TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) announced a significant achievement in India’s defence capabilities, revealing the successful demonstration of the Akash missile system’s capability to engage four aerial targets simultaneously.

EXPLANATION:

• This feat was accomplished at a range of 25 kilometers, marking a global first in the realm of missile technology.

Unprecedented Capability

• India’s successful demonstration positions it as the first country globally to achieve such a capability, utilizing a single firing unit to engage multiple aerial targets.
• The DRDO highlighted this achievement as a milestone, showcasing India’s advancement in missile technology and command guidance systems.

Test Conduct and Military Exercise

• The Indian Air Force (IAF), in collaboration with the DRDO, conducted the test, which took place during the ‘Astrashakti’ military exercise on December 12.
• The exercise was specifically organized by the Indian Air Force to showcase and validate various military capabilities.

Akash Missile System: Key Features

• The Akash missile system, designed for short-range surface-to-air defense, boasts a range of up to 25 kilometers.
• Its primary function involves safeguarding vulnerable areas and critical points from potential air attacks, making it a crucial component of India’s defense arsenal.

Export of Indian Defence Platforms

• India’s increasing prowess in defense technology is evident in its export of key platforms to friendly foreign nations.
• Alongside the Akash missile system, other notable defense platforms exported by India include the Dornier-228 aircraft, 155 mm Advanced Towed Artillery Guns (ATAGs), Brahmos missiles, mine-protected vehicles, armored vehicles, ammunition, thermal imagers, avionics components, and small arms.

Significance of the Akash Missile System

• The successful demonstration of the Akash missile system’s enhanced capability underlines India’s commitment to advancing indigenous defense technologies.
• The system’s capacity to engage multiple aerial targets simultaneously significantly bolsters India’s defense preparedness and strengthens its position as a key player in the global defense arena.

Implications for India’s Defense Strategy

• The Akash missile system’s successful test not only showcases technological advancements but also signifies India’s strategic focus on fortifying its defense mechanisms.
• With increased capabilities in missile technology and air defense systems, India aims to bolster its defense infrastructure and enhance its ability to counter potential threats effectively.

AKASH MISSILE SYSTEM:

• The Akash (sky) is a mid-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) system built by India’s state-owned Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
• The missile was developed under the integrated guided-missile development programme (IGMDP).
• The programme also involved the development of the Nag, Agni and Trishul missiles, as well as the Prithvi ballistic missile.
• Two versions of the missile have been built for the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Indian Army (IA).
• The first batch of the Akash missiles was inducted by the IA in May 2015. The first Akash missile was delivered to the IAF in March 2012. The missile was formally inducted into the IAF in July 2015.

Conclusion

• India’s achievement in demonstrating the Akash missile system’s capability to engage multiple aerial targets simultaneously marks a significant milestone in its defense capabilities.
• The successful test not only highlights technological prowess but also underscores India’s commitment to advancing indigenous defense systems and contributing to global defense solutions.

SOURCE: https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/india-s-akash-missile-engages-four-targets-at-once-at-25km-a-global-first-123121700656_1.html

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: In 2023, only 18 audits of the Union government were tabled in Parliament by the CAG, marking a substantial decrease from previous years.

EXPLANATION:

• Between 2019 and 2023, the average number of reports presented annually stood at 22, contrasting sharply with an average of 40 reports per year from 2014 to 2018.
• The pinnacle was in 2015, with 53 reports, but since then, the number has been consistently lower, with four of the last six years witnessing 20 or fewer reports being tabled.
• The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is responsible for conducting audits of the Union government’s financial transactions and presenting reports to Parliament for scrutiny and accountability.
• However, recent trends indicate a notable decline in the number of CAG audits tabled in Parliament, raising concerns about transparency and accountability in governance.

Factors Contributing to the Decline

• The reduction in the number of reports coincides with multiple factors, notably the downsizing of staff strength within the CAG and budgetary constraints faced by the Indian Audit and Accounts Department.
• In 2023-24, the allocation to this department represented a mere 0.13% of the Union Budget, signifying a severe reduction in financial support for conducting audits and maintaining operational capabilities.

Budget Cuts and Staffing Challenges

• Budgetary constraints have posed significant challenges for the CAG, impacting its ability to carry out comprehensive audits effectively.
• The decline in staff strength and financial resources has likely hindered the capacity of the CAG to conduct thorough examinations of government expenditure, leading to a decrease in the number of audits produced and tabled for parliamentary scrutiny.

Implications for Transparency and Accountability

• The diminishing number of CAG audits tabled in Parliament raises concerns regarding transparency and accountability in governance.
• These reports serve as critical tools for assessing the government’s financial management, identifying inefficiencies or irregularities, and ensuring accountability to taxpayers and citizens.

Urgency for Addressing the Issue

• The decline in the presentation of audit reports emphasizes the urgency for addressing the resource constraints faced by the CAG.
• Adequate funding and adequate staffing are essential to enable the CAG to fulfill its mandate effectively, ensuring robust oversight of government spending and operations.

Need for Reinforcement of Oversight Mechanisms

• Efforts should be directed toward reinforcing oversight mechanisms, enhancing the capacity of the CAG to conduct rigorous audits, and facilitating the presentation of comprehensive reports to Parliament.
• This reinforcement is vital for upholding transparency, promoting accountability, and fostering good governance practices within the government.

Comptroller and Auditor-General of India (CAG):

• CAG is an independent authority under the Constitution of India.
• He is the head of the Indian audit & account department and chief Guardian of Public purse.
• It is the institution through which the accountability of the government and other public authorities (all those who spend public funds) to Parliament and State Legislatures and through them to the people is ensured.

Conclusion

• The reduction in CAG audits tabled in Parliament, attributed to budgetary limitations and staffing challenges, underscores the importance of reinforcing the CAG’s capabilities.
• Strengthening oversight mechanisms and providing adequate resources to the CAG are essential steps toward ensuring effective scrutiny of government finances and operations, thereby upholding transparency and accountability in governance.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/2023-12-19/th_chennai/articleGIBC5O39O-5232531.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Noma, also known as cancrum oris or gangrenous stomatitis, has been officially recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a neglected tropical disease (NTD).

EXPLANATION:

• This severe gangrenous disease affects the mouth and face, exhibiting an alarming mortality rate of approximately 90%. (Gangrenous: Decaying of a part of body because the blood has stopped flowing there.)
• It is closely associated with extreme poverty, malnutrition, and poor sanitation and oral hygiene, further exacerbating its impact on vulnerable communities.

Characteristics and Impact

• Primarily affecting children between the ages of 2-6 years, Noma displays a severe lack of awareness, with unreliable estimates of cases due to its occurrence in marginalized populations.
• It is named after the Greek word “nomē,” signifying “to devour,” as it progressively consumes facial tissues and bones if left untreated.

Causes and Risk Factors

• The disease is linked to various risk factors, including poor oral hygiene, malnutrition, weakened immune systems, infections, and extreme poverty.
• Although not contagious, Noma preys on individuals with compromised immune defenses.
• It typically initiates with gum inflammation, likely caused by bacteria present in the mouth.

Geographical Prevalence and Historical Context

• Noma predominantly affects children in developing nations, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where it is primarily observed among impoverished children aged 3-10 years.
• Historical studies indicate that the disease may result from oral contamination by specific bacteria and microbial combinations.

Medical Implications and Challenges

• Early detection is crucial due to Noma’s high mortality rate.
• Basic hygiene, antibiotics, and nutritional support can significantly slow its spread.
• The disease often originates as an ulcer on the mucous membrane, following illnesses like measles.

Consequences and Survivorship

• Survivors of Noma face profound consequences, including severe facial disfigurement, jaw muscle spasms, oral incontinence, and speech impairments.
• Effective treatments such as sulphonamides, penicillin, and surgical interventions remain inaccessible to many due to economic disparities.

Historical Perspective and Eradication Efforts

• Noma was prevalent in earlier centuries but diminished in the Western world with improved nutrition and disease prevention measures.
• Its occurrence in concentration camps during World War II highlights its historical impact.

WHO’s Recognition and Future Prospects

• The inclusion of Noma in WHO’s list of neglected tropical diseases signifies a crucial step toward addressing this overlooked health challenge.
• Médecins Sans Frontières / Doctors Without Borders emphasizes the need for increased attention and resources to combat Noma.
• The WHO aims to raise global awareness, stimulate research, secure funding, and implement comprehensive strategies to control the disease.

Conclusion and Future Endeavours

• Recognition of Noma as an NTD seeks to leverage global attention and multidisciplinary approaches to combat the disease.
• Efforts targeting underserved populations are critical, contributing not only to disease control but also to achieving universal health coverage.
• The WHO’s acknowledgment emphasizes the urgency of addressing Noma and underscores the need for collaborative, multifaceted interventions to mitigate its devastating impact on vulnerable communities.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/what-is-noma-the-latest-addition-to-who-s-list-of-neglected-tropical-diseases-93439

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Raman Research Institute (RRI) is set to embark on its first winter Indian expedition to the Arctic region, specifically focusing on examining the radio frequency environment in the Svalbard region.

