TAG:  GS 1: ART AND CULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The 9th edition of the Pakke Paga Hornbill Festival (PPHF) is scheduled to take place at Seijosa in the Pakke Kessang district from 18^th to 20^th January, 2024.

EXPLANATION:

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• The first-ever PPHF was held on 16^th to 18^th January 2015, with the aim of recognising the efforts of the Nyishi hunters-turned-conservationists of hornbills.
• It was declared as a state festival in 2019 by then Chief Minister Pema Khandu.
• The 2024 theme of festival is Domutoh Domutoh, Paga hum Domutoh. It means to ‘Let Our Hornbills Remain’ in the Nyishi language.
• This year’s festival aims to underscore the critical need for preserving these iconic birds.
• The festival includes activities ranging from bird-watching, butterfly walks, bear walks, hornbill roost site visits, literary competitions to many more.

OBJECTIVES OF THE FESTIVAL:

• The festival aims to recognise the role played by the Nyishi in conserving hornbills in PTR. The Nyishi had formerly hunted hornbills and used their bills to craft traditional headgear. They had later turned hornbill conservationists.
• Other objective was to raise alternative sources of income for the region and to create awareness in the rest of India about the wonders of PTR and its surrounding areas.
• The festival epitomizes a deep connection between man, nature, and society.
• It has a positive impact over the years in uniting people from diverse backgrounds to combat pollution, protect wildlife, and address environmental degradation.

PAKKE TIGER RESERVE:

• Pakke Tiger Reserve is located in the East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh.
• It is surrounded by the Tenga Reserve Forest to the North, Doimara Reserve Forest on the West, Nameri National Park and Tiger Reserve on the South and some agricultural land as well as Papum Reserve Forest on the East.
• The landscape has high species diversity and endemicity as it forms the transition zone between the Indian and Malayan eco-regions.
• Four species of the birds Wreathed, Great Indian, Oriental Pied and the endangered Rufous-necked are found in the reserve.
• The area is also home to the Nyishi, the largest tribal group in Arunachal Pradesh.

NYISHI TRIBE:

• The Nyishi are the largest ethnic group in Arunachal Pradesh in north-eastern India.
• In Nishi, their traditional language, Nyi refers to “a man” and the word shi denotes “a being”, which combined together refers to a civilized human being.
• They are spread across seven districts of Arunachal Pradesh: Kra Daadi, Kurung Kumey, East Kameng, West Kameng, Papum Pare, parts of Lower Subansiri and Upper Subansiri. They also live in the Sonitpur and North Lakhimpur districts of Assam.

• The Nyishi language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family, however, the origin is disputed.
• Polygyny is prevalent among the Nyishi. It signifies one’s social status and economical stability and proves handy during hard times like clan wars or social huntings and various other social activities.
• They trace their descent patrilineally and are divided into several clans.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-s-pakke-paga-hornbill-festival-gears-up-for-its-9th-edition-93924

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The recent revelation of a polar bear from northern Alaska succumbing to bird flu adds a new layer of complexity to the challenges faced by these iconic Arctic creatures.

EXPLANATION:

• Beyond the broader context of climate change impacting polar bear survival, the emergence of bird flu raises critical questions about the adaptability of influenza viruses, potential cross-species transmission.
• It has the implications for both polar bear populations and other large mammals, including humans.

H5N1 Influenza and Species Diversity:

• The current strain of H5N1 influenza demonstrates an unusually wide-ranging impact, affecting various species beyond birds.
• Mammals like foxes, otters, mink, sea lions, seals, and even humans have recorded instances of infection.
• Species Discrepancies: Despite the broad spectrum of affected species, mammals, including humans, generally exhibit milder symptoms or remain asymptomatic.
• Influenza viruses exhibit high adaptability due to their genetic code’s simplicity, evolving through mutation and reassortment.
• The current H5N1 strain’s ability to impact diverse species suggests a genetic makeup conducive to invasion, survival, and replication within hosts.

Transmission Dynamics:

• Specific genetic changes are required for avian influenza viruses to adapt to mammalian hosts.
• These changes have not yet been detected in the current H5N1 strain.
• Mammals impacted by H5N1, particularly carnivores known for scavenging, indicate a potential mode of transmission through consumption of infected bird carcasses.

Hypothesized Scenario in the Arctic:

• Seabird Colonies and Carnivores: Seabird colonies suffering H5N1 outbreaks might attract scavenging carnivores like seals and polar bears.
• Infection Dynamics: The scenario envisions seals and polar bears consuming infected bird carcasses, leading to the ingestion and inhalation of massive viral loads.
• Potential Outcomes: Overwhelmed immune systems may result in rapid infection and death, without substantial transmission between individual seals.

Testing and Surveillance:

• Genetic Testing for Confirmation:
  • The true source of the virus and its adaptation to mammals, including polar bears, remains speculative.
  • Genetic testing of the virus and comparison with other species is crucial for confirmation.

• Ongoing Surveillance:
• • The adaptability of influenza viruses emphasizes the necessity of continuous surveillance.
  • Preparing for potential variants adapted to mammalian hosts, including humans, is a critical aspect of public health readiness.

Future Implications:

• The consequences of this polar bear’s death for the species and other large mammals are uncertain.
• If genetic testing reveals poor adaptation to mammalian hosts, few additional cases in polar bears might be expected, potentially linked to nearby seabird colonies.
• Ongoing surveillance and preparedness are paramount, considering the unpredictable nature of influenza viruses and the potential for new variants with severe implications for both wildlife and human populations.

Polar Bear:

• Polar bears are one of the most significant predators in the Arctic region and they keep biological populations in balance.
• The big kills made by them serve as a food resource for scavengers like Arctic foxes and Arctic birds.
• If polar bears aren’t able to hunt animals like seals, it can severely impact the food chain and health of the ecosystem.
• Researchers have also found that once polar bears can’t find seals to eat, they would quickly move to kill and survive on other creatures in the Arctic region.
• This would threaten the existence of species like the Arctic fox or the walrus.
• Moreover, it might also cause the overpopulation of seals, which could endanger the existence of crustaceans and fish that are an important food source for local human populations as well as other Arctic wildlife.
• The polar bear is classified as “vulnerable” on the IUCN Red List.

Conclusion:

• The intersection of bird flu with polar bears introduces a new layer of complexity in understanding the delicate balance of Arctic ecosystems.
• The scenario highlights the need for vigilance, research, and preparedness to safeguard not only polar bear populations but also the broader ecological landscape and human health in the face of evolving infectious threats.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/wildlife-biodiversity/first-polar-bear-to-die-of-bird-flu-what-are-the-implications–93906

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The World Economic Forum (WEF) Annual Meeting, a prominent gathering held in Davos, Switzerland, attracts a diverse array of participants, including global leaders, business magnates, and influential figures across various domains.

EXPLANATION:

• We will see WEF Meeting, its origins, significance, and the pivotal role it plays in addressing critical global issues in this article.

Founding and Stakeholder Capitalism:

• Architect:
  • German professor Klaus Schwab founded the WEF in 1971, initially known as the European Management Forum.

• Philosophy:
• • Schwab introduced the concept of “stakeholder capitalism,” emphasizing the responsibility of companies to consider the needs of all stakeholders, not just shareholders.

Evolution of WEF Meetings:

• Early Focus:
  • The initial meetings aimed at European firms catching up with US management practices.

• 1973 Shift:
  • External events, such as the collapse of the Bretton Woods system and the Arab-Israeli War, broadened the focus to economic and social issues.

• Membership Expansion:
• • The introduction of membership for the world’s leading companies in 1975 marked a pivotal step.

Davos as a Global Forum:

• Diverse Participants:
  • Approximately 3,000 participants, including investors, business leaders, political figures, economists, celebrities, and journalists, convene in Davos.

• Discussion Landscape:
• • The forum spans five days and encompasses around 500 sessions, offering a platform for discussions on global and regional socio-economic challenges.

Funding and Corporate Partners:

• Financial Backing:
  • The WEF is primarily funded by partnering corporations, typically global enterprises with annual turnovers exceeding $5 billion.

• Corporate Engagement:
• • Partnerships with corporations reflect a commitment to fostering a more prosperous global economy.

Davos Setting and Historical Significance:

• Literary Connection:
  • Davos, the picturesque Swiss town, serves as the backdrop for the WEF Meeting and was featured in Thomas Mann’s novel “The Magic Mountain.”

