TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Finance Ministry confirmed the appointment of Arvind Panagariya, former Niti Aayog vice chairman and Columbia University professor, as the Chairman of the Sixteenth Finance Commission.

EXPLANATION:

• Arvind Panagariya, a renowned trade economist, previously held the position of the first vice chairman of Niti Aayog from 2015 to 2017.
• His expertise and experience in both academia and policymaking mark him as a fitting choice for this significant role.
• This crucial Constitutional body is tasked with recommending the tax revenue sharing formula between the Centre and States for the upcoming five-year period starting April 2026.
• The Sixteenth Finance Commission’s scope extends beyond determining the tax-sharing formula.
• It includes a review of current funding mechanisms for Disaster Management initiatives and proposing strategies to enhance States’ consolidated funds, aiming to augment resources available for Panchayats and Municipalities.
• The Cabinet had approved the terms of reference for the Sixteenth Finance Commission on November 29, emphasizing its importance in determining the tax-sharing framework between the Central and State governments.

Tenure and Deadline for Commission’s Recommendations:

• The Chairman and other Commission members will hold office until the submission of the report or October 31, 2025, whichever occurs first.
• The Commission is mandated to submit its recommendations by October 2025, enabling their integration into the Budget process for 2026-27.
• The Fifteenth Finance Commission, chaired by NK Singh, was constituted in November 2017.
• Its terms of reference were later modified, extending its tenure to six years by late 2019.
• This extension required the panel to deliver two reports, one for 2020-21 and a final report spanning 2021-22 to 2025-26.

Finance Commission:

• The Finance Commission is constituted by the President under Article 280 of the Constitution.
• As per the provisions contained in the Finance Commission [Miscellaneous Provisions] Act, 1951 and The Finance Commission (Salaries & Allowances) Rules, 1951, the Chairman of the Commission is selected from among persons who have had experience in public affairs, and the four other members are selected from among persons who–

(a) are, or have been, or are qualified to be appointed as Judges of a High Court; or

(b) have special knowledge of the finances and accounts of Government; or

(c) have had wide experience in financial matters and in administration; or

(d) have special knowledge of economics

• It is the duty of the Commission to make recommendations to the President as to—
  • the distribution between the Union and the States of the net proceeds of taxes which are to be, or may be, divided between them and the allocation between the States of the respective shares of such proceeds;
  • the principles which should govern the grants-in-aid of the revenues of the States out of the Consolidated Fund of India;
  • the measures needed to augment the Consolidated Fund of a State to supplement the resources of the Panchayats in the State on the basis of the recommendations made by the Finance Commission of the State;
  • the measures needed to augment the Consolidated Fund of a State to supplement the resources of the Municipalities in the State on the basis of the recommendations made by the Finance Commission of the State;
  • any other matter referred to the Commission by the President in the interests of sound finance.

Conclusion:

• Arvind Panagariya’s appointment as the Chairman of the Sixteenth Finance Commission heralds a critical phase in India’s fiscal policy planning. His expertise, coupled with the Commission’s wide-ranging mandate, underscores the significance of tax revenue sharing and strategic financial measures in fostering effective governance and resource allocation across Central and State jurisdictions.
• The Finance Commission’s role as an independent and authoritative body in shaping India’s fiscal policies continues to evolve, adapting to the dynamic socio-economic landscape of the country.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-appoints-arvind-panagariya-as-sixteenth-finance-commission-chief/article67692524.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Radiocarbon dating brought the first verifiable way to keep time to many fields of science, significantly transforming them.

EXPLANATION:

Radiocarbon Dating:

• Radiocarbon dating stands as a pivotal method in determining the age of organic materials.
• It revolves around the decay of carbon-14, an isotope formed in the Earth’s atmosphere due to cosmic rays colliding with atmospheric gases.
• The inception of radiocarbon dating stemmed from the work of scientists like Martin Kamen, Sam Ruben, Serge Korff, and Willard Libby.
• Libby’s innovative idea of utilizing carbon-14 to date organic materials, published in 1946, was based on assumptions later validated through subsequent scientific studies.

Principles of Radiocarbon Dating:

• Living organisms maintain a balance of carbon-14 in their bodies while alive by exchanging it with their surroundings.
• Upon death, this balance ceases, and carbon-14 begins to decay at a predictable rate.
• By measuring the remaining carbon-14, scientists can calculate the approximate time elapsed since the organism’s demise.

Instruments and Techniques:

• Early tests by Libby and James Arnold in the late 1940s affirmed the accuracy of radiocarbon dating by successfully dating known-age objects like redwood trees and artifacts.
• This validation solidified the technique’s reliability in estimating ages up to around 60,000 years due to carbon-14’s half-life.
• Initially utilizing Geiger counters to detect radiation from decaying carbon-14, modern advancements have led to sophisticated methods like accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS).
• AMS, significantly more sensitive, allows for precise dating using minute organic samples by isolating and analysing carbon-14 ions.

Modern Advancements and Refinements:

• Scientists continue to refine radiocarbon dating techniques, addressing limitations and enhancing precision.
• Recent studies in atmospheric science have improved the dating resolution, enabling researchers to narrow down dating accuracy to specific points within a year.

Impact on Science and Society:

• Radiocarbon dating has revolutionized various fields, especially archaeology and geology, by providing a reliable method to date organic remains.
• It has facilitated the understanding of human history, migration patterns, cultural evolution, and environmental changes, impacting scholarly research and historical narratives.

Ongoing Developments and Challenges:

• Despite its revolutionary impact, ongoing research aims to address potential anomalies and refine the technique further.
• Studies have highlighted deviations in the radiocarbon cycle during specific historical periods, suggesting potential inaccuracies in dating certain objects.

Significance in Contemporary Context:

• Radiocarbon dating holds political and cultural significance in regions like India.
• It has been instrumental in dating objects of historical and religious importance, contributing to public discourse and archaeological investigations.

Conclusion:

• Radiocarbon dating stands as a cornerstone in scientific methods, offering a reliable tool to unravel the mysteries of our past.
• Its evolution continues to shape our understanding of history, civilizations, and the natural world, while ongoing research endeavours strive to enhance its precision and applicability.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/radiocarbon-dating-history-science-revolution-politics-explained/article67692713.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Throughout 2023, an impressive team of 180 birdwatchers from across India meticulously documented rare ‘pelagic’ birds, predominantly found in open ocean habitats, off the coast of Karnataka.

EXPLANATION:

• The noteworthy sightings included various species like Sooty Shearwater, Brown Skua, Brown Booby, Streaked Shearwater, Masked Booby, Pomarine Skua, Arctic skua, Long-tailed skua, Swinhoes storm-petrel, Wilson’s storm-petrel, Flesh-footed shearwater, Persian shearwater, greater crested tern, lesser crested tern, common tern, and Bridled tern.

Significant Discoveries:

• Individuals organized expeditions leading to exceptional sightings, including the first-ever Sooty Shearwater sighting in Karnataka, a rarity usually found in the United States, Australia, and Africa.
• Additionally, the sighting of a Brown Skua, noted for its unusually large size, marked another remarkable observation and the first of its kind in Karnataka.

Insights into Pelagic Bird Populations:

• The birdwatchers’ network noted a decline in the density of pelagic birds compared to the previous year.
• This decline is indicative of reduced fish stocks near the coast, impacting the availability of food for these oceanic birds.
• Observations suggested that reasons behind this decline could be attributed to factors such as rainfall over the sea, leading to fish moving deeper into the waters.

Environmental Initiatives and Impact on Bird Habitats:

• Efforts toward creating a ‘green port’ at New Mangalore Port (NMP) resulted in a substantial increase in green cover, fostering the return of various bird species.
• The strategic planting of specific tree species at the port facilitated the resurgence of birdlife, creating conducive habitats.
• Such initiatives have led to the return of bird varieties that had been absent for over three decades, emphasizing the importance of suitable habitats and sustenance for avian populations.

Expanded Bird Habitats and Human Engagement:

• The augmentation of green spaces and conscious efforts by residents, such as setting up bird feeders, water pots, and birdbaths, contributed to the increased presence of birds in residential areas.
• The attraction of diverse bird species to these habitats highlights the role of community engagement in fostering biodiversity.

Bird Diversity Around Kaiga Nuclear Power Generating Station:

• The Kaiga Nuclear Power Generating Station in Uttara Kannada district has become a focal point for birdwatchers due to its rich avian diversity.
• Annual bird-watching marathons organized by the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) have identified over 213 bird species in the vicinity, indicating the area’s suitability for avian habitation.

Environmental Sustainability Indicated by Bird Population:

• The thriving avian population around the Kaiga Nuclear Power Generating Station serves as an indicator of the area’s safety and suitability for various life forms, validating the region’s ecological sustainability.

Conclusion:

• The meticulous documentation of rare pelagic birds, along with the resurgence of avian populations in diverse habitats across Karnataka, reflects the significance of environmental initiatives, habitat conservation, and community engagement in fostering biodiversity.
• The birdwatchers’ efforts not only highlight rare bird sightings but also underline the broader ecological implications of declining fish stocks impacting pelagic bird densities.
• It emphasized the intricate interplay between marine ecosystems and avian populations.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/birders-network-finds-rare-pelagic-birds-on-karnataka-s-coast-93633

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Union government announced adjustments in the interest rates for certain small savings schemes for the first quarter of 2024.

