing concerns about the rising share of unsecured loans and potential risks they pose to the banking system, but its immediate impact on loan growth and interest rates remains to be closely observed.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blexplainer/bl-explainer-what-rbis-increase-in-risk-weights-mean-to-the-borrower/article67554070.ece

TOPIC 5: INDIA-AUSTRALIA 2+2 MINISTERIAL DIALOGUE

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: As part of the India-Australia 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue, Indian Defence Minister and Australian Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister held a bilateral meeting recently, reaffirming their commitment to strengthening the defence relations between the two nations.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE MEETING:

• Military-to-Military Cooperation:
  • Both ministers expressed satisfaction with the increasing military-to-military cooperation, citing joint exercises, exchanges, and institutional dialogues as essential elements in solidifying the bond between India and Australia.
  • This highlights the practical steps taken to bolster collaboration beyond mere diplomatic rhetoric.
• Acknowledgment of Achievements:
  • Defence Minister congratulated Australia on the successful execution of the ‘Malabar’ multilateral exercise in August.
  • The acknowledgment demonstrates recognition and appreciation for Australia’s efforts in promoting regional security.
• Focus on Maritime Cooperation:
  • Emphasis was placed on the necessity to strengthen cooperation in information exchange and maritime domain awareness.
  • Advanced discussions on hydrography cooperation and air-to-air refuelling arrangements indicate a shared interest in enhancing maritime security capabilities.
• Collaboration in Specialized Areas:
  • Union Minister highlighted the importance of collaboration in specialized training areas such as artificial intelligence, anti-submarine and anti-drone warfare, and cybersecurity.
  • It indicates a proactive approach in addressing evolving security challenges by leveraging technological advancements.
• Defence Industry and Research Collaboration:
  • Both parties discussed deepening cooperation in the defence industry and research.
  • Identified areas include shipbuilding, ship repair, aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul, as well as joint research in underwater technologies.
  • This signifies a mutual interest in enhancing defence capabilities through joint projects and research initiatives.
• Focus on Defence Start-ups:
  • Exploration of collaboration between defence start-ups from both countries signifies a forward-looking approach to addressing security challenges in the evolving security landscape.
  • This indicates a recognition of the importance of innovation and technology in defence capabilities.
• Regional Security Significance:
  • Both ministers agreed that a robust India-Australia defence partnership not only benefits both nations but also contributes significantly to the overall security of the Indo-Pacific region.
  • The meeting highlighted the broader regional implications and shared responsibility in maintaining regional stability and security.

What is the 2+2 Dialogue?

• 2+2 Ministerial is the highest-level institutional mechanism between the two countries.
• It is a format of dialogue where the defence/foreign ministers or secretaries meet with their counterparts from another country.
• India has 2+2 dialogues with four key strategic partners: the US, Australia, Japan, and Russia.
• Besides Russia, the other three countries are also India’s partners in the Quad.

SOURCE: https://ddnews.gov.in/international/india-australia-bolster-defence-cooperation-during-22-ministerial-dialogue#:~:text=As%20part%20of%20the%20India,relations%20between%20the%20two%20nations

RELEVANCE TO UPSC SYLLABUS: GS 3: ECONOMIC GROWTH; EMPLOYMENT; LABOUR AND PRODUCTIVITY

THE CONTEXT: Infosys chairman N.R. Narayana Murthy sparked a debate by urging young Indians to work 70 hours per week to develop the country. He cited Japan and Germany as examples of countries that grew because their citizens worked for longer hours to rebuild their nations in the aftermath of the Second World War.

ISSUES

• Against law of economics: According to Keynesian law of economics, the output is determined by aggregate demand of goods, and the demand for labour is entirely dependent upon this demand. Firms that employ more labour while aggregate demand has not increased will find themselves with unsold goods. So, an offer by workers to work longer hours will not ensure that they will find employment so long as firms are unwilling to hire them.
• Not aligned to Indian conditions: The high working hours that contributed to

other countries are unlikely to serve the purpose in Indian conditions. In the economic rise of the mentioned countries, it was post-war reconstruction that provided the demand for greater output.

• Informal nature of economy: In India, major segment of economy is informal in nature which is another hurdle in reaping the benefits of increasing worker productivity.
• Asymmetric demography: There is asymmetric growth of the working-age ratio in India as major working population is likely to be concentrated in some of India’s poorest states. The full economic growth can fully realized only if India is able to create gainful employment opportunities for this working-age population.
• Lack of skills: Most of the new jobs that will be created in the future will be highly skilled and lack of skill in Indian workforce is a major challenge. India may not be able to take advantage of the opportunities, due to a low human capital base and lack of skills.
• Lack of capital: Indian workers do not actually lag behind other countries when it comes to clocking in long hours at work. But there is a lack of sufficient capital that can help boost their productivity. Among the top 10 biggest economies, India has the highest weekly working hours and the lowest per capita GDP.

CONDITIONS IN OTHER COUNTRIES

• Germany and Japan had experienced a decline in their workforces due to greater mortality, both from combat and the bombing after second world war. So, when it came to rebuilding these economies, the demand for labour was abnormally high. In the case of west Germany, there was the Marshall Plan by which the United States had assisted the country’s revival.
• South Korea too was recovering from a war, though a different one, and its resurgence was supported by considerable foreign aid received from the U.S.
• Prior to the resumption of production, these cities would have had to be cleared of rubble, a task requiring massive deployment of labour given the scale of the devastation.
• However, a political aspect beyond finance, common to all these three countries, is a strong nationalistic element that is likely to have accompanied their post-war reconstruction.
• There is insufficient recognition of the fact that the manufacturing success of the east is underpinned by prior success in agriculture.

THE WAY FORWARD

• Employment generation: The nation needs to create enormous job to absorb the addition of young people into the workforce. Promoting business interests and entrepreneurship would help in job creation to provide employment to the large labour force.
• Enhance human development parameters: India ranks 130 out of 189 countries in UNDP’s Human Development Index, which is alarming. Therefore, health and education parameters need to be improved substantially to make the Indian workforce efficient and skilled.
• Use of global market to grow domestic economy: There is a need to use the global market demand to grow the domestic economy for which India’s goods would have to be globally competitive. Here, the experience of South Korea is relevant. As most of the produced inputs into production are available to all countries via trade, a country’s competitiveness is determined by the productivity of its workforce. The strength of a workforce is related to its health and skill. Here, India’s workers are at a disadvantage compared to the most successful economies of Asia. Thus, there is need to enhance skills for maximum utilization of global economy.
• Expand the domestic market: There is a need to expand the domestic market which can increase the aggregate demand. For example, there is need to cut cost of food production to increase the real income of the Indian households. This would lead them to spend on non-agricultural goods and services. This would generate the demand needed to spur production in the rest of the economy.

THE CONCLUSION: India represents a unique case and any arbitrary comparison with other countries would only lead to irrational policy prescriptions. There is a need to enhance social investments potential for increased labour productivity to achieve more sustainable and desirable outcome.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard. (2023)
2. Is inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India. (2022)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

According to the International Labour Organization, despite long working hours, Indian economic growth is not substantial. How can India translate its worker productivity to economic growth? Explain

Refer to mains focus article for more:

https://blog.lukmaanias.com/2023/10/13/labour-force-participation-is-up-unemployment-is-down-what-about-the-quality-of-work/

https://blog.lukmaanias.com/2023/11/09/the-problem-with-the-70-hours-a-week-line/

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/making-sense-of-the-employment-challenge/article67555366.ece

TOPIC 1: RHODODENDRON

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT  

THE CONTEXT: The rhododendron flower in Uttarakhand, is portrayed as an integral part of the region’s culture, rituals, mythology, and even culinary practices.

RHODODENDRON AS A CULTURAL SYMBOL:

• Cultural and Ritual Importance:
  • The rhododendron is deeply embedded in Uttarakhand’s culture, being an essential part of local rituals and mythology.
  • Its presence in rituals and temples signifies purity and endurance, demonstrating the reverence people hold for this flower.
• Pilgrimage Significance:
  • The flower is central to the Nanda Devi Raj Jat Yatra, a significant pilgrimage in Uttarakhand that occurs every 12 years.
  • This underscores the strong bond between the local people and their natural environment.

UTILIZATION BEYOND AESTHETICS:

• Culinary and Medicinal Use:
  • Beyond its visual appeal, the rhododendron finds usage in regional cuisine, with its blossoms being used to create sweets, drinks, jams, and juice.
  • Its distinct flavour and purported cooling properties make it popular among locals and visitors alike.
• Environmental Concerns:
  • Climate change-induced alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns are impacting the rhododendron’s growth and flowering cycles.
  • Consequently, conservation efforts are gaining importance, with initiatives in place to safeguard these Himalayan flowers, including the establishment of conservation zones and promoting eco-friendly travel practices.

ECONOMIC AND TOURISTIC VALUE:

• Cultural Tourism:
  • The rich cultural connection with the rhododendron offers a unique opportunity for cultural tourism.
  • Visitors are drawn not only to the natural beauty but also to the rituals and traditions associated with the flower.
• Local Economy:
  • The utilization of rhododendron in cuisine and traditional practices also contributes to the local economy, providing opportunities for culinary ventures and indigenous products.

IMPLICATIONS:

• Cultural Heritage Preservation:
  • The importance of preserving not just the flower itself but also the associated cultural heritage and traditions has been emphasized.
  • The emphasis on conservation and sustainable practices reflects a holistic approach to safeguarding this floral emblem and the surrounding ecosystem while acknowledging its cultural significance.
• Sustainable Development:
  • Balancing conservation with tourism and economic activities is crucial to ensure sustainable development, where efforts to protect the rhododendron align with the promotion of eco-friendly practices.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/the-power-of-the-rhododendron/article67529485.ece

TOPIC 2: ONATTUKARA SESAME

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Efforts are being made to expand the cultivation of Geographical Indication (GI)-tagged Onattukara sesame in the Kerala region.

INITIATIVE TO EXPAND SESAME CULTIVATION:

• Increase in Cultivation Area:
  • The Onattukara Vikasana Agency (OVA) plans to significantly increase the area under sesame cultivation.
  • It aimed to expand it to 2,000 hectares from the current 600 hectares in the region encompassing three districts of Kerala: Alappuzha, Kollam, and Pathanamthitta.
• Incentive Scheme:
  • To encourage farmers, a financial assistance program has been announced, offering ₹40 for a cent of land for cultivating sesame within the Thekkekara Krishi Bhavan limits.
  • This incentive is expected to attract individuals, farming collectives, Kudumbashree groups, self-help groups, and joint liability groups towards sesame cultivation.
• Collaborative Efforts:
  • The initiative is a joint venture involving local Krishi Bhavan, Onattukara Vikasana Agency (OVA), Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station (ORARS), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kayamkulam, and Mavelikara Thekkekara Panchayat.
  • Collaboration between these entities indicates a concerted effort to promote sesame cultivation.
• Support Mechanisms:
  • Farmers and groups engaging in sesame cultivation are offered additional support.
  • It also includes access to workforce from Thekkekara Karshika Karma Sena and tractor rental at a nominal charge of ₹750 per hour.

SIGNIFICANCE OF ONATTUKARA SESAME:

• Geographical Indication (GI) Tag:
  • The Onattukara sesame holds a GI tag, signifying its unique characteristics and origin from a specific geographical location, adding value to its identity and quality.
• Medicinal and Nutritional Value:
  • Studies by the Kerala Agricultural University reveal the medicinal value of Onattukara sesame.
  • It contains high levels of Vitamin E, antioxidants, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitoleic acid, promoting good health.
• Varieties Cultivated:
  • Apart from the traditional Ayali variety, farmers in the region are cultivating varieties like Kayamkulam-1, Thilak, Thilathara, and Thilarani, developed by the Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station (ORARS).

POTENTIAL BENEFITS:

• Economic Development:
  • Expanding sesame cultivation holds the potential to boost local economies, generate employment opportunities, and contribute to the agricultural sector’s growth in the region.
• Health and Nutritional Benefits:
  • Highlighting the nutritional and medicinal values of Onattukara sesame could create consumer awareness, potentially increasing demand for this particular variety.
• Collaborative Approach:
  • The joint efforts involving various agricultural institutions, local governance bodies, and farmers’ groups indicate a coordinated strategy towards agricultural development and sustainability.
• GI Tag and Quality Assurance:
  • The GI tag signifies quality, authenticity, and unique characteristics associated with the geographical region, contributing to the promotion and branding of Onattukara sesame.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/measures-on-to-expand-cultivation-of-gi-tagged-onattukara-sesame/article67551308.ece/amp/

TOPIC 3: INDIA-UK FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (FTA)

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: External Affairs Minister of India discussed the India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Britain’s Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary recently.

EXPLANATION:

• The agreement is under negotiation and has not been signed yet.
• When signed, the India-UK FTA will serve as a template for an agreement with the European Union (EU).

INDIA-UK FREE TRADE AGREEMENT:

• Strategic Importance as a Template for EU Agreement:
  • The FTA between India and the UK is seen as a model for a similar pact with the European Union, India’s second-largest trade partner.
  • It signifies a shift in India’s trade strategy towards Western nations and African countries rather than solely focusing on the East, as previously done under the UPA government.
• China Factor and Supply Chain Disruptions:
  • The disruption in supply chains during the pandemic has prompted Western companies to reconsider their over-dependence on China, leading to a ‘China-plus one’ strategy.
  • This shift has motivated countries like Australia and the UK to seek stronger economic ties with India.
• Brexit-Induced Insecurities for the UK:
  • Brexit has created uncertainties for the UK, making an FTA with India crucial to compensate for the loss of access to the European Single Market.
  • However, concerns exist regarding offering work permits to Indian service sector workers due to political reasons.
• Potential Gains and Challenges for India:
  • For India, the FTA presents an opportunity to revive declining sectors like apparel and gems/jewellery by reducing tariffs in the UK.
  • However, concerns have been raised about the impact on Least Developed Countries (LDCs) like Bangladesh if India gains zero-duty access for its textiles.
• Beneficial Aspects for the UK:
  • The UK aims to gain deeper access to the Indian market, especially for goods like cars, Scotch whisky, and wines, which currently face significant tariffs.
  • Elimination or reduction of tariffs on these goods could enhance British exports to India.
• Tariff Disparity and Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs):
  • There exists a substantial tariff disparity between goods imported from India into the UK and vice versa.
  • The FTA negotiations might focus on reducing these tariff barriers.
  • Additionally, addressing non-tariff barriers such as regulations and standards could be crucial for Indian exporters, particularly in agriculture and manufacturing.
• Carbon Tax and Border Adjustment Mechanism:
  • The UK’s plan to impose a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) similar to the EU’s strategy might affect India’s exports, especially in sectors like cement, chemicals, steel, and others.
  • This imposition aims to reduce dependence on high carbon-emitting imports and could potentially impact Indian exports to the UK.