EXPLANATION:

• This landmark initiative aims to provide insights into the suitability of this Arctic location for conducting precise astronomy measurements, particularly in the field of radio astronomy.

Purpose and Objectives

• The primary goal of this scientific endeavour is to characterize the radio frequency environment in the Svalbard region.
• Researchers from RRI will assess the potential of this uniquely positioned area for carrying out precision astronomy measurements.
• The survey’s findings are anticipated to aid astronomers in evaluating the site’s suitability for deploying low-frequency radio telescopes, enabling them to conduct precise astronomical observations.

RRI’s Contribution and Research Focus

• RRI’s team from the Electronics Engineering Group, will spearhead the examination of the radio frequency environment in Svalbard.
• This survey, a first of its kind at this site, holds promise in potentially paving the way for the establishment of low-frequency radio telescopes in the region.
• The expedition, supported by the Ministry of Earth Sciences and coordinated by the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Goa, is scheduled to take place from December 19, 2023, to January 15, 2024.

Significance of the Survey

• RRI’s focus extends beyond conventional astronomical observations.
• It aims to study the faint cosmological signals emitted from hydrogen during the Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionization.
• These critical phases in the universe’s early evolution lack substantial observations due to their faintness and interference from various radio frequency sources, including urban infrastructures like cell phone towers and FM/television stations.

SARAS Experiment and Objectives

• The RRI team has been engaged in the development of the Shaped Antenna measurement of the background Radio Spectrum (SARAS) series of experiments for nearly a decade.
• SARAS seeks to detect the faint cosmological 21-cm signal from the Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionization, shedding light on the universe’s early stages.

Importance of Radio-Quiet Locations

• The success of SARAS experiments in India, conducted in radio-quiet locations like Ladakh and western Karnataka, underscores the significance of such environments for precision cosmological studies.
• However, the expansion of urbanization has limited these locations, necessitating the exploration of new, radio-quiet regions like Svalbard for deploying sensitive radio telescopes.

Technical Approach

• The expedition will utilize sensitive electronic instruments to analyse radio signals in the frequency range of 5 – 500 megahertz (MHz) at accessible sites near Himadri, India’s research station in the Arctic.
• The outcomes will provide critical insights into the radio quietness of the Arctic location, determining its suitability for the deployment of the SARAS radio telescope.
• It is anticipated that this survey will furnish essential information regarding the radio quietness of the Svalbard location, pivotal for deploying sensitive radio telescopes and conducting precise astronomical observations.

Conclusion

• RRI’s participation in the first winter Indian expedition to the Arctic signifies a crucial step in the pursuit of understanding the universe’s early stages.
• Through characterizing the radio frequency environment in the Arctic region, RRI aims to contribute significantly to the advancement of precision astronomy and cosmological studies, potentially unlocking new avenues for groundbreaking discoveries in the field.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/rri-raman-research-institute-bengaluru-to-participate-in-first-winter-indian-expedition-to-arctic-region/article67650029.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: mRNA which has the capability to act as a versatile and customizable tool in protein production has revolutionized medicine.

EXPLANATION:

• From vaccines to potential therapies for various diseases, its adaptability, ease of customization, and potential for personalized treatments present a promising frontier in healthcare.
• It marks a paradigm shift toward more effective, tailored, and potentially low-risk treatments for a myriad of conditions.

Understanding mRNA and Its Role in Cells

• DNA and Protein Production:
  • DNA acts like a comprehensive cookbook containing various recipes (genes) to produce proteins, crucial for normal cellular functions.
  • When cells need to produce a protein, they don’t directly utilize the DNA; instead, they create a messenger RNA (mRNA), serving as a copy of the recipe.
  • This mRNA carries the instructions (coded in a language made of four nucleotide building blocks – A, U, C, G) necessary for protein synthesis.
  • Cells dedicate a significant amount of energy to maintain and utilize these proteins, recognizing, employing, and subsequently degrading mRNA once its function is fulfilled.
• Mutations and Disease:
  • Mutations in DNA can distort or eliminate specific mRNA recipes, resulting in errors in critical proteins, thereby causing diseases or disorders.

The Potential of mRNA as Medicine

• Customization:
  • Scientists can easily craft mRNA recipes for various proteins, either by creating entirely new recipes or modifying existing ones to produce slight protein variations, catering to individual patient needs.
• Scalability:
  • The process of producing mRNA in laboratories is scalable.
  • Once scientists understand the basic recipe creation, they can generate numerous variations efficiently.
• Adaptability and Adjustability:
  • mRNA drugs offer flexibility in dosing as they’re not permanent within cells, allowing for easy alterations in dosage according to the patient’s requirements.

mRNA Vaccines: Revolutionizing Disease Prevention

• COVID-19 Vaccines and Beyond:
  • The mRNA vaccines for COVID-19, such as those by Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech, marked a groundbreaking milestone.
  • These vaccines instruct cells to produce a spike protein from the virus, prompting the immune system to recognize and create antibodies against it.
  • The adaptability of mRNA allowed for swift adjustments in vaccine recipes to combat new viral variants.
• Expanding Vaccine Applications:
  • Ongoing clinical trials explore mRNA-based vaccines for various illnesses like seasonal flu, herpes, respiratory syncytial virus, norovirus, Lyme disease, Zika, and shingles.

mRNA Therapies in Disease Treatment

• Targeting Cancer:
  • mRNA treatments for cancer function akin to vaccines, training the immune system to identify and attack cancer cells.
  • These treatments involve mRNA recipes designed based on mutations commonly found in certain tumours.
  • Personalized medicine approaches involve tailoring mRNA treatments by sequencing a patient’s tumour genes, aiming for specificity and effectiveness.

The Future Potential of mRNA-Based Medicine

• Diverse Therapeutic Applications:
  • Scientists are investigating mRNA’s potential in treating a wide array of diseases beyond infectious illnesses and cancer.
  • These include heart disease, neurodegenerative conditions, bone loss, and others.
  • The ability to deliver corrected mRNA recipes to cells offers promise in correcting protein-related issues causing various diseases.
• Promising Applications:
  • Early-stage studies hint at potential mRNA treatments for conditions like propionic acidaemia and diabetic wound healing, showing the capacity for mRNA to serve as a foundation for personalized, effective, and low side-effect therapies.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/mrna-vaccines-cancer-personalised-medicine/article67650001.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the UT administration has been directed to set up a panel to look into issues faced by SCs, who have been clubbed with OBCs till now.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: ABSENCE OF SC RECOGNITION

• Omission in Census and Constitutional Order
  • The Andaman and Nicobar (A&N) Islands have never officially acknowledged any Scheduled Caste (SC) community.
  • The absence of SCs was highlighted as a critical issue by the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (NCSCST) in 1999.
  • Despite efforts, no SC population was recorded in both the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, confirmed by government reports in 2015.
• Refugees and Wrong Categorization
  • The identified SC-like populace in the A&N Islands were refugees from Bangladesh resettled by the Indian government’s Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation Department till 1980.
  • This demography was classified under the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) rather than SCs, a misclassification noted in various reports.

PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE INTERVENTION

• Committee’s Directive and Observations
  • The Parliamentary Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has emphasized the existence of SCs in the A&N Islands.
  • It recommended a specialized panel formation to address SC-specific issues, including representation and welfare schemes.
• Lack of Census and Identification Challenges
  • The committee’s recommendation was based on first-hand information gathered during an August visit to the islands.
  • However, recognizing SCs poses challenges, as there is limited information regarding their communities, socio-economic status, and classification necessities for Parliament’s recognition.

RESERVATION AND CATEGORIZATION DILEMMA

• OBC Commission’s Classification and Reservation
  • Earlier, the A&N Islands’ OBC Commission categorized the Bangladeshi refugees, possibly SCs, under the “Post-1942 settlers” within OBCs, acknowledged due to Indra Sawhney’s judgment.
  • The OBC reservation strategy accounted for the potential inclusion of these individuals as SCs, redirecting the SC reservation percentage into the OBC reservation pool.
• Uncertain Roadmap and Census Data
  • The absence of SC recognition in both the 2001 and 2011 Censuses complicates the establishment of their identity and need for social classification.
  • Notably, the 2011 Socio-Economic Census data remains undisclosed, and the 2021 Census is pending.

FUTURE CHALLENGES AND ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIONS

• Challenges in Identification and Representation
  • The absence of census data poses challenges for the administration to identify, classify, and address the socio-economic concerns of the supposed SCs, a situation that warrants Parliament’s recognition and Presidential notification.
• Policy Impact and Administrative Responses
  • The parliamentary committee’s directive urges the Union Territory administration to address the representation and welfare of the unidentified SC populace, potentially impacting government schemes and affirmative action policies.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/scs-were-never-counted-in-andaman-and-nicobar-now-a-parliamentary-committee-sits-up-and-takes-notice/article67647732.ece

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Terms of trade (ToT) for Indian agriculture — movement in prices of farm commodities relative to that of non-farm goods and services — have recorded significant improvement in the last decade and a half, going by data derived from national income statistics.