EXPLANATION:

• The Sukanya Samriddhi Account Scheme (SSAS) witnessed an increase in returns from 8% to 8.2%, while the interest on 3-year time deposits rose from 7% to 7.1%.
• However, several other small savings schemes, including the widely popular Public Provident Fund (PPF), maintained their existing interest rates.

Continued Freeze on PPF Rates:

• The PPF rate remains static at 7.1%, which has been unchanged since April 2020, marking the sixth consecutive quarter without any alteration.
• Notably, ahead of the last Lok Sabha election in January 2019, there were significant hikes in returns on various schemes, including the PPF which was raised to 7.9%.
• However, this time, the PPF rate has remained constant for yet another quarter.

Stagnant Rates despite RBI Recommendations:

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) suggested that the PPF return should have been set at 7.51% for the October to December 2023 quarter, in adherence to the formula-based rates system implemented in 2016.
• Similarly, the rates on 5-year recurring deposit (RD) accounts were expected to increase to 6.91% for the upcoming quarter.
• However, these rates have been kept unchanged at 6.7%.

Factors Influencing Rate Adjustments:

• The interest rates for the next quarter, as per the formula adopted, are linked to government bond yields prevailing between September and November 2023, specifically for securities with corresponding maturities.
• The decision to maintain stability in some small savings schemes’ rates, including the PPF, might be attributed to various economic factors and the government’s strategic approach to managing returns in line with prevailing bond yields.

Impact on Investors and Tax Implications:

• The decision has implications for investors relying on these small savings schemes for stable returns and tax benefits.
• Both the PPF and the SSAS offer tax-free returns, contributing to their popularity among investors seeking tax-efficient savings options.

The Sukanya Samriddhi Account Scheme (SSAS):

• Introduced in 2016, the Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana Account (SSA) is a central government scheme aimed to cater to a girl child.
• The Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana is a government savings scheme created with the intention to benefit girl child under the initiative called “Beti Bachao – Beti Padhao”.
• The parent or guardian of the girl child who is 10 years of age or younger can open an account under this scheme.
• This scheme carries a higher interest rate along with several tax benefits.

Public Provident Fund (PPF) Scheme:

• The PPF Scheme is a very popular long-term savings scheme in India because of its combination of tax savings, returns, and safety.
• The PPF was first offered to the public in the year 1968 by the Finance Ministry’s National Savings Institute.
• It aims to help individuals make small savings and provide returns on the savings.
• It is one of the safest investment products. i.e., the government of India guarantees your investments in the fund
• Tenure: 15 years (Can be renewed in blocks of 5 years).
• Interest rate: Interest rates currently payable on such accounts stand at 7.1%.
• Investment Amount: Minimum Rs.500, Maximum Rs.1.5 lakh p.a.

Conclusion:

• The recent adjustment in interest rates for select small savings schemes, particularly the slight increases in SSAS and 3-year time deposit rates, signifies a nuanced approach by the government towards managing returns in alignment with prevailing economic conditions.
• However, the decision to maintain the PPF rate stagnant for multiple quarters raises questions about the government’s strategy amid evolving economic landscapes and RBI’s recommendations based on formula-driven rates for small savings schemes.
• Investors and individuals availing of these schemes may continue to assess the implications of these rate adjustments on their financial portfolios and future investments.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/no-pre-poll-small-savings-sops-yet/article67687487.ece

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the pro-talks faction of the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) signed a historic tripartite peace deal with the Government of India and the state government of Assam.

EXPLANATION:

Assamese Identity and the Emergence of ULFA:

• The Assamese people, possessing a distinct culture and language, faced a growing sense of insecurity as economic development in the 19th century attracted migrants, altering the demographic landscape.
• The aftermath of Partition further fuelled tensions, leading to a six-year mass movement.
• In 1985, the Assam Accord aimed to address the issue of foreigners in Assam.
• Amidst this backdrop, the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) was established on April 7, 1979, by radical thinkers seeking a sovereign Assamese nation.

Decades of Insurgency and Conflict:

• ULFA’s founders envisioned achieving Assam’s sovereignty through armed struggle against the Indian state.
• Over 44 years, this pursuit has been marked by violence including kidnappings, extortions, executions, and bomb blasts, resulting in tragic loss of life in Assam and beyond.
• In response, the Indian government launched operations like Operation Bajrang in 1990, imposing President’s rule and invoking the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in Assam.

Complexities in ULFA’s Existence:

• The group has faced internal divisions and alleged external support.
• Factionalism within ULFA led to the emergence of Surrendered ULFA (SULFA), accused later of carrying out “secret killings.”
• Despite challenges, ULFA maintained camps in neighbouring countries like Myanmar, previously in Bangladesh and Bhutan, serving as operational bases and training grounds.

International Connections and Allegiances:

• ULFA has established links with other Northeast insurgent groups, organizations in Myanmar, and even affiliations with Islamic terror outfits like Harkat-ul-Jihad-e-Islami and Al-Qaeda.
• Reports suggest interactions between ULFA’s military chief Paresh Baruah and Osama Bin Laden.
• Furthermore, ULFA’s connection with Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and open support for Pakistan during the Kargil War highlight its international engagements.

Shift Towards Peace Talks:

• In 2005, ULFA formed the ‘People’s Consultative Group’ (PCG) for talks, but the group later resumed violence.
• Some ULFA commanders, led by Arabinda Rajkhowa, initiated peace talks in 2008.
• However, opposition from Paresh Baruah led to internal division, culminating in the formation of ULFA (Independent).
• The pro-talks faction under Rajkhowa submitted demands to the central government in 2012, which led to discussions and culminated in the recent tripartite peace agreement.

Assessing the Peace Accord and the Future:

• The recent tripartite peace agreement signifies a positive step, potentially contributing to Assam’s peace and development.
• Experts and observers emphasize the need for government commitment to ensure the success of this accord.
• While the signed deal is considered a significant milestone, concerns remain regarding its comprehensive implementation and inclusivity.
• Assam’s Chief Minister expressed willingness to engage with the anti-talks faction led by Baruah, hinting at the complexities in achieving a complete resolution.

ARMED FORCES (SPECIAL POWERS) ACT, 1958

• The Act came into force in 1958 in the context of increasing violence in the Northeastern States, which the State governments found difficult to control.
• The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Bill was passed by both the Houses of Parliament, and it was approved by the President on September 11, 1958. It became known as the Armed Forces Special Powers Act, 1958.
• AFSPA gives armed forces the power to maintain public order in “disturbed areas”.
• Under the Act, armed forces have the authority to prohibit a gathering of five or more persons in an area, can use force or even open fire after giving due warning if they feel a person is in contravention of the law.
• If reasonable suspicion exists, the army can also arrest a person without a warrant; enter or search a premises without a warrant and ban the possession of firearms.
• Any person arrested or taken into custody may be handed over to the officer in charge of the nearest police station along with a report detailing the circumstances that led to the arrest.

Conclusion:

• The journey of ULFA from insurgency to peace talks reflects a complex narrative entrenched in regional identity, conflict, and aspirations for sovereignty.
• The recent peace accord marks a pivotal moment in Assam’s history, but its true impact and sustainability depend on the commitment of all stakeholders involved, necessitating inclusive dialogue and comprehensive resolution of long-standing grievances.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sports/politics-and-sport-arts-of-the-possible-9088072/

TAG: GS 2: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Mines Ministry, operating through the state-owned Khanij Bidesh India Ltd (KABIL), has initiated strategic agreements and exploration endeavors with key global players in Argentina, Chile, and Australia to tap into lithium reserves.

EXPLANATION:

• India is making significant strides in securing lithium resources, a pivotal mineral crucial for the nation’s transition towards green energy, thereby aiming to reduce its carbon footprint.

Strategic Agreements and Exploration Initiatives:

• KABIL has forged a draft exploration and development agreement with Argentinian miner CAMYEN for potential acquisition and development of several lithium blocks.
• Additionally, a non-disclosure agreement has been established with Chilean miner ENAMI, aiming at potential exploration, extraction, processing, and commercialization of lithium resources.
• Furthermore, KABIL has engaged consultancy major PwC to identify viable investment projects in Australia, a nation known for substantial lithium production.

Global Dominance in Lithium Reserves:

• Latin American countries, especially Chile and Argentina, currently contribute 30–35% of the world’s lithium supplies.
• Chile, holding 11% of global lithium reserves, supplies 26% of global requirements, while Argentina, possessing nearly one-fifth of the world’s lithium resources, provides about 6% of the global supply.
• Australia is also a significant producer in the global lithium market.

Advancements in Argentina:

• The negotiations for lithium block acquisitions in Argentina have progressed to “advanced stages.”
• The anticipated cost of these acquisitions in Argentina might reach a “couple of hundred crores,” requiring Cabinet approval for the proposal’s finalization.
• KABIL’s board approved the “Draft Exploration and Development Agreement,” leading to the Ministry’s clearance for the opening of a branch office in Catamarca, Argentina, earlier approved in June.