IMPACTS AND CHALLENGES:

• Strategic Shift: India’s reorientation towards Western nations and away from over-dependence on China is evident. However, concerns persist regarding the impact on LDCs, especially in terms of textiles.
• Potential Imbalance: While India aims to boost declining sectors, the disparity in tariffs and non-tariff barriers presents a challenge. Addressing these barriers will be critical for ensuring mutual benefits.
• Carbon Tax Implications: The UK’s plan for a carbon tax and CBAM could pose challenges for India’s exports, especially in energy-intensive sectors.
• Negotiation Dynamics: The negotiations hold importance for both countries, but balancing mutual benefits while addressing concerns of sectors vulnerable to tariff changes and non-tariff barriers is crucial.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/proposed-india-uk-fta-its-politics-and-why-the-uk-may-benefit-more-9031599/

TOPIC 4: 30th ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) ECONOMIC LEADERS’ MEETING

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The 30th Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Leaders’ Meeting concluded in San Francisco recently with the adoption of the Golden Gate Declaration. The declaration underscores the commitment to creating a resilient and sustainable future for all member economies.

EXPLANATION:

• For the first time since 2011, USA hosted annual APEC
• Theme of the meeting was creating a “Resilient and Sustainable Future for All”.

GOLDEN GATE DECLARATION:

• The declaration aims to harness the technological and economic progress to continue to unleash the enormous potential and tremendous dynamism across regions, spur economic growth.
• The declaration was adopted after the two-day meeting, during which the leaders focused on the subjects of sustainability, climate, just energy transition, interconnectedness and building inclusive and resilient economies.
• The importance of the rules-based multilateral trading system, with the World Trade Organization at its core, which continues to catalyze APEC region’s extraordinary growth has been reaffirmed.
• APEC economies vow to accelerate the transition towards low and zero emissions vehicles; sustainable aviation fuels; and low and zero emission maritime shipping and port decarbonization, reads the document.

APEC:

• It was formed in 1989 with 12 members.
• Now, it has 21 members.
• Grouping of economies around Pacific Ocean aiming to promote trade, investment, and economic development in region.
• Accounts for nearly 62% of global GDP, half of global trade and covers 38% of global population.
• Operates on basis of non-binding commitments with decisions reached by consensus. India is an observer since 2011.

SOURCE: https://www.wionews.com/world/apec-summit-live-updates-biden-meets-mexican-president-lopez-obrador-659895

TOPIC 5: GOVERNOR’S ROLE IN LEGISLATION

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Tamil Nadu Governor R. N. Ravi has withheld assent for certain Bills passed by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. In this article, we will analyse the governor’s role in legislation.

EXPLANATION:

• The role of a Governor in the legislative process within a state is a crucial aspect of India’s federal structure.
• The Governor, as the constitutional head of a state, plays a significant role in the enactment of laws.

GOVERNOR’S ROLE IN LEGISLATION:

• Options When Receiving a Bill for Assent:
  • Article 200 of the Indian Constitution provides a structured approach for the Governor’s actions concerning bills, emphasizing the Governor’s role as a link between the State Legislature and the Union.
  • It also outlines four alternatives available to a Governor upon receiving a bill from a State Legislature:
    • Give Assent: The Governor approves the bill, making it law.
    • Withhold Assent: The Governor refuses to approve the bill, effectively rejecting it.
    • Return for Reconsideration: If it’s not a Money Bill, the Governor can send the bill back to the State Legislature for reconsideration.
    • Reserve for President’s Consideration: Certain bills need to be reserved for the President’s consideration, such as those that reduce High Court powers or conflict with Union laws.
  • Exercise of Discretionary Powers:
    • According to judicial precedents like the Shamsher Singh case, the Governor typically acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers while withholding assent or returning a bill.
    • Discretionary powers might be exercised in rare cases where the Governor believes a bill contravenes the Constitution and should be reserved for the President’s consideration.
  • Recommendations and Unimplemented Suggestions:
    • Reports like the Sarkaria Commission and the Punchhi Commission have suggested limiting the Governor’s discretionary powers, emphasizing adherence to ministerial advice.
    • Recommendations also proposed time limits for decision-making on bills but have not been implemented.
  • Resolution of Impasses:
    • The politicization of the Governor’s role has been a persistent issue.
    • Suggestions include consulting Chief Ministers before a Governor’s appointment, and the possibility of impeachment by the State Legislature to remove an uncooperative Governor.
    • Amendments are proposed to ensure responsible cooperation between the Centre and States in matters related to Governors’ appointments and functioning.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO THE GOVERNOR

• Article 153 says that there shall be a Governor for each State. One person can be appointed as Governor for two or more States.
• A Governor is appointed by the President and is a nominee of the Central Government.
• It is stated that the Governor has a dual role.
• He is the constitutional head of the state, bound by the advice of his Council of Ministers (CoM).
• He functions as a vital link between the Union Government and the State Government.
• Articles 157 and 158 specify eligibility requirements for the post of governor. A governor must:
• Be a citizen of India.
• Be at least 35 years of age.
• Not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature.
• Not hold any office of profit.
• Governor has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, etc. (Article 161).
• There is a CoM with the CM at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except some conditions for discretion. (Article 163).
• The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other Ministers (Article 164).
• Governor assents, withholds assent, or reserves the bill for the consideration of the President passed by the Legislative Assembly (Article 200).
• Governors may promulgate the Ordinances under certain circumstances (Article 213).
• Governor’s role:
• The Governor holds a constitutional position and is expected to perform specific functions, including granting assent to bills passed by the state legislature and ensuring the proper functioning of state administration.
• The Governor’s actions are perceived as a hindrance to these responsibilities.
• FOR FURTHER RINFORMATION PLEASE REFER TO THE DNA ARTICLE OF 1^ST OCTOBER 2023.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-role-of-the-governor-in-legislature-explained/article67552112.ece/amp/

RELEVANCE TO UPSC SYLLABUS: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE: IRRATIONAL FREEBIES, FREEBIES AND ITS IMPLICATION ON ECONOMY; ELECTORAL REFORMS

THE CONTEXT

The ongoing assembly elections in five states are seen as a prelude to the general election expected in the first half of 2024. Competitive populism seems to have replaced communalism in these campaigns. Whether its ruling party or opposition, India’s political landscape stuck with the dilemma of populist policies, which may end up shifting the country from reforms to retrogression.

 MORE ON THE NEWS

• Polling has concluded in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Mizoram while campaigning is peaking in Rajasthan and Telangana, which will vote on November 25 and 30, 2023.
• Competitive populism has been the defining theme of campaigning so far, and attempts at communal polarisation have been relatively understated.
• The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Congress, the main contestants in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh, have sought to outdo each other in promising a widening array of welfare schemes.
• In Telangana, the Congress, which is mounting a serious challenge to incumbent Bharat Rashtra Samithi, has promised to expand the State’s saturated welfare regime even further.
• Incumbents in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, the Congress and the BJP, respectively, have relied on new welfare architectures to fight for another term.
• Tribal voters have received special attention from the BJP and the Congress. Prime Minister launched a ₹24,000-crore PM Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan for last-mile welfare scheme delivery and protection for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups. Congress and BJP have both claimed a better track record in delivering on election promises they make.

WHAT IS COMPETITIVE POPULISM?

• Competitive populism is the idea of framing the policies and campaigns by the political parties that focuses more on the individual problem rather than the country as a whole.
• The thrust is majorly on promising schemes for the poor, senior citizens, women and children, patients, farmers, the homeless and differently-abled people, pensioners and home makers.
• This results in the implementation of short term plans and lack proper outcomes, resulting in the wastage of financial resources.

 ISSUES WITH COMPETITIVE POPULISM

Financial issues: Competitive populism raise questions about welfare schemes without specifying details about resource mobilisation. Example: Loan waiver schemes for farmers cause big relief from farmers’ perspective but cause huge problems in Indian economy by widening the fiscal deficit. Many of our states are deep in debt. The national average of liabilities of states is as high as 31% of their total GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product).This creates a financial situation that is untenable in the long run.

Temporary solutions: Competitive populism among political parties offers in the run up to elections are just temporary solutions. It does not address structural changes needed to sustainable development.

Loss of trust of people: Competitive populism causes the loss of trust and confidence of people on Government thus affecting the mechanism of good governance in India at all levels of administration.

Centralisation of power: This competitive populism leads to centralisation of power, not just institutionally but also within the Party. It implies that the voter is increasingly likely to attribute the delivery of economic benefits to one leader rather than the party as a whole.

 THE WAY FORWARD

Empowering Election Commission of India: ECI should be provided more powers to regulate and monitor the announcement of freebies by political parties during elections. This would include giving the ECI more powers to de-register parties, impose penalties on violation of model code of conduct.

Voter awareness: There is a need for educating voters about the economic and social consequences of freebies and false promises. This can be done by creating awareness campaigns to empower voters to make rational and ethical choices.

Right approach for welfare schemes: Welfare schemes can result in more equitable development outcomes, but a more thoughtful and researched approach would be healthier for public finances.

Capacity creation: There is a need for skill development rather than providing unemployment allowances that will further breed an aversion to work. There is need of building social infrastructure such as rural schools and public healthcare over vote catching vows that are seldom fulfilled.

 THE CONCLUSION

With the campaign going for competitive populism, the impact of these promises on the economy would be vast. In this condition, there is a need to focus on inclusive development that would create a more conducive environment for economic growth and social progress rather than freebies.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

Q. In what way could the replacement of price subsidy with direct benefit Transfer (DBT) change the scenario of subsidies in India? Discuss. (2015)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. Regular electioneering forces parties to indulge in competitive populism to differentiate themselves and attract voters. Can simultaneous elections help in overcoming this challenge? Argue.
2. Critically examine the socio-economic implications of competitive populism which is a recent phenomenon devised by political parties to attract voters.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/raining-promises-the-hindu-editorial-on-competitive-populism-in-the-assembly-elections-in-five-states/article67551104.ece

RELEVANCE TO UPSC SYLLABUS: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE: LOCAL RESERVATION IN JOBS, ARTICLE 14,16,19.

THE CONTEXT: The Punjab & Haryana High Court has struck down the Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 stating that it is violative of the Part-III of the constitution.

LOCAL RESERVATIONS ATTEMPT IN STATES:

• Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 requires firms with 10 or more employees to reserve 75% of all jobsoffering a salary of less than Rs. 30,000 a month for eligible candidates of State domicile.
• Job reservation Bills or laws for domiciles have also been announced in other States including Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand.
• The job quota Bill passed in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 2019, also reservingthree-fourths of private jobs for locals.

WHY  THE COURT HAS DECLARED THE LAW AS “UNCONSTITUTIONAL”?

• The term fraternity connoting a sense of common brotherhood is to embrace all Indians. In this respect, a blind eye could not be turned to other citizens of the country irrespective of the State they belong to.
• The court stated that the legislation is violative of right to equality under Article 14. The Court referred to Navtej Singh Johar and others vs. Union of India, where it states ‘miniscule minority have a right to participate as a citizen and an equal right of enjoyment of living regardless of what majority may believe’.
• The Court said that freedom given under Article 19 of the Constitution could not be taken away. The Court particularly referred to the freedoms guaranteed by Article 19(1)(d) and 19(1)(g).

1. The Act is imposing unreasonable restrictions regarding the right to move freely throughout the territory of India or to reside and settle in any part or the territory of India.
2. As per Article 19(6), the right of the State is to impose restrictions regarding professional or technical qualifications and not domicile requirements. It can, thus, be said that the Act as such cannot be said to be reasonable in any manner and it was directing the employers to violate the constitution provisions, the Court concluded.

• Article 35 of the Constitution bars state from legislating on requirement of domicile in employment under Article 16(3). The same further provides that there has to be equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
• The power under Article 16(3) gives power only to the Parliament for making any law prescribing in regard to the class or classes of employment or appointment to an office under the Government or any local or other authority.
• The bench said that the concept of constitutional morality has been openly violated by introducing a secondary status to a set of citizens not belonging to the State of Haryana and curtailing their fundamental rights to earn their livelihood.

ISSUES WITH LOCAL RESERVATION:

Violation of fundamental rights of Constitution: The Act was a violative of fundamental rights as Article 14, Article 16 and Article 19.

Treated as secondary citizen: 75% reservation for the locals was discriminatory as it discriminates against the individuals on account of the fact that they do not belong to a certain State. It has a negative discrimination against other citizens of the country as treating them as secondary citizens.

Fuels Sons-of-the-Soil Theory: The ‘Son of the soil’ theory puts forward the idea of reservation based on regionalism. Reservation law based on domicile law will fuel such theories across States and in the long run destabilise the foundations of Indian democracy i.e., ‘Unity in diversity’.

Affects industrialisation: Raising the son of the soil issue and preventing free movement of manpower resources in the State from other regions can have an adverse effect on the existing industries in the State.  It could trigger an exodus of large domestic and multinational investors across sectors such as auto, IT that rely on highly skilled manpower.

THE WAY FORWARD

Implementation of reservation: The reservation policy could be implemented in a way that does not hamper the free movement of manpower resources in the Country. The reservation policy could be revisited periodically to assess its impact on the economy and industries in the state.

Protect fundamental rights: It is important to ensure that any policy decision taken is in compliance with the Constitution of India and does not violate the fundamental rights of citizens.

Skill impartation: To ensure job creation state governments should provide youths with skill training and proper education as key focus areas, enabling the masses to compete in the free market.

Engagement with industries: Government should involve industry’s engagement in the State because reservation affects productivity and industry competitiveness. The State governments can come up with certain incentives to companies which are investing a certain amount of money for training the local youths.

THE CONLCUSION: Enactment of local reservation in state is a violation of fundamental right of the citizens. Thus, High Court concluded that Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020 is ” unconstitutional and violative of Part III of the Constitution of India. In this respect, state governments should enable the reservation system in such a way that it serves its original purpose of making India a more just society.
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Whether the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine. (2018)
2. “The reservation of seats for women in the institution of local self-government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian political process”. Comment. (2019)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. What are the challenges associated with the reservations for locals in the private sector? Suggest measures to generate enough job opportunities in the Indian economy.
2. Local reservation in private sector fuels the concept of sons of soils theory”. Critically examine the statement and give your views.

SOURCE: https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/punjab-and-haryana-high-court/punjab-haryana-high-court-struck-down-75-reservation-for-haryana-domicile-in-private-sector-unconstitutional-242457#:~:text=The%20Court%20said%20that%20freedom,Constitution%20could%20not%20be%20curtailed

RELEVANCE TO UPSC SYLLABUS: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE: ELECTORAL BONDS; POLITICAL FUNDING; PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE; ELECTORAL REFORMS

THE CONTEXT

The Constitution Bench headed by the Chief Justice of India, recently reserved its judgment on petitions challenging the validity of the electoral bonds scheme. The proceedings focused on arguments pertaining to the voters’ right to information vis-a-vis the right to confidentiality of donors. Transparency in election funding has become the central issue here.