• Diplomatic Role:
• • Historically, Davos has witnessed crucial international diplomacy, providing leaders with an environment conducive to breaking tensions and fostering dialogue.

WEF’s Impact on Diplomacy:

• International Milestones:
  • Davos has been a stage for pivotal diplomatic events, such as the first ministerial-level meetings between North and South Korea.

• Political Transitions:
• • In 1992, leaders like Nelson Mandela and South African President de Klerk held landmark discussions on the country’s political transition.

G20 Genesis and Global Rankings:

• G20 Inception:
  • Discussions at Davos in 1998 laid the groundwork for the G20, initially focused on global finance and later elevated to a summit.

• WEF’s Contribution:
• • The WEF has played a role in international policy by regularly publishing influential reports, including the Global Competitiveness Report and the Global Gender Gap Report.

Conclusion:

• The WEF Annual Meeting in Davos stands as a nexus for influential individuals and leaders to collaboratively address pressing global challenges.
• From its roots in European business discussions to a platform influencing international diplomacy and shaping global economic discourse, the WEF continues to be a crucial force in fostering dialogue, understanding, and cooperation on the world stage.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/kashmir-ladakh-without-snow-why-implications-9110841/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The undeniable reality of climate change, marked by extreme weather events and 2023 being the warmest year on record, prompts a crucial question: “As greenhouse gases occur naturally, why do emissions from human activities matter?” This analysis delves into the intricate dynamics of greenhouse gases, their natural occurrence, and the pivotal role played by human-induced emissions in disrupting the delicate balance of our planet.

EXPLANATION:

Greenhouse Gases:

• Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are those gases in the Earth’s atmosphere that trap heat.
• They allow sunlight to pass through the atmosphere but prevent the heat that sunlight brings from returning into space.
• Essentially, GHGs act like a blanket that envelopes our planet and insulates Earth from the cold of space.
• This process of maintaining a warmer temperature is called the greenhouse effect.
• The most notable GHGs are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide.
• These gases occur naturally and are a boon for the planet — in their absence, there wouldn’t be the greenhouse effect without which there wouldn’t be liquid water and any form of life.

The Greenhouse Effect:

• Analogy: GHGs act as a thermal insulator, allowing sunlight to penetrate but preventing the escape of heat back into space.
• Essential Role: This phenomenon, known as the greenhouse effect, is vital for sustaining liquid water and supporting life on Earth.

Human-Induced Impact:

• Concentration Matters: The core issue lies not in the existence of GHGs but in their concentration in the atmosphere.
• Pre-Industrial Stability: Before the Industrial Revolution, GHG concentrations remained relatively stable for centuries.
• Post-Industrial Spike: Human activities, notably burning fossil fuels and deforestation, have led to a marked increase in GHG concentrations.

Tracing Human Influence:

• Carbon-12 to Carbon-13 Ratio: Scientists employ isotopic analysis, focusing on the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-13, to discern the origin of carbon in the atmosphere.
• Fossil Fuel Impact: The dominance of carbon-12 indicates a substantial contribution from burning fossil fuels, highlighting human responsibility for rising GHG concentrations.

Long-Term Implications:

• Persistent Impact: Carbon dioxide emitted over the past century lingers in the atmosphere for centuries, causing prolonged warming and rising sea levels.
• Irreversibility: Susan Solomon from MIT emphasizes the irreversibility of carbon dioxide-induced warming on a human timescale.

Beyond Natural GHGs:

• Artificial GHGs: Human activities introduce non-natural GHGs like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
• CFCs and Ozone Depletion: CFCs, once used widely as refrigerants, contribute to ozone layer damage and potent greenhouse effects.
• HFCs Intensification: While HFCs don’t harm the ozone layer, they exhibit high global warming potential, surpassing even CFCs pound for pound.

Unprecedented GHG Levels:

• Record-Breaking Levels: 2023 witnessed the highest-ever recorded GHG concentrations, aligning with it being the warmest year globally.
• Data from C3S and CAMS: The Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) reported this concerning trend.

Conclusion:

• The surge in human-induced greenhouse gas emissions, altering the delicate equilibrium of our atmosphere, stands as a testament to the urgency of addressing climate change.
• The intricate interplay between natural and anthropogenic factors underscores the need for concerted global efforts to mitigate the consequences of rising GHG concentrations, ensuring a sustainable and resilient future for the planet.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/kashmir-ladakh-without-snow-why-implications-9110841/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The NITI Aayog, in a recent report released on January 15, highlighted a significant positive shift in India’s socioeconomic landscape, revealing that over 24.8 crore individuals successfully moved out of multidimensional poverty over a span of nine years until 2022-23.

EXPLANATION:

• This noteworthy achievement underscores the nation’s progress in areas of health, education, and standard of living.
• The NITI Aayog’s discussion paper measures multidimensional poverty by considering simultaneous improvements in health, education, and standard of living.
• The framework incorporates 12 sustainable development goals-aligned indicators, encompassing nutrition, child and adolescent mortality, maternal health, years of schooling, school attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets, and bank accounts.

National Decline in Multidimensional Poverty:

• From 2013-14 to 2022-23, the national multidimensional poverty rate witnessed a substantial decline, plummeting from 29.17% to 11.28%.
• This translates to 24.82 crore people transcending the multidimensional poverty bracket during this period, reflecting a positive trend in India’s overall socio-economic well-being.

State-wise Progress:

• Uttar Pradesh Leading the Way: Uttar Pradesh emerged as the state with the most significant reduction in multidimensional poverty, with 5.94 crore individuals escaping poverty.
• Bihar and Madhya Pradesh Follow: Bihar and Madhya Pradesh closely followed, with 3.77 crore and 2.30 crore people respectively making strides towards a better quality of life.

Improvement Across All Indicators:

• The report underscores that all 12 indicators of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) displayed remarkable improvement during the assessed period.
• This improvement highlights a comprehensive and holistic approach to poverty alleviation, encompassing various facets of individual and community well-being.

Government Initiatives:

• Strategic Government Initiatives:
  • NITI Aayog attributes the accelerated decline in multidimensional poverty to a plethora of government initiatives and schemes focused on addressing specific deprivation aspects.

• Future Aspirations:
• • The government aims to bring down multidimensional poverty to below 1%, with concerted efforts underway to achieve this ambitious goal.
  • The report projects that India is poised to achieve single-digit poverty levels by 2024.

Towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):

• Surpassing SDG 1.2:
  • The report anticipates India surpassing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1.2, which aims to reduce multidimensional poverty by at least half before 2030.

• Accelerated Decline:
• • The accelerated decline in multidimensional poverty is attributed to a combination of policy measures and proactive government interventions.

Data Limitations:

• Data Source: The National MPI utilized data from National Family Health Surveys 4 (2015-16) and 5 (2019-21).
• Limitations: Due to data gaps between 2005-06 and 2015-16 and post-2019-21, estimates for poverty incidence were based on compound growth rates, ensuring a comprehensive analysis despite limited data availability.

National Multidimensional Poverty Index:

• NITI Aayog, as the nodal agency for MPI, has been responsible for constructing an indigenised index for monitoring the performance of States and Union Territories (UTs) in addressing multidimensional poverty.
• In order to institutionalise this, NITI Aayog constituted an inter-ministerial MPI Coordination Committee (MPICC) including Ministries and departments pertaining to areas such as health, education, nutrition, rural development, drinking water, sanitation, electricity, and urban development, among others.
• Like the global MPI, India’s national MPI has three equally weighted dimensions – Health, Education, and Standard of living – which are represented by 12 indicators.

Conclusion:

• India’s remarkable progress in reducing multidimensional poverty reflects a holistic approach to development, encompassing health, education, and living standards.
• The report not only celebrates past achievements but also emphasizes the need for sustained efforts to achieve and surpass future socioeconomic goals.
• The transformative journey from multidimensional poverty to single-digit poverty levels exemplifies the nation’s commitment to inclusive and sustainable development.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/over-248-crore-people-moved-out-of-multidimensional-poverty-in-india-in-nine-years-niti-report/article67743089.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per a research paper, a new species of silverline butterfly has been identified in the biodiversity hotspots in India’s Western Ghats.