UNDERSTANDING TERMS OF TRADE IN AGRICULTURE

• Defining Terms of Trade (ToT)
  • Terms of Trade in agriculture represent the ratio of prices received for farm commodities against prices paid for non-agricultural goods and services.
  • This ratio provides insights into the comparative pricing power of agricultural produce in relation to other sectors.
• Methodology for Calculating ToT
  • Calculation of ToT involves utilizing implicit price deflators derived from Gross Value Added (GVA) data in different sectors of the economy.
  • By analyzing changes in GVA at current and constant prices, the ToT ratio for the farm sector vis-à-vis non-agriculture sectors is determined.

MOVEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL TERMS OF TRADE OVER TIME

• Historical Trends
  • The ToT for Indian agriculture witnessed a decline from 90.2 in 1973-74 to 72.2 by 1985-96.
  • However, it notably improved in recent years, reaching 130.2 in 2020-21 before slightly easing to 126.6 in 2022-23.
• Contributing Factors
  • The improvement in ToT is credited to the global agri-commodity price boom from 2004 to 2014 and policy interventions, particularly Minimum Support Price (MSP) hikes, by past governments.

IMPACT ON FARMERS AND AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS

• Effects on Farmers
  • Despite the overall improvement in ToT for the agricultural sector, farmers have experienced stagnant or declining conditions.
  • While the ToT ratio rose notably until 2010-11, it has stagnated around 97-99 levels, reflecting challenges in cost and pricing dynamics.
• Impact on Agricultural Labourers
  • In contrast, agricultural labourers have witnessed a more significant improvement in their ToT ratio.
  • It surged from 64.2 in 2004-05 to 134.4 in 2016-17 but declined to 119.5 in 2021-22.
  • This increase indicates better conditions for labourers selling their services relative to their consumption expenses.

POLITICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS

• Impact on Socioeconomic Dynamics
  • The improved ToT for agricultural labourers, often from marginalized communities, led to increased real wages, offering alternatives beyond agriculture due to rising employment opportunities in construction and urban services.
• Strain on Farmers
  • Conversely, farmers faced challenges due to rising input costs, including hired labour, agro-chemicals, machinery, without corresponding increases in crop prices.
  • This squeeze in profitability has led to demands for governmental support and reservations from dominant agrarian communities.

THE PRESENT SCENARIO AND CHALLENGES AHEAD

• Stagnation and Decline in Recent Years
  • Recent years have seen stagnation or decline in ToT for both farmers and agricultural labourers, with minimal real wage growth for labourers and limited improvements for farmers.
• Impact on Rural Economy
  • This stagnation may pose challenges for rural economies, potentially impacting livelihoods and economic growth, especially considering the reliance on agriculture in many regions.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/how-terms-of-trade-have-moved-for-agriculture-9072151/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: As per the re-analysis of data from the Cassini mission, molecules including methanol, ethane, and oxygen are present in gaseous plumes emitted from Saturn’s moon Enceladus.

CASSINI MISSION AND ENCELADUS’S PLUMES

• Discovery of Plumes
  • In 2005, the Cassini spacecraft made a groundbreaking discovery of massive plumes emanating from Saturn’s moon Enceladus’s southern hemisphere.
  • These plumes, originating from beneath the icy surface through fissures, provided crucial insights into the moon’s subsurface ocean.
• Initial Findings by Cassini’s INMS
  • Data collected by Cassini’s Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) during flybys in 2011 and 2012 initially identified water, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and molecular hydrogen in the plume samples, hinting at the moon’s intriguing chemical composition.

RE-ANALYSIS OF DATA AND NEW MOLECULE IDENTIFICATION

• Re-examination and Statistical Analysis
  • Researchers from the California Institute of Technology re-evaluated the INMS data using a statistical analysis technique.
  • This re-analysis, comparing data to a vast library of mass spectra, unveiled the presence of previously undetected molecules in the plumes.
• Newly Identified Molecules
  • The re-evaluation confirmed the presence of known molecules like methanol, ethane, and oxygen, alongside the initial findings.
  • Additionally, the study identified new hydrocarbons—hydrogen cyanide (HCN), acetylene (C2H2), propylene (C3H6), and more ethane (C2H6). Notably, nitrogen in the form of HCN was definitively identified, resolving past uncertainties due to signal interference.

IMPLICATIONS FOR HABITABILITY AND POTENTIAL FOR LIFE

• Habitability of Enceladus
  • The diverse array of organic compounds found beneath Enceladus’s surface hints at a chemically varied environment that might support habitability.
  • This composition, coupled with plausible mineral catalysts and redox gradients from surface radiolysis, suggests the potential for supporting microbial communities or fostering complex organic synthesis.
• Considerations for Life Support
  • The authors caution that the potential for life on Enceladus relies heavily on understanding the concentration of these compounds within the moon’s subsurface ocean.
  • The extent to which these molecules are diluted or concentrated is crucial in determining their capacity to support life.

FUTURE IMPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

• Possible Future Studies
  • The identification of these organic molecules opens avenues for further research and exploration.
  • Future missions or investigations aimed at understanding the distribution, concentration, and dynamics of these compounds within Enceladus’s subsurface ocean could provide crucial insights into the moon’s potential habitability.
• Challenges and Unknowns
  • However, uncertainties persist regarding the distribution and dilution of these compounds, posing challenges in comprehending their actual role in supporting life or complex organic synthesis on Enceladus.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/additional-organic-molecules-found-in-enceladuss-plume/article67642216.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Despite reaching an all-time high in production this year, global coal demand is expected to decline by 2026 as per a report by the International Energy Agency (IEA).

CURRENT STATE OF GLOBAL COAL DEMAND

• Production vs. Projected Decline in Demand
  • Despite reaching an all-time high in production, the International Energy Agency (IEA) projects a decline in global coal demand by 2026.
  • The report attributes this anticipated reduction to a shift towards renewable energy sources and a saturation of demand from China, while highlighting India’s pivotal role in sustaining coal demand until 2026.
• Regional Disparities in Demand
  • The forecasted decline in coal demand conceals regional differences.
  • While the European Union and the United States are expected to witness a significant drop in demand by 20% each, India and China are projected to experience an increase in demand by 8% and 5%, respectively.
  • It is primarily due to electricity needs and reduced hydropower generation.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DECLINE IN COAL DEMAND

• Renewable Energy Expansion
  • The anticipated decrease in coal demand is underpinned by the burgeoning capacity of renewable energy sources.
  • The report emphasizes the substantial deployment of low-cost solar photovoltaic systems and the projected increase in nuclear energy generation, especially in China, India, and the European Union.
• Climate and Weather Conditions
  • The IEA report correlates the decline in coal demand with climate factors.
  • It anticipates the transition from El Nino to La Nina, potentially leading to improved rainfall in Asia during 2024-2026, thereby augmenting hydropower generation and reducing the reliance on coal.

COAL’S ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

• CO2 Emissions and Climate Targets
  • Coal remains a dominant energy source but is also the largest contributor to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
  • The report highlights the necessity of reducing ‘unabated’ coal use to meet international climate targets, emphasizing the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s agreement to decrease coal emissions by nearly 95% between 2020-2050 to limit global temperature rise.
• Shift in Climate Policy
  • The IEA underscores the significance of global climate policy in steering away from unabated coal usage.
  • Efforts to limit temperature increases to 1.5°C by the end of the century mandate a substantial reduction in coal emissions, signalling a pivotal moment for renewable energy expansion.

GLOBAL COAL PRODUCTION TRENDS

• Production Records and Major Producers
  • China, India, and Indonesia, the world’s three largest coal producers, are expected to set production records in 2023, collectively contributing over 70% of global coal production.
  • Despite rising production levels, the report highlights the divergence between production surges and the projected decline in demand.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

• It is an autonomous inter-governmental organisation within the OECD framework.
• It works with governments and industry to shape a secure and sustainable energy future for all.
• It was founded in 1974 to ensure the security of oil supplies.
• It was created in response to the 1973-1974 oil crisis when an oil embargo by major producers pushed prices to historic levels and exposed the vulnerability of industrialised countries to dependency on oil imports.
• It consists of 31 member countries and eleven association countries.
• A candidate country to the IEA must be a member country of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
• India joined this organization in 2017 as an Associate member.

CONCLUSION: THE TRANSITION AWAY FROM COAL

• The IEA report points to a transformative period marked by a structural decline in coal demand, driven by sustained expansion in renewable energy technologies.
• It emphasizes the pivotal role of Asia’s renewable energy expansion in determining the pace of coal’s phase-out.
• However, meeting international climate targets necessitates accelerated efforts towards reducing coal emissions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/global-coal-demand-expected-to-decline-by-2026-iea-report/article67647691.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The recent approvals by regulatory agencies in the UK and the US for CRISPR-based therapies targeting sickle-cell disease and β-thalassemia mark a transformative era in medicine.