India’s Increasing Focus on Critical Minerals:

• Over the past year, India has intensified its quest for critical minerals like lithium, recognizing its pivotal role in green energy adoption.
• Termed as ‘white gold,’ lithium stands as a cornerstone in India’s shift towards sustainable energy solutions, encompassing various sectors like electric vehicles (EVs), lithium-ion battery manufacturing, and energy storage solutions.
• Currently, India’s lithium requirements are predominantly met through imports, culminating in a significant import bill of approximately ₹24,000 crore.

Role of KABIL and Global Engagements:

• KABIL, a joint venture comprising entities like NALCO, HCL, and MECL, is actively engaged in sourcing lithium and cobalt, another critical mineral, for the domestic market.
• The entity is strategically partnering with projects and companies in Australia, Argentina, and Chile to secure these vital resources.
• Argentina, as of September 2023, hosts two operational lithium mines and has multiple lithium projects in various stages of development.

Conclusion:

• India’s concerted efforts to secure lithium resources from countries like Argentina, Chile, and Australia signify the nation’s commitment to embracing renewable energy and reducing dependence on carbon-intensive sources.
• This strategic pursuit of critical minerals aligns with India’s ambitious goals of fostering a sustainable and eco-friendly future, leveraging the potential of green energy technologies and mitigating environmental impact.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/india-closing-in-on-lithium-deal-with-argentina-tapping-australia-and-chile-too/article67686689.ece

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Scientists have discovered an ancient underwater mountain range hidden within the world’s strongest ocean current, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.

EXPLANATION:

• It was an expedition conducted by an Australian and international research team.
• The team embarked on a high-resolution mapping endeavour aboard the CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) research vessel Investigator.
• Spanning an expansive 20,000 square kilometers between Tasmania and Antarctica, the mission aimed to chart the seafloor with unprecedented precision, reaching depths of up to 4,000 meters.

The high-resolution mapping expedition conducted by an Australian and international research team.

Revelation of an Ancient Underwater Mountain Range:

• The meticulous three-dimensional mapping revealed an awe-inspiring chain of eight long-dormant volcanoes concealed beneath the world’s most robust oceanic current, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
• This submerged mountain range boasted peaks soaring as high as 1,500 meters, a testament to the intricate and dynamic geological history of the region.

Scientific Significance of Discoveries:

• A geophysicist with CSIRO, expressed exhilaration over the findings.
• Among these discoveries were four previously unknown volcanoes, complemented by comprehensive details on seamounts and a fault line ridge partially mapped during earlier expeditions.
• Situated atop the tectonically active Macquarie Ridge, these seamounts were formed by hotspot magmatism within the last 20 million years.

Synergistic Approach: Mapping from Sea to Space:

• The FOCUS voyage is strategically designed to align with the capabilities of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite.
• FOCUS voyage is a joint venture by NASA and the French space agency CNES, underscored the significance of collaborative scientific exploration.
• This synchronized effort facilitated concurrent mapping from both maritime and space perspectives, furnishing an all-encompassing view of the ocean’s intricate features.

Understanding the Ocean’s Role in Climate Dynamics:

• The chief scientist spearheading the voyage, emphasized the pressing need to comprehend the ocean’s pivotal role as a ‘climate shock absorber.’
• The ocean absorbs more than 90% of the heat stemming from global warming and approximately 25% of human-induced CO2 emissions.
• The team concentrated on delineating how heat transits towards Antarctica, influencing ice melt and contributing to the alarming rise in sea levels, a critical concern in the realm of climate change mitigation efforts.

Insights into Ocean Dynamics and Climate Mitigation:

• Co-chief scientist from the University of Tasmania, underscored the profound impact of the seafloor’s topography on ocean dynamics.
• The interaction between the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the seafloor spawns eddies, pivotal in transporting heat and carbon deeper into the ocean.
• This mechanism acts as a buffer against global warming, elucidating the critical role of underwater topography in influencing climate dynamics.

Beyond Geological Wonder: Implications for Climate Study:

• The discovery of this hidden underwater mountain range transcends mere geological marvels.
• It offers invaluable insights into the intricate behaviour of ocean currents and their profound impact on climate dynamics.
• By unravelling the mysteries of these submerged landscapes, scientists strive to enhance their understanding of climate systems and aid in formulating effective strategies for climate change mitigation.

Conclusion:

• The revelation of this ancient underwater mountain range, shrouded within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, stands as a testament to the inexhaustible wonders of the natural world.
• This discovery not only unveils geological marvels but also serves as a beacon illuminating the path toward a deeper comprehension of our planet’s climate dynamics and the urgent need for proactive measures to mitigate the impacts of climate change.

SOURCE: https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/ancient-underwater-mountain-range-discovered-in-southern-ocean-2480544-2023-12-26

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: NASA has recently initiated a mission to intercept Apophis using the OSIRIS-APEX spacecraft.

EXPLANATION:

• This spacecraft, formerly known as OSIRIS-REx, completed a seven-year mission aimed at collecting samples from the Bennu asteroid in September.
• Repurposed for the Apophis mission, OSIRIS-APEX’s objective is to study and analyze any alterations caused by Earth’s gravitational forces during the asteroid’s close encounter in 2029.

Background and Significance of Apophis

• Apophis, referred to as the ‘God of Chaos’ asteroid, is a substantial celestial object measuring approximately 1,000 feet in width.
• Initially discovered in 2004, this near-Earth asteroid has attracted significant attention due to its close proximity to Earth’s orbit, specifically its anticipated flyby on April 13, 2029.
• Named after an ancient Egyptian deity, Apophis has stirred interest due to its potential impacts on Earth’s orbit, length of day, and geological consequences.

Objectives and Scientific Goals

• The mission’s principal investigator highlighted the significance of Apophis’s approach as a unique scientific opportunity.
• By descending to within 16 feet of the asteroid’s surface and utilizing its thrusters to disturb rocks and dust, OSIRIS-APEX aims to provide insight into the asteroid’s composition and structure.
• This close observation will enable scientists to explore the foundational processes of planetary formation, including tidal forces and the accumulation of debris that contribute to planet formation in the early solar system.

Implications and Potential Outcomes

• The close encounter between Apophis and Earth in 2029 is anticipated to alter Apophis’s orbit and may have implications for Earth’s geology.
• Scientists expect this event to shed light on geological phenomena such as landslides and seismic activities on the asteroid’s surface.
• Furthermore, it presents an opportunity to study the role of such encounters in the formation and evolution of celestial bodies, offering insights into the early stages of planetary formation.

Importance of the Mission

• NASA’s mission to intercept Apophis holds immense scientific importance, providing a rare chance to observe and analyze the effects of a close celestial encounter on an asteroid of significant size.
• The data gathered from this mission will contribute to our understanding of planetary evolution, debris accumulation in the early solar system, and potential hazards posed by near-Earth objects.

Conclusion

• NASA’s deployment of the OSIRIS-APEX spacecraft for the mission to intercept Apophis represents a groundbreaking scientific endeavour.
• The close observation and analysis of the ‘God of Chaos’ asteroid during its 2029 flyby offer a unique opportunity to unravel the mysteries of celestial objects, planetary formation, and their impacts on the solar system’s evolution.
• This mission stands as a testament to humanity’s pursuit of knowledge about the cosmos and its dynamic forces.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/nasa-deploys-spacecraft-to-intercept-god-of-chaos-asteroid-nearing-earths-orbit-101703765402625.html

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Delhi Police have sought permission from the court to conduct a polygraph test on six accused individuals related to the Parliament security breach.

EXPLANATION:

• Additional Sessions Judge postponed the matter to January 2, noting the absence of legal representation for some of the accused.

Investigation

• The Delhi Police’s Special Cell continues its investigation into the Parliament breach.
• They took two accused to various locations in Delhi linked to the incident.
• Representing the Delhi Police, public prosecutor asserted that the breach was a meticulously planned attack.
• He emphasized the necessity of custodial interrogation to uncover the actual motives behind the incident.
• There are suspicions regarding potential connections of the accused with hostile nations or terrorist organizations, warranting further investigation.
• Custody and Charges Against the Accused: There are six accused individuals. They are facing charges under the stringent Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) along with other sections of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), including criminal conspiracy and evidence destruction, related to their alleged involvement in the Parliament security breach.
• The Delhi Police’s pursuit of a polygraph test aims to delve deeper into the motives behind the breach.
• Such tests may provide additional insights into the accused’s involvement, uncover any hidden associations, and shed light on the extent of their planning and connections.

Severity of Charges and Investigation Focus

• The application of UAPA and other stringent sections of the IPC highlights the seriousness of the alleged offense.
• The focus on uncovering any potential links with external entities or terrorist organizations signifies the gravity of the case and the need for a thorough investigation.

Polygraph test:

• A polygraph test is carried out on the assumption that physiological responses triggered when one is lying are different from what they otherwise would be.
• Rather than injecting drugs into the body, polygraph tests attach instruments like cardio-cuffs or sensitive electrodes to the suspect and measure variables such as blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration, change in sweat gland activity, blood flow, etc., while the suspect is being questioned.

Narco test:

• In a ‘narco’ or narco analysis test, a drug called sodium pentothal is injected into the body of the accused, which transports them to a hypnotic or sedated state in which their imagination is neutralised.
• In this hypnotic state, the accused is understood as being incapable of lying and is expected to divulge information that is true.
• Sodium pentothal or sodium thiopental is a fast-acting, short-duration anaesthetic used in larger doses to sedate patients during surgery.
• It belongs to the barbiturate class of drugs that act on the central nervous system as depressants.
• Because the drug is believed to weaken the subject’s resolve to lie, it is sometimes referred to as a “truth serum”.

