THE CONTEXT: Farmers from Punjab in thousands have assembled at three points along the border with Haryana, where they have been stopped from marching to Delhi. The protesters have a range of demands including legally guaranteed MSP for crops.

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• Some of these demands were raised during their earlier protest in 2021-22, which was called off after the central government withdrew three controversial laws that had sought to reform the agriculture sector.
• The protest now is spearheaded by the Sanyukt Kisan Morcha (SKM) (non-political), a splinter group of the body that had led the earlier protest. The body has influence in the interest groups across Haryana, Punjab and western U.P. and Rajasthan.
• There are at least three other strands of protests gathering strength.

1. Farmers in western U.P. affected by the Jewar airport project and Yamuna Expressway are up in arms.

2. In Haryana’s Sonipat, farmers are protesting land acquisition for power cables.

3. The original SKM and several trade unions have called for a national rural and industrial strike with overlapping and additional demands that include the repeal of four labour codes.

Demands of farmers:

• The headline demand in the farmers’ 12-point agenda is for a law to guarantee MSP for all crops, and the determination of crop prices in accordance with the Dr M S Swaminathan Commission’s report.
• The other demands are:

1. Full debt waiver for farmers and labourers

2. Implementation of the Land Acquisition Act of 2013, with provisions for written consent from farmers before acquisition, and compensation at 4 times the collector rate

3. Punishment for the perpetrators of the October 2021 Lakhimpur Kheri killings

4. India should withdraw from the World Trade Organization (WTO) and freeze all free trade agreements

5. Pensions for farmers and farm labourers

6. Compensation for farmers who died during the Delhi protest, including a job for one family member

7. The Electricity Amendment Bill 2020 should be scrapped

8. 200 (instead of 100) days’ employment under MGNREGA per year, daily wage of Rs 700, and scheme should be linked with farming;

9. National commission for spices such as chilli and turmeric; etc.

ISSUES:

• Legal guarantee of MSP unlikely: The government has opened talks with the farmers but a legal guarantee of MSP appears unlikely as government is silent on this matter. The Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare notified a committee headed by former agriculture secretary Sanjay Agrawal to make the MSP more effective and transparent. However, the committee’s terms of reference also do not include any legal guarantee to MSP, which was one of the key demands of the farmers protest of 2020-2021.
• Unsustainable farm practices: Surplus producers of grain have benefited from the MSP scheme, but the scheme bypasses subsistence farmers in poorer regions. This uneven geographical spread of procurement has also led to unsustainable farm practices in some areas.
• Majority of farmers remain uncovered: According to a NSSO survey, less than 6% of Indian farmers i.e over 9 crore agricultural households have benefited directly from selling their wheat or rice under the MSP regime.
• Procurement is concentrated in a few states:The procurement of grains is concentrated only in a few states. For example, Punjab, Haryana, western UP, Chhattisgarh and Telangana for paddy; Telangana and Maharashtra for cotton, etc.
• Poor implementation of the MS Swaminathan Commission recommendations: It recommended that MSP should be at least 50% more than the weighted average cost of production which is not in the sight of implementation.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Consensus and consultation: The Centre must address grievances of farmers through talks. According to the Union Agriculture Minister, there are some issues on which consensus has been reached. However, some issues need a permanent resolution and there should be a committee to address them.
• Revamping of public support: There is a need for revamping of the public support for farming, which is essential for national food security. This can be achieved better through wide political consultation and by encouraging the beneficiaries of the current system to diversify production and increasing productivity.
• Creation of Agriculture infrastructure: The government should make efforts to enable farmer participation in the market by creating modern world-class agriculture infrastructure like Cold Storage facilities.
• Crop diversification: There is a need for mapping of existing cropping patterns of agro-ecological zones of producer and consumer states. Strategy for diversification policy needs to change the cropping pattern according to the changing needs of the country.

THE CONCLUSION:

Though, the MSP-based procurement by the Food Corporation of India has been the bedrock of food security but there is an urgent need for its reform as the farm sector needs a new model of public support. It cannot be left to the mercy of the market. The government should lead the efforts to create a national consensus on this question.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

Q.1 The Minimum Support Price (MSP) scheme protects farmers from the price fluctuations and market imperfections. In the light of the given statement, critically analyse the efficacy of the MSP. (2020)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.1 Discuss the role of Minimum Support Price (MSP) in addressing the issue of farmers’ income and agricultural productivity. Suggest alternative ways to ensure farmers income and their livelihoods.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/farming-consensus-on-the-government-and-the-farmers-on-protest/article67846219.ece

THE CONTEXT:

There is a suppression of dissent and the manipulation of law enforcement and public sentiment by the ruling party in India. They conflated the ruling party with government machinery, leading to a near-perfect alignment of political agendas with law enforcement actions. This situation raises concerns about the erosion of democratic principles and the rise of majoritarianism, posing significant challenges to the functioning of democracy in the country.