EXPLANATION:

• These inherited blood disorders affect millions globally, and the approvals signify a shift towards addressing their molecular basis rather than just symptom management.

THE EVOLUTION OF CRISPR TECHNOLOGY

• Origins of CRISPR
  • CRISPR, an acronym for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, originated from the discovery of DNA elements in 1993 by Spanish researchers.
  • These elements were found in archaea and later in bacterial genomes.
  • Initially thought to be a part of the bacterial immune system against viruses, it was revealed that CRISPR, combined with CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas), functioned as an antiviral defense mechanism.
• Milestone Discoveries
  • The groundbreaking work of Emmanuelle Charpentier, Jennifer Doudna, and Virginijus Siksnys led to key discoveries.
  • In 2010, it was demonstrated that CRISPR, specifically with Cas9 proteins, could cut DNA at precise points.
  • The identification of RNA molecules guiding Cas9 to specific genomic positions further revolutionized its potential.
  • This work culminated in the development of a programmable ‘molecular scissor’ capable of editing DNA accurately.
• CRISPR-Cas9 Advancements
  • Subsequent research by Feng Zhang and George Church showcased CRISPR-Cas9’s ability to edit the genomes of eukaryotic organisms.
  • This innovation expanded its applications, ranging from genetic therapies to agricultural advancements.

CRISPR IN MEDICINE: CURRENT ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

• First-Generation Technologies
  • The approved CRISPR-based therapeutics represent first-generation technologies.
  • Though groundbreaking, they are continuously evolving to become more efficient and effective.
  • Novel approaches like base editing and prime editing hold immense promise for precise genome editing at the nucleotide level, addressing diseases like familial hypercholesterolemia.
• Emerging Techniques and Challenges
  • Techniques like base editing and prime editing are showing potential, yet safety and accuracy issues persist.
  • Off-target events, where CRISPR systems inaccurately edit unintended parts of the genome, pose risks.
  • Balancing short-term benefits with long-term risks remains critical, especially as these therapies are still in early developmental stages.

THE FUTURE LANDSCAPE AND CONSIDERATIONS

• Potential and Caution
  • While celebrating the transformative potential of CRISPR-based therapies like Casgevy, it’s essential to acknowledge potential risks.
  • Continued scrutiny and surveillance are imperative to identify and address unforeseen side effects.
  • The enormous promise of these technologies must be cautiously balanced with potential risks to ensure patient safety and ethical considerations.
• Moving Forward
  • CRISPR technology has opened doors to a future where the correction of genetic anomalies is a reality.
  • The ongoing advancements in CRISPR-based therapies signify a promising era in medicine, holding immense potential to alleviate the suffering of millions affected by genetic diseases.

CONCLUSION

• The approval of CRISPR-based therapies represents a significant leap in medical science, offering hope to patients with genetic disorders.
• While these treatments mark a milestone, continuous research, vigilance, and technological advancements are crucial to maximize benefits while minimizing risks associated with genome editing technologies.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/crispr-casgevy-sickle-cell-disease-genetic-therapeutics-explained/article67641478.ece

TAG: GS 2 POLITY

CONTEXT:  The Supreme Court (SC) in its recent judgment has ruled that its October 3 judgment, requiring the Enforcement Directorate (ED) to provide a copy of the grounds of arrest at the time of an accused being arrested under money laundering charges, does not apply retrospectively. This new judgement, pronounced by the bench led by J.Bela Trivedi has restricted the scope of Bansal verdict.

EXPLANATION

• Several petitions have been filed across courts, alleging illegal arrests by the ED on grounds that it only orally intimated grounds of arrest to the accused.
• The Bench held that non-furnishing of grounds of arrest till the date of pronouncement in Pankaj Bansal case cannot be held to be illegal.
• The apex court Bench further said that the accused need to be informed of the grounds of the arrest in writing within 24 hours and not necessarily at the time of arrest. But, oral communication is necessary.
• This, in effect, dilutes its earlier dictum.
• Provision of written communication about the grounds of arrest within 24 hours of arrest is in compliance with Section 19 of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 and also with Article 22 (1) of the Indian constitution.

ED AND ITS POWERS

• The Directorate of Enforcement is a multi-disciplinary organisation mandated with investigation of offences of money laundering and violations of foreign exchange laws.

The statutory functions of the ED are:

• The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA):
• Under this, the ED has been given the responsibility to enforce the provisions of the PMLA by conducting investigation to trace the assets derived from proceeds of crime, to provisionally attach the property and to ensure prosecution of the offenders and confiscation of the property by the Special court.
• The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA):
• Under this, the ED conducts investigation into suspected contraventions of foreign exchange laws and regulations, to adjudicate and impose penalties on those adjudged to have contravened the law.
• The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA):
• The Directorate is mandated to attach the properties of the fugitive economic offenders who have escaped from the India warranting arrest and provide for the confiscation of their properties to the Central Government.

OUTCOMES OF THE CLARIFICATION

• After the October 3 judgment, several PMLA undertrials had challenged their arrests based on Bansal’s three principles – first, the non-supply of written grounds; second, the absence of grounds other than mere “evasiveness”; and third, the presence of mala fides.
• Now, since the judgment cannot be applied retrospectively, those cases will no longer be valid.

CONCLUSION: The Pankaj Bansal judgment was a valuable step in terms of setting institutional accountability of the ED. But the current judgment by the SC seems to dilute the safeguard provided by Bansal case and hence requires reconsideration.

Source : https://www.livelaw.in/supreme-court/ed-can-give-reasons-in-writing-to-accused-within-24-hrs-of-arrest-pankaj-bansal-judgment-doesnt-apply-retrospectively-supreme-court-244662

TAG: GS 3 ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

CONTEXT: Despite India’s push to increasing green capacity in line with its nationally determined contributions (NDC), the policymakers in India have realised that unless viable energy storage options are available, green energy addition will not make any sense. In view of this, the COP28’s decision to stick to ‘transitioning away from fossil fuel’, and not the complete ‘phase-out’, has come as a breather for India.

EXPLANATION

• There was a strong pushback by India and countries like China to a proposal stipulating that no new coal-fired power plants can be commissioned without an in-built carbon capture and storage facility.
• Their opposition, ultimately, led to the omission of the clause from the final climate deal of
• Recently, the Union Power Ministry has decided to step up its coal-powered generation capacity, with plans to add at least 80 gigawatts (GW, where 1 GW is equal to 1,000 megawatts or MW) by 2031-32.

IS RENEWABLES’ PUSH WANING?

• As part of its emission-reduction resolve, the government stepped up renewable capacity addition over the last decade.
• Now, more than 40% of installed electricity capacity comes from non-fossil fuel sources. Solar and wind capacity is now more than 30%.
• With this, the grid is increasingly powered by renewables now, which creates the problem of intermittency, a significant challenge from a grid management perspective.

WHAT IS ‘INTERMITTENCY’ IN RENEWABLES

• Renewable energy cannot always consistently produce energy at all hours of the day. Energy production fluctuates with renewable energy. This is termed as Electricity is generated only when the sun shines or when the wind blows, which is not always in sync with the demand cycle.
• On the other hand, power output generated by fossil fuel-based power plants using coal or natural gas is constant. This has often been referred to as base-load energy.
• Hence, to counter the problem with renewables, power utilities are forced to keep old thermal units on standby — but that involves high fixed costs payouts.

INDIA’S NEW COAL THRUST

• Although the plan to increase coal-based capacity is broadly in line with the National Electricity Plan for 2022-27, the new blueprint for the country’s power sector marks a discernible pivot and a policy reversal from earlier years.
• It underscores the country’s resolve to revert to coal for desperately-needed baseload capacity.

STORAGE CONUNDRUMS

• Without storage, incremental renewable power capacity poses problems for grid managers.
• Renewables are not always a viable option for procurers such as state-owned distribution companies (discoms), due to vagaries in the generation trends.
• It means they have to depend on thermal or nuclear generation to meet the base load demand.
• Storage is expensive currently, and the Lithium-ion storage battery option for grid application is being ruled out as unviable.

WHAT IS THE WAY OUT?

• Hydrogen and hybrid generation models blended with off-stream pumped storage are being cited as two alternatives.
• The government is also looking to mandate renewable energy projects with more than 5-megawatt (MW) capacity to install energy storage systems (ESS).
• However, there is a recognition that coal-fired capacity needs to stay as base load for the time being.
• More steps are required to be taken at the policy and regulatory levels for ensuring an enabling ecosystem for storage systems.

CONCLUSION: While cutting down on fossil fuel usage is imperative to meet the Paris Climate Agreement goals, access to viable storage technology is equally important. The breather may have been given, but the developed countries need to accelerate their mitigation efforts to allow a fair share of remaining carbon space to be available to developing countries.

Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/india-coal-renewable-energy-storage-9069676/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The 2023 summer in the Arctic was the warmest on record and the region has been warming nearly four times faster than the global average since 1979. This has been highlighted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) annual Arctic Report Card, a peer-reviewed analysis conducted by 82 scientists from 13 countries.