EXPLANATION:

• The conjoined silverline or Cigaritis conjuncta butterfly was discovered in Honey Valley, Kodagu district of Karnataka.
• A total of five male and four female specimens were found during the research, providing crucial insights into its behavior and characteristics.
• Thirty individuals of this species were identified during the field research.
• In 2008, the first glimpse of a distinctive butterfly species was captured during a field trip to Iruppu Falls in the Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka, India.
• A researcher encountered and photographed what would later be identified as the “conjoined silverline” or Cigaritis conjuncta.
• However, due to the lack of necessary research permits at the time, an in-depth study was not feasible.
• Fast forward to 2021, the research gained momentum as more sightings of the conjoined silverline butterfly were reported.
• A collaborative effort between the National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS-TIFR) in Bengaluru and the Indian Foundation for Butterflies Trust led to an extensive investigation.
• The study aimed to unravel the mysteries surrounding this unique butterfly species.

Cigaritis conjuncta:

• Distinctive Wing Patterns:
  • On the upperside, the butterfly exhibits a striking combination of black, shiny blue, and orange hues.
  • Notably, the absence of orange markings on the outer edge of the top wing distinguishes it from other species.
  • The lower wings feature an orange patch with two black spots.

• Underside Features:
• • Bands of colors on the underside are fused without separation on the top wings.
  • Lower wings showcase spots connected to form broad bands with irregular outlines.
  • Silver lines down the center and thin black borders along the edges add to the unique characteristics.

Taxonomic Classification:

• Belonging to the Lycaenidae family, the conjoined silverline butterfly is one of the 16 species of silverline butterflies found in India.
• Notably, it is only the second endemic species discovered in the Western Ghats, emphasizing its specialized habitat preferences.

Habitat and Endemism:

• The newly described species primarily inhabits dense mid-elevation evergreen forests in the Western Ghats.
• This indicates a specialized habitat preference, emphasizing the importance of conservation efforts in these specific ecosystems.

Comparison with Other Silverline Butterflies:

• While the conjoined silverline may appear similar to other silverline butterflies from a distance, a closer examination reveals distinct wing patterns, especially the fused bands on the underside of the wings.
• This unique characteristic played a pivotal role in naming the species “conjoined silverline.”

Conclusion and Significance:

• The discovery of Cigaritis conjuncta adds a new dimension to the rich biodiversity of the Western Ghats.
• Its unique characteristics, habitat preferences, and limited endemism underscore the importance of preserving and understanding the intricate ecosystems of this biodiversity hotspot.
• This collaborative research not only unveils a new butterfly species but also highlights the need for continued exploration and conservation efforts in the Western Ghats region.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/new-butterfly-species-endemic-to-western-ghats-discovered-in-karnataka-93894

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The recent request by Maldivian President for the withdrawal of Indian military personnel by March 15 has stirred geopolitical discussions.

EXPLANATION:

• As India and Maldives engage in negotiations, it becomes crucial to delve into the factors driving this call and the historical context of India’s military presence in the archipelago.
• Contrary to the inflammatory rhetoric, the number of Indian soldiers stationed in the Maldives is relatively modest.
• As per official figures, there are 88 Indian military personnel present, primarily involved in training Maldivian troops.
• The ‘India Out’ campaign, however, has amplified concerns about their role, portraying them as a threat to national security.

Historical Cooperation: A Long-standing Relationship

• India and the Maldives share a history of cooperation, particularly in defense.
• The one instance of Indian soldiers entering the island for military operations occurred in 1988, thwarting a coup at the request of then-President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom.
• This historical cooperation has generally been appreciated by the Maldivian government.

Factors Driving Fear and Suspicion

• Several factors contribute to the fear and suspicion surrounding India’s military presence in the Maldives, with the ‘India Out’ campaign gaining momentum.
• Controversy over Dhruv Helicopters
  • A longstanding controversy revolves around the Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopters provided by India for ocean search-and-rescue operations.
  • Misinformation portrayed these helicopters as military assets, fueling anti-India sentiments.

• Perceived Lack of Transparency
  • Grievances arise from the perception that the Ibrahim Mohamed Solih government lacks transparency in its dealings with India.
  • This opacity contributes to a sense of mistrust among certain factions in the Maldives.

• Reliance on India for Maritime Security
  • Maldives heavily relies on India for maritime security against common threats like illicit trafficking, piracy, and illegal fishing.
  • While this collaboration is vital, it also raises concerns among those skeptical of India’s influence in the region.

• Police Academy and Building Size Misconceptions
  • The construction of a new police academy with Indian assistance sparked rumors about its size and purpose.
  • Unfounded speculations suggested it was meant to accommodate Indian personnel and their families, contributing to mistrust.

• UTF Harbour Project Agreement
• • The UTF Harbour Project agreement signed in 2021 to develop a coastguard harbor led to speculations about the establishment of an Indian naval base.
  • Despite clarifications, these speculations added to the apprehensions surrounding India’s strategic interests in the Maldives.

Geopolitical Tensions: Recent Presidential Elections

• During the recent presidential elections, disinformation and misinformation, particularly against India, were rampant.
• The political narrative painted the Maldivian Democratic Party as influenced by India, while the winning coalition was perceived as pro-China.

Conclusion

• The complex web of historical cooperation, geopolitical tensions, and the amplification of concerns contributes to the current scenario.
• As India and Maldives negotiate the withdrawal of troops, understanding these factors is crucial for grasping the dynamics shaping the diplomatic landscape in the Indian Ocean region.

FOR MORE INFORMATION KINDLY REFER TO THE 11^TH JANUARY DNA TOPIC.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/why-are-indian-soldiers-in-maldives-9109278/

TAG: GS 2: GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The recent reconstitution of the Central Board of Trustees (CBT) of the Employees Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) by the Centre has sparked controversy due to the exclusion of representatives from major Opposition trade unions, namely INTUC, AITUC, and AIUTUC.

EXPLANATION:

• The move has elicited strong reactions from trade unions, while the Centre argues that these organizations have structural issues.
• This analysis delves into the implications of this decision and the dynamics at play.

Composition of the New Panel

• The new CBT, which will serve a five-year tenure, features ten representatives each from both employees and employers.
• Notably, prominent Opposition trade unions like INTUC, AITUC, and AIUTUC have been omitted.
• On the other hand, Laghu Udyog Bharti, an employers’ organization supported by the RSS, has secured two members.
• The absence of representation from All India Manufacturers Association also stands out.

Protests from Opposition Trade Unions

• INTUC President expressed surprise at the exclusion, emphasizing that these unions represent millions of workers.
• The move has been perceived as an injustice, particularly as three posts had been kept vacant for INTUC in the outgoing panel.
• AITUC, one of the oldest trade unions in India, plans to protest the decision, highlighting its strong historical presence.

Structural Issues and Leadership Claims

• The Centre contends that the exclusion is due to structural issues within these trade unions.
• There are multiple groups claiming leadership over INTUC, leading to its exclusion from government panels.
• This ongoing leadership tussle has hindered the representation of these unions in crucial bodies.

Trade Union Coordination Centre, SEWA, and NFIITU as New Entrants

• In lieu of the excluded trade unions, the Centre has introduced the Trade Union Coordination Centre, Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), and the National Front of Indian Trade Unions (NFIITU) to the panel.
• The inclusion of these entities reshapes the composition of the CBT, potentially altering the dynamics of decision-making.

Government’s Approach and Tripartite Mechanism

• Critics, including senior CITU leader, argue that the government has consistently weakened the tripartite mechanism.
• The exclusion of major trade unions is seen as part of a broader trend that marginalizes certain voices within the tripartite structure.

Consultation and Opposition’s Demand for Referendum

• Government sources claim that the selection of members involved consultation with trade unions, with each union asked to submit three names for inclusion.
• However, ten central trade unions opposed this and decided to send only one name to the government.
• The demand for a referendum to determine the exact membership of each organization remains unmet.

Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO):

• It is a statutory body that came into existence under the Employees’ Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, of 1952.
• The Act and Schemes framed there under are administered by a tri-partite Board known as the Central Board of Trustees, Employees’ Provident Fund, consisting of representatives of Government (Both Central and State), Employers, and Employees.
• The Board administers a contributory provident fund, a pension scheme and an insurance scheme for the workforce engaged in the organized sector in India.
• It is one of the world’s largest organizations in terms of clientele and the volume of financial transactions undertaken by it.
• The Board is assisted by the Employees’ PF Organization (EPFO), consisting of offices at 122 locations across the country.
• The EPFO is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India.