THE ISSUES:

• Freedom of Expression (Article 19(1)(a)): The incidents described highlight the misuse of these restrictions to stifle dissent and criticism of the ruling party, raising questions about the balance between freedom of expression and reasonable restrictions. However, the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to freedom of speech and expression, which is fundamental for the functioning of a democracy. However, this right is subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2) for reasons such as the sovereignty and integrity of India, public order, decency, or morality.
• Right to Equality (Article 14): This article ensures equality before the law and equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. The selective enforcement of laws and targeting of individuals based on their political views or affiliations challenge the principle of equality and non-discrimination.
• Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21): The arbitrary detention of individuals, including the complainant and victims in the first incident, infringes upon their right to life and personal liberty, highlighting the need for police reform and accountability.
• Police Reforms: The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2007) recommended comprehensive police reforms to ensure that the police act in a politically neutral manner, respecting human rights and the rule of law. The incidents underscore the urgent need to implement these reforms to prevent the misuse of police powers for political purposes.
• Sedition Law: Various committees, including the Law Commission of India, have discussed the need to reconsider or repeal the sedition law (Section 124A of the IPC), which has been used to criminalize dissent and suppress free speech. The application of sedition charges in situations that do not meet the Supreme Court’s criteria for incitement to violence or disorder reflects the misuse of this colonial-era law.
• Majoritarianism and Democracy: The Sachar Committee Report (2006) and the Ranganath Misra Commission Report (2007) have addressed issues related to social inclusion and the protection of minority rights. The rise of majoritarianism, as highlighted in the incidents, threatens the pluralistic fabric of Indian society and the principles of secularism and democracy enshrined in the Constitution.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Implement Police Reforms: Comprehensive police reforms are crucial to ensure law enforcement agencies operate impartially and are not influenced by political pressures. The recommendations of the National Police Commission, the Padmanabhaiah Committee, and directives from the Supreme Court, such as establishing State Security Commissions and ensuring a minimum tenure for the Director General of Police, should be implemented.
• Strengthen Freedom of Expression: The Constitution of India guarantees freedom of speech and expression, but it is subject to reasonable restrictions. There is a need to clearly define these restrictions to prevent their misuse against dissenting voices. Legal safeguards should be enhanced to protect the freedom of the press and expression against arbitrary executive actions.
• Review and Amend Laws Used to Suppress Dissent: Laws such as sedition (Section 124A of the IPC) and national security often used to curb dissent should be reviewed and amended. This would ensure that they are not misused to silence opposition or criticism of the government.
• Judicial Oversight and Independence: The judiciary safeguards democracy and fundamental rights. Ensuring the independence of the judiciary and its proactive role in checking executive excesses and protecting civil liberties is essential.
• Encourage Inclusive Dialogue and Tolerance: Initiatives to promote interfaith dialogue, multiculturalism, and tolerance are essential to counter majoritarianism and polarization. Civil society organizations, educational institutions, and the media can significantly foster an inclusive and pluralistic society.
• Strengthen Civil Society and Media: A vibrant civil society and an independent media are pillars of democracy. Supporting NGOs, activists, and journalists who work to hold the government accountable and provide a platform for diverse voices is crucial for a healthy democracy.

THE CONCLUSION:

Addressing the challenges highlighted requires concerted efforts from the government, judiciary, civil society, and citizens. While legal and institutional reforms are essential, societal changes toward more inclusive, tolerant, and participatory democracy are equally important. The solutions outlined above, drawn from various recommendations and analyses, provide a roadmap for strengthening democracy in India.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 ‘Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution and founded on its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions. (2021)

Q.2 The Indian party system is passing through a transition phase which looks full of contradictions and paradoxes.” Discuss. (2016)

Q.3 What do you understand by the “freedom of speech and expression” concept? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (2014)

Q.4 The Rules and Regulations provided to all civil servants are the same, yet there is a difference in performance. Positive-minded officers can interpret the Rules and Regulations in Favor of the case and achieve success, whereas negative-minded officers cannot achieve goals by interpreting the same Rules and Regulations against the case. Discuss with illustrations. (2022)

Q.5 Discuss the Public Services Code as recommended by the 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission. (2016)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Analyze the notion of majoritarianism in Indian democracy. How does it impact the fundamental right to dissent and minority interests, as provided by the Indian Constitution?

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/accessibleindia-can-mughalhistory-inspire-modern-inclusion-9162126

THE CONTEXT:

The significant transformation of India’s relations with the Gulf countries over the last decade is marked by increased diplomatic engagement, strategic economic partnerships, and enhanced counter-terror and defence cooperation. This transformation is attributed to factors such as diplomatic, political, and religious shifts and the recognition of the Gulf’s capital potential to accelerate India’s economic growth.