EXPLANATION:

The report has highlighted 5 major consequences of the rising temperatures in the Arctic region:

1. Thawing Of Subsea Permafrost
2. Food Insecurity
3. Raging Wildfires
4. Severe Flooding
5. Greenland Ice Sheet Melting

THAWING OF SUBSEA PERMAFROST

As subsea permafrost thaws, the organic matter within it begins to decay. This decomposition process releases large amounts of methane and carbon dioxide into the surrounding water and atmosphere.

Impact

• Global Warming: The released greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, contributing to the ongoing trend of global warming.
• Ocean Acidification: Carbon dioxide also leads to ocean acidification, lowering the pH of the ocean. This can have detrimental effects on marine life, particularly organisms with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons, such as corals, mollusks, and certain plankton species.

FOOD INSECURITY

Salmon is a crucial part of the traditional diet in many Indigenous cultures, providing essential nutrients and serving as a staple food source.

Impact

• Food crisis: The reduced numbers and size of Chinook and chum salmon represent a significant threat to the food security of Indigenous communities.
• Cultural impact: The decline in salmon populations disrupts the cultural fabric of these communities, impacting their way of life and connection to the land.
• Increase in conflicts: This can also result in conflicts over access to dwindling salmon resources, further straining the relationships between different user groups.

RAGING WILDFIRES

High temperatures and below-average rainfall created favorable conditions for increased instances of wildfires. Canada experienced its worst wildfire season, with over 10 million acres burned in the Northwest Territories.

Impact

• Destruction of Ecosystems: Wildfires lead to the rapid destruction of vegetation and ecosystems which have long-lasting effects on the local flora and fauna.
• Air Quality: The smoke produced by wildfires can travel over long distances, affecting air quality. This poses serious health risks, particularly for individuals with respiratory conditions.
• Evacuations and Displacement: The need to evacuate two-thirds of the population in the affected territories disrupts communities and places a strain on emergency services.

SEVERE FLOODING

Glacier meltwater caused floods, leading to property damage, and highlighting the tangible consequences of glacial retreat.

Impact

• Property Damage: Flooding, especially when caused by the meltwater from glaciers, can lead to severe damage to infrastructure, homes, and businesses.
• Risk to Lives: Flooding poses a direct threat to human lives. The sudden release of water from a glacial lake can lead to flash floods, putting communities at risk.
• Displacement and Community Disruption: Flooding can force communities to evacuate temporarily or permanently which can weaken the strong community bonding.

GREENLAND ICE SHEET MELTING

The melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet has far-reaching consequences, affecting both local and global environments.

Impact

• Sea Level Rise: The Greenland Ice Sheet continues to lose mass, contributing to rising sea levels. Sea level rise poses a global threat to coastal communities and ecosystems.
• Global Climate System: The melting of large ice sheets can disrupt ocean currents and impact global climate systems.
• Local Environmental Changes: The melting of ice alters the local environment in Greenland. This includes changes in the availability of freshwater, affecting ecosystems and wildlife.

CONCLUSION

• Arctic’s vulnerability underscores the pressing need for concerted efforts to combat climate change.
• The report highlights the far-reaching consequences of global warming, urging society to take collective action to mitigate these impacts and build resilience in the face of a changing climate.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/arctic-hottest-summer-climate-change-9069590/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The three Bills introduced by the Union government in the Lok Sabha in August 2023 to replace respectively the Indian Penal Code, the Criminal Procedure Code and the Indian Evidence Act were unexpectedly withdrawn on December 9, 2023. They were replaced by revised second drafts which were tabled by the Union home minister on December 12, 2023 in the Lok Sabha. 
EXPLANATION:

BACKGROUND:

• The August 2023 first drafts of the three Bills had drawn wide public outrage as an assault on our democracy.
• These were reviewed by the Parliamentary Standing Committee, reflecting the extremely poor quality and the alarming nature of the Bills, it was constrained to recommend a slew of changes. The Committee went to the extent of cautiously expressing mild concern about the vagueness of crucial definitions in the drafts
• In their second drafts too, the character of the Bills remains fundamentally anti-democratic. The fundamental objection to the first draft of the Bills is not removed by the second draft.

Key Modifications proposed in drafts are:

1. The most important change which will replace the Indian Penal Code, is that the government has entirely pulled back from the first draft’s expansion of the crime of terrorism beyond the existing definition in the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA).

• The UAPA defines as terrorist any act “with intent to threaten or likely to threaten the unity, integrity, security economic security, or sovereignty of India or with intent to strike terror or likely to strike terror in the people or any section of the people in India or in any foreign country”.
• Definition in the first BNS draft included as terrorism extremely vague acts such as “intimidating the general public or a segment thereof”, “disturbing public order”, “creating an atmosphere or spreading a message of fear”; “destabilising or destroying the political, economic, or social structures of the country”, or “creating a public emergency or undermining public safety”.
• Under the first BNS draft, these acts would be terrorist acts even if they are in the form of mere non-violent speech that does not involve the commission of any crime. Each of these vague formulations has the potential to be abused to lock up virtually anyone by converting legitimate public discourse into ‘terrorism’.
• The second draft of BNS withdraws the definition of a terrorist act in the first draft and entirely adopts the UAPA definition. There is one exception UAPA includes in terrorism the “production or smuggling or circulation only of high quality counterfeit Indian paper currency, coin or of any other material”. Whereas the second BNS draft widens this definition to cover the same activities with respect to any counterfeit Indian paper currency, coin or of any other material.
• The second draft of BNS also changes the punishment for ‘terrorism which results in death’ from life imprisonment without parole to life imprisonment as provided in UAPA (i.e., without ruling out parole).

Criticism:

• Double-barrelled weapon: While the modifications to the BNS definition of terrorism are welcome, it is disappointing that the government refused to drop the terrorism offence altogether from BNS as it is already covered under UAPA.  With this new BNS provision, the government will now have a double-barrelled weapon to prosecute and imprison terrorism under two statutes – a special law (UAPA) and the other a general law (BNS).
• Extraordinary police discretion: Given that one statute (UAPA) has some safeguards and a special court and the other (BNS) does not, this in itself creates an opportunity for potential rent-seeking and corruption on the exercise of this extraordinary police discretion. No justification has been provided for the need to maintain the offence of terrorism in two separate statutes.

2. Another potent weapon to be misused against non-violent dissent lay in the vague definition of “petty organised crime” in the first BNS draft. Under which any crime that causes general feelings of insecurity among citizens relating to thirteen enumerated acts and “other common forms of organised crime committed by organised criminal groups or gangs” was criminalised.

The government has pulled back on this open-ended definition and replaced it in the second draft with a more circumscribed definition: “Whoever, being a member of a group or gang, either singly or jointly, commits any act of theft, snatching, cheating, unauthorised selling of tickets, unauthorised betting or gambling, selling of public examination question papers or any other similar criminal act, is said to commit petty organised crime.”

3. Punishments

• In the second BNS draft, the government dropped the earlier proposal that life imprisonment in all cases shall be “imprisonment for remainder of a person’s natural life”.
• The second BNS draft clarifies punishment for ‘culpable homicide not amounting to murder’ which had not been clearly drafted in the first draft.
• Under the revised version, causing death by any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide will be punishable by five years’ imprisonment, reduced from seven years.

4. Mental unsoundness 

• The first drafts of the Bills wrongly substituted the IPC, CrPC and Evidence Act concept of “mental unsoundness” with the term “mental illness” without noticing the critical distinction between these two concepts.
• This error has been rectified in the second draft of all three Bills.

5. Use of electronic technology

• The draft Bills clearly indicate a lack of clarity and understanding about the use of electronic means in criminal justice.
• The second BNSS draft deletes various proceedings that were authorised to be conducted electronically in the first draft without explaining the need for the change.

Some key recommendations not accepted

• The Standing Committee’s recommendations that
• non-consensual sexual acts covered by IPC Section 377 should continue to be criminalized
• grounds must be provided by the Executive for commutation of sentences
• a special provision be included to protect healthcare workers
• adultery be maintained as a gender-neutral crime.

Criticisms of the Bills:

• The Bills weaponise the police and the criminal justice system to give the political leadership at all levels centre, state and local. It gives greater opportunity to abuse the criminal justice system for political gain through selective, targeted and politically biased prosecution against ideological and political rivals.
• The Bills create and maintain high-sounding but vaguely worded and easily abused offences such as “terrorism”; “organised crime”; endangering “sovereignty, unity and integrity of India”; and what we may call “sedition plus”.
• The Bills scale up police powers and discretion in a number of areas to be used for prosecuting these vague crimes. Violating well-established judicial standards, the Bills dilute the legal obligation of the police to file FIRs and register cases by providing police the option to conduct a preliminary inquiry before registering an FIR in certain cases.
• To expand the surveillance state, the Bills mandate the provision of biometrics by those who are not accused but are arrested in a case enhancing the incentive for arresting a person who is sought to be surveilled.
• There is no real effort in the Bills to enhance police accountability to the people. At a time when the judiciary is unable to protect citizens from malicious and selective prosecution. These Bills enhance repression in our country.