POSITIVES OF STATE FUNDING OF ELECTIONS

Transparency: Public funding of elections can certainly bring transparency in the poll process with proper mechanism laid out. It would certainly be better than the existing system where candidates and political parties spend from their own pocket, and a lot of black money goes into election campaigning.

Level playing field: State funding of elections ensures that some influential people or groups don’t have undue influence over electoral processes. It enables a level playing field for the promotion of healthy competition by ensuring equality between large, well-known political parties and small parties and independent candidates.

Citizen centric decision: State funding of election will abstain political parties from the influence of crony capitalism and It can break up the corporate-political connection. If political parties are not financially influenced by the huge corporate sector, citizen-centric decisions will be encouraged.

Viable to economy: State funding of elections can cut down the huge expenditure spent on elections as only funds accounted by state funding will be used. Indrajit Gupta Committee Report, which is most often quoted in support of public funding of elections, it says state funding should be done only in kind and not in cash. However, it says State funding is viable only if parties are internally democratic in their functioning, transparent in their financial affairs.

ISSUES IN STATE FUNDING OF ELECTIONS

Unclear mechanism: There is no clear mechanism of how state funding of elections can work to maximize its potential. Also, for it being success there is need to bring in other electoral reforms in place.

Functioning of political parties:  Political parties nowadays mostly function as corporates. Their business is to win elections and make money to be able to win the next elections. So, this functioning of political parties as corporate entities or as family-run corporate entities is the fundamental problem which needs to be addressed.

Diversion of expenditure: The state expenditure on many essential public goods such as primary health care and public health engineering is already very small. Given this situation, the public resources have to be channeled towards and not diverted from such essential services, and that too to finance something that already gets abundantly financed.

Not prevent from additional financing: The state funding of elections will not prevent parties from lobbying and getting undisclosed supplementary private funding, with associated implications. Also, public funding may influence many people to enter politics solely to receive state subsidies rather than run for office and engage in development work.

RECOMMENDATIONS ON STATE FUNDING FOR ELECTIONS

The Indrajit Gupta Committee on State Election Funding (1998)

• To create a level playing field for parties with limited resources, the Indrajit Gupta Committee recommended state funding of elections in 1998.
• The Committee advised placing two restrictions on state funding.
• Firstly, only national and state parties with a symbol should receive state funding. Independent candidates should not.
• Secondly, only recognized political parties and their candidates should get short-term state funding in kind in the form of specific infrastructure.
• The Committee noted that at the time of the report, the nation’s economic climate was only conducive to partial, not complete, public funding of elections.

Law Commission Report on Electoral Law Reform (1999)

• According to the Law Commission of India’s 1999 report, state funding of elections is “desirable” as long as political parties are not allowed to accept money from other sources.
• Additionally, it strongly recommended that the appropriate regulatory framework should be put in place.
• The Commission agreed with the Indrajit Gupta Committee that, given the economic situation of the nation at the time, only partial public assistance was practicable.

The National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution, 2002

• It did not endorse state funding of elections.
• But it agreed with the 1999 Law Commission report that there is a need for an appropriate framework for the regulation of political parties.
• It needs to be implemented before the state funding is taken into consideration.

Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2008)

• The Second Administrative Reforms Commission’s “Ethics in Governance” report from 2008 advocated partial state funding of elections to cut down on “illegitimate and excessive funding” of election costs.

GLOBAL COMPARISON

• There are some 34 countries where state funding of elections is available in some form or the other. But there are different models. In some countries only parties get the fund, candidates do not. There are countries where it’s the other way round.
• The highest proportion of state funding of elections is in Norway, which is about 74% of the total expenses on the election.
• In most countries where there is public funding of elections, there are also strict transparency requirements. In the U.S., there is a rule that if the presidential candidate raises X amount of money, they are eligible to receive an equal amount of money from the government.
• But this is subject to certain conditions. In the last two or three presidential elections, no candidate has accepted government money. They have said that they do not want to accept these conditions and that they are able to raise enough money on our own.

THE WAY FORWARD

Evolving an efficient mechanism: For effective implementation of state funding of election an efficient mechanism needs to be devised. It can be done by proper stakeholder consultation of all the parties concerned. For example,  Part-public funding of election campaigns is a practice in some countries. e.g. United States and Britain. There is a need to evolve our own version.

Realistic campaign spending: In India, the main reason for the prevalence of black money in election spending is the unrealistically low limits set by the Election Commission of India on campaign spending by political parties and candidates. More realistic campaign spending limits should be set where Election Commission could determine the actual expenditure and ask the parties to show the source of income.

Strict monitoring: The strict monitoring of expenditure by political parties and their functionaries at every level, starting with the panchayat, polling booth area and municipal ward should be done. For example, every party should disclose its expenditure every month at every level.  This should be open to challenge by rival parties, media, etc.

Involvement of political parties: Political parties need to be part of the decision-making process. Political parties have to be made accountable to the public. They have to be democratic institutions if they are to deserve public money.

THE CONCLUSION

There is an ongoing debate on transparency in political funding, as there is unnecessary expenditure by political parties in elections. In this regard, the idea of state funding of elections is a concept long debated to reduce corruption by funding elections with government money as opposed to individual campaign contributions. It has potential to bring new and growing parties in par with the established parties, thus ensuring fair elections.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. The Indian party system is passing through a phase of transition which looks to be full of contradictions and paradoxes.” Discuss. (2016)
2. To enhance the quality of democracy in India, the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful? (2017)

 MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. State funding of elections can be the best way to achieve transparency in political funding. Comment.

 Refer to the main focus article for more:

https://blog.lukmaanias.com/2023/11/10/regulating-political-funding-rules-around-the-world-indias-challenges/

 SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/should-elections-be-state-funded/article67540233.ece

RELEVANCE TO UPSC SYLLABUS: GS2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE: FREEDOM OF MEDIA, REGULATION OF MEDIA.

THE CONTEXT

After the much debated and controversial introduction of the IT Rules 2021, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB) released the draft Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023 on November 10.

KEY FEATURES OF THE DRAFT BROADCASTING SERVICES(REGULATION) BILL, 2023

• The Bill provides regulatory provisions for various broadcasting services under a single legislative framework.
• It seeks to replace the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act of 1995 and other policy guidelines currently governing the broadcasting sector in India.
• The Bill extends its regulatory purview to encompass broadcasting OTT content, digital news and current affairs currently regulated through the IT Act, 2000.
• The Bill consists of six chapters, 48 sections and three Schedules.
  • The Bill provides comprehensive definitions for contemporary broadcasting terms along with other important technical terms to be defined in the statute for the first time.
• It introduces content evaluation committees for self-regulation and Broadcast Advisory Council to advise the central government on programme code and advertisement code violations.
• The Bill provides statutory penalties like advisory, warning, censure, or monetary penalties for operators and broadcasters.
  • Provision for imprisonment and/or fines is also there, but only for very serious offences, such as obtaining registration with a false affidavit.
  • Monetary penalties and fines are linked to the financial capacity of the entity, taking into account their investment and turnover to ensure fairness and equity.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BILL

It addresses a long-standing need of consolidating and updating the regulatory provisions for various broadcasting services under a single legislative framework.

It introduces comprehensive definitions for contemporary broadcasting terms and incorporates provisions for emerging broadcasting technologies.

It enhances self-regulation with the introduction of ‘Content evaluation committees’ and evolves the existing Inter-Departmental Committee into a more participative and broader ‘Broadcast Advisory Council’.

The bill addresses the specific needs of persons with disabilities by providing for enabling provisions for issue of comprehensive accessibility guidelines.

CRITICISM OF THE BILL

The broad and ambiguous framing of point 36 in the draft bill raises concerns. It gives the authorized officer the ultimate power to prohibit the transmission of any program or channel not in conformity with prescribed codes or likely to promote disharmony.

The proposed bill could lead to the erasure or selective representation of Indian minority communities.

Experts have expressed concerns about the potential influence of the government in the regulatory process and the independence of the authorized officer working under government directions.

THE CABLE TELEVISION NETWORK(REGULATION)ACT (CTNR) 1995

It was introduced to curb the menace of illegal cable television networks and regulate the programming and advertising content on television.

Under the CTNR Act, cable providers were compulsorily required to register themselves and transmit two Doordarshan channels, besides adhering to content regulation.

ISSUES WITH THE IT RULES 2021

Violating privacy: The rules have a traceability requirement which mandates significant social media intermediaries like WhatsApp to “enable the identification of the first originator of the information on its computer resource.

Increasing censorship: It could lead to censorship by the government. Content posted on social media platforms at times includes criticism of the establishment, which might not be very pleasing for the elected government.

Unclear Safe Harbor Protection: The lack of clear safe harbor protection could lead to criminal liability for employees of intermediaries who fail to comply with the rules.

Fear of Misuse: There are concerns that the rules could be misused to silence dissent and curb news coverage.

THE WAY FORWARD

The bill should establish an independent regulatory body to oversee content regulation.

The Indian government has been ineffective in addressing conflicts of interest in the media industry, particularly the relationships between MSOs (Multi-Service Operators), politicians, and vertical integration. This has caused a loss of trust and the issues with the CTRN Act demonstrate a significant lack of faith in the government. As such, a regulation on conflicts of interest is essential to restore public trust.

To foster a more responsible and informed media landscape, it is crucial to invest in media literacy programs that educate the public about responsible media consumption.

THE CONCLUSION

The proposed Broadcasting Services Bill raises concerns about excessive government control over digital infrastructure and content consumption. Addressing conflicts of interest is paramount to ensuring fair and ethical business practices and the government should prioritize establishing regulations in this area.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q) How can the ‘Digital India’ programme help farmers to improve farm productivity and income? What steps has the Government taken in this regard? (2015)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q) Critically discuss the key features of the draft Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023.

SOURCE:  Regulating OTT: Draft Broadcasting Regulation Bill may be an attempt to control digital infrastructure | The Indian Express

1. The growing wave of decentralisation: Comparative evidence from developing countries READ MORE
2. The price of persistent federal frictions READ MORE
3. Life over death: On death penalty abolition and parliamentary panel report READ MORE
4. Regulating OTT: Draft Broadcasting Regulation Bill may be an attempt to control digital infrastructure READ MORE
5. A grave error in the law READ MORE

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. India sees 6.2% rise in goods exports in October READ MORE
2. PM launches Rs 24,000-cr scheme for vulnerable tribal groups’ welfare READ MORE
3. NASA, ISRO gearing up to launch joint space mission to map globe every 12 days READ MORE
4. Gold pushed trade deficit to new high of $31.46 billion in October READ MORE
5. Greenhouse gases hit record high in 2022: UN READ MORE
6. FATF team in India to hold on-site review meetings READ MORE
7. Tribal body declares ‘self-rule’ in a few districts of Manipur READ MORE
8. India to host 2nd Voice of Global South Summit on November 17 READ MORE
9. WHO roadmap to end TB in children focuses for 1st time on pregnant, post-partum women affected by disease READ MORE
10. CBD’s Geneva meetings: Benefit sharing on traditional knowledge & digital sequence information on agenda READ MORE  
11. Why adultery was struck off IPC, and why a House panel wants to make it a crime again READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Let society evolve; resist return of regressive laws READ MORE
2. Challenges to curbing community-based prostitution READ MORE  
3. Does It Work To Pay People Not To Cut the Forest? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. The growing wave of decentralisation: Comparative evidence from developing countries READ MORE
2. The price of persistent federal frictions READ MORE
3. Life over death: On death penalty abolition and parliamentary panel report READ MORE
4. Regulating OTT: Draft Broadcasting Regulation Bill may be an attempt to control digital infrastructure READ MORE
5. A grave error in the law READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Improve teacher quality to raise school standards READ MORE
2. Extend political discourse on poverty to redistributive justice READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. India Once Was a Strong Ally of Palestine. What Changed? READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Food flux: On food costs and the October tidings READ MORE
2. IPEF supply chain pact is unfair READ MORE
3. Is there more room for competitive populism? READ MORE
4. Electrification of last-mile mobility and logistics READ MORE
5. RBI, Narendra Modi and the Subtle Art of Ignoring Concerns READ MORE
6. How a gendered digital divide, low quality of jobs keeps Indian women out of the workforce READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Climate pledges lacking: 87% of remaining global carbon budget to limit warming may be depleted by 2030, finds UN READ MORE
2. Global emissions: UN report exposes inadequacy of efforts READ MORE
3. Climate concerns or trade barriers? READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. AI can play the sleuth to expose scientific fraud READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. MHA extends UAPA ban against eight Meitei extremist organisations READ MORE
2. Realism, not machismo, to counter terror READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Another warning in the Himalayas READ MORE
2. Tunnel tragedy is another eco-warning we need to heed READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. In the age of Kalyug, it is time to leverage the power of the collective READ MORE
2. Does Philosophical Reflection Still Hold Value? READ MORE
3. Tolerance is the key to achieving peace READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. AI is one of the most significant technical advancements in recent times, but it is posing a great danger to humanity by unleashing misinformation and deepfakes. Justify with recent examples.
2. The cause of poverty in the country is not only economic but the issue of caste plays a substantial role. Argue and justify.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• We are on a highway to climate hell with our foot still on the accelerator.
• Improving teacher quality and pedagogical innovation to enhance the overall rigour of education in the country, must be an immediate and urgent priority.
• Higher than expected tax revenues provide a cushion for the government. However, concerns remain about the medium-term fiscal deficit
• For an economy whose resilience relies on its domestic demand buffer against global shocks, reluctant or budget-cramped consumers are the biggest headwind for policymakers to strive to address.
• Any interest rate hike over and above the 2.5 percentage points already administered in this rate hike cycle would have hurt growth significantly.
• The agreement on Supply Chain Resilience will enhance the resilience of the US, while deepening the vulnerability of India and other developing countries.
• AI is one of the biggest technical advancements in recent times but it can pose a great danger to humanity by unleashing misinformation and deepfakes.
• Ensuring AI safety would require the convergence of multiple branches of activity, including skills, talent, and physical infrastructure.
• Transitioning to low-carbon cities can significantly reduce CO2 levels.
• The future will either be green or not at all.
• Energy justice and social equity issues can have severe implications for the economic well-being of people, livelihoods, and economic development.
• A beginning can be made by providing gig workers with EVs. The Govt must support them and acknowledge their contribution to the economy.
• As the demand for reservation reaches a crescendo, the original justification for this departure from formal equality has become more difficult.
• The cause of poverty in the country is not only economic. A substantial number of the poor belong to the Scheduled and Backward Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
• If background inequalities force certain people to live below the poverty line, this should be seen as a serious infringement of the right to equality granted by our Constitution.
• The idea of caste is the greatest dividing factor… all caste either on the principle of birth or of merit is bondage.
• India this time around has taken a much stronger pro-Israel stand than is typical during Israeli-Palestinian conflicts.
• The state and central governments also need to acknowledge the contributions and the critical nature of these gig workers.
• COP28 presents an opportunity to India and other nations to hold the West accountable and liable for the environmental crisis.