Article 20(3) of the Constitution:

• Indian Constitution provides immunity to an accused against self-incrimination under Article 20(3) which states ‘No person accused of an offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself’.
• This privilege is only available to a person accused of an offence i.e. “person against whom a formal accusation relating to the commission of an offence has been levelled, which may result in prosecution”.
• In India, a formal accusation can be made by lodging of an F.I.R. or a formal complaint against a person accusing him of committing a crime, it is not necessary that the trial or enquiry should have commenced before a court.
• Article 20 (3) does not apply to departmental inquiries into allegations against a government servant since there is no accusation of any offence.
• The privilege against self-incrimination is available at both trial and pre-trial stage i.e. when the police investigation is going on and the person is regarded as an accused, or even if his name is not mentioned in the FIR as an accused.

Conclusion

• The developments in the Parliament breach case underscore the ongoing investigative efforts by the Delhi Police to ascertain the motives and associations behind the incident.
• The pursuit of a polygraph test and visits to key locations demonstrate a concerted effort to unravel the details of the well-planned breach.
• The legal proceedings and charges against the accused emphasize the gravity of the situation, necessitating a comprehensive investigation to ensure justice and uphold security standards.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/parliament-security-breach-delhi-police-moves-court-seeking-permission-for-polygraph-test/article67682836.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: In response to the court’s direction, the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) collaborated with the Department of Legal Affairs and decided to grant notional promotion to PwD candidates effective from June 30, 2016.

EXPLANATION:

• However, the DoPT’s rules clarified that candidates receiving notional promotions wouldn’t receive financial arrears from their eligibility date until they assumed charge of the promoted position.
• This decision aimed to prevent major changes to seniority lists.
• The memorandum emphasized that these promotions wouldn’t impact the promotions of PwD candidates who already availed themselves of reservation benefits in earlier judgments.

BACKGROUND:

• PwD candidates have fought for over a decade for reservation in promotions, with the issue bouncing between different benches of the Supreme Court.
• In a landmark ruling on June 30, 2016, the Supreme Court mandated reservation for PwD candidates in promotions, regardless of whether the positions were initially filled through reservation.
• Despite subsequent government rules issued in 2021 following the court’s order, a petitioner filed a contempt petition in 2023, alleging non-compliance.
• The court highlighted that although some compliance occurred from July 15, 2023, the original judgment dated June 30, 2016, necessitated the implementation of the 1995 Act, emphasizing notional promotions for eligible PwD candidates from an earlier date.

Implementation Strategy and Supernumerary Posts

• The DoPT proposed a strategy to implement notional promotions without disrupting the seniority lists.
• It suggested creating supernumerary posts for eligible PwD candidates between the June 30, 2016 cut-off and the date they assumed their promoted roles.
• These supernumerary posts would be personalized for PwD employees receiving the benefit of reservation in promotions on a notional basis.
• The posts would cease to exist once the PwD employees were adjusted against available vacancies in their promoted grade or upon their retirement, further promotions, etc., whichever came earlier.
• The order recommended ministries and departments submit proposals outlining their requirements for supernumerary posts to the Department of Expenditure.

ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATIONS

Balance Between Rights and Practical Constraints

• The order’s decision to grant notional promotions from 2016 strikes a balance between implementing court directives and avoiding disruption in seniority lists.
• However, the denial of financial arrears till assuming the promoted post might face criticism for not compensating candidates for the delayed promotions.

Impact on Seniority Lists and Organizational Dynamics

• Creating supernumerary posts aims to prevent upheaval in seniority lists while ensuring a seamless implementation of notional promotions.
• However, this strategy might lead to administrative challenges in managing supernumerary roles and their eventual abolition once candidates assume regular positions or retire.

Adherence to Court Directives and Fairness

• The government’s move reflects compliance with court orders regarding reservation in promotions for PwD candidates.
• However, the absence of financial benefits until assuming the promoted role might be perceived as unfair, affecting the candidates’ remuneration and benefits.

Future Administrative Actions and Legal Ramifications

• Ministries and departments’ proposal submissions for supernumerary posts and their subsequent utilization will determine the practical implications and efficiency of this implementation strategy.
• Legal scrutiny and potential challenges may arise regarding the denial of financial arrears to eligible candidates during the notional promotion period.

Conclusion

• The government’s order to grant notional promotions to PwD candidates from June 30, 2016, while aiming to adhere to court directives, introduces certain complexities and practical challenges.
• The creation of supernumerary posts attempts to reconcile compliance with minimal disruption but raises administrative and fairness concerns.
• Further administrative actions and legal responses will shape the actual implications and effectiveness of this approach in providing equitable opportunities for PwD candidates in the government sector.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dopt-says-reservation-in-promotions-to-pwd-candidates-on-notional-basis-from-2016/article67684776.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: After being passed in the Rajya Sabha on August 3 amid uproar from the Opposition, the Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023, was passed in the Lok Sabha on December 21.

EXPLANATION:

• The Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023 was introduced in Rajya Sabha on August 1, 2023.
• It repeals the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867.

KEY FEATURES OF THE BILL INCLUDE:

Registration of periodicals: 

Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867

The Act provides for the registration of newspapers, periodicals, and books.

It also provides for the cataloguing of books.

The Act provides that a declaration specifying the printer/ publisher be made to the District Magistrate (DM).  The DM sends the declaration to the Press Registrar, who then issues a certificate of registration.

Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023

The Bill provides for the registration of periodicals, which include any publication containing public news or comments on public news.

Periodicals do not include books or scientific and academic journals.

The Bill allows the publisher of a periodical to obtain a registration certificate by filing an online application with the Press Registrar General and specified local authority.

Foreign periodicals:

• An exact reproduction of a foreign periodical may be printed in India only with the prior approval of the central government.
• The manner of registration of such periodicals will be prescribed.

Press Registrar General:

• The Act provides for the central government to appoint a Press Registrar who maintains a register of newspapers.
• The Bill provides for the Press Registrar General of India who will issue registration certificates for all periodicals.
• Other functions of the Press Registrar General include:

(i) maintaining a register of periodicals,

(ii) making guidelines for the admissibility of title of periodicals,

(iii) verifying circulation figures of prescribed periodicals, and

(iv) revising, suspending, or cancelling registration.

Registration of a printing press: 

• The Act requires a printing press to be declared before the DM.
• The Bill allows for information regarding printing presses to be submitted to the Press Registrar General through an online portal.

Suspension and cancellation of registration: 

• The Bill allows the Press Registrar General to suspend a periodical’s registration for a minimum period of 30 days which can extend to 180 days.
• The registration may be suspended due to:

(i) registration obtained by furnishing false information,

(ii) failure to publish periodicals continuously, and

(iii) giving false particulars in annual statements.

• The Press Registrar General may cancel the registration if the publisher does not correct such defects.
• Registration may also be cancelled if:

(i) a periodical has the same or similar title as any other periodical,

(ii) the owner/ publisher has been convicted of a terrorist act or unlawful activity, or for acting against the security of the state.

Penalties and appeal:

• The Bill empowers the Press Registrar General to impose penalties for:

(i) publishing periodicals without registration (up to five lakh rupees),

(ii) failing to furnish annual statement within the specified time (up to Rs 20,000 on first default).

• If a periodical is published without registration, the Press Registrar General may direct its publication to be stopped.
• Not complying with such direction within six months will be punishable with imprisonment of up to six months.
• Any person may appeal against the refusal to issue a registration certificate, suspension/ cancellation of registration, or imposition of penalty.
• Such appeals may be filed before the Press and Registration Appellate Board within 60 days.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/press-and-periodicals-bill-2023-features-9086946/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY GS : 3 INTERNAL SECURITY

THE CONTEXT: The Washington Post and Amnesty International alleged the continued use of Pegasus spyware targeting journalists in India.

EXPLANATION:

• In October 2023, a forensic analysis revealed that the phones of Siddharth Varadarajan (founding editor of The Wire) and Anand Mangnale (South Asia editor of OCCRP) were infected with Pegasus.
• These findings emerged after Apple issued security notifications to certain users, including MPs, about state-sponsored attacks on iPhones.
• Amnesty International’s Security Lab examined the infected devices and found evidence of Pegasus activity.
• They identified a “zero-click exploit” sent through iMessage to of OOCRP editor’s iPhone on August 23.
• This exploit facilitated the covert installation of Pegasus.

ZERO-CLICK EXPLOIT AND BLASTPAST MECHANISM

• A zero-click exploit allows spyware installation without user consent or action.
• BLASTPAST, a specific exploit allegedly used, operates in two phases:
  • attempting a link with Apple HomeKit and
  • sending malicious content through iMessage.
• The first phase aims to exploit the device or monitor it for future exploitation, while the second phase delivers the full spyware “payload.”

NSO’s Response

• NSO, the company behind Pegasus, stressed that its technology is licensed to vetted law enforcement and intelligence agencies for fighting terrorism and major crime.
• They claim policies and contracts prevent targeting journalists, lawyers, or human rights defenders not involved in serious crimes, asserting no visibility over targets or collected intelligence.