THE ISSUES:

• Diplomatic Engagement: The increased frequency and significance of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visits to the Middle East, contrasting it with the previous Indian administration’s less frequent visits. Modi’s diplomacy and the establishment of connections with Gulf leaders are noted as critical changes in India’s approach.
• Political Domain: The shift from India’s historical support for Arab causes to a broader strategic engagement with the Gulf. This includes forming the I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE, and USA) group and announcing the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor, signaling a radical reorientation of India’s geopolitical engagement with the Middle East.
• Religious Lens and Pakistan Factor: India’s past tendency to view Gulf relations through a religious lens and the complications arising from Pakistan’s outreach to the region. It notes the recent trend of India discarding this approach, which has led to improved ties with the Gulf, as evidenced by the construction of the BAPS temple in Abu Dhabi and the release of Indian ex-naval personnel by Qatar.
• Economic and Strategic Shift: The relationship between India and the Gulf has evolved from transactional to strategic, particularly in the economic domain. Recognizing the Gulf’s capital potential to accelerate India’s economic growth and the diversification of the Gulf economies beyond oil.
• Counter-Terror and Defence Cooperation: There is an expansion of counter-terror collaboration and the potential for deeper defence cooperation between India and Gulf countries. It suggests there is room for growth in military exchanges and joint development of weapons and technologies.
• Regional and International Impact: The transformation of India-Gulf relations has broader implications for regional peace and prosperity, especially in the Western Indian Ocean, and reflects India’s growing role as a global actor.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Diplomatic Engagement: Continued and enhanced diplomatic engagement, including high-level visits, personal connections with Gulf leaders, and a focus on mutual trust and political give and take.
• Political Domain: A broader strategic engagement with the Gulf, including forming strategic partnerships, economic corridors, and shifting from declaratory positions to pragmatic engagement.
• Religious Lens and Pakistan Factor: Discarding the historical approach of viewing the region through a religious lens and focusing on building goodwill and cooperation while addressing the impact of Pakistan’s outreach to the Gulf.
• Economic and Strategic Shift: Leveraging the Gulf’s capital potential to accelerate India’s economic growth, diversifying economic partnerships, and focusing on long-term economic cooperation.
• Counter-Terror and Defence Cooperation: Deepening counter-terror collaboration and exploring opportunities for enhanced defence cooperation, including joint development of weapons and military technologies.

THE CONCLUSION:

India’s closer ties with the Gulf countries represent a significant win for Indian diplomacy and have radically reorientated India’s geopolitical engagement with the Middle East. There is a need for deeper cooperation with the region in promoting prosperity and peace in the Western Indian Ocean, and the potential for long-term economic partnerships and enhanced defence cooperation cannot be ignored.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1) How will the I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE, and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics? (2022)

Q.2) India’s energy security is the most important part of its economic progress. Analyse India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian Countries. (2017)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1) India’s evolving relationship with the Gulf countries has witnessed a significant transformation, encompassing diplomatic, economic, and strategic dimensions. In light of this, discuss the factors contributing to this transformation and the potential implications for India’s geopolitical engagement with the Middle East.

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/indian-diplomacy-closer-ties-with-gulf-significant-win-9159128/

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THE CONTEXT: The COVID-19 pandemic changed the way we think about our economic future and globalisation is now in retreat as well. Though, India recovered relatively quickly from the pandemic, yet it has entered a phase of ‘premature deindustrialisation’.

ISSUES:

• Sustained growth: Industrial policy and strategic state-led economic interventions are back in the world everywhere. The Inflation Reduction Act in the U.S., the European Green Deal, and India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat are prominent examples. However, India’s growth momentum has sustained without much growth.
• Unequal distribution of growth: The fruits of high growth were shared by a small minority which worsened pre-existing gaps of already unequal society. On the one hand, High-end cars get sold out and on the other hand common people struggle to cope with high food prices. This fault line is built into the structure of India’s growth.
• Stagnant manufacturing sector: India has not been able to industrialise sufficiently in last 75 years. Its manufacturing share in output and employment has always been stagnant and below 20%, except during the ‘Dream Run, 2003–08’. Even the 1991 economic reforms, which came with the promise of labour-intensive industrialisation, didn’t alter this reality. India’s industrial investment is stagnating, with high levels of unemployment and chronic disguised unemployment. Its trade deficit largely driven by imported goods, has been widening. India is not able to export goods and even lagging in producing the goods its consumers.
• Poor employment elasticity of services-led growth: India’s experience with services-driven growth since the late 1980s had two negative implications. First, it could not absorb the labour exiting agriculture in the same way that manufacturing would have. Second, the service sector required a large highly skilled workforce that India could not adequately supply. Inequality from services-driven growth is thus much higher than from manufacturing-led growth. The Gini index of inequality for regular wages in the services sector was 44 compared to 35 for manufacturing (Periodic Labour Force Survey, 2021-22).
• Unequal investment in human capital: Early investments in higher education contributed to the near abandonment of mass school education. These higher education institutions cultivated self-serving elites who played a role in India’s IT “revolution” while contributing to industrial stagnation. Thus, investments in human capital were deeply unequal.
• Differ in returns to education: The returns to education differ across classes and social groups. School enrolment is high. Higher education is not as inaccessible as it was earlier. But the differential quality of schooling feeds into the quality of higher education, which feeds into labour market outcomes. The high-skill services pitch would suit the traditional elite but not the majority first generation graduates from colleges in rural areas and small towns. The majority of these students reap poor returns on their investments in education. The poor quality of most state-run schools and colleges is closely linked to the elites renunciation of public education. Even as these fault lines are new forms of class divide in India, they reflect older ones rooted in the caste system.
• A culturally rooted diagnosis: The lack of mass education meant that an important cultural prerequisite for industrialisation was missing. India has looked down upon certain occupations, particularly those that are essential as electrical, welding, etc., partly impeding organic innovation in manufacturing. Industrialists say that India undervalues the vocational skills needed for manufacturing. Certain skills are not valued even if they command higher wages. Artisanal knowledge doesn’t enjoy as much social respect as scholasticism or metaphysical abstraction. Increasing returns and efficiency come from innovation and its diffusion, which are based on mass education and collective absorptive capacity.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Need of deep industrialisation: India needs deep industrialisation, not just the service sector, that has the power of changing the foundations of society.
• Rise of useful knowledge: Economic historian Joel Mokyr suggests that the rise of useful knowledge is key to technological progress and growth in modern economies.
• Revaluation of culture of growth: A culture of growth also requires the revaluation of labour, production, and technology.
• High skill driven growth: Focusing on skill development programs tailored to the manufacturing sector can address the skill mismatch and enhance the capabilities of the workforce.
• Reviving demand: Supply-side efforts and regulatory reforms will certainly help but the key to the manufacturing-sector revival lies in reviving demand across the economy particularly discretionary spending.
• Boost Investments: Encouraging both domestic and foreign investments in the manufacturing sector can help upgrade infrastructure, improve technology adoption, and enhance productivity. This can be achieved through attractive investment policies, tax incentives, and easing of regulatory procedures.
• Regulatory Reforms: There is a need for streamlining regulatory processes by reducing bureaucratic complexities, and simplifying labour laws can create a business-friendly environment. It can attract investments, foster innovation, and enhance productivity in the manufacturing sector.
• Research and Development: Encouraging R&D activities and innovation in the manufacturing sector can lead to technological advancements and productivity gains.

THE CONCLUSION:

Despite the policy push and various state incentives, the industries in India has been hurt by a decline in its consumer base which has seen incomes come under stress. The industrial sector needs a major revival not just for the sustainability of economic growth, but also for income and employment generation, both of which have been under stress for some time now.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 What are the salient features of ‘inclusive growth’? Has India been experiencing such a growth process? Analyse and suggest measures for inclusive growth. (2017)

Q.2 “Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product (GDP) in the post-reform period” Give reasons. How far the recent changes in Industrial Policy are capable of increasing the industrial growth rate? (2017)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 There is a continuation of a trend of weakening of industrialisation over the past decade. Analyse the reasons and suggest measures to boost industrial growth in the country.

Q.2 The declining share of manufacturing in overall economic output as well as employment is a worrying sign for the economy’s long-term growth prospects. Comment.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/why-india-needs-deep-industrialisation/article67841633.ece

THE CONTEXT:

The Tamil Nadu Governor’s refusal to read a state government-drafted speech citing falsehoods politicizes the Governors’ statutory address. This highlights the tension between appointed Governors and elected state governments and their non-partisan role conflict.

THE ISSUES:

• Governor’s Role in a Parliamentary Democracy: In a parliamentary democracy, the Governor’s role is mainly ceremonial, and they are expected to follow the elected government’s advice. The recent controversy regarding Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi’s refusal to read out a DMK-run government address highlights the need for the Governor to remain apolitical and unbiased, as mandated by the Constitution.
• Centre-State Relations and Criticism in Governor’s Address: The Governor’s address should reflect state policies & achievements, despite criticism of the Centre. Refusal to read based on misleading claims will infringe on the state’s right to articulate its stance.
• Dignity of the Assembly and Conduct of Constitutional Functionaries: The conduct of constitutional functionaries, such as the Governor and the Speaker, should uphold the dignity of the Assembly. Any public disagreement or confrontation between these functionaries can detract from the solemnity and respect due to legislative institutions.
• Governors as Political Agents of the Ruling Party at the Centre: Governors who act as political agents for the central government are compromising the autonomy of state governments and disrupting the federal balance. This issue deserves urgent attention to maintain the integrity of the constitutional authorities.
• Constitutional Powers and Limitations of Governors: Governors have limited discretionary powers that should be exercised judiciously. Using these powers to obstruct or undermine state governments led by political adversaries is misusing the gubernatorial office.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Code of Conduct for Governors: A ‘Code of Conduct’ should be established and approved by the state governments, the central government, the parliament, and the state legislatures. This would lay down norms and principles to guide the governor’s functions, ensuring that their actions align with constitutional expectations and are not influenced by partisan interests.
• Transparent Appointment Process: The procedure for appointing governors should be laid down, with the conditions of appointment made explicit. This could involve a more transparent and consultative mechanism, such as a collegium or a parliamentary committee, to select candidates based on merit and suitability, thus reducing political bias in appointments.
• Limiting Discretionary Powers: Healthy conventions should guide the discretionary powers of Governors and should not be used to favor a particular political party. The Supreme Court’s ability to investigate claims of malafide in the Governor’s report could be extended to cover malafide in the invitation process to form a government.
• Stability and Autonomy for States: To ensure more stability and autonomy for the states, it is suggested that a governor should be removed only by a resolution of the state legislature. This would prevent arbitrary removals and reinforce the federal structure.
• Judicial Intervention: The Supreme Court can continue to monitor the conduct of governors and issue directions or observations to ensure that their actions are not arbitrary or partisan, thus upholding the federal principle of Indian polity.
• Constitutional Amendments: Amendments to the Constitution could be made to change governors’ appointment and removal process, making it more difficult to remove them without substantial grounds, such as requiring a resolution of the state legislature or a judicial review.
• Accountability to State Legislature: Consider making the governor accountable to the state legislature, like how the President is accountable to the Union Parliament. This would enhance the governor’s responsibility towards the state’s interests.
• Regular Review and Recommendations: Committees like the Sarkaria and Punchhi Commission have recommended improving Centre-State relations. Regular reviews and implementing such recommendations can help address the evolving dynamics of federalism.
• Education and Training: Educating and training governors about their constitutional roles and responsibilities can help prevent the misuse of their office. This would also include emphasizing the importance of maintaining the dignity of the Assembly and the conduct of constitutional functionaries.