Conclusion: Shifting Dynamics and Advocacy for Representation

• The exclusion of major Opposition trade unions from the EPFO governing body reflects ongoing challenges related to leadership disputes and the BJP government’s approach to tripartite mechanisms.
• The entry of new entities introduces a different set of voices, potentially altering the decision-making landscape.
• The protests from excluded trade unions highlight the broader struggle for representation and the dynamics of industrial relations in India.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-reconstitutes-epfo-governing-body-without-representatives-from-intuc-aituc/article67738747.ece

TAG: ART AND CULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The Ganga Sagar Mela, held annually at Sagar Island in West Bengal, has witnessed an astounding influx of pilgrims, with approximately 65 lakh devotees from across the country participating in the holy event.

EXPLANATION:

• The surge in attendance is a direct outcome of the West Bengal government’s strategic promotion of ‘religious tourism’ as a priority sector.
• This phenomenon reflects a broader trend of increasing pilgrims and visitors to religious sites across the state.
• Previously reported at 45 lakh just a day ago, the pilgrimage numbers surged to 65 lakh, underscoring the immense popularity and significance of the Ganga Sagar Mela.
• The governmen has made concerted efforts in promoting religious tourism, turning every religious pilgrimage in the state into a magnet for the faithful.
• The Ganga Sagar Mela spans from January 8 to January 17, with the auspicious timing for the holy dip occurring from 00.13 hrs on January 15 to 00.13 hrs on January 16, aligned with the occasion of Makar Sankranti.
• Devotees flock to the confluence of the Ganga River and the Bay of Bengal to partake in this sacred ritual during the stipulated timeframe.
• To ensure the safety and security of the pilgrims, the West Bengal government has implemented elaborate security arrangements.
• This includes a deployment of 14,000 police personnel, 1150 close circuit television cameras, and 12 drones.
• The administration has constructed 45 watch towers, providing enhanced surveillance. Additionally, pilgrims are transported to Sagar Island through 36 vessels, 100 launches, and six barges across 22 jetties.
• The installation of 300 fog lights on the Muriganga river further enhances safety measures.

GANGA SAGAR MELA:

• It is known as the world’s second largest human congregation after Kumbh.
• It happens every year during Makar Sankranti.
• The mela is held at Sagar Island.
• It has been mentioned in Indian epics such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata, putting its existence as early as 400 BCE.
• The pilgrims after taking a dip in Ganga also visit the temple of Kapil Muni.

Casualties

• Amidst the festive atmosphere, the Ganga Sagar Mela has witnessed two casualties.
• Furthermore, six individuals have been airlifted by various hospitals in Kolkata, emphasizing the need for comprehensive healthcare measures during such large-scale events.

Challenges Amidst Devotion

• Despite the government’s assurances of ample arrangements, challenges persist.
• The gathering of a large number of people has led to a rise in incidents of theft, with 250 arrests reported for various illegal activities.
• Notably, 41 cases of pickpocketing have been recorded.
• Additionally, despite claims of providing night shelters, hundreds of pilgrims are observed sleeping in the open grounds of the Ganga Sagar Mela.
• The Ganga Sagar Mela stands as a testament to the confluence of faith, government initiatives, and challenges inherent in hosting large-scale religious gatherings.
• As pilgrims partake in sacred rituals, the government grapples with ensuring their safety, maintaining order, and addressing the diverse needs of a multitude of devotees.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/65-lakh-pilgrims-visit-ganga-sagar-mela-says-wb-govt/article67741393.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The extinction of Gigantopithecus blacki, the largest known primate in Earth’s history, has long intrigued scientists. A recent study published in Nature sheds light on the demise of this colossal ape, attributing its extinction to challenges in adapting to profound environmental changes.

EXPLANATION:

• This research not only deepens our understanding of the fate of Gigantopithecus but also provides crucial insights into the delicate balance between species survival and environmental transformations.
• Gigantopithecus blacki, standing at an estimated height of 3 meters and weighing 200–300 kilograms, was a giant ape species that inhabited China from 2 million to 330 thousand years ago.
• As the largest primate ever to roam the Earth, its extinction has remained a puzzle until now.

Fossil Collection and Dating

• Researchers conducted a meticulous analysis, collecting and dating fossil samples from 22 caves in southern China.
• Focusing on G. blacki and its closest primate relative, Pongo weidenreichi, the team aimed to unravel the timeline and reasons behind the decline of Gigantopithecus.

Environmental Context: Pollen and Stable Isotope Analysis

• To reconstruct the environment during G. blacki’s extinction window, the researchers employed pollen and stable isotope analysis.
• Two million years ago, dense forests with heavy cover prevailed, providing ideal conditions for G. blacki.
• However, as the extinction window (295–215,000 years ago) approached, a notable shift occurred, leading to open forests dominating the landscape.

Dietary Changes and Dental Analyses

• Dental analyses played a crucial role in understanding the dietary adaptations of G. blacki during this critical period.
• The transition to open forests coincided with a decline in the diversity of G. blacki’s diet and a reduction in regular water consumption.
• This shift, reflected in the teeth, suggests an inability to cope with the changing environment.
• In contrast, P. weidenreichi exhibited better adaptation, maintaining a more diverse diet with less stress.

Increased Chronic Stress: A Sign of Struggle

• The researchers uncovered signs of increased chronic stress among G. blacki during the extinction window.
• This stress, manifested in dental and skeletal indicators, highlights the species’ struggle to adapt to the evolving landscape.
• weidenreichi, on the other hand, demonstrated a more resilient response to changing conditions.

Geographical Contraction and Fossil Records

• An intriguing aspect of the study is the examination of fossil numbers and their geographical spread.
• 300 thousand years ago, there was a noticeable decline in both the number and distribution of G. blacki fossils relative to P. weidenreichi.
• This decline in fossil records provides tangible evidence of the challenges faced by Gigantopithecus during its dwindling existence.

Implications for Understanding Extinction Events

• The findings offer valuable insights into the interplay between environmental changes and the extinction of a species.
• The inability of Gigantopithecus to adapt to shifting ecosystems serves as a cautionary tale, emphasizing the vulnerability of even the most massive creatures in the face of rapid environmental transformations.

Conclusion: A Eulogy for Gigantopithecus

• In unraveling the mysteries surrounding the extinction of Gigantopithecus blacki, this study presents a poignant narrative of a giant ape struggling against the currents of environmental change.
• The lessons learned from this ancient primate’s demise contribute to our broader understanding of how species respond to ecological shifts, offering perspectives that resonate in our ongoing efforts to preserve biodiversity in a rapidly changing world.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/changing-environment-caused-the-demise-of-worlds-largest-primate/article67734809.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: The Melanesian Border Plateau (MBP) has long been an enigma in geological studies, standing as a colossal igneous structure spanning 222,000 square kilometers along the northeastern edge of the Pacific region of Melanesia. In a recent breakthrough, an international team of researchers, led by University of Nevada geoscientist, has delved into the intricate details of MBP’s formation, shedding light on its geological history and providing insights into the forces shaping our planet.

EXPLANATION:

• The MBP, categorized as a large igneous province, is typically formed by the release of massive volumes of rock resulting from the dynamic processes of ocean plate tectonics.
• However, until now, the origin of MBP has been shrouded in mystery, prompting the need for a comprehensive study to unravel its complexities.
• By analyzing material scooped from the MBP’s surface, researchers confirmed its igneous nature, with rocky bones comprising cooled magma dating back to the Cretaceous Normal Superchron, approximately 122 to 83 million years ago.
• This period, crucially, provides a temporal context for understanding the geological processes at play.

Geological Challenges of Oceanic Exploration

• Exploring the MBP’s birth on the ocean floor posed significant challenges.
• Unlike on land, where evidence is more readily accessible, the scarce minerals dredged from the ocean floor hinted at a complex formation involving at least 25 distinct volcanic structures, dispelling notions of a singular, catastrophic event.
• To decipher the evolution of MBP, researchers utilized previously published data on isotope ratios and geochemistry, creating models to simulate the crust’s movement over high-temperature plumes in the mantle.
• These plumes, known as hotspots, remain relatively fixed as the crust drifts, resulting in a continuous column of magma forcing its way through weaknesses in the rock.

The Louisville Hotspot: Foundation of MBP

• The study identified the Louisville hotspot, vaguely located in the South Pacific, as the initiator of MBP’s formation around 120 million years ago.
• This hotspot unleashed a torrent of magma, creating the initial structures such as Robbie Ridge and surrounding seamounts.