Previous Incidents and Responses

• In July 2021, the ‘Pegasus Project’ exposed possible surveillance of journalists, ministers, and constitutional positions in India using Pegasus.
• A database of 50,000 phone numbers suggested NSO Group clients’ interest.
• A Supreme Court committee investigated these allegations, finding the Indian government non-cooperative.
• In response to petitions alleging mass surveillance, the Centre refused detailed disclosure, citing national security concerns.

Analysis and Implications

• Persistent Targeting of Journalists
  • The recurrence of Pegasus allegations targeting journalists raises concerns about press freedom and privacy breaches.
  • The use of zero-click exploits demonstrates sophisticated surveillance capabilities, enabling surreptitious surveillance without user interaction.
• National Security vs. Transparency
  • The clash between demands for transparency and national security concerns poses challenges.
  • While activists seek accountability through detailed disclosure, governments may invoke national security as grounds for limited transparency, sparking debates about the balance between surveillance for security purposes and citizen rights.
• Legal and Ethical Concerns
  • NSO’s assertion of vetting customers and restricting targeting to combat crime contrasts with reported surveillance of journalists and activists.
  • The ethical implications of such surveillance and the potential misuse of surveillance tools for suppressing dissent warrant international scrutiny and potential legal ramifications.
• Judicial and Investigative Repercussions
  • The ongoing investigations by the Supreme Court and international bodies reflect attempts to address these allegations.
  • The findings of these inquiries may influence policies regarding surveillance technology, accountability frameworks for intelligence agencies, and privacy safeguards for journalists and citizens.

Pegasus Spyware

• Pegasus is a malware/spyware developed by Israel’s NSO Group.
• The spyware suite is designed to access any smartphone through zero-click vulnerabilities remotely.
• Once a phone is infiltrated, the spyware can access entire data on that particular phone.
• It also has real-time access to emails, texts, phone calls, as well as the camera and sound recording capabilities of the smartphone.

Conclusion

• The allegations surrounding Pegasus spyware targeting journalists in India continue to raise significant ethical, legal, and privacy concerns.
• The clash between national security interests and demands for transparency.
• It underscores the complexity of balancing surveillance for security purposes with safeguarding fundamental rights, necessitating further scrutiny, accountability, and policy adjustments to protect privacy and press freedom.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/is-pegasus-spyware-targeting-journalists-in-india/article67683399.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Investments through Participatory Notes (P-Notes) in the Indian capital markets witnessed a substantial rise, reaching ₹1.31 lakh crore by the end of November.

EXPLANATION:

• This surge followed a decline in the previous month and was attributed to the robust performance of the domestic market amidst stable macroeconomic conditions.
• Since March, P-notes investments had shown a steady upward trajectory, reflecting stable domestic macroeconomic factors against a backdrop of global uncertainty.
• The data encompasses investments in Indian equity, debt, and hybrid securities through P-notes.

Participatory Notes

• P-notes are instruments issued by registered Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) to overseas investors who seek exposure to the Indian stock market without direct registration.
• However, investors utilizing P-notes are required to undergo a due diligence process.
• As per the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) data, P-note investments in Indian markets (equity, debt, and hybrid securities) reached ₹1,31,664 crore by November’s conclusion, showcasing an increase from ₹1,26,320 crore recorded in October.
• The growth in P-notes typically correlates with trends in Foreign Portfolio Investments (FPIs).
• In times of global environmental risk, investments through P-notes tend to rise, and conversely, they decrease in more stable environments.

Factors Influencing the Surge

• Experts suggested that the decline in U.S. Treasury bond yields could have prompted Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) to redirect their focus to the Indian market in pursuit of better returns.
• Additionally, the attraction of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) might have lured foreign investors back into the Indian market.

Previous Highs and Recent Trends

• Prior to this recent surge, investments through P-notes hit a six-year peak at ₹1,33,284 crore by September-end.
• This marked the highest level since July 2017 when P-notes investments stood at ₹1.35 lakh crore, indicating a positive and upward trend in P-notes utilization.

Conclusion: Impact and Future Implications

• The resurgence in P-notes investments signifies increased confidence among foreign investors in the Indian market’s potential.
• This trend, coupled with factors such as declining bond yields and attractive IPO listings, suggests a favourable outlook for foreign investment inflows into India’s capital markets.
• The flexibility and appeal of P-notes continue to play a significant role in facilitating overseas investor participation in India’s financial landscape.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/investments-in-p-notes-rise-in-nov-to-131-lakh-cr/article67681158.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY, AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved a significant increase in the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for copra for the 2024 season.

EXPLANATION:

• This decision aims to support coconut growers by offering higher remunerative returns and encouraging the expansion of copra production.
• The new MSP for milling copra has been raised to ₹11,160 per quintal, marking a ₹300 per quintal increase from the previous year.
• Ball copra’s new MSP stands at ₹12,000 per quintal, showing a hike of ₹250 per quintal from the previous year.
• These revised rates will be effective from the upcoming year.

Government’s Rationale for the MSP Increase

• Union Minister for Information and Broadcasting highlighted that despite global declines in copra prices, the government is committed to ensuring an MSP at least 50% higher than the production cost.
• This move represents an effort to support coconut farmers amidst challenging market conditions.

Margin Ensured by the New Rates

• The government’s release indicates that the new MSP rates guarantee a margin of 51.84% for milling copra and 63.26% for ball copra.
• Milling copra, utilized for oil extraction, is majorly produced in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, while Karnataka is a significant producer of ball copra, consumed as a dry fruit and for religious purposes.

MSP Growth Over the Years

• The government highlighted the significant increase in MSP over the past decade.
• The MSP for both milling and ball copra has risen from ₹5,250 and ₹5,500 per quintal in 2014-15 to ₹11,160 and ₹12,000 per quintal in 2024-25, respectively, indicating a growth of 113% and 118%.

Impact and Benefits

• The government emphasized that the heightened MSP will not only benefit coconut growers by providing better returns but will also incentivize farmers to expand copra production.
• This expansion aims to meet the rising demand for coconut products both domestically and internationally.

Procurement Details and Agencies Involved

• In 2023, the government procured over 1.33 lakh metric tonnes of copra, amounting to ₹1,493 crore, benefiting approximately 90,000 farmers.
• This procurement reflects a significant 227% increase compared to the previous season (2022).
• The National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd. (NAFED) and National Cooperative Consumers’ Federation (NCCF) will continue to act as Central Nodal Agencies (CNAs) for copra and de-husked coconut procurement under the Price Support Scheme (PSS).

Price Support Scheme (PSS)

• It is being implemented by the Government of India in the state.
• It is one of the components of the Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (AASA) scheme.
• The Department of Agriculture & Cooperation implements this scheme for procurement of oil seeds, pulses and cotton, through NAFED which is the Central nodal agency, at the MSP declared by the government.
• Bajra, Jowar, Maize, Paddy, Cotton, Tur, Moong, Urad, Groundnut, Sesamum Wheat, Gram, Mustard, Sugarcane etc. are the major crops covered.
• Farmers get the benefit of the scheme through the sale of their produce at support price in APMC centres opened by the Nodal procurement agency.
• When prices of commodities fall below the MSP, State and central notified procurement nodal agencies purchase commodities directly from the farmers at MSP, Under specified FAQ (fair Average Quality).

Conclusion:

• Supportive Measures for Coconut Growers The government’s decision to increase the MSP for copra signifies its commitment to bolstering the livelihoods of coconut farmers.
• By ensuring better returns and stimulating increased copra production, the move aims to strengthen the coconut industry, meeting both domestic and global demand for coconut-based products.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/agri-business/centre-hikes-copra-msp-by-250-300-hike-per-quintal-for-2024-season/article67679949.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, in a study genetically engineered fruit flies were utilised to express mutated human HTT genes in their nervous systems.

EXPLANATION:

• HTT is a gene code for a protein called huntingtin.
• Leveraging the Gal4/UAS system from baker’s yeast, researchers induced the expression of abnormal Htt proteins with extended glutamine repeats (120 units) specifically in fruit fly neurons.
• These flies exhibited neuronal degeneration, impaired motor function, reduced viability, and lifespan.

Critical Discovery: The Yod1 Gene’s Impact

• Researchers tested 32 genes and identified Yod1’s significant impact when overexpressed in fruit flies.
• Elevated Yod1 expression reversed disease-like effects, restoring neuronal health, motor function, and viability.
• Notably, flies expressing shorter glutamine tracts or co-expressing Yod1 showed no signs of neurodegeneration.

Potential Implications and Future Research

• The study’s findings highlight Yod1’s potential therapeutic role in Huntington’s disease, indicating a possible avenue for intervention.
• However, further research is crucial to validate these results in humans.
• Fruit fly studies provide invaluable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying disease progression, offering unparalleled flexibility compared to clinical or postmortem investigations.

Understanding Huntington’s Disease: Molecular Level Insights

• Huntington’s disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a mutated HTT gene, leading to the production of an abnormal protein called huntingtin (Htt).
• This defective protein triggers the destruction of neurons controlling movement, cognition, and memory.
• Patients initially experience mild symptoms like forgetfulness and clumsiness, progressing to severe motor and cognitive impairments.