THE CONCLUSION:

The central government’s misuse of the governor’s role for political gain challenges the principles of federalism and risks undermining respect for the position. This could negatively impact democracy and governance at the state level. Addressing this issue and ensuring the governor’s role remains impartial is essential.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1) Discuss the essential conditions for the exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of the re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature. (2022)

Q.2) Whether the Supreme Court Judgement (July 2018) can settle the political tussle between the Lt. Governor and elected government of Delhi? Examine. (2018)

Q.3) Discuss the essentials of the 69th Constitutional Amendment Act and anomalies, if any, that have led to recently reported conflicts between the elected representatives and the institution of the Lieutenant Governor in the administration of Delhi. Do you think that this will give rise to a new trend in the functioning of Indian federal politics? (2016)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1) Discuss the recent controversy surrounding the refusal of Tamil Nadu Governor to read out the address prepared by the state government, citing misleading claims and facts. What are the implications of such actions on Centre-State relations and India’s federal structure?

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/the-real-travesty-the-hindu-editorial-on-the-governor-of-tamil-nadu-and-the-governors-address/article67838996.ece

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: A new study published in Nature Communications reveals a troubling trend in the Arctic Ocean, where marine heatwaves have occurred for six consecutive years from 2015 to 2021.

EXPLANATION:

• This analysis delves into the study’s findings, emphasizing the implications of these heatwaves on the Arctic ecosystem and the concerning impact on sea ice cover and biodiversity.

Escalation of Marine Heatwaves in the Arctic:

• Longitudinal Trend Since 2007:
  • Since 2007, the Arctic Ocean has experienced 11 marine heatwaves, with a notable escalation observed from 2015 to 2021.
  • A marine heatwave is defined when surface water temperatures exceed 95% of values from the past 30 years for at least five consecutive days.
• Record Temperature Increase:
  • The average temperature during these marine heatwaves rose by 2.2 degrees Celsius above the seasonal average, indicating a significant warming trend.
  • The years 2007 and 2020 marked critical events, with the latter being the most severe in terms of intensity and duration.

Impact on Arctic Sea Ice:

• Regime Shift Since 2007:
  • A pronounced regime shift has occurred since 2007, transitioning from thicker and deformed ice cover to thinner and more uniform ice.
  • Thicker, several-year-old ice has decreased, while the percentage of thin, seasonal ice is consistently increasing.
• Vulnerability of First-Year Ice Regions:
  • Marine heatwaves primarily affect Arctic marginal seas, including the Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, and part of Beaufort Seas.
  • These regions are predominantly covered by first-year ice, ranging from 0.3-2 meters in thickness, making them more susceptible to heatwave events.
• Solar Radiation Impact:
  • First-year ice impedes thorough mixing between sea layers, preventing solar radiation from reaching lower parts of the sea.
  • This results in unusually high sea surface temperatures, creating conditions conducive to marine heatwave events.
• Abrupt Sea Ice Retreat:
  • Abrupt sea ice retreat is a concern, potentially triggering marine heatwave events.
  • The rate of sea ice melt in June-July has increased, raising alarms about the speed of ice loss over the past 25 years.