Rurutu-Arago and Samoan Hotspots: Contributing Factors

• Subsequently, the weakened section of crust encountered the Rurutu-Arago hotspot, around 45 million years later, leading to the rise of new islands and seamounts.
• The Samoan Islands hotspot, approximately 20 million years ago, further contributed to the plateau’s structure, reigniting volcanic activity.
• The team revealed that to this day, colossal forces, partly driven by the rollback of the Pacific plate beneath the Tongan trench, continue to deform the crust, actively shaping the MBP.
• This ongoing process emphasizes the complexity inherent in the formation of large igneous provinces.

Oceanic Mid-Plate Superstructures: A New Paradigm

• The researchers introduced the concept of ‘swells’ of crust, referring to them as oceanic mid-plate superstructures.
• These hypothetical swells, emerging as weakened crust moves across mantle hotspots, suggest a gradual and silent formation process, challenging the conventional belief in cataclysmic eruptions.

Implications for Climate and Extinction Events

• Understanding the nuanced growth of MBP holds significance beyond geological curiosity.
• Insights gained from this study may contribute to a better understanding of climate change and past extinction events, as the slow, pulsating emergence of large igneous provinces appears to be a recurring phenomenon in Earth’s history.

Future Exploration: Voyages into Earth’s Depths

• The study concludes with a call for new voyages of discovery, emphasizing the need to sample the depths of the ocean for traces of Earth’s hotspots.
• This forward-looking approach aims to unveil more oceanic mid-plate superstructures, further enriching our understanding of the planet’s dynamic geological processes.
• The exploration of the Melanesian Border Plateau not only unravels the mysteries of its formation but also opens new avenues for reimagining the processes that shape Earth’s surface over geological time scales.

SOURCE: https://www.sciencealert.com/vast-volcanic-superstructure-found-growing-in-the-pacific-ocean

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The central government introduced a Bill seeking to amend the service conditions of Election Commission of India (ECI) members.

EXPLANATION:

• The Bill was introduced in Parliament on August 10,2023 but was not taken up for discussion in the Monsoon Session.
• It has now been listed for consideration and passing on December 12, along with key amendments that would ‘restore’ the status of the members of the ECI.

Constitutional Background and Supreme Court’s Ruling

• Earlier, the Supreme Court mandated the appointment of CEC and ECs by a committee comprising the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha, and the CJI.
• This ruling sought to rectify the absence of a specific legislative process for their appointment in the Constitution, thereby giving the central government significant authority in appointing these officials.

Criticism and Concerns Raised

• The proposed Bill received criticism from various quarters, particularly for replacing the CJI in the selection committee with a Cabinet Minister.
• This raised concerns over the government having undue influence in choosing candidates for these crucial positions.
• Former and current officials of the ECI raised objections not merely due to the alteration in perks but primarily because of the perceived downgrading of the ECI’s status from that of a Supreme Court judge to a government official.
• The status change, if implemented, was seen as potentially affecting the ECI’s authority to summon senior officials and Ministers, significantly impacting its ability to function independently.

Amendments and Reversal of Status Change

• Amidst the criticisms, Law Minister proposed amendments to restore the equivalence of the CEC and ECs to that of a Supreme Court judge.
• The amendments aimed to retain the existing salary, dearness allowance, and leave encashment rules for these positions, aligning them with the status quo.

Current Status and Future Appointments

• No appointments have been made through the revised mechanism outlined by the Supreme Court order since no vacancies have emerged in the ECI post the March ruling.
• The upcoming vacancy expected in February 2024, upon the retirement of EC Anup Chandra Pandey, will likely be the first opportunity to apply the mechanism laid down by the court.

Conclusion

• The proposed Bill faced significant opposition due to concerns over the selection process and potential downgrading of the ECI’s status.
• The government’s decision to revert the proposed changes through amendments underscores the importance of maintaining the ECI’s independence and authority, aligning its status with that of a Supreme Court judge.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/eci-members-status-sc-judges-bill-explained-9065014/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Saiga antelope, which faced a perilous decline since the breakup of the Soviet Union, has demonstrated a remarkable recovery, prompting the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to alter its status from Critically Endangered to Near Threatened.

EXPLANATION:

• Despite disease outbreaks and challenges, conservation efforts have contributed significantly to its survival.

Saiga Population and Decline

• In 2003, merely 6% of the Saiga population remained, marking a drastic decline from an estimated one million in the early 1990s.
• The antelope species, existing since the last Ice Age, were originally spread across the Eurasian Steppe but now inhabit fragmented populations within Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the Russian Federation, and Uzbekistan.

Conservation Impact and Efforts

• The positive change in the Saiga’s global Red List status is attributed to effective national and international conservation initiatives, particularly in Kazakhstan.
• Kazakhstan witnessed a substantial recovery in Saiga populations, increasing from a critical low of 48,000 in 2005 to over 1.9 million, largely due to anti-poaching measures, law enforcement, and the establishment of protected areas.

Government and Civil Society Collaboration

• The Government of Kazakhstan has taken commendable leadership in species recovery, investing in impactful actions and forming collaborations with civil society.
• This inclusive network involves government bodies, conservationists, academics, and international experts.
• International organizations like the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) have played significant roles in facilitating coordinated conservation efforts across Saiga habitats.

Ongoing Challenges and Future Prospects

• While there has been a notable increase in Saiga populations in Kazakhstan and Mongolia, the species still faces challenges.
• Challenges include ongoing poaching, illegal trade, disease outbreaks, climate change impacts, human interference, and infrastructure development, all of which threaten the Saiga’s full recovery.

Continued Conservation Efforts

• Efforts to sustain recovery include maintaining population monitoring, protecting key habitats, collaborating with local communities for awareness and conservation actions and addressing persistent threats to Saiga populations.
• While progress has been significant, the Saiga’s full recovery will only be achieved by restoring its ecological role across its entire range and addressing the persisting threats to its existence.

Conclusion

• The Saiga antelope’s resurgence from the brink of extinction is a testament to the success of coordinated conservation efforts, particularly in Kazakhstan, and international collaboration.
• However, sustained efforts are crucial to ensuring the Saiga’s continued recovery and securing its place in the vast Eurasian Steppe ecosystem.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/miracle-on-the-steppe-the-saiga-has-beaten-extinction-for-now-finds-new-iucn-red-list-93335

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Lok Sabha approved two bills on December 12 to extend the constitutional provisions granting 33% reservation for women in Parliament and State legislatures to the Union Territories of Puducherry and Jammu and Kashmir.

EXPLANATION:

• The bills aim to implement the Constitution (106th Amendment) Act in these regions to ensure gender representation in legislative bodies.

Debate Context and Dominance of Article 370 Verdict

• Despite the focus on the women’s reservation bills, the parliamentary discussion was largely influenced by the recent Supreme Court verdict regarding the abrogation of Article 370.
• The debate’s trajectory was steered towards this verdict, drawing attention away from the core topic of the bills.

Content of the Bills

• Minister of State for Home presented the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Second Amendment) Bill and the Government of Union Territories (Amendment) Bill in the Lok Sabha.
• The Bills aimed to modify the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, and the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963, respectively, to facilitate women’s reservations in the legislative assemblies of Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry.

Parliamentary Debates and Perspectives

• The importance of women’s representation has been emphasized.
• However, linking the debate timing to the recent Supreme Court verdict on Article 370, echoing the disappointment of parties from Jammu and Kashmir.
• The absence of MLAs in Jammu and Kashmir for the past six years has been highlighted, questioning the governance structure in the Union Territory.
• Historical obligations and promises during Jammu and Kashmir’s accession to India has been referenced, expressing concerns over the unresolved issues post the Article 370 abrogation.

Implementation and Future Steps

• The implementation of the women’s reservation law faces delays as it awaits the next census (anticipated in late 2024) and subsequent delimitation exercises in 2026 to determine the specific constituencies reserved for women.
• The women’s quota in the Lok Sabha and Assemblies will be in effect for 15 years, with provisions for Parliament to extend the benefit period subsequently.

Conclusion

• Despite the bills’ passage aimed at enhancing gender representation in legislatures, the parliamentary debate was diverted towards the broader context of governance and unresolved issues following the abrogation of Article 370.
• The bills are a step forward for gender inclusion in the political landscape of Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry, although broader governance concerns dominated the discussion.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ls-clears-bills-for-womens-quota-in-jk-puducherry-assemblies/article67631129.ece

TAG: GS 2: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Researchers at Berhampur University, Odisha, made a significant discovery of a new species of marine amphipod, belonging to the genus Demaorchestia, in Chilika Lake on the east coast of India.