CONCLUSION: Rather than strengthening criminal justice administration, the Bills primarily serve political aims.  Like many other historic pieces of legislation, these three pivotal laws that will deeply affect the lives of all Indians will also be rushed through parliament with the explicit aim of avoiding any meaningful debate or genuine discussion on them.

Source: https://thewire.in/government/second-avatar-criminal-law-bills-has-anything-changed

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The Maldives government has decided to not renew an agreement with India that allowed India to conduct hydrographic surveys in Maldivian waters.

EXPLANATION:

• The agreement was signed in 2019 during Indian Prime Minister’s visit to the islands. Various MoUs were signed during the visit, including one for Cooperation in the Field of Hydrography between the Indian Navy and the Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF).
• The new government of Maldives had earlier requested that India should pull out its military personnel deployed in the country.

Hydrographic survey:

• Hydrographic surveys are carried out by ships, which use methods such as sonar to understand the various features of a water body.
• According to the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), these surveys help

1. Map out water depth
2. Shape of the seafloor and coastline
3. Location of possible obstructions
4. Physical features of water bodies to ensure the efficiency and safety of maritime transportation.

Hydrographic survey pact:

• The first meeting of the Joint Commission on Hydrography was held in the Maldives in September 2019.
• So far, three joint hydrographic surveys have been undertaken – in 2021, 2022, and 2023.
• The Indian Naval Ship (INS) Darshak carried out the first Joint Hydrographic survey in February and March of 2021.
• The second Joint Hydrographic survey was carried out by the INS Sutlej from April 18 to May 24, 2022. During the period, the ship surveyed Northern Maldives and the Male area including Thilafushi, Hulhumale and Male port on the request of the Government of Maldives.
• Multi-beam echo sounders were used. The surveys were done to generate updated Navigational Charts/ Electronic Navigational Charts of the areas, which would help sectors such as Tourism, Fisheries, Agriculture, etc.
• Training was also imparted to MNDF personnel on the use of survey equipment. India said it would train more MNDF personnel at its Hydrographic Institute in Goa.
• The third survey was conducted between January and February 2023, by INS Investigator. It identified 52 new shoals, which are emerging ridge-like natural structures in the sea, within the Ihavandhippolhu atoll.

Water survey pacts with other countries:

• India’s oldest Hydrographic Survey ship, INS Sandhayak, was decommissioned in 2021.

It undertook more than 200 major hydrographic surveys along the Western and Eastern coasts of the Indian peninsula, and the Andaman Sea, as well as surveys in neighbouring countries including Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Bangladesh.

• The government has previously cited a UN study that says approximately 50 per cent of coastal states have no hydrographic capability and another 25 per cent have only limited capabilities. Only the remaining 25 per cent, including India, have adequate hydrographic capabilities.
• National Hydrographic Office’s website states “There is, immense scope for international co-operation in hydrography, particularly, in Asia and Africa, where 36% and 64% of the waters respectively, are yet to be surveyed systematically.
• It says Indian survey ships have assisted Kenya, Mauritius, Mozambique, Maldives, Oman, Seychelles, Sri Lanka and Tanzania in the past.

So why does Maldives want to end the pact?

• Change of regime: There is change in regime in the country following the upcoming elections. Earlier President of the Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP), who was in power from 2018 to 2023, was seen as being more favourable to India, but his successor of the Progressive Party of Maldives (PPM) is being seen as more pro-China.
• China’s influence: While the Maldives has traditionally been a part of India’s sphere of influence. In recent decades China has sought to project its power aggressively in the Indian Ocean, including through massive investments in infrastructure projects as Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
• Self interest: Maldivian administration believes it is “best for national security to improve the Maldivian military’s capacity to conduct such surveys, and protect such sensitive information”.

Source: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/maldives-survey-pact-india-hydrographic-explained-9069657/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A recent study, published in the International Journal of Water Resources Development, delves into the intricate relationship between climate variability and its effects on crop yield in India.

EXPLANATION:

• The study offers critical insights into the challenges faced by the agricultural sector, particularly concerning water risks.
• Here, we will explore the nuanced findings and their implications for informed policy decisions.

Climate Variability and Crop Yield Analysis

• Seasonal Impact on Crop Yield:
  • The study highlights the significant influence of climate variables like rainfall, evapotranspiration, temperature, and windspeed across different seasons on crop yields.
  • Each crop exhibits varying degrees of sensitivity to these climate elements, impacting both the expected yield and yield variability.
• Crop-Specific Responses:
  • Crops such as bajra, chickpea, groundnut, rice, and sugarcane demonstrate unique relationships with climate variables.
  • For instance, the optimal levels of rainfall and temperature vary for different crops, influencing their yields positively or negatively.
• Risk Assessment and Water Elements:
  • Extremes in rainfall, temperature, evapotranspiration, and windspeed are associated with increased yield risks for specific crops.
  • Moreover, the study identifies how low or high values of these climatic factors affect crop yield variability.

Water Management Implications and Policy Considerations

• Water Availability and Crop Production:
  • Changes in water availability due to climate variations significantly impact crop production.
  • To mitigate adverse effects, the study suggests strategies such as diverting surplus water for storage to meet higher water demands during dry seasons.
• Addressing Extreme Climate Events:
  • Flooding and droughts caused by extreme rainfall and temperature pose challenges.
  • Effective drainage systems and reallocation of water to crops benefiting from irrigation expansion or tolerant to extremes are recommended for better water management.
• Adaptive Strategies:
  • The study emphasizes the need for seasonal adaptations and crop-specific measures to sustain long-term water availability.
  • It suggests identifying high-tolerant crops and optimizing irrigation diversification based on climate effects.

Policy Implications and Future Directions

• Enhancing Water Management Policies:
  • Policy re-evaluation is essential to address the impact of climate change on farm water management.
  • Decision-makers need to consider strategies like predictive techniques, diversification of irrigation, and climate-smart agriculture for sustainable outcomes.
• Incorporating Scientific Techniques:
  • Implementing modern irrigation techniques and utilizing rainwater effectively can alleviate pressure on groundwater resources.
  • Precision farming, scientific water management, and climate-smart agricultural practices are advocated for resilient crop production.
• Inclusive Governance and Farmer Participation:
  • Encouraging farmer involvement in water management and aligning policies with region-specific sustainable agricultural practices can yield efficient, equitable, and economically viable outcomes.

Conclusion

• Understanding the intricate effects of climate variability on crop yield and water security is paramount for reevaluating agricultural policies in India.
• This study underscores the need for adaptive strategies, scientific water management, and climate-resilient agriculture to mitigate risks associated with climate change.
• Policy interventions that prioritize sustainable water use and empower local governance can pave the way for resilient agricultural practices and long-term food security in India.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/agriculture/understanding-climate-effect-on-crop-yield-and-associated-risks-to-water-security-in-india-is-crucial-93393

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: While India’s Constitution tilts towards the Centre on certain areas, not all states are equal either. Right after Article 370, the Constitution creates special provisions for at least nine states, from Article 371A-I.

EXPLANATION:

Quasi-Federal Structure of Indian Governance

• India’s constitutional framework reflects a quasi-federal structure, balancing the Centre’s authority with varying degrees of autonomy granted to states.
• The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution delineates Union, State, and Concurrent lists, outlining legislative powers shared between the Centre and states.
• However, certain provisions tilt authority towards the Centre in specific domains.

Understanding Special Status for States

• India’s diverse landscape necessitates differentiated approaches in governance, leading to special provisions for various states based on fiscal, political, and administrative considerations.
• These provisions aim to address regional disparities while fostering unity within the federal structure.
• However, critics argue that such asymmetric federalism could sow seeds of regionalism and impact national integration.

Examples of Special Status

• Beyond Article 370:
  • While Article 370 is a well-known instance of asymmetric federalism concerning Jammu and Kashmir, there exist special provisions for nine states, ranging from Article 371A-I.
  • These provisions fall under the Constitution’s section titled “Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions,” intended to operate until crises like secessionist sentiments or conflicts cease.
  • Importantly, they lack explicit expiration dates.
• Negotiated Autonomy:
  • States like Nagaland and Mizoram negotiated autonomy with the Centre as a political compromise, safeguarding cultural practices, land ownership, and natural resources from parliamentary interference.
  • These special provisions were pivotal in resolving independence movements in these regions.
• Delhi’s Unique Arrangement:
  • Delhi, not classified as a state in the Constitution’s First Schedule, operates under Article 239AA, granting it legislative powers over state and concurrent list subjects.
  • This unique arrangement exemplifies a special status designed for the administration of the national capital.

Legal Interpretations and Recent Rulings

• Challenges and Interpretations:
  • The abrogation of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir led to legal challenges asserting that it conferred internal sovereignty, which couldn’t be unilaterally revoked.
  • However, a Supreme Court ruling clarified that Article 370 represented asymmetric federalism, distinct from internal sovereignty.