ESSAY TOPIC

• The future will either be green or not at all.

50-WORD TALK

• Irrational and unscientific fixed-dose combination drugs ruling the Indian pharma market is a menace that has gone on unchecked for too long. A study shows 70% of antibiotic FDC drugs in the market are banned or unapproved. This is a public health hazard; convoluted and inefficient regulations are bad medicine.
• The ordeal of 40 men trapped inside a collapsed tunnel in Uttarakhand is a reminder of the tightrope walk infrastructure development is in Garhwal Himalayas. Aggressive construction without mountain-appropriate plans is a slippery slope. We hope they are rescued soon, but disregarding the region’s vulnerability will only endanger more lives.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

THE CONTEXT: There are far too few parliamentarians or assembly members responsible for citizen welfare in India. This limited representation in a democratic setup indicates India’s flawed representative system.

COMPARISON WITH OTHER COUNTRIES

• India had around 4,126 Members of the Legislative Assembly, 543 Lok Sabha MPs and 245 Rajya Sabha MPs. However, India has innumerable grassroots politicians, 1,000-plus municipal councils/corporations with between 50 to 100 wards and approximately 2,38,000 panchayats.
• An Indian Member of Parliament (MP) is said to represent 2.5 million citizens on average. A U.S. House of Representatives member typically represents approximately 7,00,000 citizens.
• In Pakistan, a member of the National Assembly is a representative of approximately 6,00,000 citizens, while the ratio in Bangladesh is closer to approximately 5,00,000 citizens.
• Unlike India, the United States has a political system that seeks to engender malapportionment, with each State given two senators in the U.S. Senate. This is easier in a homogeneous country with a bi-party political system, where the same parties compete across all States.
• In India, with its heterogeneous political system across States, malapportionment can mean empowering select political outfits over others.

ISSUES:

• Law making: Legislatures play a vital role in raising debates and discussions on various aspects of governance and in exacting accountability from the government. However, due to inadequate representation there are issue in order to raise critical issues and in the process of law-making.
• Reduced working hours of Parliament: Limited representation often leads to reduction in working hours of Parliament. This leads to passing of bills without any scrutiny.
• Hindrance to Representative Democracy: Parliamentary discussion is a manifestation of a representative kind of democracy but inadequate representation leads to limited parliamentary discussion. This in turn hinders the representative democracy.
• Lack of Accountability: Lack of productivity in the Parliament hinders the process of holding members of parliament accountable for their actions. This undermines the democratic principle of checks and balances without sufficient oversight.
• Skewedness towards few states: Our political system faces issue of malapportionment, with legislative weight being skewed towards the citizens of select States.

THE WAY FORWARD

• Proper Delimitation: Delimitation could be a potential solution to restore proportionality however it should be utilised properly. Delimitation could engender a bias towards a Hindi-speaking northern population while enabling select national parties to rise to power. However, delimitation should not be driven only by factors based on population. Geographical determinism, economic productivity, linguistic history, and a sense of fairness should also play a part. The number of seats in the Parliament needs to increase significantly to help enhance democratic representation ratios.
• Promoting federalism: Our electoral system must be reformed by promoting federalism and the states must be given a better voice and a platform to represent their interests.
• Reform in Rajya Sabha: Constitutional reform can be pursued to give each state the same number of Rajya Sabha MPs. At the same time, direct elections for Rajya Sabha MPs should be promoted while ensuring that a domicile requirement is added and stringently adhered to.
• Reforms in Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections: There is need for proportional representation especially for the Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections. As, India’s first-past-the-post system may ensure quicker election results. But still, it does ensure that a legislator often represents a constituency without a majority of votes.
• Increase number of states: The largest State with highest resident population in the United States, California, has a population of just 39 million, with the average State having a population of about five to six million. Around 22 Indian States/Union Territories have a population higher than that. A New State Reorganisation Commission may be set up after the next election to evaluate the socio-economic and administrative viability of select to-be States to enhance administrative efficiency and democratic accountability.

THE CONCLUSION:

There is a need to strengthen the representative parliamentary democracy by promoting a culture of constructive dialogue and debate within Parliament. This requires ensuring that adequate number of seats are provided to parliamentarians in a timely and transparent manner.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

Q. To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful? (250 words)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q. Legislative representation is fundamental to political empowerment which enables participation in the law-making process. Comment.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/enhancing-representation-for-a-just-electoral-system/article67529548.ece

1. EMERGENCE OF NEW ISLAND IN JAPAN

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: A new island has recently emerged within the vicinity of Japan’s Ogasawara island chain, after the eruption of an underwater volcano in late October 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• The island, as of now, is approximately 100 meters in diameter.
• It was formed through phreatomagmatic eruptions, where magma reacts with seawater, leading to explosive releases of ash and steam.

ERUPTION:

• The eruption started on October 21, 2023, around 1 km off the coastline of Iwoto Island (formerly known as Iwo Jima).
• The eruptions continued for around 10 days, resulting in the accumulation of volcanic material on the shallow seabed, eventually reaching above the sea’s surface.
• Iwoto Island has historical significance as it witnessed intense battles during World War II.

VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IN THE REGION:

• The Ogasawara island chain, also known as the Bonin Islands, is described as a volcanic arc comprising over 30 islands and islets, with some remaining volcanically active.
• There exists a previous instance of island formation in 2013 resulting from the eruption of another underwater volcano in the same region.
• Verification by Experts:
  • Associate Professor from Tokyo University’s earthquake research institute verified the presence of phreatomagmatic eruptions near Iwoto.
  • Smoke and ash from the eruptions reached heights exceeding 50 meters, observed every few minutes during the eruptions.
  • The new island is seen as an indication of renewed magmatic activity in the area.

ISLAND’S FUTURE AND COMPOSITION:

• There is uncertainty about the longevity of the newly formed island due to its composition of delicate volcanic rocks.
• Experts suggest that the island’s existence may be brief if it is susceptible to erosion by oceanic waves and currents.
• The island’s longevity could be extended if it gets covered by more durable substances like lava, depending on the potential resumption of volcanic activity.

SOURCE: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/japan-gets-a-brand-new-island-after-underwater-volcano-eruption/articleshow/105125303.cms

2. FAILURE OF ALERT SYSTEMS IN EARTHQUAKE

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: The earthquakes in Nepal (6.4 magnitude) and its aftershock in Delhi (5.6 magnitude) triggered the need for emergency alerts in the affected areas.

EXPLANATION:

• The incident highlights the failure of both government and private early alert systems during recent earthquakes in Delhi and surrounding areas.
• The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)’s Cell Broadcast Alert System (CBAS) and Google’s alert system for Android users did not reach many people who experienced the tremors.

ALERTS SYSTEMS:

NDMA’s Cell Broadcast Alert System (CBAS):

• The CBAS was designed to send out mass alerts during natural disasters.
• It was tested in recent weeks but did not function during the earthquakes.
• There is a lack of explanation from the NDMA regarding why the system did not alert residents in areas where tremors were felt.

Google’s Earthquake Early Warning System:

• Google’s Earthquake Early Warning system was designed for Android users in India.
• It also did not send alerts in the national capital despite tremors being felt.
• Google spokesperson mentioned that alerts were sent in areas around the India-Nepal border where the shaking was strongest.

Intensity Threshold for Alerts:

• Google’s alert system reportedly warns users only if the shaking in their area is expected to cross a value of 3.5 on the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale.
• It has been suggested that the tremors in Delhi may have been in the lower end of these MMI values, leading to the system not sending alerts to everyone who felt shaking.

RESPONSE FROM NDMA AND TECHNICAL ISSUES:

• The NDMA did not respond to queries about why the CBAS did not function as expected.
• The seismo.gov.in website operated by the Ministry of Earth Sciences’s National Centre for Seismology reportedly crashed moments after the tremors.
• It was potentially due to the sudden surge in traffic seeking information.

User Experience and Reliability:

• The raises concerns about the reliability and effectiveness of emergency alert systems during critical situations such as earthquakes.
• Both government and private systems are criticized for their failure to reach people who experienced the tremors.
• The need for improvement in the effectiveness of emergency communication during natural disasters has been emphasized.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/2023-11-11/th_chennai/articleG66C0IVMH-4842668.ece

3. INVISIBITY OF SATURN’S RING

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY  

THE CONTEXT: Saturn’s rings will just be invisible from Earth in 2025 and will reappear soon thereafter.

REASONS OF THE INVISIBILITY OF THE STAURN’S RING:

SATURN’S TILT AND RINGS ALIGNMENT:

• Both Earth and Saturn have tilted axes of rotation. Saturn’s axis has a tilt of 26.7 degrees.
• The enormous ring system of Saturn is also tilted to the plane of Saturn’s orbit.
• As Saturn revolves around the Sun, it appears to nod up and down when observed from Earth.
• Every 13 to 15 years, the edge of Saturn’s rings aligns directly with Earth due to this nodding motion.

OPTICAL ILLUSION AND TEMPORARY DISAPPEARANCE:

• Saturn’s rings are very thin, often just tens of meters thick.
• When the edge of the rings aligns directly with Earth, they reflect very little light, making them difficult to see.
• This alignment creates an optical illusion, making the rings essentially invisible from Earth.
• In March 2025, Saturn’s rings will not be visible because they will be perfectly aligned with Earth’s line of sight.
• The rings will gradually become visible again as Saturn continues its orbit around the Sun.

POTENTIAL FUTURE DISAPPEARANCE OF SATURN’S RINGS:

• 2018 NASA report stated that Saturn might lose its rings completely in the next 300 million years or sooner.
• The mechanism proposed is “ring rain,” where the rings are being pulled into Saturn by its gravity.
• Ice particles in the rings, under the influence of Saturn’s magnetic field, fall into the planet.
• This process is estimated to drain an amount of water products equivalent to filling an Olympic-sized swimming pool from Saturn’s rings in half an hour.
• The rings are considered temporary, with an estimated age of less than 100 million years, while Saturn itself is around four billion years old.

REFLECTION ON OTHER PLANETS:

• If Saturn’s rings are temporary, it raises the possibility that we might have missed out on seeing giant ring systems of other gas giants like Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune, which currently have only thin ringlets.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/saturn-rings-disappear-2025-9021942/

4. THE BEN GURION CANAL PROJECT

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Israel’s interest in exploring the economic opportunity presented by the Ben Gurion Canal Project is speculated to be one of the reasons behind its military actions, specifically its efforts to eliminate Hamas from the Gaza Strip. The ides of the Ben Gurion Canal Project is presented as an alternative to the Suez Canal.

THE BEN GURION CANAL PROJECT:

• A canal is being proposed through the Israeli-controlled Negev Desert, named the Ben Gurion Canal Project.
• The canal would connect the Gulf of Aqaba (eastern arm of the Red Sea) to the Eastern Mediterranean coast, offering an alternative to the Suez Canal.
• The idea was first envisioned in the 1960s and resurfaces amid Israel’s push to eliminate Hamas from Gaza.

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SUEZ CANAL:

• The Suez Canal, opened in 1869, revolutionized global maritime trade by connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas, reducing travel distances between Europe and Asia.
• Despite its significance, the Suez Canal faces challenges, including congestion and geopolitical issues surrounding Egypt’s control.

Issues with Suez Canal:

• The Suez Canal is described as the world’s biggest shipping bottleneck, facing congestion despite widening and deepening efforts.
• In March 2021, Ever Given cargo ship blocked the canal, causing significant disruptions and economic losses.

GEOPOLITICAL HISTORY OF THE SUEZ CANAL:

• The historical context of the Suez Crisis is in 1956 when Egypt nationalized the canal, leading to conflict with the UK, France, and Israel.
• The canal played a role in the 1967 and 1973 Arab-Israeli wars and was shut from 1967-75.

Economic Significance of Suez Canal for Egypt:

• The Suez Canal is crucial to Egypt’s economy, generating toll revenue that reached a record $9.4 billion in the 2022-23 fiscal year, accounting for nearly 2% of Egypt’s GDP.

Proposed Ben Gurion Canal Challenges:

• The Ben Gurion Canal Project faces significant challenges, including logistical, political, and funding obstacles.
• The estimated cost of the project is potentially as high as $100 billion, making it more expensive than addressing issues with the Suez Canal.
• The proposed route is over 100 km longer than the Suez Canal, and the terrain limitations could affect its attractiveness to shipping.

Security Concerns:

• It is highlighted that a canal running through land under constant military threat, either from Hamas rockets or Israeli attacks, poses a significant concern.
• This factor raises doubts about the feasibility and security of the Ben Gurion Canal.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/ben-gurion-canal-suez-israel-9021520/

5. BROADCASTING SERVICES (REGULATION) BILL, 2023

TAG: GS 2: POLITY  

THE CONTEXT: The Information and Broadcasting Ministry has released a draft Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill for public consultation.

EXPLANATION:

• The bill is intended to replace the existing Cable TV Network Regulations Act, indicating a shift towards a more comprehensive regulatory framework.

Scope of the Proposed Bill:

• The new bill is designed to have a broader scope, extending its governance to various media platforms, including DTH (Direct-to-Home), OTT (Over-the-Top) services, digital media, and IPTV (Internet Protocol Television).

Public Consultation:

• The draft has been released for public consultation, allowing stakeholders and the general public to provide feedback and insights on the proposed legislation.

Ease of Doing Business and Modernization:

• Information and Broadcasting Minister states that the bill is aligned with the government’s “ease of doing business” initiative.
• Described as a pivotal legislation, it aims to modernize the regulatory framework for the broadcasting sector by replacing outdated acts, rules, and guidelines.

Adaptation to Changing Media Landscape:

• The draft bill is said to adapt to the dynamic nature of the media landscape, encompassing emerging technologies such as OTT, Digital Media, DTH, IPTV, etc.
• It is framed to promote technological advancement and service evolution in the broadcasting sector.

Key Innovations:

• The draft bill introduces key innovations, such as the establishment of ‘Content Evaluation Committees’ for robust self-regulation.
• It transforms the existing ‘Inter-Departmental Committee’ into a broader ‘Broadcast Advisory Council’ to foster inclusive decision-making.

Comprehensive Accessibility Guidelines:

• The proposed Broadcasting Bill includes “comprehensive accessibility guidelines” to cater to differently-abled members of the user community, emphasizing inclusivity.

Call for Stakeholder Input:

• I & B Minister invites stakeholders to provide their insights and feedback on the draft bill.
• This approach emphasizes a collaborative and consultative process in shaping the final legislation.

Towards a More Efficient and Inclusive Broadcasting Ecosystem:

• The draft bill is a significant step towards creating a more efficient, inclusive, and forward-thinking broadcasting ecosystem.
• The release of the draft Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill by the Information and Broadcasting Ministry, emphasises the importance of public consultation and stakeholder input in shaping the final legislation.