EXPLANATION:

• The species was named Demaorchestia alanensis after Professor Alan Myers of University College Cork, Ireland, a notable expert in marine amphipod studies.
• The discovery was led by an assistant professor at Berhampur University, along with two other researchers.
• The new species discovery adds to the global species count of the genus Demaorchestia, making it a total of six known species in this group.

Collection and Description

• Researchers collected at least eight specimens of the species from Barkul beach in Ganjam district, Odisha, along the Chilika Lake shore in January 2022, using handpicking techniques.
• The identification of the new species was confirmed after extensive surveys and laboratory tests at Berhampur University.
• A research scholar highlighted the distinctiveness of this species from the other five globally known species of Demaorchestia.

Deposition and Characteristics

• The specimens were deposited in the Zoological Survey of India’s Estuarine Biology Regional Centre, Gopalpur-on-Sea, Odisha, for further detailed examination and research.
• The newly discovered species appears white in colour and measures less than 15 millimeters in length, possessing 13 pairs of legs.
• Notably, three pairs of legs are utilized for swimming, eight for terrestrial movement, and the remaining two pairs for capturing prey and feeding.

Unique Features and Taxonomy

• The distinguishing feature of this species includes two to three strong, hair-like structures (setae) on the anterior margin of the propodus of the gnathopod.
• It belongs to the subfamily Platorchestiinae, commonly found along the Indian coast, according to Shesdev Patro.

Ecological Importance and Future Research

• Amphipods play a significant role in marine ecosystems, contributing to the food chain and serving as indicators for assessing climate change impacts and coastal ecosystem health.
• Further research aims to deepen understanding regarding the specific ecological roles of amphipods in coastal and marine environments.

Talitridae Family and Previous Discoveries

• Talitridae, the family to which this species belongs, is considered one of the oldest groups of amphipods and has existed since the Jurassic age.
• The family is divided into four subfamilies, with Platorchestiinae being one of them and represented along the Indian coastline.
• Earlier discoveries include two other marine amphipods: Quadrivisio Chilikensis from seaweeds near Nalaban, and Talorchestia buensis from the West Bengal coastal area.
• The discoveries contribute to enriching scientific knowledge about marine biodiversity in India and hold significance for conservation and ecological studies of coastal ecosystems.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/new-marine-amphipod-species-found-in-chillika-lake-odisha-93338

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Recently the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations released the “Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2023: Statistics and Trends” report.

EXPLANATION:

• The report highlighted concerning statistics related to the affordability of healthy diets, malnutrition, and stunted growth in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

Affordability of Healthy Diet

• In 2021, 74.1% of Indians were unable to afford a healthy diet, showing a slight improvement from 2020’s 76.2%.
• Pakistan and Bangladesh faced similar challenges, with 82.2% and 66.1% of their populations respectively encountering difficulties in accessing healthy food.
• Rising food costs, when not matched by increased income, exacerbate the challenge of affordability, leading to more people unable to access nutritious meals.

Impact of COVID-19 and “5Fs” Crisis

• The report highlighted the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the “5Fs” crisis (Food, Feed, Fuel, Fertilisers, and Finance) in the region.
• The region still suffers from the aftermath of these crises, with Asia-Pacific accounting for half of the world’s severe food insecurity, affecting more women than men.

Nutrition and Health

• The region continues to struggle with undernourishment, with 370.7 million undernourished individuals, representing half of the global total.
• Stunting, wasting, overweight issues among children under 5 years, and anaemia among women of reproductive age remain significant concerns.

Undernourishment and Food Insecurity

• 6% of India’s population faces undernourishment, impacting health, nutrition, as well as economic and social well-being.
• Southern Asia registers higher prevalence rates for severe food insecurity compared to other subregions, with Southern Asia also showing higher percentages for moderate or severe food insecurity since 2015.

Childhood Malnutrition

• 7% of Indian children under five suffer from stunted growth, largely attributed to factors such as poor maternal health, inadequate infant feeding practices, and persistent infections.
• India records the highest rate of wasting among children under five in the region at 18.7%, surpassing the WHO’s global nutrition target of less than 5%.

Maternal Health and Anaemia

• Anaemia affects 53% of women aged 15 to 49 in India, posing health risks for both women and their offspring during pregnancy and childbirth.

Other Health Concerns

• Obesity among adults stands at 1.6%, and the prevalence of low birthweight in India is notable at 27.4%.

Breastfeeding and Nutrition Improvements

• India has shown improvement in exclusive breastfeeding rates among infants (0–5 months) at 63.7%, higher than the global prevalence of 47.7%.
• However, India faces challenges with high rates of low birthweight in the region, alongside Bangladesh and Nepal.

Conclusion

• The FAO report underlines critical challenges in achieving nutritional goals, emphasizing the need for comprehensive strategies to address affordability, food security, and malnutrition issues in India and the broader region.
• The statistics highlight the urgency for targeted interventions and policies to improve access to healthy diets and mitigate the detrimental effects of malnutrition on public health and well-being.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/741-of-indians-unable-to-afford-a-healthy-diet-fao-report/article67631605.ece

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The SR Bommai v Union of India case revolved around the interpretation of Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, which details the circumstances under which the President can impose President’s rule in a state.

EXPLANATION:

• In this case, a nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court deliberated on the legality and circumstances of imposing the President’s rule in a state.

Relevance of SR Bommai Case in Article 370 Ruling

• Judicial Review of President’s Proclamation:
  • SR Bommai set a significant precedent by allowing judicial review of the President’s proclamation imposing President’s rule.
  • The Supreme Court ruled that the proclamation could be subjected to judicial scrutiny based on grounds such as illegality, malafide, extraneous considerations, abuse of power, or fraud.

• Parliamentary Approval Requirement:
  • The case highlighted the necessity for parliamentary approval before the President exercises the power to impose President’s rule.
  • If Parliament doesn’t approve the proclamation within two months, the dismissed government automatically gets revived.

• Centre-State Relationship Clarification:
• • The ruling emphasized that while the Centre possesses considerable power concerning states, it cannot undermine or infringe upon the states’ reserved powers.
  • The judgment delineated a clear boundary, preventing the Centre from encroaching on the states’ powers.

Impact on Subsequent Presidential Proclamations

• Following the SR Bommai judgment, the imposition of President’s rule notably decreased.
• The ruling’s impact is evident in the reduction of President’s rule instances from an average of 2.5 times a year between 1950 and 1994 to just over once a year from 1995 to 2021.

Application in the Jammu and Kashmir Challenge

• In the context of the challenge to the abrogation of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir, the Supreme Court referred to the SR Bommai ruling extensively.
• The question arose regarding whether the President could approve the revocation of J&K’s special status during the period of President’s rule.
• The Court relied on SR Bommai to validate the actions of the President, asserting that these actions were constitutionally valid.
• It cited differing standards set in SR Bommai by Justices PB Sawant and Jeevan Reddy.
• Justice Sawant focused on determining if the exercise of power was mala fide or palpably irrational, whereas Justice Reddy underscored the need to consider advisability and necessity while evaluating the President’s actions.

Conclusion

• The SR Bommai case’s significance lies in establishing the parameters for judicial review of President’s rule and delineating the boundaries between the Centre and states.
• This landmark judgment served as a cornerstone for validating the actions of the President during President’s rule, as evidenced in the recent Supreme Court ruling on the abrogation of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/key-aspects-of-article-370-verdict-unpacked-9064079/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court’s recent ruling on December 11 emphasized that the declaration of State emergency under Article 356 and subsequent actions by the President must exhibit a “reasonable nexus.”

EXPLANATION:

• This implies that the actions taken by the President during the period of State emergency are subject to judicial scrutiny, and they should align with the objective of the emergency declaration.

Context of the Jammu and Kashmir Crisis

• The crisis in Jammu and Kashmir arose when Chief Minister Mehbooba Mufti resigned on June 19, 2018, following the withdrawal of support by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
• The Governor then issued a Proclamation under Section 92 of the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution, assuming the powers and functions of the State government in case of a constitutional breakdown.
• Subsequently, the State Legislative Assembly was dissolved on November 21, 2018, leading to the invocation of Article 356 by the President, which extended the President’s rule until July 3, 2019.

Key Legislative Actions and Constitutional Changes

• On August 5, 2019, the President issued the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, applying all provisions of the Indian Constitution to Jammu and Kashmir.
• Additionally, a new provision, Article 367(4), was introduced in the Indian Constitution to replace the requirement for a recommendation from the Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly with that of the Legislative Assembly.
• This facilitated the abrogation of Article 370 without the former Assembly’s recommendation.