Human-Induced Factors and Greenhouse Gas Forcing:

• Connection to Greenhouse Gas Emissions:
  • The study links Arctic marine heatwave events to a record decline in Arctic Sea ice, especially in the years 2007, 2012, and 2020.
  • Human-induced emissions, particularly greenhouse gases, are identified as key contributors to the emergence of marine heatwaves.
• Intensity and Probability Analysis:
  • Events with intensities greater than 1.5°C could not occur without the involvement of greenhouse gases.
  • The observed 2007, 2012, and 2020 events recorded intensities of 3.5°C, 2.1°C, and 4°C, respectively, showcasing the impact of human-induced warming.
• Warning on Persistent Recurrence:
  • Moderate marine heatwave events with intensity between 0.5-1°C may persistently recur if greenhouse gas forcing continues to rise, posing ongoing threats.

Environmental Consequences and Ecosystem Impact:

• Dramatic Consequences Predicted:
  • The study’s authors warn of dramatic consequences, including potential collapse of food chains, reduction in fish stocks, and an overall decline in biodiversity.
• Human-Induced Warming and Marine Heatwaves:
  • The severity and duration of the 2020 marine heatwave, with a probability of less than 1% without human-induced warming, underscore the role of anthropogenic factors.

Conclusion:

• The escalation of marine heatwaves in the Arctic, driven by human-induced warming and greenhouse gas emissions, presents a critical threat to the region’s ecosystem.
• The impact on sea ice, vulnerability of first-year ice regions, and potential consequences for biodiversity emphasize the urgent need for global efforts to mitigate climate change and address the specific challenges faced by the Arctic environment.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/marine-heatwaves-in-arctic-shows-worrying-trend-since-2007-marginal-seas-more-vulnerable-study-94437

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The United Nations (UN) has recently identified seven outstanding initiatives from diverse regions across the globe as World Restoration Flagships.

EXPLANATION:

• These projects, acknowledged by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), are aimed at revitalizing ecosystems on the brink of degradation due to various environmental challenges.
• This analysis delves into the significance of these initiatives, the expected impact on restoration efforts, and their alignment with the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration.

Global Recognition for Conservation Excellence:

• The UN’s World Restoration Flagships represent pioneering efforts in restoring ecosystems facing imminent threats from factors such as wildfires, drought, deforestation, and pollution.
• The global recognition, bestowed ahead of the 6th session of the UN Environment Assembly, positions these initiatives as exemplary models contributing to the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration.

Key Initiatives Recognized:

• Restoring Mediterranean Forests Initiative:
  • Countries Involved: Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, Türkiye.
  • Achievements: Novel approaches leading to the protection and restoration of natural habitats, resulting in the restoration of two million hectares of forests since 2017, with plans for an additional eight million hectares by 2030.
• Living Indus Initiative:
  • Countries Involved: Australia, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Ecuador, India, New Zealand, Peru, Sri Lanka, and others.
  • Objective: Restoration of 25 million hectares of the Indus River basin by 2030, involving high-impact interventions and designating the Indus River as a living entity with rights.
• Acción Andina Social Movement:
  • Led by: ECOAN (Peruvian conservation non-profit).
  • Scope: Aims to protect and restore one million hectares of forest, engaging 25,000 people in Andean communities, with anticipated benefits in various aspects by 2030.
• Sri Lanka Mangrove Regeneration Initiative:
  • Approach: Science-driven and community-led.
  • Achievements: Since 2015, restoration of 500 hectares of mangroves, with plans for an additional 10,000 hectares by 2030, creating over 4,000 new jobs.
• Terai Arc Landscape Initiative:
  • Scope: Restoration of critical forest corridors in the Terai Arc Landscape in collaboration with local communities.
  • Impact: Restoration of 66,800 hectares of Nepal’s forests, improving the livelihoods of 500,000 households, contributing to the increase in the tiger population.
• Regreening Africa’s Agriculture:
  • Benefits: Expected to benefit over 600,000 households, enhancing carbon storage, boosting crop and grass yields, and making soil more resilient.
• Growing Forests in Africa’s Drylands Initiative:
  • Objective: Expand from 41,000 restored hectares to 229,000 hectares by 2030.
  • Involvement: Active participation of African farmers, with millions of trees planted annually, creating 230,000 jobs.

Significance within the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration:

• These recognized initiatives align with the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, emphasizing the importance of preventing, halting, and reversing ecosystem degradation globally.
• The awards showcase how these projects contribute to the overarching goal of restoring one billion hectares, surpassing the size of China, and underscore the urgency of addressing the triple planetary crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution.

Acknowledging Global Efforts and Addressing Challenges:

• The awards not only acknowledge the remarkable efforts of these initiatives but also highlight the role of local communities in restoration endeavours.
• While celebrating the positive impact on nature, the UN recognizes the need to double down on restoration initiatives amid the ongoing planetary challenges.

Conclusion:

• The UN’s recognition of these World Restoration Flagships serves as a beacon for global conservation efforts.
• By shedding light on exemplary projects spanning continents, the UN emphasizes the importance of collaborative, community-driven initiatives in achieving meaningful ecosystem restoration.
• As these projects gain support and visibility, they contribute significantly to the collective goal of fostering harmony between humanity and the natural world, aligning with the principles of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/from-restoring-forests-to-river-basins-seven-conservation-initiatives-across-continents-recognised-by-un-94424

TAG: GS 1: SOCIETY, GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Australia is currently in the process of deliberating a groundbreaking “right to disconnect” bill that aims to regulate employers’ ability to contact their employees outside of official working hours.