KEY HIGHLIGHTS OF THE BILL:

The Bill comprises of Six Chapters, 48 Sections and three Schedules.

1. Consolidation and Modernization:

• It addresses a long standing need of consolidating and updating the regulatory provisions for various broadcasting services under a single legislative framework.
• This move streamlines the regulatory process, making it more efficient and contemporary.
• It extends its regulatory purview to encompass broadcasting over-the-top (OTT) content and digital news and current affairs currently regulated through IT Act, 2000 and regulations made there under.

2. Contemporary Definitions and Future-Ready Provisions:

• To keep pace with the evolving technologies and services, the bill introduces comprehensive definitions for contemporary broadcasting terms and incorporates provisions for emerging broadcasting technologies.

3. Strengthens the Self-Regulation Regime:

• It enhances self-regulation with the introduction of ‘Content evaluation committees.
• It evolves the existing Inter-Departmental Committee into a more participative and broader ‘Broadcast Advisory Council’.

4. Differentiated Programme Code and Advertisement Code:

• It allows for a differentiated approach to Programme and Advertisement Codes across various services and require self-classification by broadcasters and robust access control measures for restricted content.

5. Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities:

• The bill addresses the specific needs of persons with disabilities by providing for enabling provisions for issue of comprehensive accessibility guidelines.

6. Statutory Penalties and Fines:

• The draft Bill introduces statutory penalties such as: advisory, warning, censure, or monetary penalties, for operators and broadcasters.
• Provision for imprisonment and/or fines remains, but only for very serious offenses, ensuring a balanced approach to regulation.

7. Equitable Penalties:

• Monetary penalties and fines are linked to the financial capacity of the entity, taking into account their investment and turnover to ensure fairness and equity.

8. Infrastructure Sharing, Platform Services and Right of Way:

• The bill also includes provisions for infrastructure sharing among broadcasting network operators and carriage of platform services.
• Further, it streamlines the Right of Way section to address relocation and alterations more efficiently and establishes a structured dispute resolution mechanism.

lSOURCE: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/ib-ministry-releases-draft-broadcasting-services-bill-for-public-consultation/article67520835.ece

THE CONTEXT: The Government has introduced three Bills to replace the core laws, i.e., the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860, the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, and the Indian Evidence Act (IEA), 1872, which form the basis of the criminal justice system. These Bills are being examined by the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs.

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill will replace the IPC; the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill will be in place of the CrPC, and the Bharatiya Sakshya Bill will replace the IEA.
• These Bills aim to replace the entire Acts and are not merely Amendment Bills. They provide an opportunity for an overhaul of the laws underlying the criminal justice system.

ISSUES IN THE BILL

Issues related to modernising jurisprudence:

• Inclusion of civil provisions: Usually, criminal law deals with issues that are seen as an offence against the broader society or state, while civil law deals with loss to a person. However, the CrPC includes provisions for maintenance of wife and children after divorce. The issue arise here is whether such matters should be dealt with under the civil code. The new Bills retain these provisions.
• Reformative or punitive: Another issue is whether these Bills create a reformative system rather than a punitive system. Several minor offences (such as keeping an unauthorised lottery office, which carries a maximum penalty of six months imprisonment) are not compoundable, which means they will go through the process of trial and conviction.
• Maintenance of public order: Third issue is related to maintenance of public order and the process of criminal prosecution that whether both should be in the same law. The CrPC has provisions charting out the process of arrest and trial as well as items such as Section 144 that empower the district magistrate to impose various restrictions. The new Bill retains this structure.
• Codification: There are various directions of the Supreme Court of India that have been codified in these proposed laws. The Bill codifies the procedure for mercy petitions. However, there is no codification of various directions related to arrests and bail.
• Implementation: Another issue is whether these Bills try to ensure consistency of implementation. Typically, penalties for offences specify a range, with the judge expected to specify the sentence within the range based on the circumstances of each case. However, for some offences, the range may be very wide. The new Bill retains such wide ranges.
• Age provisions: Another challenge is related to the updation of age provisions according to modern norms. The IPC specifies that a child below the age of seven years cannot be accused of an offence. It provides such exemption until 12 years of age if the child is found not to have attained the ability to understand the nature and consequences of his conduct. The question is whether these age thresholds should be raised.
• Gender provisions: Another issue is related to updation of gender related offences. The Bill is in line with the Supreme Court judgment, which struck down the offence of adultery. Section 377 of the IPC, which was read down by the Court to decriminalise same sex intercourse between consenting adults has been dropped. The Justice Verma Committee, in 2013, had recommended making marital rape an offence but this has not been done.

Issues relating to overlap with special laws:

• The IPC was enacted in 1860 as the principal law specifying offences and penalties. Since then, several laws have been enacted to deal with specific offences.
• This leads to duplication as well as inconsistency across these laws. In some cases, the penalties are different and also a person may face prosecution under different laws for the same action. For example, the Bill (like the IPC) overlaps with several other Acts such as those related to food adulteration, sale of adulterated drugs, bonded labour, and rash driving.

Ambiguities in definitions and drafting:

• There are ambiguities in definition of some terms in the Bill. For example, the definition of mental illness is the same as in the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017. This allows full exemption to offenders but not to a person who is unable to understand the consequences of their actions due to mental retardation.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Simplify and modernise the laws: The reforms aim at modernizing and simplifying the criminal laws, which are outdated and complex. Laws need to be in tune with the Indian spirit and ethos, and reflect the changing nature of crime, society, and technology.
• Awareness in citizen: There is a need to empower the citizens by making them aware to access justice system. This is for effective protection of the constitutional rights of citizens, such as right to life, liberty, dignity, privacy, and fair trial.
• Capacity Building: There is a need to invest in training and infrastructure to enhance the capacity of law enforcement agencies, judiciary, and legal aid services. Adequate resources will lead to more efficient and fair administration of justice.

THE CONCLUSION:

As these Bills will become the basis of the criminal justice system.  There needs to be proper parliamentary scrutiny of the new Bills replacing the IPC, the CrPC and the IEA to ensure a fair, just and efficient criminal justice system.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1) We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against women in the country. Despite existing legal provisions against it, the number of such incidences is on the rise. Suggest some innovative measures to tackle this menace. (2014)

Q.2) Mob violence is emerging as a serious law and order problem in India. By giving suitable examples, analyze the causes and consequences of such violence. (2015)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 An effective criminal justice system upholds the rule of law, protects human rights, and effectively serves the needs of its diverse population. Comment in the context of the new Criminal Laws Bills being formulated by the government.

REFER TO MAINS FOCUS ARTICLES FOR MORE INFORMATION:

https://blog.lukmaanias.com/2023/11/01/time-and-change-on-the-parliamentary-standing-committee-on-home-affairs-and-new-criminal-laws/

https://blog.lukmaanias.com/2023/10/03/criminal-law-bills-and-a-hollow-decolonisation/

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/revamping-the-criminal-justice-system-to-fit-the-bill/article67522334.ece

THE CONTEXT: India today stands as the world’s largest democracy, a diverse society with a vibrant political landscape. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) plays a crucial role in this democratic framework by ensuring transparency, accountability, and financial integrity in Government’s functioning.

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• There was a shortage of competent accountants willing to work in local governments, especially in the lower tiers located in remote places.
• In this respect, CAG in collaboration with the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India has envisaged a set of online courses to create a pool of accountants intended to be available at local level, competent to prepare urban and rural local government accounts.
• Registration for these courses will commence on November 16, 2023, on Audit Diwas.
• Educational qualifications for eligibility have been prescribed at such level that these certified/ qualified accountants should be available for service on periodic contracts at reasonable cost to local bodies.

OFFICE OF COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA (CAG)

• The Constitution of India (Article 148) provides for an independent office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG).
• He is the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department and is one of the bulwarks of the democratic system of Government in India.
• He is the guardian of the public purse and controls the entire financial system of the country at both the levels i.e the Centre and the state.
• His duty is to uphold the Constitution of India and laws of Parliament in the field of financial administration.

APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL

• The CAG is appointed by the President of India by a warrant under his hand and seal.
• The CAG holds office for a period of six years or up to the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
• He can resign any time from his office by addressing the resignation letter to the president.
• He can also be removed by the president on the same grounds and in the same manner as a judge of the Supreme Court.
• In other words, he can be removed by the president on the basis of a resolution passed to that effect by both the Houses of Parliament with special majority, either on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR THE OFFICE OF CAG

• Article 148 broadly deals with the CAG appointment, oath and conditions of service.
• Article 149 deals with Duties and Powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
• Article 150 says that the accounts of the Union and of the States shall be kept in such form as the President may, on the advice of the CAG, prescribe.
• Article 151 says that the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India relating to the accounts of the Union shall be submitted to the president, who shall cause them to be laid before each House of Parliament.
• Article 279 states that calculation of “net proceeds” is ascertained and certified by the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, whose certificate is final.

FUNCTIONS OF COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA (CAG)

• CAG audits the accounts related to all expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India, Consolidated Fund of each state and UT having a legislative assembly.
• CAG audits all expenditure from the Contingency Fund of India and the Public Account of India as well as the Contingency Fund and Public Account of each state.
• CAG audits all trading, manufacturing, profit and loss accounts, balance sheets and other subsidiary accounts kept by any department of the Central Government and the state governments.
• CAG audits the receipts and expenditure of all bodies and authorities substantially financed from the Central or State revenues; government companies; other corporations and bodies, when so required by related laws.
• He ascertains and certifies the net proceeds of any tax or duty, and his certificate is final on the matter.
• He submits his audit reports relating to the accounts of the Centre and State to the President and Governor, who shall, in turn, place them before both the houses of Parliament and the state legislature respectively.
• He submits 3 audit reports to the President: Audit report on appropriation accounts, audit report on finance accounts and audit report on public undertakings.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE OFFICE OF COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA (CAG)

• CAG helps maintain the separation of powers between legislature and executive by ensuring that the Government’s financial activities align with legislative intentions.
• Through its audit findings and recommendations, the CAG promotes good governance practices and helps governments streamline their operations, reduce inefficiencies, and adhere to financial discipline.
• Auditing the achievements of sustainable development goals is integrated in all audit work of CAG. Also, as a member of the UN Board of Auditors, CAG of India took up the audit of SDGs as a cross-cutting theme in the UN Audit in 2017.
• CAG engagement with citizens at various stages of audit encompasses:
• An Audit Advisory Board, including external domain experts
• Stakeholders’ meetings workshops
• Beneficiary surveys during audits
• Using the results of social audit to aid CAG’s audit
• Laying of audit reports in Parliament, state legislature and also uploading them on our website for information of citizens.

AUDIT OF LOCAL BODIES:

The 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments marked a quantum leap in India’s democratic set-up, as they created tiers of self-governance below the level of states.

• The Parliament passed the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, whereby Gram Sabhas were required to conduct regular social audits of all projects taken up under the scheme within the Gram Panchayat. Social audit is an interesting tool for facilitating citizen oversight.
• The Ministry of Rural Development in consultation with the C&AG office notified the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Audit of Scheme Rules in 2011.
• The rules envisaged social audit units in each state as well as the audit process for social audit and follow-up action. The ambit of social audit has been significantly enlarged since.
• The primary audit of the accounts of local governments and issue of audit certificates is done by local fund auditors designated by state governments.
• Empowering PRIs and urban local bodies and municipalities envisions people’s participation in the process of planning, decision-making, implementation and delivery of a set of functions to be devolved to local governments by state legislatures.
• Recently, an international centre for local governance has been envisaged for recognition of local self-governance. It will serve as a centre of excellence for capacity building of local government auditors, both nationally and internationally. It will serve as a knowledge centre and think-tank, addressing capacity building for stakeholders at grass-roots level across the nation.
• Over the years, CAG has issued numerous manuals/ guidance, forming the bedrock of auditing and accounting by local governments. Annual Technical Inspection Reports (ATIR) are issued by CAG’s state audit offices entrusted with Technical Guidance and Support (TGS).
• The primary focus of CAG’s local government audit is an assessment of how well the delivery of the services pertaining to devolved functions have reached the last mile or the grassroots, through the efforts of the local governments.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Citizen engagement in audit: Citizen engagement guides audit in identifying high-risk areas of possible mismanagement and inefficiencies in governance, thereby improving focus and effectiveness. To effectively discharge the responsibility, it is important for audit to actively work in sync with citizens, appreciating their concerns and feedback.
• Handholding of local bodies by CAG: The 11th Finance Commission recommended CAG to improve local governance by capacity building of state local fund auditors in Audit Planning and Audit Methodologies, through Technical Guidance and Support (TGS).
• Curbing delays: There should be a time limit assigned for audits performed by CAG. Auditors should be provided access to records on priority basis on an urgent basis.
• Leveraging technology: There is a need for harnessing technology and digital solutions that can make audit’s citizen engagement more effective and efficient. Digital reports with interactive data visualisation tools lead to better understanding and appreciation of our audit products.

THE CONCLUSION:

As India’s democracy matures, the CAG’s role becomes even more vital in promoting good governance and safeguarding the people’s interests. To upheld democracy and accountability, mechanisms of CAG must be robust and citizen engagement must be active and informed.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has a very vital role to play.” Explain how this is reflected in the method and terms of his appointment, as well as the range of powers he can exercise. (2018)

Q.2 The exercise of CAG’s powers in relation to the accounts of the Union and the States is derived from Article 149 of the Indian Constitution. Discuss whether an audit of the Government’s policy implementation could amount to overstepping its own (CAG) jurisdiction. (2016)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 Discuss the role of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) in establishing accountability of the Government to the people.