Conclusion

• The existence of special provisions for select Indian states reflects the nuanced approach to governance, accommodating diverse needs within the federal framework.
• While these provisions aim to address regional disparities and political compromises, ongoing debates persist regarding their impact on national integration and the duration of their applicability, signalling the complex interplay between federalism and the unity of the Indian nation.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/why-many-states-in-india-enjoy-special-provisions-9068631/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The recently concluded COP28 in Dubai aimed to address critical issues in combating climate change, particularly the pressing need to align actions with the 1.5-degree Celsius warming threshold.

EXPLANATION:

• However, an analysis of the agreement suggests a significant gap between aspirations and practical measures to achieve this ambitious goal.

Inadequacies in Addressing Emissions

• Reality Check on Emissions:
  • Despite claims of progress, the UN Environment Programme’s Emissions Gap Report revealed a disheartening reality.
  • Global emissions in 2022 surged by at least a billion tonnes compared to 2019, indicating a nearly 2% rise, a troubling trend for climate targets.
• IPCC Recommendations vs. Current Actions:
  • The IPCC guidelines underscore a crucial requirement: a 43% reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions from 2019 levels by 2030 to sustain the 1.5-degree target.
  • However, current actions, as outlined in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), are projected to lead to a mere 2% reduction by 2030, vastly inadequate to meet the urgent emission cut requirement.

Effectiveness of Climate Actions

• Insufficiency of Annual Emission Reductions:
  • To achieve the necessary 43% cut by 2030, an unprecedented average annual reduction of 8.7% is mandated.
  • Historical data reveals such extensive cuts have never been accomplished, even during significant disruptions like the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Lack of Immediate Action Acceleration:
  • Despite the agreement highlighting tripling renewable energy and doubling energy efficiency improvements by 2030, there is an evident absence of concrete steps to expedite immediate climate actions.

Challenges and Weaknesses in the Agreement

• Insufficient Contribution of Measures:
  • Estimates from the International Energy Agency (IEA) suggest that the proposed measures could potentially save 7 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent by 2030.
  • However, this pales in comparison to the projected shortfall of 24 billion tonnes, as per the Emissions Gap Report.
• Methane Emissions and Weak Agreements:
  • The agreement’s focus on methane reductions, though impactful due to methane’s potency, is limited as it accounts for less than a quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Furthermore, the COP28 agreement on methane cuts lacks defined reduction targets and relies heavily on voluntary commitments.

Financial Constraints and Lack of Resourcing

• Limitations in Financial Aid:
  • Many developing countries outlined in their NDCs that they could amplify climate actions if provided with requisite financial and technological support.
  • Unfortunately, COP28 failed to address this crucial aspect, hindering the potential acceleration of climate actions.

Conclusion

• The COP28 agreement, despite its symbolic acknowledgment of transitioning from fossil fuels and emphasizing renewable energy and efficiency improvements, falls short in several critical aspects.
• The disparity between ambitious climate targets and practical measures to achieve them persists, with insufficient emission reductions and inadequate financial support hampering global efforts to combat climate change effectively.
• The urgent need for more concrete, aggressive actions remain unmet, jeopardizing the prospect of attaining the 1.5-degree Celsius pathway.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/world/climate-change/given-a-robust-action-plan-to-keep-1-5c-target-within-reach-al-jaber-9067394/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: PACE is a NASA mission scheduled to launch no earlier than Feb. 6, 2024, on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida.

EXPLANATION:

WHAT IS PACE?

• PACE is NASA’s Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem mission, currently in the design phase of mission development.
• It is scheduled to launch in 2024, extending and improving NASA’s over 20-year record of satellite observations of global ocean biology, aerosols (tiny particles suspended in the atmosphere), and clouds.
• PACE will advance the assessment of ocean health by measuring the distribution of phytoplankton, tiny plants and algae that sustain the marine food web.
• It will also continue systematic records of key atmospheric variables associated with air quality and Earth’s climate.

PACE has two fundamental science goals:

• To extend key systematic ocean colour, aerosol, and cloud data records for Earth system and climate studies.
• To address new and emerging science questions using its advanced instruments, surpassing the capabilities of previous and current missions.

Observatory

• Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is responsible for the principal mission elements, including the design and fabrication of the spacecraft, development of scientific instrumentation.
• The Development Team at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) will guide PACE through each phase as the instruments, spacecraft, and observatory are built, tested, and flown.

INSTRUMENTS:

• The primary science instruments planned for PACE are:
  • Ocean Colour Instrument (OCI):
    • Spectrometer used to measure intensity of light over portions of the electromagnetic spectrum: ultraviolet (UV), visible, near infrared, and several shortwave infrared bands.
    • The OCI will enable continuous measurement of light at finer wavelength resolution than previous NASA ocean colour sensors, providing detailed information on our global ocean.
    • The colour of the ocean is determined by the interaction of sunlight with substances or particles present in seawater such as chlorophyll, a green photosynthetic pigment found in phytoplankton and land plants.
  • Multi-angle Polarimeters:
    • Radiometers used to measure how the oscillation of sunlight within a geometric plane – known as its polarization – is changed by passing through clouds, aerosols, and the ocean.
    • Measuring polarization states of UV-to-shortwave light at various angles provides detailed information on the atmosphere and ocean, such as particle size and composition.
  • Combined, these instruments will be a major advance in satellite observing technology, allowing for new opportunities to monitor and respond to changes in our ecosystem, and the ways in which the atmosphere and ocean interact.

SOURCE: https://www.nasa.gov/general/experience-the-launch-of-nasas-pace-mission/#:~:text=PACE%20is%20a%20NASA%20mission,biology%2C%20aerosols%2C%20and%20clouds.

TAG: PRELIMS SPECIFIC

THE CONTEXT: The Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development for 2023 has been jointly awarded to Daniel Barenboim and Ali Abu Awwad.

EXPLANATION:

• They were awarded for their efforts in bringing together the youth and peoples of Israel and the Arab World for a non-violent resolution of the Israel-Palestine conflict.

Background of the Awardees

• Daniel Barenboim: The Maestro of Harmony
  • Daniel Barenboim, an Argentine-born classical pianist and conductor, is acclaimed worldwide for his musical brilliance.
  • However, beyond his musical achievements, he has been an ardent advocate for peace in West Asia.
  • Influenced by his friendship with Palestinian scholar Edward, he envisioned a peaceful resolution to the Israel-Palestine conflict through dialogue and mutual respect.

Ali Abu Awwad: A Champion of Non-Violent Activism

• Born into a politically active Palestinian refugee family, Ali Abu Awwad has dedicated his life to pursuing a peaceful resolution to the enduring Middle East conflict.
• His transformative experience during a hunger strike, aimed at reuniting with his incarcerated mother, ignited his belief in non-violent Gandhian principles as a potent means to achieve freedom and dignity.

Contributions and Achievements

• Barenboim’s Initiatives for Unity
  • West-Eastern Divan Orchestra: Founded by Barenboim alongside Edward Said, this orchestra aims to unite Israeli, Palestinian, and Arab youth through music, fostering understanding and harmony.
  • Barenboim-Said Akademie: Another initiative by Barenboim and Said, this institution promotes cultural exchange and mutual learning, emphasizing peaceful coexistence in West Asia.
• Awwad’s Efforts Towards Peace
  • Roots Initiative: Co-founded by Awwad, this Palestinian-Israeli endeavor strives to promote understanding, non-violence, and transformation in the region.
  • Taghyeer Movement: Awwad’s leadership led to the creation of Taghyeer, a mass movement advocating Palestinian social development and non-violent strategies to end the Occupation.

The Impact and Significance of Their Work

• Fostering Cultural Understanding
  • Barenboim’s and Awwad’s collaborative efforts have brought together diverse youth and communities from Israel, Palestine, and other Arab nations.
  • Through music, dialogue, and initiatives like Taghyeer and Roots, they’ve cultivated an environment of unity and empathy, challenging the divisive narratives of the conflict.
• Advocacy for Non-Violence and Humanity
  • Awwad’s belief in non-violence as an embodiment of humanity resonates strongly with his efforts in building peaceful initiatives.
  • His personal experiences and commitment to Gandhian principles have spurred the growth of movements dedicated to social development and peaceful resolution, influencing thousands across the West Bank.
• Their joint efforts, utilizing music, dialogue, and non-violent activism, have not only fostered cultural understanding but have also laid the groundwork for potential paths to peace in a conflict-ridden region.

INDIRA GANDHI PEACE PRIZE:

• The Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development was instituted in the memory of the former prime minister by a trust in her name in 1986.
• It consists of a monetary award of ₹25 lakh along with a citation.
• The jury is chaired by former Chief Justice of India, Justice T.S. Thakur.