Molecular Basis: Glutamine Repeats and Dominant Gene Mutation

• The normal HTT gene contains a specific sequence encoding glutamine repeats (11 to 31 times).
• In the mutated HTT gene, this sequence expands to 35 or more repeats, correlating with increased disease severity and earlier onset.
• Huntington’s disease is triggered even if only one copy of the gene is mutated, displaying dominance over the normal gene.

Role of Polyglutamine Tracts and Neuronal Degeneration

• Several proteins, like Htt, possess polyglutamine tracts encoded by larger DNA sequences in mutated genes.
• These expanded tracts can cause region-specific neuronal degeneration in the brain, disrupting cellular processes and leading to various motor control disorders.

Toxic Fragments and Neuronal Sensitivity

• Enzymes cutting proteins with polyglutamine tracts produce toxic fragments interfering with cellular functions.
• Different neurons exhibit varied sensitivity to these fragments, affecting neuronal health differently across regions.

Conclusion: Collaborative Efforts in Disease Research

• As the study indicates the potential benefits of Yod1 in mitigating Huntington’s-like symptoms in fruit flies, it raises optimism for similar effects in humans.
• The use of model organisms, like yeast and fruit flies, showcases the collaborative effort involving various scientific communities dedicated to unravelling complex diseases like Huntington’s.
• These findings underscore the significance of multidisciplinary approaches in advancing medical understanding and potential treatments.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/2023-12-28/th_chennai/articleGUJC6U026-5321280.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Japan’s Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) spacecraft entered into orbit around the moon after a months-long journey, and ahead of its planned moon-landing attempt on January 19.

EXPLANATION:

• Japan’s Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) spacecraft represents a significant advancement in lunar exploration.
• It entered the moon’s orbit, marking Japan’s endeavour to soft-land a robotic craft on the lunar surface.
• SLIM’s success or failure is poised to impact not only Japan’s lunar exploration initiatives but also India’s Chandrayaan missions, notably Chandrayaan-4.

Factors Contributing to SLIM’s Lower Weight and Impact on Mission Objectives

• SLIM’s remarkable attribute lies in its significantly lower weight compared to other lunar exploration missions.
• Weighing a mere 590 kg at launch, approximately one-seventh of the Chandrayaan-3 mission’s weight, SLIM’s lighter design stems from carrying much less fuel.
• This weight reduction allows SLIM to follow a more fuel-efficient trajectory, taking four months to reach the moon compared to Chandrayaan-3’s quicker journey.
• The spacecraft’s fuel-thrifty route, based on weak-stability boundary theory, involved swinging around Earth multiple times to build kinetic energy before shooting toward the moon’s orbit.
• Upon nearing the moon, instead of slowing down to be captured by lunar gravity, SLIM allowed itself to be deflected by the combined forces of Earth and the moon, resulting in an elongated trajectory.

SLIM’s Lunar Objectives and Precision Landing

• SLIM’s distinctive feature, termed the “moon sniper,” is its planned landing attempt on January 19, aiming to land within a remarkably tight limit of 100 meters from its chosen site near the Shioli Crater.
• This precision far exceeds previous moon-landing missions’ accuracy. SLIM’s maneuverability, owing to its lower mass of 120 kg (excluding fuel), and small size will be tested during this endeavour.
• Additionally, two small rovers, LEV-1 and LEV-2, will be deployed to study the lunar surface, collect data on temperature, radiation, and explore the moon’s mantle.

Impact on Chandrayaan-4 and India-Japan Lunar Exploration

• SLIM’s success or failure holds implications for India’s Chandrayaan missions.
• Chandrayaan-4, part of the Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) lunar exploration program, is slated as an Indian-Japan joint enterprise, although India’s final approval is pending.
• Scheduled for a potential launch in 2026, Chandrayaan-4 aims to explore the moon’s South Pole region, focusing on areas perpetually shadowed that likely contain water-ice deposits.
• The technologies tested by JAXA through SLIM, particularly the feature-matching algorithm and navigation systems, will be critical for Chandrayaan-4’s success.
• This joint mission will involve Japan providing the launch vehicle and lunar rover, while India contributes the lander module.
• The mission’s landing site, potentially closer to the moon’s South Pole, poses challenges due to rocky terrain and steep slopes, demanding precision in landing.
• SLIM’s pioneering precision landing attempt influences the design and approach of Chandrayaan-4, shaping the future of India-Japan lunar exploration.

Conclusion

• SLIM’s innovative approach to lunar landings and its precision-oriented mission signify a significant leap in space exploration.
• Its success not only expands Japan’s achievements in lunar missions but also impacts the trajectory and technological advancements in India-Japan collaborative lunar exploration, notably influencing the forthcoming Chandrayaan-4 mission’s strategies and objectives.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/2023-12-28/th_chennai/articleGUJC6U06L-5321286.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recent studies, particularly from Oregon State University, highlighted the detrimental effects of climate change on aardvarks.

EXPLANATION:

• The warming climate has led to aridification in their landscapes, significantly impacting their survival chances.
• Aridification involves the drying and heating of the aardvarks’ habitats, causing disruptions in their distribution and movement patterns across the landscape.

Aardvarks

• Aardvarks, the nocturnal burrowing mammals found across much of sub-Saharan Africa, play a crucial role in the region’s ecosystem.
• Their habitat primarily includes savannah and semi-arid areas, where they contribute significantly by controlling termite populations that can otherwise damage human structures.
• Additionally, their burrows serve as essential habitats for various other species.

Research Insights: Understanding Aardvark Population Dynamics

• The study published in the journal Diversity and Distributions conducted by researchers at Oregon State University delved into a detailed examination of aardvark populations across various regions in sub-Saharan Africa.
• The research aimed to understand how the changing landscape due to aridification affected the genetic structure and population dynamics of aardvarks.

Methodology and Findings

• The researchers surveyed multiple areas in South Africa, Eswatini (formerly Swaziland), and Kenya to evaluate the impact of landscape on gene flow and genetic structure across different spatial extents.
• They collected and analyzed a substantial number of aardvark faecal samples, totalling 253, and scrutinized 104 samples for genetic information.
• At the local scale, the study revealed that aardvark populations in different regions within South Africa exhibited some level of separation.
• They found individual aardvarks in various locations, with closely related ones being separated by significant distances, up to 7.3 km apart.
• Genetic similarities were observed in aardvarks within 55 km, indicating their proximity as a determinant of genetic likeness.

Effects of Arid Areas on Aardvark Genetic Differentiation

• The research identified that arid areas across South Africa and Eswatini posed challenges to gene flow among aardvark populations.
• These areas acted as barriers, limiting genetic exchange among aardvarks.
• The study correlated this phenomenon with lower rainfall, resulting in reduced vegetation and subsequently fewer termites and ants—the primary diet of aardvarks.

Conclusion and Recommendations

• The study concluded that climate, particularly arid conditions, significantly influences the genetic structure of aardvarks.
• Arid areas restrict gene flow among populations and drive genetic adaptation associated with temperature changes.
• Consequently, the researchers recommend monitoring aardvark presence as an indicator of ecosystem changes attributed to aridification in sub-Saharan Africa.

Significance and Conservation Implications

• Understanding how climate change impacts species like aardvarks is crucial for informed conservation and ecosystem management.
• Aardvarks, despite being nocturnal, hard to trap, and existing in low densities across vast landscapes, play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance.
• Addressing the challenges they face due to climate change-induced aridification is imperative to ensure their continued presence and the overall health of sub-Saharan ecosystems.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/africa/aardvarks-are-crucial-for-sub-saharan-africa-s-ecosystem-but-climate-change-is-impacting-their-chances-of-survival-93584

TAG: GS 2: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Wildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI) recorded a distressing surge in tiger mortalities in India, marking a record loss of 204 tigers between January 1 and December 25, 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• This figure reflects a significant increase compared to previous years, raising concerns about tiger conservation efforts in the country.

State-wise Breakdown of Tiger Deaths

• The state of Maharashtra reported the highest tiger mortalities, accounting for 52 deaths, followed closely by Madhya Pradesh, India’s leading tiger state, with 45 fatalities.
• Uttarakhand recorded 26 deaths, while Tamil Nadu and Kerala reported 15 tiger deaths each.
• Karnataka, housing a substantial tiger population, documented 13 deaths, while Assam and Rajasthan witnessed 10 fatalities each.

 Causes for Tiger Deaths

• The causes behind the tiger deaths are multifaceted, encompassing various factors.
• ‘Natural & other causes’ emerged as the primary cause, responsible for 79 tiger deaths, making it the leading factor contributing to the mortality rate among tigers.
• Poaching constituted a significant threat, claiming the lives of 55 tigers, followed by infighting, resulting in 46 tiger deaths.
• Additionally, rescue/treatment efforts led to the deaths of 14 tigers, while accidents involving linear infrastructure, roadkill, and train or road incidents resulted in seven fatalities.
• Two tigers fell victim to other species, and one was shot by forest department personnel or killed by villagers, underscoring the diverse range of threats faced by tigers in India.

Contrast with Tiger Population Growth

• Interestingly, despite the alarming spike in tiger deaths in 2023, recent reports from the fifth cycle of the All India Tiger Estimation (2022) highlighted a positive trend.
• The tiger population in India exhibited growth, increasing by 200 individuals from 2018 to 2022.
• The report revealed that the tiger count in India reached 3,167 in 2022, up from 2,967 in 2018.