Q.2 Examine the role of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) for ensuring the financial accountability of local governments in India.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/cag-of-india-writes-as-our-democracy-matures-my-role-is-becoming-more-vital-9019469/

1. Move towards e-FIR, but with caution READ MORE
2. Reviewing freedom READ MORE
3. Reserving poverty READ MORE
4. As our democracy matures, my role is becoming more vital READ MORE

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. G7 appeals for humanitarian pauses in Gaza, seeks hostages’ release READ MORE
2. The problem with India’s new guidelines on genetically modified insects | Explained READ MORE
3. RBI to cut rates in 2024-25 if food inflation remains under control: S&P Global Ratings READ MORE
4. World will overshoot 2030 coal limit to tame warming by twice over READ MORE
5. Kerala Government forms Organic Farming Mission to boost climate-smart agriculture READ MORE
6. One year of Project Cheetah: Hits, misses and paradigm shift ahead READ MORE
7. Possible answer to farm fires: New rice variety can replace Pusa-44 READ MORE
8. India’s Energy Conservation Building Code, 2017: Why the IEA called it a ‘notable exception’ among developing countries READ MORE
9. Horn of Africa facing deadly floods due to El Nino-linked ‘above average’ rains READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Language: Emotional connect and more READ MORE
2. Bihar survey exposes disparities among OBCs READ MORE  
3. The role of caste and gender in determining science education in India READ MORE
4. Climate change made the multi-year drought 25 times more likely in Syria and Iraq, 16 times in Iran: Analysis READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Move towards e-FIR, but with caution READ MORE
2. Reviewing freedom READ MORE
3. Reserving poverty READ MORE
4. As our democracy matures, my role is becoming more vital READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Look beyond quota politics READ MORE
2. Mensural hygiene: Adolescents continue to use cloth, pads are rare READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Taiwan, a Malacca blockade and India’s options READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. How tech can make India a farming powerhouse READ MORE
2. Two-wheeler EV startups: The new growth engines READ MORE
3. Local products can boost exports READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Importance of ‘loss and damage’ funds READ MORE  
2. Douse the fires without enraging farmers READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. The perils of patent amendments READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Hurdles delaying formation of integrated theatre commands READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. How ignored landslide warnings led to Subansiri running dry READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Why purush and prakriti are gender-neutral READ MORE
2. Living with tempests READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. The CAG promotes good governance practices and helps governments streamline their operations, reduce inefficiencies and adhere to financial discipline. Critically examine.
2. The CAG plays a crucial role in this democratic framework by ensuring transparency, accountability, and financial integrity in the government’s functioning. Comment.
3. The CAG helps maintain the separation of powers between legislature and executive by ensuring that the government’s financial activities align with legislative intentions. Comment.
4. As India’s democracy matures, the role of CAG has become more vital in promoting good governance and safeguarding the people’s interests. Critically comment.
5. Leveraging technology and digital solutions make audit’s citizen engagement more effective and scalable. Examine.
6. Social audit is an effective tool for facilitating citizen oversight. How would you justify this statement?
7. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments marked a quantum leap in India’s democratic set-up in creating tiers of self-governance below the level of states. Critically examine.
8. Due to the envision of grassroots participation, Local bodies not only implement the schemes of governments but ensure transparency and visibility in these schemes. Justify with the help of relevant examples.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• The solution to crop stubble burning lies in turning waste into wealth by upcycling it.
• In peace, sons bury their fathers. In war, fathers bury their sons.
• The CAG promotes good governance practices and helps governments streamline their operations, reduce inefficiencies and adhere to financial discipline.
• As India’s democracy matures, the CAG’s role becomes even more vital in promoting good governance and safeguarding the people’s interests.
• The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) plays a crucial role in this democratic framework by ensuring transparency, accountability, and financial integrity in government’s functioning.
• CAG helps maintain the separation of powers between legislature and executive by ensuring that the government’s financial activities align with legislative intentions.
• India stands as the world’s largest democracy, with a vibrant political landscape, a diverse society, and ongoing efforts to overcome various socio-economic challenges.
• By placing the Indian citizen at the centre for implementation of government programmes and as ultimate beneficiaries, there is an onerous expectation of the CAG to assess the preparedness and planning, as well as to monitor and recommend corrective actions for realisation of these economic, social and environmental aspirations.
• To effectively discharge this responsibility, it is important for audit to actively work in tandem with citizens, appreciating their concerns and feedback.
• In India’s federal, multiparty democracy with both Union and state governments responsible for implementation of numerous schemes, projects and programmes, enhancing engagement with stakeholders is imperative for audit.
• Leveraging technology and digital solutions make audit’s citizen engagement more effective and scalable.
• Social audit is an interesting tool for facilitating citizen oversight.
• The 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments marked a quantum leap in India’s democratic set up, as they created tiers of self-governance below the level of states.
• Empowering PRIs and urban local bodies and municipalities, envisions people’s participation in the process of planning, decision-making, implementation and delivery of a set of functions to be devolved to local governments by state legislatures.
• Carrying forward this recognition of local self-governance as the true manifestation of democracy and the CAG’s responsibility for ensuring accountability, an international centre for local governance has been envisaged.
• Female labour force participation rates have, in the past, tended to rise during times of financial stress as women stepped out to augment their household incomes.
• While the CAG catalyses good governance, transparency and accountability, the responsibility to nurture and protect democratic principles falls not only on our institutions but on every citizen.
• The proposed changes in patent law will endanger access to affordable medicines and benefit global big pharma.
• Both Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir must strive to understand each other’s viewpoints, fostering mutual trust and loyalty within the community.
• By adopting the principles of sustainability, non-violence, and respect for all life forms, we can work towards a more harmonious relationship with nature.

ESSAY TOPIC

• Many worlds: Multipolarity in the new world order

50-WORD TALK

• In a transforming India, where education and technology act as levelling forces, caste-based affirmative action, refined through caste numbers, can drive more extensive dialogues on aspiration, ambition, freedom, opportunity, and the necessity for a system where citizens are not unfairly privileged or confined by their identities. If a robust methodology were to be used, this effort would be vital in identifying and addressing fault lines to promote gender justice.
• Extending free food for another 5 years is an acknowledgement that the poor continue to need ample support for years ahead. The move also rings the final death knell of farm laws. If government grain procurement is going to be so high, then that rules out entry of private sector.
• Indian envoy in Ottawa describing Canadian police probe into Nijjar killing as tainted and wiretapping of diplomats as illegal shows Delhi is doubling down. But Canada is being duplicitous in citing Vienna Convention on parity even as it illegally tapped diplomats. G7 and Five Eyes can’t play by different rules.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

THE CONTEXT:  A Constitution Bench headed by Chief Justice on November 2, reserved its judgment on petitions challenging the validity of the electoral bonds scheme.

ELECTORAL BONDS:

• An electoral bond is like a promissory note that can be bought by any Indian citizen or company incorporated in India from select branches of State Bank of India.
• The electoral bonds were introduced with the Finance Bill (2017). On January 29, 2018, the government notified the Electoral Bond Scheme 2018.
• The electoral bonds are available for purchase for 10 days in the beginning of every quarter.
• Any party that is registered under section 29A of the Representation of the Peoples Act, 1951 (43 of 1951) and has secured at least one per cent of the votes polled in the most recent General elections or Assembly elections is eligible to receive electoral bonds.
• The electoral bonds will not bear the name of the donor.
• electoral bonds permitted donations of ₹20 crore or even ₹200 crore to be made anonymously.
• Any transaction exceeding ₹20,000 related to elections was required to be reported to the Election Commission without which no IT rebate could be extended.
• The Finance Act of 2017 introduced amendments to several laws, including the Reserve Bank of India Act, Companies Act, Income Tax Act 1961, Representation of the People Act, and Foreign Contribution Regulations Act, all to pave the way for electoral bonds.

WHY IT WAS IMPLEMENTED:

• According to the government, electoral bonds were being introduced to ensure that all the donations made to a party would be accounted for in the balance sheets without exposing the donor details to the public.
• Electoral bonds would keep a tab on the use of black money for funding elections.
• In the absence of electoral bonds, donors would have no option but to donate by cash after siphoning off money from their businesses.

CRITICISMS:

• Violates Right to Information: Electoral Bond scheme violates the citizen’s fundamental right to information under Article 19 (1) a, about political parties. In the 2003 ruling in People’s Union for Civil Liberties v Union of India and the 2002 judgment in Union of India v Association for Democratic Reforms, the Supreme Court mandated the ECI to obtain and disclose to the public background information relating to candidates running for office, including information on their assets, criminal records, and educational background.
• Opens doors to shell companies: It has been argued that since the government removed the limit of 7.5 per cent of the annual profit for companies to make donations to political parties and allowed Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies to make donations, shell companies can now also be used to make donations.
  • Section 29B of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, prohibits political parties from accepting contributions from foreign sources, and Section 3 of the 2010 Foreign Contributions (Regulation) Act restricts foreign contributions to candidates, legislative members, political parties and party office holders.
  • In 2014, the Delhi High Court found that Congress and the BJP had accepted foreign funds in violation of the FCRA 1976, then the BJP government passed a retroactive amendment via a 2016 finance bill, replacing the 1976 Act with the modified 2010 statute.

• Opaque instrument that is not entirely anonymous: It has been argued that Electoral Bonds are opaque instruments that are not entirely anonymous. As nobody can come to know other than the government who contributed to whom.
• Black Money: The ECI, in a letter to the Ministry of Law and Justice, warned that electoral bonds, coupled with preceding legislative changes, could lead to the proliferation of shell companies to channel black money into the political system via these bearer bonds.
• Promotes corruption: It has also been argued that reducing the disclosure threshold from Rs 20,000 to Rs 2,000 might not reduce the use of cash in politics and promote intended transparency.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Eliminate private funding and introduce public funding for political parties.
• Need for secrecy would be to establish a National Election Fund to which all donors could contribute.
• Implement measures to enhance transparency.
• Identify and plug loopholes in the Electoral Bond Scheme to prevent potential misuse, violations of donation limits, and risks such as crony capitalism and black money laundering.
• Ensure continuous monitoring of the Electoral Bond Scheme through judicial oversight.

THE CONCLUSION:

Free and fair elections are not possible, without transparency of political funding. Free and fair elections and the integrity of our electoral process have been repeatedly declared by the apex court as a part of the basic structure of the constitution.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q) “There is a need for simplification of procedure for disqualification of persons found guilty of corrupt practices under the Representation of peoples Act” Comment (2020)

Q) “Recent amendments to the Right to information Act will have profound impact on the autonomy and independence of the Information Commission”. Discuss (2020)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q) Discuss the various issues related to electoral bonds and suggest some reforms to make electoral funding fair and transparent.

SOURCE: S Y Quraishi writes: On electoral bonds, Supreme Court must uphold Right to Information | The Indian Express

THE CONTEXT:  Over a dozen Opposition leaders and journalists received email alerts from U.S.-based tech giant Apple that their devices were targeted by “state-sponsored attackers”

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• Over a dozen Opposition leaders and journalists received email alerts from U.S.-based tech giant Apple on 31stOctober night, informing them that their digital devices were being targeted by “state-sponsored attackers”.
• These alerts come a year after a Supreme Court-appointed committee of experts found no conclusive evidence of the spyware on the 29 phones that it had examined.
• In July 2021, a reporters’ consortium, the Pegasus Project, found that at least 40 journalists, cabinet Ministers and other officials in India were possibly subject to surveillance using Pegasus software. 

STATE SPONSORED ATTACKERS:

• As per Apple:
  • State-sponsored attackers are very well-funded and sophisticated, and their attacks evolve over time.
  • State-sponsored attackers apply exceptional resources to target a very small number of specific individuals and their devices.
  • State-sponsored attacks are highly complex, cost millions of dollars to develop and often have a short shelf life.
  • It’s possible that some Apple threat notifications may be false alarms, or that some attacks are not detected.
  • The company clarified that the alerts sent now did not accuse a “specific state actor”. it also said that it would not be able to disclose how the targets were discovered but reiterated that the alerts had to be taken seriously.

ABOUT PEGASUS:

• It is developed by the Israeli cyber-arms company NSO Group
• Pegasus is a spyware that can infiltrate a mobile phone and gather personal information and can control the phone’s microphones and cameras without the user’s knowledge or permission.
• The spyware is designed to bypass detection and mask its activity.
• It is a type of malicious software.

THREAT FROM PEGASUS SOFTWARE:

• Pegasus can gather information stored on the phone, such as photos and contacts, and activate the phone’s camera and microphone without the owner’s knowledge.

• Researchers had found that spyware software such as Pegasus had targeted iPhones and the operating system iOS as early as 2016, and Apple had come up with updates to fix Pegasus exploits, besides going on to sue NSO.

RECENT STEPS TAKEN IN INDIA:

• Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative:It was launched in 2018. The purpose of the program is to spread awareness, build capacity as well as enable Government departments on steps that need to be taken to create a cyber resilient eco system.
• National Cyber security Coordination Centre (NCCC):It was developed in 2017 to scan internet traffic and communication metadata (which are little snippets of information hidden inside each communication) coming into the country to detect real-time cyber threats.
• Cyber Swachhta Kendra:In 2017, this platform was introduced for internet users to create a secure cyber space by detecting botnet infections in India and to notify, enable cleaning and securing systems of end users so as to prevent further infection.
• Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C):It was inaugurated by the government in 2020. I4C is envisaged to act as the nodal point to curb Cybercrime in the
• Computer Emergency Response Team – India (CERT-IN):It is the nodal agency. CERT-IN is responsible for coordinating the response to cybersecurity incidents in India.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Strong Legal Frameworks: Governments need to enact and enforce comprehensive laws that explicitly address digital surveillance, data breaches, and privacy violations.
• Cybersecurity Measures: Strengthening cybersecurity defense is crucial to prevent unauthorized access to devices and systems.
• International Cooperation:Since spyware attacks often cross-national borders, international collaboration is vital. Governments and law enforcement agencies should work together to combat cybercrime and address surveillance-related challenges.
• End-to-End Encryption: Emphasizing and implementing strong end-to-end encryption for communication platforms can prevent unauthorized interception of messages and data.

CONCLUSION:

The government must come clean on its dealings with NSO, and its use of software provided by such agencies and also emulate steps taken by other governments in proscribing such entities.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION:

Q) Discuss different types of cybercrimes and measures required to be taken to fight the menace. (2020)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q) “ The challenges posed by technological surveillance to rule of law and privacy are serious enough to undermine democracy”, What do you understand by the statement? Explain in the context of recent developments.

Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/malware-malice-on-the-apple-cyberattack-alert/article67485865.ece

THE CONTEXT: The demand for reservation by several communities in India, whether Maratha or Ahir, by constant protests, indicates the lure for government jobs in India. Despite the large presence of private jobs in India, this constant demand for ‘Sarkari naukari’ seems to be an issue of concern.

ISSUES:

• Commonality of demands: Despite coming from the different backgrounds and different caste groups demand for reservation remains the same. Whether Maratha or Kunbi or even a skilled person, despite having other opportunities, skills tend to seek government jobs. These tend to dilute the privilege of getting trained and other opportunities which might have been a better opportunity for the person rather than chasing the same government job.
• Misconception of government job: There are misconceptions related to the government job that it comes with stability and higher perks than compared to private jobs. Arguments are also given regarding the respect and power associated with government jobs in society. Therefore, many choose to chase behind the government job despite vast expansion of private sector jobs.
• State’s centrality in lives of people: There is continuing significance and attraction of the state in the life of the common people. Also, rather than becoming less important, the state has actually become more important. With the perception that state is the only safe place to save against the uncertainties of the private sector, state control became more prominent.
• Cut-throat competition: According to a report by the Department of Personnel and Training, over 22 crore applicants have applied for government jobs since 2014, and over 7.22 lakh have received permanent positions in the central government. This shows the level of cut-throat competition, which ultimately leads to jobs only in a few hands, and most remain unemployed.
• High unemployment: Preparation of government jobs majorly leads to waste of youth lives of many. Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy has stated that the rate of unemployment for those in the 20-24-years age category stood at 41.9%. The rate of unemployment for those in the 25-29-years age category was at 9.8%. This indicates that when many individuals become ineligible for most government jobs, they tend to take up employment in private sector.
• No regulation by State: With the expansion of private enterprise over the last few decades, the state has abandoned its responsibility towards appropriate regulation of the market. For example, constant weakening of labour laws has affected the perception of private sector jobs.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT

Since the period of the 11th Five Year Plan (2007-12), various governments have formulated programmes for “skill development” among poor urban and rural youth.