Conclusion

• Daniel Barenboim’s visionary musical initiatives and Ali Abu Awwad’s unwavering commitment to non-violent activism stand as powerful examples of individuals dedicated to transforming conflict into cooperation.
• Their joint recognition with the Indira Gandhi Peace Prize reflects the global acknowledgment of their endeavours to bring lasting peace to the troubled lands of Israel and Palestine.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/activist-ali-abu-awwad-and-pianist-daniel-barenboim-win-2023-indira-gandhi-peace-prize/article67637572.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Summit held in New Delhi has concluded with the adoption of the ‘New Delhi Declaration. It  reflected the commitment of 28 countries and the European Union to principles that align with democratic values and human rights in the development, and use of artificial intelligence. India hosted the annual GPAI Summit for the first time.

EXPLANATION:

• This declaration reflects a recognition of the importance of ethical considerations and accountability in AI technologies.
• This indicates a focus on ensuring that AI technologies are developed and deployed in a manner that considers long-term implications and societal well-being.

Commitment to democratic values and human rights

• The GPAI aims to be an inclusive movement, involving countries from the Global South and ensuring that the benefits of AI are accessible worldwide, aligning with the goal of global collaboration.
• The participating countries acknowledge and commit to addressing various challenges associated with AI, including concerns about misinformation, lack of transparency, fairness, protection of intellectual property and personal data, and potential threats to human rights and democratic values.

Innovation in Agriculture

• The declaration specifically recognizes India’s contribution to making agriculture a thematic priority for
• This reflects a recognition of the potential of AI innovation in supporting sustainable agriculture.

International Cooperation

• The summit emphasizes the importance of international cooperation to find the best possible solutions for the deployment and governance of AI.
• There is an expressed desire for GPAI to be more inclusive, encouraging the participation of developing countries as well as inclusion of lower and middle-income countries.

MEANING OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE GOVERNANCE

Set of policies, regulations, ethical frameworks, and practices that guide the development, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies.

Ethical and Responsible AI Development

• AI governance frameworks aim to establish ethical guidelines for the development of AI technologies.

Risk Mitigation

• Mitigating risks associated with AI technologies like risks related to data privacy, security, unintended consequences, and potential negative impacts on individuals and society.

Transparency and Accountability

• Transparent AI models are easier to understand, audit, and interpret.
• An accountable AI governance framework addresses issues of liability in cases where AI systems cause harm or make incorrect decisions.

Inclusive Decision-Making

• It involves involving diverse stakeholders, including experts, policymakers, industry representatives, and members of the public, to ensure a broad range of perspectives and avoid concentration of power.

GLOBAL AI FRAMEWORK CHALLENGES

Dynamic Nature of AI Technology

• AI is a rapidly evolving field, and staying updated with the technological advancements is a constant challenge for regulators and policymakers.
• Ensuring that regulations remain relevant and adaptable to new developments is essential.

Skills Gap and low public awareness

• There is a shortage of professionals with the necessary expertise in AI governance, policy-making, and ethical considerations.
• Building public awareness and engagement regarding AI technologies, their implications, and the potential risks is critical.

GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (GPAI)

About the Initiative

• It is an international initiative established to guide the responsible development and use of artificial intelligence (AI).
• It aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice on AI by supporting cutting-edge research and applied activities on AI-related priorities.
• GPAI secretariat is hosted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It has 28 countries, including India, and the European Union as members.

History

• The partnership was first proposed by Canada and France at the 2018 G7 summit, and officially launched in June 2020.
• India is a founding member of GPAI, but the group does not include India.

CONCLUSION

• Members of GPAI agreed on the ‘New Delhi Declaration,’ showing a global commitment to using Artificial Intelligence (AI) responsibly, in line with democratic values and human rights.
• The summit highlighted the importance of an inclusive approach, welcoming participation from developing nations and ensuring that the benefits of AI are accessible to people worldwide.
• The declaration aims to address concerns related to AI, such as misinformation, transparency, and the protection of intellectual property and personal data.

SOURCE:https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ai-summit-adopts-new-delhi-declaration-on-inclusiveness-collaboration/article67635398.ece

TAG: GS 3 INDIAN ECONOMY

CONTEXT: The government has reconstituted the ministerial group of the GST Council that was tasked with recommending the simplification of the complex tax structure and a rejig of its multiple rates.

EXPLANATION

• Since the beginning of the introduction of the GST tax regime, there has been a call to rationalize the tax structure.
• The group of ministers (GoM) on GST rate rationalisation, headed by former Karnataka CM Basavaraj Bommai, had been in suspended mode since its formation in 2021.
• The convenor’s role for the seven-member GoM has been assigned to Uttar Pradesh Finance Minister Suresh Kumar Khanna.

CURRENT GST STRUCTURE

• The current GST structure has a total of four tax slabs, including 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%.
• There are different forms of taxes levied under GST:

Central GST (CGST)

This tax is imposed on the movement of goods and services within the state but is appropriated by the central govt.

State GST (SGST)

It is the tax levied by the state government and appropriated in the state where the transaction occurs or where the goods are sold and consumed.

ntegrated GST (IGST)

This tax is imposed on all the goods and services between two or more states or union territories.

Union Territory GST (UTGST)

Imposed on supply of goods and services within the Indian Union Territories.

NEED FOR RATIONALISATION

• Ease-of-doing-business is needed as the current structure is quite complicated. For example, there are some items whose tax rates depend on their packaging, like specified food products, or selling prices.
• To reduce the number of litigations arising from classification disputes.
• GST is an indirect tax, which means that it is regressive in nature. Lower tax rates on some of the basic items would ease the pressure on common man.
• The frequent changes in rates for different goods and services in the past have created uncertainty for businesses.
• The 15th Finance Commission had observed that the GST’s revenue neutrality was compromised due to multiple tax rate reductions.

IMPLICATIONS

• Improved compliance: As too many tax rates lead to tremendous compliance-related problems.
• Improved tax collection: Higher tax rates doesn’t always imply higher revenue collection, going by the Laffer curve theory. This is proven by the fact that with reduction in tax rates on some items in the past, tax collection has only increased.

CONCLUSION

• Rate rationalization in the GST regime remains an ongoing challenge.
• There is a need for careful consideration to strike a balance between revenue generation and easing the compliance burden.

Source:https://www.thehindu.com/business/centre-rejigs-gom-to-simplify-gst-rates/article67635249.ece

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT

CONTEXT: In the recently concluded COP28 Summit, the global leaders took a small step towards moving away from fossil fuels. The adopted Dubai Consensus resolution calls for “just” and  “orderly” acceleration towards renewables.

EXPLANATION

• It is for the first time that a consensus has been reached to move away from fossil fuels, a major bone of contention for almost 40 years.
• Many countries, represented by small-island nations, wanted the agreement to be on ‘complete phase-out’. However, in the final document, it was diluted.

WHAT TRANSPIRED?

• The attitude of middle-income developing countries, who were very uncertain about the much hyped phased out of fossil fuels, was the main reason behind the ‘softening the text’.
• The host UAE, one of the biggest oil producers, has faced criticism for close ties with fossil fuel interests from the start, especially after oil executive al-Jaber was appointed to preside over the negotiations.
• This raised the conflict-of-interest issues.

HOW THE TRANSITION WILL BE ACHIEVED?

• The renewable energy pledge aims to triple the world’s green energy capacity to 11,000 GW by 2030. This agreement has been signed by 118 countries.
• Countries are also rooting for carbon capture and storage, a technology that oil producers want to use to continue drilling.
• Another important factor is the requirement for countries to submit stronger carbon cutting plans by 2025.
• If China and India, among the top polluters, put a rapid transition to green energy at the heart of these new commitments, that could make a massive difference to the global effort.

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE WORLD

• According to the IPCC, creating a path to net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 is the best shot at keeping global temperatures from rising beyond 1.5 degrees C by the end of the century.
• This implies cutting emissions to 43% of 2019 levels by 2030 and 60% by 2035.

CHALLENGES TO PLEDGES

• Lack of greater short-term emissions cuts is the key weakness being cited by experts.
• Developed countries, even though they have made tall promises, have fallen short of fulfilling them.
• For example, a 2009 commitment to mobilise $100 billion a year between 2020 and 2025 has only been partially realized.
• Most of the funding provided by the developed countries to developing countries for transition have been in the form of loans and not grants.

INDIA-SPECIFIC CHALLENGES

• Developed nations, in over a century of fossil fuel usage, have already used the available carbon space. This leaves very little space for countries like India, whose per capita use of energy is way behind developed countries’.
• The poor financial condition of power distribution companies (discoms) remains the most important challenge for further scaling up renewables in India.
• India has been heavily dependent on importing solar panels.
• There are issues of rising costs, labor constraints, and supply chain bottlenecks, which are impeding renewable energy projects.

CONCLUSION:

• The consensus on ridding the world of fossil fuels is remarkable, given that it is for the first time that the conference yielded some concrete and realistic commitments.
• Given the limited carbon space, industrialised western nations must cede space by taking on more stringent reductions than they have committed to so far.
• A global net zero by 2050 should not imply a net zero for all countries at that time. Developed countries, with access to funds and advanced technologies, should take the lead.

Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/at-dubai-cop28-nations-reach-consensus-to-transition-from-fossil-fuels/article67633151.ece