Government Efforts and Project Tiger’s Significance

• The release of the tiger estimation report coincided with the commemoration of 50 years of ‘Project Tiger’ in Mysuru, Karnataka.
• On this occasion, the Union Government unveiled the International Big Cats Alliance.
• Despite this positive acknowledgment of tiger conservation efforts, the surge in tiger deaths in 2023 raises critical questions about the effectiveness of existing conservation strategies and the need for more stringent measures to protect this endangered species.

Wildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI):

• The Wildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI) was established in 1994.
• WPSI provides support and information to government authorities to combat poaching and the escalating illegal wildlife trade – particularly in wild tigers.
• A countrywide network of WPSI wildlife crime investigators provides a constant flow of information that is processed and used to assist enforcement authorities in the arrest of hundreds of wildlife criminals throughout India.

International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA):

• It is a proposed mega-global alliance that will work toward the protection and conservation of the seven major big cats — tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, puma, jaguar, and cheetah.
• Membership to the alliance will be open to 97 ‘range’ countries, which contain the natural habitat of these big cats, as well as other interested nations, international organizations, etc.
• The alliance’s purpose is to provide a platform for the dissemination of information on benchmarked practices, capacity building, resources repository, research and development, awareness creation, etc., on the protection and conservation of big cats.
• Its major activities will include advocacy, partnership, knowledge e-portal, capacity building, eco-tourism, partnerships between expert groups and finance tapping.

Conclusion: Conservation Challenges and Future Strategies

• The significant rise in tiger mortalities poses a serious threat to India’s tiger population despite previous growth.
• This unfortunate trend highlights the urgency to address various threats, including poaching, habitat loss, and human-wildlife conflict.
• Strengthening conservation efforts, enhancing anti-poaching measures, and fostering better habitat protection are imperative to ensure the sustained growth and survival of India’s tiger population.
• The contrasting narrative of population growth amidst a record high in tiger deaths underscores the pressing need for proactive measures to safeguard this iconic species from further decline.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/india-lost-204-tigers-in-2023-most-of-them-in-maharashtra-wpsi-93564

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: India and Russia have solidified their bilateral ties further by signing agreements concerning the future units of the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project situated in Tamil Nadu, India.

EXPLANATION:

• This significant development was announced during the visit of Indian Foreign Minister to Russia.

Bilateral Talks and Key Discussions Expected

• Foreign Minister’s visit to Russia encompasses crucial talks with his Russian counterpart Sergei Lavrov.
• The discussions are anticipated to cover a wide array of topics, including reinforcing bilateral relations between India and Russia.
• Moreover, the ministers plan to deliberate on the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza.
• The agenda extends to discussions involving entities such as BRICS, emphasizing India and Russia’s multilateral engagements.

Important Agreements Signed

• At a gathering with the Indian community in Moscow, Foreign Minister disclosed the signing of pivotal agreements pertaining to the expansion of future units at the Kudankulam Nuclear Project.
• These agreements were inked in the presence of Deputy Prime Minister Denis Manturov, signaling a significant milestone in the long-standing collaboration between India and Russia in the nuclear energy domain.

Background: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project

• The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project, located in Tamil Nadu, initiated its construction nearly two decades ago through a collaborative effort between India and Russia.
• This project marked a key partnership between the two nations, reflecting their shared commitment to nuclear energy cooperation.

India-Russia Strong Relationship

• India and Russia have fostered a robust and enduring relationship over several decades, characterized by strategic collaborations in various sectors.
• Notably, India’s steadfast support for Russia amid the conflict with Ukraine underscores the strength and depth of their diplomatic ties.

Strategic Implications and Continued Cooperation

• The latest agreements for the expansion of the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project underscore the continued commitment of both nations to strengthen their cooperation in the field of nuclear energy.
• This development is crucial not only for India’s energy security but also for reinforcing the enduring partnership between India and Russia in the realm of nuclear technology and strategic alliances.

Conclusion

• The signing of agreements for the future units at the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project symbolizes a significant milestone in the longstanding collaboration between India and Russia in the nuclear energy sector.
• As both countries deepen their strategic ties and engage in discussions covering bilateral relations and global conflicts, the continued cooperation in nuclear energy underscores the enduring and multifaceted partnership between India and Russia.

SOURCE: https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/india-russia-sign-deal-for-future-units-of-kudankulam-power-plant-in-tn-123122601139_1.html

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Recent attacks on ships passing through the Red Sea trade route, conducted by Yemen-based Houthi rebels, have raised significant concerns regarding the disruption of global trade.

EXPLANATION:

• The attack on the Chemical tanker MV Chem Pluto near Gujarat, India, has heightened tensions among Indian oil importers and exporters dealing in commodities like basmati rice and tea.
• The Houthi rebels’ attacks, driven by their opposition to Israel’s military actions in Gaza, have prompted swift countermeasures from the US-led maritime security coalition.
• However, these attacks represent just one facet of the challenges impacting global shipping routes.

Critical Choke Points and Trade Implications

• Two pivotal choke points, the Suez Canal and the Panama Canal, are under threat, potentially disrupting over one-third of global trade.
• These choke points serve as essential channels for global maritime transport, with over 80% of global goods trade relying on sea routes.
• Any blockage in these critical passages forces shipping lines to adopt longer alternative routes, elevating freight rates and causing significant logistical disruptions.
• The disturbance in the Red Sea route, coupled with the potential blockage or slowdown in the Panama Canal due to drought conditions, poses severe repercussions for global trade.
• The diversion of shipments through alternative routes, such as the Cape of Good Hope, adds to transit times and increases freight costs significantly.

Impact on Indian Trade and Agriculture

• India, heavily reliant on sea routes for trade, faces adverse consequences due to these disruptions.
• For instance, Indian agricultural product prices are anticipated to surge by 10-20% as shipments reroute through longer paths.
• This price hike is particularly concerning amidst higher interest rates in Western countries, potentially impacting demand for Indian exports and affecting sectors like textiles and gems, majorly exporting to the European Union.

Challenges in the Panama Canal and Trade Route Deterioration

• The Panama Canal has experienced a more than 50% reduction in shipping due to drought conditions, compelling vessels traveling from Asia to the US to opt for the lengthier Suez Canal
• Concerns arise about prolonged canal bottlenecks due to Panama’s exceptionally dry rainy season.
• Additionally, LNG vessels are resorting to costly auctions to expedite their transit, revealing the severity of the situation.

Resilience of Indian Oil Imports and Impact on Prices

• Surprisingly, India’s oil imports from Russia have not suffered disruptions despite global shipping majors like Maersk avoiding the Red Sea route.
• Russian tankers, perceived as allied with Iran, continue their passage through the Red Sea despite the ongoing attacks by Houthi rebels.
• However, the spike in global benchmark crude prices to around $80 per barrel post-attacks on the Red Sea highlights market volatility and concerns regarding oil flow stability.

Freight Rate Surge and Economic Consequences

• War risk surcharges imposed by global shipping firms due to Red Sea security concerns have led to an escalation in freight rates.
• Indian exporters fear a substantial surge of 25-30% in freight rates for shipments bound to Europe and Africa, impacting crucial export sectors like textiles and gems, already grappling with reduced demand from the European Union.

Potential Resumption of Operations and Future Scenario

• While shipping giant Maersk plans to resume operations in the Red Sea following increased security measures, uncertainties persist.
• The company remains cautious, prepared to divert ship traffic based on evolving safety conditions, highlighting the volatile and precarious nature of current global trade routes.

Conclusion

• The combined challenges faced by global shipping routes due to Red Sea attacks and Panama Canal droughts pose severe threats to the stability of global trade.
• India, a significant player in international trade, faces potential disruptions impacting its exports and economic sectors.
• The evolving situation underscores the need for strategic planning and robust measures to navigate the complexities of global trade in an increasingly uncertain environment.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/red-sea-attacks-shipping-global-trade-panama-canal-9083539/lite/

TAG: GS 2: SOCIAL ISSUES

THE CONTEXT: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has recognized the persistent issue and highlighted the importance of addressing anaemia, particularly among pregnant women and school-going adolescents.

EXPLANATION:

• Anaemia remains a significant public health concern in India despite the efforts of the Anaemia Mukt Bharat (AMB) program.

ICMR’s Call for Expression of Interest (EoI)

• The ICMR, based in Delhi, has initiated a call for Expression of Interest (EoI) from eligible organizations, companies, and start-ups involved in the production of ‘non-invasive hemoglobinometers.’
• These devices are pivotal in the effective screening and testing of anaemia.

Focus on Non-Invasive Hemoglobinometer Development

• The ICMR emphasizes the significance of digital methods and point-of-care treatment for anaemia.
• They seek a simple, user-friendly, and non-invasive hemoglobinometer that is acceptable, especially among young children.
• While ‘Make in India’ non-invasive hemoglobinometer devices have emerged in recent years, their accuracy, bias, and precision need validation before being integrated into the AMB program.

Prevalence of Anaemia in India

• According to the National Family Health Survey 5 (2019-21), anaemia prevalence in India is alarmingly high across various demographics:
  • 0% in men (15-49 years), 57.0% in women (15-49 years), 31.1% in adolescent boys (15-19 years), 59.1% in adolescent girls, 52.2% in pregnant women (15-49 years), and 67.1% in children (6-59 months).