• A variety of small and large corporations have been contracted by the government to establish residential Skill Development Centres.
• The companies, known as Project Implementation Agencies (PIAs), provide training across different “domains” such as Hospitality, Customer Retail Service and Health Care.
• In 2014, the government created the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE), intended to provide a more coordinated focus on training activities that have otherwise been spread across various individual ministries.
• The Skill India Programme launched in 2015 aimed to train 402 million people by 2022, and the 2015 budget allocated Rs 5,040 crore for skill development.
• The flagship Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) scheme was launched in 2015 to provide short-term training, skilling through ITIs and under the apprenticeship scheme.
• The SANKALP programme focuses on the district-level skilling ecosystem and the STRIVE project aims to improve the performance of ITIs are other significant skilling interventions.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Reforms in private sector: To shift focus from the government sector jobs, there is a need for reform in private sector by bringing in the job security and stability along with the other benefits for a healthy work life balance. Also, there is a need for proper utilisation of CSR funds in the private sector to make the employees feel satisfied and responsible.
• Reforms in government sector: There is a need to bring reforms in government sector as well. The government should examine the feasibility of replacing the system of permanent employment with a liberal contractual system based on periodic performance-based reviews. With new technology and new market situation, government should bring the solution and skills as per the market needs.
• Government initiatives : Government needs to re-energise its efforts in skill development of the youth by imparting the skill according to the needs of the existing market demand. Also, the government needs to regulate the market just enough to ensure that the most vulnerable do not get harm in the excesses of the market by strengthening of labour laws.
• Revamp reservation process: The reservation policy should be implemented in a way that does not hamper the free movement of manpower resources by ensuring inclusiveness of all the classes in India. The reservation policy needs to be revisited periodically to assess its impact on the economy and industries in the state.
• Bringing in proper framework: There is a need to bring proper framework for job ecosystem. As the role of the government is not in the matter of job creation but that of building an ecosystem conducive to creation of jobs. It has become common to suggest that the “New India” is characterised by the overwhelming importance of private enterprise, therefore new frameworks are needed.

THE CONCLUSION:

As long as the control of the state exists in the job market, the issue of unemployability and the lure of the government jobs will remain. Here, both the state and non-state actors need to work together to harness the full potential of India’s young population by addressing the structural issues to accelerate economic growth.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 “While we flaunt India’s demographic dividend, we ignore the dropping rates of employability.” What are we missing while doing so? Where will the jobs that India desperately needs come from? Explain. (2014)

Q.2 Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable?  (2016)

Q.3 Most of the unemployment in India is structural in nature. Examine the methodology adopted to compute unemployment in the country and suggest improvements.”(2023)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 Despite several government initiatives for skill development in India, the employment rate in India is still very low. What are the possible reasons for this and suggest measures to address the situation?

Q.2 Job creation in India is seen only as a government responsibility as the state seems to be the only safe haven against arbitrary actions of markets. Comment.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/maratha-reservation-why-everyone-wants-a-sarkari-naukri-in-new-india-9009710/#:~:text=The%20reservations%2Dfor%2DMarathas%20demand,on%20the%20percentage%20quota%20limits.

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Lok Sabha’s Ethics Committee has initiated investigation on a Member of Parliament (MPs). It has been alleged that MP had received money for putting questions up in Parliament. The Speaker, in turn, referred the complaint to the Ethics Committee for examination and a report.

LOK SABHA’S ETHICS COMMITTEE

• The Ethics Committee of the Lok Sabha is a relatively new committee which was set up in 2000, with a mandate to examine every complaint that related to the unethical conduct of MPs referred to it and to recommend action. It was also tasked with formulating a code of conduct for MPs.
• However, the committee has not defined the term ‘unethical conduct’ anywhere. It is left entirely to the committee to examine a particular act of conduct and decide whether it is unethical or not.
• It consists of not more than fifteen members and nominated by the Speaker. They shall hold office for a term not exceeding one year.

Functions

• To oversee the moral and ethical conduct of the Members
• To examine the cases referred to it with reference to ethical and other misconduct of the Members
• Any person or member may make a complaint relating to unethical conduct of a member to the committee
• In the case of the Ethics Committee, only an MP can be examined for misconduct

HISTORY OF ETHICS COMMITTEES

• The idea of ethics panels for the two Houses was first mooted in 1996 by Presiding Officers’ Conference.
• Then Vice President and Rajya Sabha Chairman K R Narayanan constituted the Ethics Committee of the Upper House in 1997. It is to oversee the moral and ethical conduct of members and examine cases of misconduct referred to it. The Rules applicable to the Committee of Privileges also apply to the ethics panel.
• In the case of Lok Sabha, a study group of the House Committee of Privileges, after visiting Australia, the UK, and the US in 1997 to look into practices pertaining to the conduct and ethics of legislators, recommended the constitution of an Ethics Committee, but it could not be taken up by Lok Sabha.
• The Committee of Privileges finally recommended the constitution of an Ethics Committee during the 13th Lok Sabha.
• The late Speaker, G M C Balayogi, constituted an ad hoc Ethics Committee in 2000, which became a permanent part of the House only in 2015.

PROCEDURE FOR COMPLAINTS

• Any person can complain against a Member through another Lok Sabha MP, along with evidence of the alleged misconduct, and an affidavit stating that the complaint is not “false, frivolous, or vexatious”. If the Member himself complains, the affidavit is not needed.
• The Speaker can refer to the Committee any complaint against an MP. The Committee makes a prima facie inquiry before deciding to examine a complaint. It makes its recommendations after evaluating the complaint.
• The Committee presents its report to the Speaker, who asks the House if the report should be taken up for consideration. There is also a provision for a half-hour discussion on the report.

PROCESS OF EXPULSION OF MPs

• If an MP takes money for putting questions up in Parliament, they will be guilty of breach of privilege and contempt of the House. Such complaints are invariably referred to the Committee of Privileges for investigation.
• This committee, after a proper investigation, submits its findings in a report along with the recommendation for action against the MP in question.
• If a case involving illegal gratification for conducting parliamentary work is proven, the MP may even be expelled from the House.
• There have been such instances in the Lok Sabha where MPs were expelled from the House on this ground. For example, in 2005, a sting operation by a private channel showed 10 Members of the Lok Sabha accepting money for putting questions up in Parliament. Then, a special committee was appointed which found them guilty of conduct and recommended their expulsion, which was accepted by the House. All the MPs were expelled.
• Generally, complaints of MPs accepting money for parliamentary work are referred to the privileges committee or special committees appointed by the House for that purpose.
• However, the recent case has been referred to the Ethics Committee, although the allegation is about illegal gratification for doing parliamentary work.

OVERLAP WITH PRIVILEGES COMMITTEE:

• The work of the Ethics Committee and thePrivileges Committee often overlap. An allegation of corruption against an MP can be sent to either body, but usually more serious accusations go to the Privileges Committee.
• The mandate of the Privileges Committee is to safeguard the “freedom, authority, and dignity of Parliament”.
• These privileges are enjoyed by individual Members as well as the House as a whole.
• An MP can be examined forBreach of Privilege; a non-MP too can be accused of breach of privilege for actions that attack the authority and dignity of the House.
• However, the Ethics Committee can take up only cases of misconduct that involve MPs.

WHAT CAN HAPPEN NEXT?

• If the recent case came out as illegal gratification, then the case becomes a case of breach of privilege and cannot be dealt with by the ethics committee.
• Since a public servant accepting a bribe is a criminal offence, it is normally investigated by the criminal investigative agencies of the government.
• Parliamentary committees do not deal with criminal investigation. They decide on the basis of evidence whether the conduct of the MP is a breach of privilege or contempt of the House and punish them accordingly.

THE WAY FORWARD

• Proper regulation of the MPs: MPs work and ethics should be properly regulated for efficient functioning of the Parliament. Here, a dedicated units can be set up in the parliament to monitor the observance of the Code of Ethics. The unit should also be empowered to receive public complaints regarding violation of the Code of Conduct.
• Proper reporting: There is a need for proper reporting of the work of each member of the Parliament. In this case, an annual report with regard to the observance of these Codes should be submitted to the appropriate legislature with specific cases of violations.
• Increasing the role of ethics committee: There is a need of increasing the role of ethics committee to ensure proper conduct of members of parliament. Also, clarity in defining ‘unethical conduct’ could enhance transparency.

THE CONCLUSION:

Lok Sabha Ethics Committee plays a critical role in upholding the ethical standards of India’s parliamentary members. Members of Parliament must adhere to the ethical code of conduct to ensure transparency and accountability within the Lok Sabha. This will create a responsible parliamentary system, ultimately benefiting the democratic process and the nation as a whole.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 To what extent, in your view, the Parliament is able to ensure accountability of the executive in India? (2021)

Q.2 Why do you think the committees are considered to be useful for parliamentary work? Discuss, in this context, the role of the Estimates Committee. (2018)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 How can the ethics committee of the parliament can serve as a guardian of parliamentary ethics, ensuring that members adhere to the highest moral standards while fulfilling their legislative responsibilities? Explain.

Q.2 The Ethics Committee’s work, while often overshadowed by privilege committee, is integral to maintaining the integrity of the Lok Sabha. Comment.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/ethics-parliamentary-conduct-and-the-indian-mp/article67481699.ece

THE CONTEXT: The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs postponed its adoption of a draft report on three Bills seeking to replace the existing criminal laws, after pressure from the Opposition seeking more time to examine it.

MORE ON THE NEWS

• The parliamentary committee has held only 12 meetings so far on the three Bills, which opposition members feel is inadequate for scrutiny of the Bills.
• The Bill is facing dissenting notes, mainly pertaining to the text of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, which will replace the Indian Penal Code and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, which will come in the place of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
• However, there appears to be unanimity on the third Bill, the Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, that will replace the Indian Evidence Act.

WHY WERE THE BILLS INTRODUCED?

• To undo colonial legacy: The existing criminal justice system was designed with the purpose of ruling the nation to serve British powers. The system of criminal justice delivery now has become less effective to serve its desired purpose, based on the current situation.
• Ineffective criminal justice system: There is increasing pressure on the judiciary with huge pendency which obstructs delivery of justice. Another issue is of huge undertrials as according to National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)-Prison Statistics India, 67.2% of our total prison population comprises of under trial prisoners. These indicate the inefficiency of our criminal justice system.
• To increase the confidence of the common public: The existing criminal justice system has become a tool for harassing common people. There is a need to overhaul the current criminal justice system to increase the confidence of the common public in the laws of the country.

ISSUES RAISED BY THE OPPOSITION

• Inadequate consultation: Opposition members raised issue on the speed at which the committee reviewed the Bills without proper stakeholder consultation. There is no adequate consultation of lawyers activists, and members of the subordinate judiciary who would actually work the law and procedure laid down in the codes.
• Copy of existing legislation: It is argued that considerable sections of the new laws are mere reproductions of the old Codes. In this case, the government could have sought to amend the laws instead of bringing in new legislation.
• Hindi nomenclature: Another major criticism of the Bill is use of the Hindi nomenclature, which is said to be exclusionary for a large section of the country.
• Short-term electoral gains: There are issues of deeper scrutiny to bring reform in the criminal justice system. Opposition is blaming the government for hurrying the Bill without proper scrutiny for short-term electoral gains. It is leading to mocking the process of “legislative scrutiny”.

THE WAY FORWARD

• Need for wider stakeholder consultation: There should be a wider consultation among all the stakeholders, whether government, activists and all levels of judiciary. It should be done in order to serve the interest of people to deliver effective and quicker justice.
• Need of more scrutiny: The Parliamentary standing committee should take more time to study the proposed criminal laws. The extended time should be seen as an opportunity for deeper scrutiny of the Bills to tackle all the issues raised to reform the Bills.
• Need of Structural changes: There is a need for structural changes in the criminal justice system of India. There is a need for comprehensive changes in the criminal laws of the country to provide affordable and speedy justice to all and create a people-centric legal structure.
• Step towards decolonisation of the Bills: The current Bills is seen as a step towards getting rid of colonial era laws. It is stated that while the aim of the old laws was to protect the British administration, the aim of the new laws is to protect the rights of people. It has potential to enter a new era of criminal justice system to defeat all the forces that prevent people’s rights being taken to them.

THE CONCLUSION:

The whole point of introducing these new criminal codes was to bring about a major overhaul of a body of law deemed to be too colonial in orientation. However, bringing the Bill in a haste without proper consultation is not the solution and there is a need of extensive consultations of all the stakeholders involved for its effective implementation.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against women in the country. Despite existing legal provisions against it, the number of such incidences is on the rise. Suggest some innovative measures to tackle this menace. (2014)

Q.2 Mob violence is emerging as a serious law and order problem in India. By giving suitable examples, analyze the causes and consequences of such violence. (2015)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 The law of the land has to be in tune with the demands of the changing times and nature of complexities in offences. How the proposed Criminal law Bills tend to justify this statement by replacing colonial-era laws. Analyse.

Q.2 The existence of an orderly society depends on the efficient functioning of the Criminal Justice System. Analyze the concerns associated with existing criminal justice system in India. Suggest measures to address the concerns.

Note: Please refer to Mains focus article for more information: https://blog.lukmaanias.com/2023/10/03/criminal-law-bills-and-a-hollow-decolonisation/

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/time-and-change-the-hindu-editorial-on-the-parliamentary-standing-committee-on-home-affairs-and-new-criminal-laws/article67473537.ece#:~:text=Panel%20should%20be%20given%20more%20time%20to%20study%20new%20criminal%20laws&text=The%20Parliamentary%20Standing%20Committee%20on%20Home%20Affairs%20has%20postponed%20the,more%20time%20to%20study%20it.

1. TECTONIC PLATES ON VENUS

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: As per a new study, Venus, often referred to as Earth’s sister planet, may have experienced tectonic activity about 4.5 billion to 3.5 billion years ago.

EXPLANATION:

• This tectonic movement is believed to have played a crucial role in shaping Venus’s carbon dioxide- and nitrogen-rich atmosphere.
• The research raises the possibility that ancient Venus could have supported microbial life, indicating that Earth and Venus might have shared similar conditions in the distant past.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE STUDY:

• Tectonic Activity on Venus:
  • The study explores the idea that plate tectonics, a geological process responsible for shaping Earth’s surface, may have also operated on Venus billions of years ago.
  • Plate tectonics involves the movement of large pieces of a planet’s outer shell, leading to the formation of continents, oceans, and mountains.