EXPLANATION:

• This move reflects the changing dynamics of the modern workplace, where technological advancements have blurred the lines between professional and personal life.
• This analysis explores the key aspects of the proposed legislation, global precedents, criticisms, and the potential impact on the work-life balance paradigm.

The ‘Right to Disconnect’ Concept:

• The concept stems from the recognition that the advent of technology, especially with the ability to work remotely, has eroded traditional boundaries of working hours.
• The bill aims to address the challenges posed by the constant connectivity, emphasizing the need to protect employees from being penalized for not being available 24/7.

Australia’s Legislative Move:

• Australia’s proposed legislation is part of broader industrial relations laws known as the Fair Work Legislation Amendment (Closing Loopholes No. 2) Bill, 2023.
• The key provision states that an employee can refuse to engage with employer communication outside of their working hours, with the caveat that such refusal must not be deemed unreasonable.

Defining ‘Unreasonable’ Contact:

• The bill introduces the concept of ‘unreasonable’ contact, acknowledging that certain professions may require occasional after-hours communication.
• Factors determining reasonableness include compensation for overtime, the purpose of contact, and the disruption caused to the employee.
• Disputes are to be initially resolved through workplace discussions and, if necessary, escalated to the Fair Work Commission.

Criticism and Concerns:

• Notably, critics, including Australia’s chambers of commerce, argue that such legislation might impede businesses and create hurdles for economic growth.
• Concerns have been raised about potential impacts on women’s participation in the workforce, suggesting that rigid regulations could discourage flexible working arrangements, particularly for parents.

Global Precedents:

• France, Italy, and Belgium have already implemented the ‘right to disconnect.’
• France, for instance, mandated companies with over 50 employees to establish guidelines prohibiting work-related emails during certain hours.
• The global discussion on this right has also reached India, where a Private Member’s Bill in 2018 proposed the creation of Employees’ Welfare Committees to negotiate terms related to out-of-work hours.

Alternatives and Cultural Shifts:

• While the right to disconnect has faced criticisms, some argue that a cultural shift toward flexible working arrangements and increased autonomy for knowledge workers may be a more effective approach.
• This perspective suggests that fostering trust between employers and employees and promoting a balanced work-life environment could address overwork more directly.

Conclusion:

• Australia’s ‘right to disconnect’ legislation represents a significant step in redefining the dynamics of work in the digital age.
• As countries grapple with the challenges of remote work, this legislation raises questions about finding the right balance between protecting employees’ well-being and supporting economic growth.
• The global context, with examples from Europe and India, adds depth to the ongoing discussion, emphasizing the need for nuanced approaches that consider both business demands and the evolving expectations of the workforce.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/pm-modi-inaugurate-baps-temple-in-uae-features-9159741/

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: A clause in a draft free trade agreement text being negotiated between India and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) — Switzerland, Iceland, Lichtenstein and Norway — could delay access to affordable, generic versions of patented drugs in India by a minimum of six years.

EXPLANATION:

• The ongoing negotiations between India and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) – Switzerland, Iceland, Lichtenstein, and Norway – for the Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA) have unveiled a potentially thorny clause.
• This clause, related to data exclusivity, could significantly impact India’s thriving generic drug industry, delaying access to affordable alternatives for patented drugs.

Data Exclusivity Clause: A Potential Setback for Generic Drugs

• The leaked draft of TEPA reveals a clause that could extend the exclusivity period for pharmaceutical companies seeking regulatory approval for patented drugs.
• The specific duration mentioned is six years, during which applicants would be restricted from relying on “undisclosed test data.”
• This provision encompasses not only ‘new’ chemical drugs but also ‘biologics drugs,’ such as monoclonal antibodies and vaccine formulations, posing a significant challenge for Indian biotechnology companies.

Concerns Raised by Experts and Organizations:

• The revelation of this clause has raised concerns among experts and organizations working in the pharmaceutical sector.
• Notable among them is the potential delay in access to essential drugs like bedaquiline for tuberculosis patients.
• Legal researchers and organizations, including Medicine Sans Frontiers, have voiced their apprehensions, emphasizing the adverse impact on public health and access to medicines.

India’s Resistance to Monopoly Rights:

• India, with its thriving generics drug industry, has a history of resisting attempts by foreign pharmaceutical companies to extend monopoly rights over patented drugs.
• The generic drug industry in India ranked as the third largest globally.
• It plays a crucial role in producing over 60,000 generic drugs across various therapeutic categories.
• It contributes significantly to the Jan Aushadhi Scheme that provides free drugs to the economically disadvantaged.