Open Question on the Proclamation of Article 356

• The Supreme Court left open the question of whether the objective behind the proclamation of Article 356 in December 2018 had a “reasonable nexus” with the subsequent actions of the President and Parliament in August 2019.
• The revocation of Article 356 in Jammu and Kashmir occurred only in October 2019.

Judicial Scrutiny of President’s Actions

• Chief Justice highlighted that the actions undertaken by the President during a State emergency are subject to judicial review.
• The Court can examine whether the actions of Parliament align reasonably with the objective sought to be achieved by the Proclamation of President’s rule under Article 356.

Burden of Proof and Shifting Onus

• The onus lies initially on the challenger to prima facie establish that the President’s actions during the emergency were a “mala fide or extraneous exercise of power.”
• If a prima facie case is established, the burden shifts to the Centre to justify that the exercise of power during the emergency had a reasonable nexus with the emergency’s objective.

Conclusion

• The recent Supreme Court ruling underscores the requirement of a reasonable nexus between the declaration of a State emergency under Article 356 and subsequent actions of the President and Parliament.
• It highlights the scope for judicial scrutiny of the President’s actions during an emergency and the shifting burden of proof in challenging the exercise of power during such times.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/declaration-of-state-emergency-under-article-356-and-subsequent-actions-of-president-should-have-reasonable-nexus-sc/article67628022.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court unanimously affirmed the President’s authority to abrogate Article 370 in August 2019, leading to the reorganization of Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories, thereby nullifying its special privileges.

EXPLANATION:

• Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud led the five-judge Bench that validated the President’s power to unilaterally issue a notification to nullify Article 370 if “special circumstances warrant a special solution.”
• The court emphasized that it could not contest the President’s decision regarding the cessation of the special circumstances that initially led to the establishment of Article 370.

Historical Integration of Jammu and Kashmir

• The court acknowledged the 70-year-long collaborative effort between the Centre and Jammu and Kashmir for the integration process.
• The aim was to align the rights and obligations outlined in the Indian Constitution with those of the people of Jammu and Kashmir, making them applicable in the entirety.

Redundancy of Jammu and Kashmir Constitution

• The Supreme Court declared the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution “redundant” and “inoperative,” emphasizing that the Indian Constitution stands as a comprehensive code for constitutional governance.

Restoration of Statehood and Elections

• The Centre assured the restoration of Statehood to the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir at the earliest.
• The Election Commission of India was directed to conduct Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections by September 30, 2024.

Validity of Reorganization and President’s Rule

• The court did not find it necessary to examine the legality of reorganizing Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories.
• It upheld the creation of the Union Territory of Ladakh from the state.
• The timing of the abrogation following the dissolution of the Jammu and Kashmir State Legislative Assembly and the subsequent imposition of President’s rule did not deter the court’s decision.
• Even if the court had ruled against the Proclamation issued under Article 356, it stated that no material relief could be provided as President’s Rule was revoked on October 31, 2019.

Understanding Article 370’s Temporariness

• The court clarified that Article 370 was a “temporary provision” established during a time of internal conflict and war to facilitate Jammu and Kashmir’s accession to the Union.
• It underscored that only the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir’s power to recommend abrogation ceased to exist with its dissolution in 1957.
• However, the President’s authority under Article 370(3) remained intact.
• Chief Justice highlighted that the State of Jammu and Kashmir did not possess “internal sovereignty” distinct from other states in the country.
• The special privileges and separate Constitution were considered aspects of asymmetric federalism rather than sovereignty.

Conclusion

• The Supreme Court’s verdict validates the abrogation of Article 370, emphasizing its temporary nature and underscoring the constitutional integration of Jammu and Kashmir into the Union.
• The ruling provides clarity on the President’s power, the historical context, and the state’s constitutional status while reiterating the primacy of the Indian Constitution in governing the entire nation.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-upholds-abrogation-of-article-370-says-move-was-part-of-70-year-old-exercise-to-integrate-jk-to-the-union/article67626914.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Researchers at IIT Jodhpur have developed a groundbreaking method that combines algae-assisted microbial fuel cells to capture carbon dioxide, treat wastewater, and generate power simultaneously.

EXPLANATION:

• This technology represents a promising alternative to traditional carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) methods, offering multiple benefits in environmental remediation and energy production.

ALGAE-ASSISTED CARBON CAPTURE PROCESS

• Absorption of CO2 from Flue Gas
  • The process initiates by cooling the flue gas from thermal power stations and industrial plants using a heat exchanger.
  • The cooled flue gas is then directed to a sieve-plate absorption column, where sodium carbonate supplemented wastewater absorbs CO2, producing flue-gas-derived bicarbonates (FGDBs).

• Utilization in Algae-Assisted Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC)
• • FGDBs are utilized in plastic bag photobioreactors (PBRs) combined with algae-assisted microbial fuel cells.
  • This novel integration facilitates biochemical CO2 sequestration while simultaneously generating power and promoting algae biomass growth.

ADVANTAGES OVER CONVENTIONAL METHODS

• Efficiency of CO2 Fixation
  • Compared to the conventional method of bubbling flue gases into algal ponds, the indirect biochemical route adopted by IIT Jodhpur proves more efficient.
  • It converts CO2 into carbonates, enhancing the solubility of inorganic carbon in water, thereby fostering increased carbon retention in the water.

• Closed Systems and Wastewater Usage
• • The use of closed systems like PBRs is highlighted as preferable to open ponds, as they prevent decomposition of bicarbonates into CO2 and maintain pH levels.
  • Additionally, the technology utilizes wastewater, utilizing a thermo-tolerant algal strain (Chlorella vulgaris) capable of thriving in such conditions.

POWER GENERATION AND SCALING CHALLENGES

• Algae in Microbial Fuel Cells
  • The integration of algae into microbial fuel cells generates electricity.
  • This bio-electrochemical process harnesses the metabolic activity of microorganisms breaking down organic matter in wastewater, releasing electrons that produce electric current.

• Scalability and Limitations
• • While theoretically, all available flue gas can be used to grow algae, scalability presents challenges.
  • A tonne per day of CO2 capture demands a substantial algae culture area, limiting the practical scale of operation.
  • Moreover, only a small fraction of algae is used for power generation, leaving the majority available for bioenergy purposes.

FUTURE PROSPECTS AND DEVELOPMENT

• Further Refinement and Research
  • Technology requires refinement and further research.
  • Developmental avenues include enhancing microbial consortia or genetically engineered strains, comprehensive mass balance studies, determination of feed flow rates, and retention times for efficient CO2 capture.

• Device Optimization
• • Enhancements to the device itself could involve integrating specialized gas diffusing devices (spargers) for a stable gas supply, ensuring sustained algal growth.

CONCLUSION

• IIT Jodhpur’s innovative algae-assisted microbial fuel cell technology showcases a promising approach to address multiple environmental challenges simultaneously.
• While requiring further development and refinement, its potential to capture CO2, treat wastewater, and generate power represents a significant step towards sustainable and efficient energy solutions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/business-tech/carbon-capture-by-algae-assisted-microbial-fuel-cell-shows-promise/article67624539.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The renewable energy pledge, signed by 118 countries during the COP28 climate summit, aims to triple the world’s green energy capacity to 11,000 GW by 2030.

EXPLANATION:

• This initiative is crucial in reducing reliance on fossil fuels for energy generation.
• The objective is to limit the global average temperature increase, striving to stay below the 2-degree Celsius temperature rise since pre-industrial times, in alignment with the 2015 Paris Agreement goals.

Goals and Implications

• The pledge requires countries to double the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements from about 2% to over 4% each year until 2030.
• This ambitious target signifies a collective effort by world governments to mitigate the rise in emissions and shift away from fossil fuel dependency.
• The intention is to contribute to curbing the temperature rise and ideally achieve the more ambitious 1.5-degree Celsius goal set in the Paris Agreement.

Unbinding Nature of the Pledge

• It’s essential to note that while this pledge is a significant indicator of global leaders’ intentions to tackle emissions, it is not legally binding and is not officially part of the COP28 calendar.
• However, it signals a strong commitment to combatting global emissions.

ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN CLIMATE MITIGATION

• Renewable Energy’s Growing Dominance
  • The International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasts that between 2022 and 2027, renewables will constitute over 90% of global electricity capacity expansion.
  • Countries like China, the EU, the US, and India are key drivers behind this acceleration, implementing policies, regulatory reforms, and market changes to address the energy crisis.

• Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels
  • Solar, wind, hydropower, and biofuels are recognized as the primary future energy sources, even in developing nations.
  • The ambitious aim to triple renewable energy by 2050 is expected to significantly diminish reliance on fossil fuels for energy generation.

• Global Efforts and India’s Role
• • Various countries are actively increasing their renewable energy capacity.
  • India, for instance, is the world’s third-largest renewable energy producer and aims to fulfill 50% of its electricity demands from renewables by 2030, with a net-zero emissions target by 2070.
  • However, challenges such as rising costs, labor constraints, and supply chain issues are impeding renewable energy projects globally.

GLOBAL ENERGY TRANSITION CHALLENGES

• Expanding Renewables Beyond Electricity
  • While the electricity sector is experiencing substantial growth in renewables, accounting for only a fifth of global energy consumption, integrating renewable sources into transportation and heating remains a critical challenge in the overall energy transition.

• Hurdles in Renewable Deployment
• • Despite the enthusiasm for renewable energy, deployment faces obstacles like rising costs, labor shortages, and supply chain disruptions.
  • These challenges have resulted in delays and cancellations of projects, causing substantial financial losses for leading developers worldwide.

GEOPOLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND STANDPOINTS

• Initiatives and Opposition
  • The pledge spearheaded by the EU, US, and UAE received support from several countries but faced opposition from major coal-dependent nations like India and China.
  • These countries expressed concerns about the initiative’s stance on phasing down coal and halting investments in new coal-fired power plants.

• India’s Position
• • India, while initially staying away from the initiative due to its implications on coal, had previously supported a G20 commitment to triple global renewable energy capacity by 2030.
  • This reflects the complexity of balancing energy transition goals with existing economic dependencies on coal.

CONCLUSION

• The renewable energy pledge at COP28 represents a significant commitment by numerous countries to accelerate the global shift towards renewable energy sources.
• Despite challenges and diverging perspectives, this initiative highlights the urgent need for collaborative efforts to mitigate climate change by transitioning away from fossil fuels.
• However, the practical implementation and overcoming of geopolitical differences pose significant challenges on the road to achieving these ambitious targets.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/cop28-tripling-renewable-energy-target-9062282/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The International Labour Organization (ILO) forecasts a slight increase in the global unemployment rate for 2024, with an additional two million workers seeking employment.

EXPLANATION:

• This projection is based on various factors influencing the labor market, including low labor force participation, geopolitical tensions, and potential disruptions in global value chains.

ILO’s Projections

• The ILO anticipates a rise in the global unemployment rate from 5.1% in 2023 to 5.2% in 2024.
• The World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2024 report highlights uneven labor force participation recovery, especially in advanced economies, contributing to persistent labor market imbalances.

Post-Pandemic Labor Market Recovery

• 2023 witnessed significant recovery in labor market participation rates, particularly in higher-income and lower-middle-income countries.
• It’s disparities among different labor market groups persisted.
• Advanced economies faced imbalances, and average working hours remained below pre-pandemic levels, impacting overall labor input.

Global Job Gap and Economic Challenges

• The global job gap, although narrowing in 2023, remained high at nearly 435 million.
• Factors such as the erosion of real wages, living standards affected by inflation rates, and rising housing costs contribute to ongoing economic challenges.
• The ILO underscores that compensating for these effects might not be swift.

World Bank’s Cautionary Note

• The World Bank has expressed concerns about a potential slowdown in global economic growth, marking it as the slowest in three decades.
• Geopolitical tensions add near-term risks, and the ILO report aligns with this sentiment, emphasizing the impact of rising geopolitical tensions on economic, employment, and social dynamics.

Technology and Labor Market Dynamics

• The introduction and proliferation of artificial intelligence poses additional challenges to labor market adjustments.
• Accelerating technological progress, according to the ILO, may further test the adaptability of the workforce.
• Rising geopolitical tensions, exemplified by conflicts like the Israel–Hamas dispute, pose economic, employment, and social risks.
• The ILO emphasizes the potential scale of the refugee crisis and its impact on neighboring regions and Europe.
• The report identifies potential disruptions in global value chains as a significant risk.
• The interconnectedness of the global economy implies vulnerability to regional developments and disturbances.

Role of High Interest Rates

• High interest rates in developed economies, specifically highlighted for the United States, could have ripple effects on global growth.
• The ILO emphasizes the interconnected nature of the global economy, where developments in one region can impact others.

Conclusion

• The ILO’s projections and analysis indicate a nuanced and challenging global economic landscape in 2024.
• The convergence of factors, including geopolitical tensions, technology-induced shifts, and disruptions in global value chains, underscores the complexity of managing labor market dynamics on a global scale.
• As the world navigates these challenges, coordinated efforts will be crucial to fostering sustainable and inclusive economic recovery.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/economy/ilo-projects-hike-in-global-unemployment-rate-2-million-more-may-seek-jobs-in-2024-93830

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: On January 11-12, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is set to conduct a hearing on a case brought forth by South Africa against Israel, accusing the latter of violating its obligations under the Genocide Convention concerning Palestinians in Gaza.

EXPLANATION:

• This legal move has ignited global attention, prompting scrutiny of the legal concepts surrounding genocide and questioning the involvement of South Africa in the Israeli-Palestinian issue.

International Court of Justice

• The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN).
• The International Court of Justice is also known as the World Court. It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946.
• The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands).
• Of the six principal organs of the United Nations, ICJ is the only one not located in New York (United States of America).
• Its official working languages are English and French
• All members of the UN are ipso facto parties to the statute, but this does not automatically give ICJ jurisdiction over disputes involving them.
• The ICJ gets jurisdiction only on the basis of the consent of both parties.
• The Charter of the United Nations was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organisation and came into force on 24 October 1945.
• The Statute of the International Court of Justice is an integral part of the Charter.
• The ICJ consists of a panel of 15 judges elected by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) and United Nations Security Council (UNSC) for nine-year terms.
• These organs vote simultaneously but separately. In order to be elected, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of the votes in both bodies.
• The Court does not include more than one national of the same State. Moreover, the Court as a whole represents the main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world.

The Genocide Convention: A Framework for Legal Action

• The case revolves around the Genocide Convention, an international treaty that criminalizes and prevents genocide.
• Adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948, the convention defines genocide as specific acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.
• It includes acts such as killing, causing bodily or mental harm, imposing conditions of life intended to bring about physical destruction, preventing births, and forcibly transferring children.

South Africa’s Allegations Against Israel

• South Africa’s case alleges that Israel, as a party to the Genocide Convention, has committed acts falling under the convention’s definition.
• The evidence presented by South Africa includes statements from Israeli officials expressing specific intent and claims that Israel failed to prevent genocide or prosecute incitement to genocide.
• The alleged actions are said to have occurred in Gaza, leading South Africa to assert an ongoing and unfolding genocide.

Elements of South Africa’s Legal Request

• In seeking provisional measures from the ICJ, South Africa requests urgent relief to prevent further harm to Palestinian rights.
• The measures include an immediate suspension of all Israeli military operations in Gaza, adherence to Genocide Convention obligations, cessation of forced displacement and expulsion, and ensuring access to humanitarian assistance and medical supplies.
• Additionally, South Africa calls for Israel to refrain from committing further acts and provide reports on the implemented measures.

Potential Legal Ramifications and Global Responses

• Should the ICJ issue provisional measures, they will be binding on all states, highlighting the legal significance of the court’s decision.
• Israel has dismissed the case as baseless, with the United States, Hungary, and Guatemala rejecting it.
• In contrast, several countries, including Palestine, members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and others, have expressed support for South Africa’s legal action.

Comparisons with Previous Genocide Cases

• South Africa’s case follows precedents like the Gambia’s case against Myanmar in 2019 and Ukraine’s case against Russia in 2022, both invoking the ICJ under the Genocide Convention.
• These cases underscore the role of states in seeking redress for genocidal acts committed against the citizens of another state.

Conclusion: Implications for International Jurisprudence

• The outcome of South Africa’s case against Israel at the ICJ holds significance not only for the involved parties but also for the broader understanding of international law and efforts to prevent and address genocide.
• As the court navigates this complex legal terrain, it will contribute to shaping the global discourse on accountability and justice in the face of alleged genocidal acts.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/why-south-africa-israel-international-court-of-justice-9103758/