• Impact on Venus’s Atmosphere:
  • The researchers suggest that this ancient tectonic activity could have influenced Venus’s atmosphere.
  • Today, Venus’s atmosphere is primarily composed of carbon dioxide (96.5%) and nitrogen (less than 3.5%).
  • The study proposes that these tectonic processes contributed to the planet’s unique atmospheric composition.

• Potential for Ancient Life:
  • The presence of tectonic activity on Venus in the distant past opens the possibility that microbial life could have existed there.
  • This finding underscores the similarities between Earth and Venus in terms of geological processes and conditions conducive to life.

• Changes Over Time:
  • While Venus and Earth share many similarities in terms of size, mass, density, and volume, they have evolved differently.
  • The study suggests that Venus may have transitioned from early tectonic activity to a “stagnant lid” model where the planet’s surface has a single, largely immobile plate, limiting gas release into the atmosphere.

• Planetary Transitions:
  • The research challenges the notion that planets maintain a single tectonic state throughout their existence.
  • It suggests that planets, including Earth and Venus, may transition between different tectonic states, which could impact their habitability.

• Future Exploration:
• • The upcoming NASA mission to Venus, DAVINCI, is expected to provide further insights and potentially confirm the findings of this study.
  • Researchers are also interested in understanding how and why Venus lost its plate tectonics over time.

CONCLUSION:

• In essence, this study highlights the intriguing possibility of tectonic activity on ancient Venus and its role in shaping the planet’s atmosphere and habitability.
• It underscores the dynamic nature of planets and how they can transition between different geological states.
• The upcoming mission to Venus offers an opportunity to gather more data and expand our understanding of Earth’s enigmatic sister planet.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/science-technology/earth-like-tectonic-plates-on-ancient-venus-may-explain-its-carbon-dioxide-nitrogen-rich-atmosphere-92513

2. DRAFT OF BILLS REPLACING CRIMINAL LAWS

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs postponed its adoption of a draft report on three Bills seeking to replace the existing criminal laws.

EXPLANATION:

• The panel has scheduled its next meeting for November 6, which gives members an additional week to review the draft report and offer their suggestions.
• The committee aims to have the report ready for the Winter Session of Parliament.

WHY THE DELAY?

• Late Release of Draft Report:
  • The English version of the draft report was shared one week before and the Hindi version was given to members of the Parliamentary panel only hours before it was set to be adopted.
  • This short notice didn’t sit well with some members.

• Opposition’s Discontent:
  • Three members have registered their objections.
  • They’re calling for various alterations in the proposed Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, meant to replace the Indian Penal Code, and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, which is set to replace the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC).
  • More objections are anticipated.

• Dispute Over Hindi Nomenclature:
  • The use of Hindi names for the Bills has been a source of disagreement.
  • The panel’s draft report argues that since the text of the Bill is in English, it doesn’t go against the provisions of the Constitution, which specify that English should be used in the Supreme Court and High Courts, as well as for Acts, Bills, and legal documents.

• Inadequate Consultation:
  • The Opposition members have expressed concerns about the limited consultations on the proposed bills.
  • They believe that given the extensive changes in the criminal laws, it’s vital to have more talks with state governments and concerned parties.

• Request for More Time:
• • Opposition members have requested an extension of at least three months to finalize the committee’s report on the bills.
  • They’re worried that rushing through these laws for short-term political gains could undermine the legislative scrutiny process.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliamentary-panel-on-home-affairs-withholds-draft-report-on-bills-replacing-criminal-laws/article67466923.ece/amp/

3. AVAIN FLU

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Scientists have detected the presence of avian flu for the first time in the Antarctic region, raising concerns for remote populations of penguins and seals.

EXPLANATION:

• Scientists from the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) have identified the presence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), commonly known as avian flu, in the Antarctic region for the first time.
• This discovery raises concerns for the welfare of remote populations of penguins and seals.
• The virus, which affects birds and can be deadly, was detected in brown skua (a predatory seabird) populations on Bird Island, South Georgia.
• It is suspected that it might have reached the region from South America.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE FINDINGS:

• The virus may have been introduced to the Antarctic region from South America.
• Scientists have observed HPAI outbreaks in Europe, North America, South Africa, and South America, heightening concerns about its spread to vulnerable Antarctic wildlife.
• Threat to Wildlife:
  • Avian flu primarily affects birds, and highly pathogenic strains like H5 and H7 can cause high mortality in wild bird populations.
  • The virus can also be transmitted to mammals, particularly through predators and scavengers that feed on infected birds.

• Previous Outbreaks:
  • In 2022 and 2023, HPAI H5N1 rapidly spread in South America, impacting seabird populations.
  • It travelled southward, affecting 500,000 seabirds and causing significant outbreaks in marine mammals, resulting in the deaths of 20,000 South American sea lions.

• Response:
  • The BAS and the Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) are closely monitoring the situation and have implemented enhanced biosecurity measures.
  • They are working together to manage the outbreak.

• Most Vulnerable Species:
  • According to the researchers’ risk assessment, gulls, skuas, birds of prey, terns, shorebirds, fur seals, sea lions, and other marine mammals are considered the most vulnerable species to avian flu.

• High-Risk Regions:
• • The sub-Antarctic islands located between the southern tip of South America and the Antarctic Peninsula, including the Falkland Islands, are identified as high-risk regions due to the presence of various vulnerable wildlife groups.

AVIAN FLU:

• Avian influenza or bird flu refers to the disease caused by infection with avian (bird) influenza (flu) Type A viruses.
• These viruses naturally spread among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species.
• Bird flu viruses do not normally infect humans.
• However, sporadic human infections with bird flu viruses have occurred.

CONCLUSION:

• The detection of avian flu in the Antarctic region raises concerns for the well-being of penguins, seals, and other wildlife.
• The virus’s potential impact on these vulnerable species highlights the importance of ongoing monitoring, research, and biosecurity measures to mitigate the spread of this disease.
• Steps should be taken to avoid the consequences on the unique ecosystems of the Antarctic region.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/first-cases-of-avian-flu-found-in-antarctic-region-92514

4. INDIA AND QATAR’S ENERGY SHARE

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The death sentence given to eight former personnel of the Indian Navy by a court in Qatar presents the biggest challenge yet to New Delhi’s historically friendly ties with Doha.

EXPLANATION:

• In the relationship between nations, trade relations play a significant role.
• In the case of India and Qatar, the balance of trade is tilted heavily in the Qatar’s favour — which means imports from Qatar far outweigh India’s exports.
• The nature of the trade, which is dominated by a commodity that is very important to India, now and for the foreseeable future, also provides Qatar significant influence.
• It is India’s largest source of liquefied natural gas (LNG) — gas that has been super cooled to liquid form so that it can be transported by sea — accounting for more than half of overall import volumes of the fuel.
• Indeed, LNG is at the heart of the trade relationship, it makes up almost 50% of overall Indian imports (by value) from Qatar.

GAS IMPORT DEPENDENCY:

• India’s import dependency in natural gas is around 50%.
• Given the government’s concerted push to increase natural gas consumption, imports are only likely to rise in the coming years, even if domestic production of natural gas increases.
• Government-owned Petronet LNG, India’s largest LNG importer, has a long-term contract with Qatar for the import of 8.5 million tonnes per annum (mtpa) of LNG.
• India has set itself an ambitious target to increase the share of natural gas in the primary energy mix to 15% by 2030 from a little more than 6% at present.
• This is bound to result in a rapid increase in LNG imports over the next few years.
• Natural gas is seen as a significantly cleaner alternative to conventional petroleum fuels like diesel and petrol, and is usually cheaper than crude oil.
• For India, which has an import dependency of over 85% in crude, gas is both more affordable and a better transition fuel in the energy transition pathway.
• Given this situation with India’s energy security concerns and ambitions, the case of the retired Navy personnel presents a sensitive challenge for Indian diplomacy.

INDIA, QATAR, AND LNG:

• India’s total imports from Qatar in FY2022-23 were valued at $16.81 billion, of which LNG imports alone were worth $8.32 billion, or 49.5%.
• India’s other major imports from Qatar are also fossil fuel-linked commodities and products, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), plastics, and other petrochemicals.
• On the other hand, India’s exports to Qatar were valued at just $1.97 billion in FY2022-23.
• The major exports include cereals, copper articles, iron and steel articles, vegetables, fruits, spices, and processed food products.
• India imported a total 19.85 million tonnes of LNG in FY23, of which 10.74 million tonnes, or 54%, came from Qatar.
• This means that apart from the 8.5 million tonnes of LNG that Qatar supplied as part of the Petronet LNG term contract, nearly 2.25 million tonnes of additional gas was purchased from Qatar.
• While Indian LNG importers, predominantly the public sector oil and gas companies continue to make efforts to diversify sourcing, it could be years before the high reliance on Qatar can be reduced to a meaningful extent.

THE GLOBAL LNG MARKET:

• The global LNG market is a seller’s market after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the sanctions that have disrupted Russian natural gas supplies to Europe.
• After the war broke out, prices, particularly of LNG spot cargoes, surged globally.
• The war has put Qatar, the world’s largest exporter of LNG, in a unique position of strength.
• According to industry experts, the extreme price volatility of the past couple of years in global LNG markets has established that term contracts, and not spot purchases.
• This has pushed LNG importers all over the world, including India, to scout for long-term contracts with major suppliers, of whom Qatar is the foremost.
• Over the past few weeks, Doha has announced 27-year LNG supply deals with French, Dutch, and Italian energy majors.
• In the preceding months, it had signed long-term contracts to supply LNG to China and Germany.
• Petronet’s term contract runs out in 2028, and negotiations for an extension are currently under way. India is also looking to sign more long-term LNG contracts.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/natural-gas-lng-india-qatar-relations-9002396/lite/

5. ISRAEL AND PALESTINIAN TRUCE

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the United Nations General Assembly called for an immediate humanitarian truce between Israel and Palestinian militants Hamas and demanded aid access to the besieged Gaza Strip and protection of civilians.

EXPLANATION:

• The resolution drafted by the Arab states is not legally binding, but politically significant.
• It passed to a round of applause with 120 votes in favour, while 45 abstained including India and 14 including Israel and the United States voted against.
• The General Assembly voted after the Security Council failed four times in the past two weeks to take action.
• A two-thirds majority was needed for the resolution to pass, in which abstentions do not count.

ASSEMBLY STRESSES PREVENTING WIDER WAR:

• The assembly stressed the “importance of preventing further destabilization and escalation of violence in the region”.
• It called on “all parties to exercise maximum restraint and work toward this objective.”
• The General Assembly asked Israel to rescind its order for civilians in Gaza to move to the south of the enclave.
• Israel ordered some 1.1 million people in Gaza – almost half the population to move south on Oct. 12.
• The General Assembly also “firmly rejects any attempts at the forced transfer of the Palestinian civilian population.”
• Israel has vowed to wipe out Hamas, which rules Gaza, after the militants killed 1,400 people and took hundreds of hostages in the attack three weeks ago that surprised and shocked Israelis.
• Israel has struck Gaza from the air, imposed a siege and is preparing a ground invasion. Palestinian authorities say more than 7,000 have been killed.
• The General Assembly called for “the immediate and unconditional release of all civilians who are being illegally held captive.”
• The initial draft of the resolution put forward by Arab states called for an immediate ceasefire. The resolution adopted “calls for an immediate, durable and sustained humanitarian truce leading to a cessation of hostilities.”
• Israel has rejected calls for a ceasefire because it says Hamas would benefit.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, PLEASE REFER TO THE ISRAEL AND HAMAS NEWS IN THE DNA OF OCTOBER 2023.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/un-overwhelmingly-calls-for-aid-truce-between-israel-and-hamas/article67467892.ece

THE CONTEXT: The Centre has asked all departments to deploy officers to showcase its achievements across the country down to the village level, through a roadshow titled Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra, which will run from November 20 to January 25, 2024. This circular reportedly issued by the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, on the nomination of bureaucrats as “rath prabharis” has sparked a political row.

ISSUES WITH THE MOVE:

• Politicisation of the bureaucracy and the military: Joint Secretaries, Directors, and Deputy Secretaries will be appointed Rath Prabharis (chariots in-charge) for the roadshow. Also, the Ministry of Defence is setting up 822 ‘selfie points’ at prominent locations which is being seen as politicisation of the bureaucracy and the military.
• Outreach limited to nine years: The outreach is only about achievements of the last nine years that corresponds to the two terms of the ruling government that began in 2014. The campaign is conveniently timed for the Lok Sabha election, which is expected in April-May 2024, and is evident to be used in electoral politics.
• Partisan roles: Such directives force bureaucrats into partisan roles in furtherance of the interests of the ruling party. It can damage the institution’s independence and functioning. This assigned role also goes against the task assigned to those bureaucrats and shrinks the vital degrees of separation.
• Electoral politics: The drafting of civil servants into government propaganda ahead of elections is quite disturbing and indicates towards electoral politics. The use of bureaucracy for short term gains at the cost of governance is affecting the representative democracy.

THE WAY FORWARD

• Separation of power: India’s constitutional scheme of governance envisages the separation of power among the three arms of the state: the executive, the judiciary and the legislature. There is also a line of separation between the bureaucracy and the military from the political executive and thus they need to be insulated from partisan politics.
• Ensure free and fair electoral process: The extensive election process in India has largely retained its credibility because of the bureaucratic impartiality demanded by the system. The military’s involvement in any kind of domestic politics is considered wrong. Civil and military officials are expected to remain loyal to the government elected by the citizens, regardless of their personal ideological inclination.
• Immediate withdrawal of circular: There is a need of urgent withdrawal of circular as it is not fair to direct soldiers on annual leave to promote government schemes. The bureaucracy must be neutral and independent, and especially in polarised times for imparting stability to governance.

THE CONCLUSION:

It is the responsibility of the government that the lines of governing principles are not crossed and it should be ensured that the bureaucracy must be neutral and independent to ensure public trust in the system’s functioning.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

Q. Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of separation of powers doctrine. While noting the rationales justifying the power to promulgate ordinances, analyze whether the decisions of the Supreme Court on the issue have further facilitated resorting to this power. Should the power to promulgate ordinances be repealed? (2015)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q. The designation of bureaucrats as ‘’Rath Prabharis’’ to highlight the achievement of the government leads to the politicisation of bureaucracy’. Examine in the light of the role of civil services in Indian democracy.

Please refer to MAINS FOCUS article for more:  https://blog.lukmaanias.com/2023/10/24/government-move-to-turn-government-officers-into-rath-prabharis-stirs-storm/

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/crossing-a-line-the-hindu-editorial-on-the-viksit-bharat-sankalp-yatra-roadshow-the-implications/article67454499.ece

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/officer-and-prabhari-8998014/