ICMR’s Role and Proposed Activities

• The ICMR outlines its pivotal role in the initiative, intending to conduct a hospital-based clinical study to validate the efficacy of promising non-invasive hemoglobinometer devices against the gold standard method of measuring haemoglobin.
• Furthermore, the ICMR is poised to offer technical support, leveraging its team of experienced scientists.
• This support would encompass study planning, product validation, protocol development, data analysis, outcome assessment, and potential product enhancement, establishing a collaborative partnership between the ICMR and potential collaborators.

Institute Support and Collaboration

• Through its institutes, the ICMR plans to facilitate and support research and clinical studies involving new technologies or products related to anaemia detection and management.
• These collaborations will be carried out in a professional and mutually agreed-upon manner and timelines, fostering a conducive environment for advancements in this critical area of healthcare.

Anaemia Mukt Bharat (AMB) program:

• In 2018, the Government of India launched the Anaemia Mukt Bharat (AMB) strategy to reduce prevalence of anaemia in women, children and adolescents through life cycle approach.
• The 6X6X6 strategy aims to reduce anaemia among six beneficiaries age groups through implementation of six interventions and six institutional mechanisms.
• The UT of Jammu and Kashmir is implementing Anaemia Mukt Bharat strategy as per GOI guidelines.
• In the UT of Jammu and Kashmir, all Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child, Adolescent Health and Nutrition (RMNCAH+N) services are provided across all the districts.
• Further, two aspirational districts (Kupwara district and Baramulla district) are identified under the Aspirational District programme to prioritize the reproductive health of women and children, including anaemia.
• The steps taken by Government including the age specific interventions for reduction in anaemia among women and children across the country are provided at Annexure I.

Conclusion

• The ICMR’s proactive approach, inviting collaborations and seeking advanced non-invasive testing solutions for anaemia detection, underscores its commitment to combatting this pervasive health issue.
• The initiative’s success could significantly impact the diagnosis and treatment of anaemia, particularly among vulnerable populations like pregnant women and adolescents, contributing to improved healthcare outcomes across the nation.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/icmr-initiates-steps-to-provide-easy-to-use-non-invasive-testing-to-tackle-anaemia-in-india/article67676623.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: As per the Commerce and Industry Ministry’s report, the PLI schemes garnered an impressive investment exceeding Rs 95,000 crore by September 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• This substantial investment led to the approval of 746 applications by November 2023, signifying a considerable interest from businesses in these schemes.
• The Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes introduced by the Indian government encompass 14 sectors aimed at bolstering manufacturing capabilities, augmenting exports, and enhancing employment opportunities.
• These schemes have successfully enticed substantial investments, resulting in tangible growth across various industries.

Sectoral Distribution and Objectives

• The 14 sectors covered by these schemes span across electronics, telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, white goods (including components for air conditioners and LED lights), and textiles.
• The primary objectives of these initiatives are to fortify India’s manufacturing prowess, encourage export growth, and stimulate economic development.

Impact on Manufacturing and Employment

• The implementation of PLI schemes has had a profound impact on various sectors.
• The investments facilitated production and sales valuing Rs 7.80 trillion, resulting in the creation of over 6.4 lakh jobs, both directly and indirectly.
• Additionally, the disbursement of incentives totalling around Rs 2,900 crore in the fiscal year 2022-23 highlights the government’s commitment to incentivizing growth.

Sector-specific Achievements

• Electronics Sector:
  • Notably, within the electronics sector, there has been a 20% value addition in mobile manufacturing over three years.
  • This industry witnessed a significant boost, with smartphones contributing USD 44 billion to the total electronics production, including USD 11.1 billion from exports.
• Telecommunications Sector:
  • Import substitution in the telecom sector reached an impressive 60%, demonstrating India’s progress towards self-reliance, particularly in Antennae, GPON, and CPE manufacturing.
• Pharmaceutical Sector:
  • The pharmaceutical industry experienced a substantial reduction in raw material imports.
  • India’s strides include the domestic production of unique intermediate materials and bulk drugs, including critical products like Penicillin-G.
  • Moreover, technology transfer facilitated the manufacturing of medical devices such as CT scan machines.
• White Goods Sector:
  • In the white goods segment, 64 companies have been selected under the PLI scheme.
  • These companies are poised to invest significantly in air conditioner and LED component manufacturing, with future investments projected to create additional employment for approximately 48,000 individuals.
  • Notably, 13 foreign companies are partaking in this initiative, investing Rs 2,090 crore, indicating global interest in India’s manufacturing ecosystem.

Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes

• Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes are a type of industrial policy tool used by governments to encourage domestic manufacturing in specific sectors.
• Under these schemes, manufacturers are offered financial incentives based on their production and sales.
• These incentives can take various forms, such as cash grants, tax breaks, or duty-free imports.

Here are some key features of PLI schemes:

• Production-linked: The incentives are directly linked to the quantity or value of goods produced. This helps to ensure that the scheme leads to actual increases in production, rather than just encouraging companies to game the system.
• Focus on targeted sectors: PLI schemes are typically targeted at specific sectors that are considered to be strategically important for the country’s economic development. This could include sectors such as electronics, automobiles, pharmaceuticals, or renewable energy.

Potential benefits of PLI schemes:

• Increased domestic production: PLI schemes can help to boost domestic production in targeted sectors, which can lead to economic growth, job creation, and import substitution.
• Enhanced global competitiveness: By improving the efficiency and competitiveness of domestic industries, PLI schemes can help Indian companies to compete in the global market.
• Technological innovation: PLI schemes can encourage companies to invest in research and development, which can lead to technological innovation.
• Attraction of foreign investments: PLI schemes can make India a more attractive destination for foreign direct investment (FDI).

Conclusion

• The robust response to the PLI schemes across diverse sectors underscores their efficacy in attracting investments, fostering production, creating employment opportunities, and reducing import dependency.
• The significant achievements in value addition, export promotion, and technological advancements reaffirm India’s commitment to bolstering its manufacturing capabilities and becoming a global manufacturing hub.

SOURCE: https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/pli-schemes-attracts-over-rs-95-000-cr-investment-till-sep-centre-123122600771_1.html

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The emergence of the omicron subvariant JN.1 has raised concerns due to its unique mutation in the spike protein, specifically the L455S, referred to as a “FLip” mutation.

EXPLANATION:

• Researchers at the University of Tokyo have indicated that this mutation might facilitate evading immunity and contribute to a surge in COVID-19 cases.

Evolution from BA.2.86 Lineage to JN.1

• 1, an offshoot of the BA.2.86 lineage, swiftly gained dominance globally, characterized by its spike protein mutation and surpassing other omicron sublineages like EG.5.1 and HK.3.
• It’s noteworthy that JN.1’s rise doesn’t inherently denote increased danger but rather reflects the virus’s natural propensity to mutate.

Understanding “FLip” Mutations and Impact on Transmissibility

• The “FLip” mutations – L455S, L455F, and F456L – significantly alter the spike protein’s structure, enhancing the virus’s binding affinity to ACE2 receptors.
• This elevated binding potentially leads to increased transmissibility, as observed in the JN.1 lineage, outcompeting other variants.

Virological Insights and Transmissibility

• Research from Peking University in The Lancet Infectious Diseases revealed that JN.1, with the L455S mutation, rapidly dominated over its predecessor 2.86.
  • It strains with the “FLip” mutations, showcasing a higher effective reproductive number (Re), indicating increased transmissibility.

Implications on Immunity and Vaccination

• Studies from Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC) suggest that JN.1 exhibits a heightened ability to evade immunity.
• It is evident from individuals experiencing breakthrough infections post-vaccination or reinfections after prior omicron lineage infections.
• This raises concerns about potential vaccine evasion and the need for further vigilance.

Global Scenario and Public Health Concerns

• Globally, an increase in COVID-19 cases and a decrease in deaths have been reported.
• However, the accuracy of reported cases is affected by reduced testing and integrated reporting methods.
• This situation underscores the importance of continued vigilance and improved surveillance.

Regional Impact and Response

• Specifically, India observed a notable rise in cases within the Southeast Asia region, emphasizing the necessity for targeted responses, especially for vulnerable populations such as the elderly, those with comorbidities, and immunocompromised individuals.

CDC’s Assessment and Cautionary Measures

• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States flagged the escalating prevalence of JN.1 globally.
• While acknowledging its potential for increased transmissibility or immune evasion, the CDC cautioned that it’s premature to gauge the extent of its impact on infections or hospitalizations.

Future Trends and Emerging Concerns

• Despite JN.1’s surge, EG.5 remains the most reported Variant of Interest (VOI) globally.
• However, it has exhibited declining trends in recent weeks, signalling a dynamic landscape of emerging variants and the necessity for ongoing monitoring and analysis.

Conclusion

• The emergence and dominance of omicron subvariant JN.1, characterized by the “FLip” mutation, pose potential challenges related to transmissibility, immune evasion, and vaccine efficacy.
• Vigilant surveillance, robust research, and targeted interventions are crucial to mitigate the impact and better understand the evolving landscape of SARS-CoV-2 variants.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/-flip-mutations-of-sars-cov-2-may-be-evading-immunity-and-leading-to-surge-in-covid-cases-suggest-researchers-93553