Global Negotiations and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR):

• Recent negotiations between India and EFTA have included discussions on balancing concerns related to intellectual property rights.
• Swiss Economy Minister mentioned “balanced solutions” in a recent statement, emphasizing the significance of IPR in the negotiations.
• The details of these solutions remain undisclosed, raising curiosity about how the interests of both parties will be reconciled.

Data Exclusivity Impact on Drug Accessibility:

• The concept of ‘data exclusivity’ is a contentious issue, especially between original drug inventors, often European pharmaceutical giants, and Indian drug manufacturers specializing in reverse engineering.
• Data exclusivity could limit generic drug makers from relying on published clinical trial data.
• It is potentially leading to increased drug prices and delayed availability of generic versions, as witnessed in the case of Colchicine in the United States.

Global Ramifications and Public Health Concerns:

• Experts warn that implementing data exclusivity in India could have broader global ramifications.
• Over the last two decades, India’s absence of data exclusivity in its laws facilitated the affordable entry of new drugs for HIV, tuberculosis, and viral hepatitis.
• Implementing such provisions now may jeopardize access to essential drugs globally, potentially delaying approval for generic versions of crucial medicines.

European Free Trade Association (EFTA):

• It is an intergovernmental organization established in 1960 by the Stockholm Convention.
• It promotes free trade and economic integration between its members within Europe and globally.
• EFTA currently has 4 member countries: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.
• The EFTA countries have developed one of the largest networks of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs).
• These FTAs span over 60 countries and territories, including the European Union (EU).
• In contrast to the EU, EFTA is not a customs union. This means that the individual EFTA States are free to set their own customs tariffs and arrange other foreign trade measures vis-à-vis the non-EFTA States.

Conclusion:

• As the negotiations between India and EFTA progress, the data exclusivity clause emerges as a critical point of contention.
• Balancing the interests of the pharmaceutical industry, public health, and global access to essential medicines is crucial.
• The potential impact on India’s generic drug industry raises questions about the delicate equilibrium between promoting innovation and ensuring affordable healthcare solutions for a diverse and economically varied population.
• The final agreement’s details will be closely watched for the resolution of these complex issues.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/thorny-clause-in-ripening-india-efta-deal-may-hit-generic-drug-industry/article67842146.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Mizoram, in collaboration with the Sailam Ecological Conservation Society, has successfully concluded the Chapchar Awllen Sava Chhiarpui 2024 (CASC2024).

EXPLANATION:

• It marked the fourth consecutive year of this bird census.
• The effort was aimed at documenting and preserving the diverse avian species within the region.

Census Highlights:

• The closing ceremony, held at the Sailam Bird Sanctuary, celebrated the tallying and documentation of approximately 200 bird species across various locations in Mizoram.
• Bird counting, conducted from early morning till noon, showcased a remarkable array of species, including the Spot-breasted Laughingthrush, Grey Peacock Pheasant, Mount Victoria Babax, Chin Hills Wren Babbler, Green Cochoa, Himalayan Shrike Babbler, and Oriental Darter.
• The census extended beyond Sailam Bird Sanctuary, encompassing Mount Phawngpui, Mount Chalrang Hill, the Kolasib district wetlands, Lawngtlai, and Pawlrang.
• These diverse locations allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the avian population across Mizoram.

Threats to Sailam Bird Sanctuary:

• Despite its significance as a hub for various bird species, Sailam Bird Sanctuary faces threats from rapid urbanization and population growth.
• The sanctuary, which has documented over 270 bird species in the past, now requires focused conservation efforts to safeguard its unique biodiversity.

Awareness Campaign and Conservation Efforts:

• As part of the initiative, an awareness campaign about biodiversity conservation was launched, reflecting the commitment to educating the public about the importance of preserving Mizoram’s rich natural heritage.
• The event saw the participation of over 50 attendees, with Sailam MLA Baryl Vanneihsangi as the chief guest.

Ongoing Conservation Initiatives:

• Efforts to protect Mizoram’s unique biodiversity are ongoing, with a specific focus on Sailam Bird Sanctuary.
• The documented threat to this sanctuary underscores the urgency of implementing effective conservation strategies, balancing the need for urban development with the preservation of natural habitats.

International Participation:

• The involvement of Mizoram in international platforms, such as the United Nations Environment Programme and the International Conference on Animal Sciences, showcases a commitment to global cooperation in addressing ecological challenges.
• The participation of ornithologists from various regions reflects the global appeal of Sailam as a destination for bird enthusiasts.

Sailam Bird Sanctuary:

• Sailam Bird Sanctuary is a hotspot for different species of birds located in Sailam village, about 76 kilometers from Aizawl, Mizoram.
• It is remotely snuggled inside a virgin forest and is home to over 270 species of birds.
• Some of the notable species that can be found here are Spot-breasted Laughingthrush, Grey Peacock Pheasant, Mount Victoria Babax, Chin Hills Wren Babbler, Green Cochoa, Himalayan Shrike Babbler, and Oriental Darter.
• The sanctuary is facing threats from rapid urbanization and population growth.
• However, efforts are being made to protect its unique biodiversity.

Conclusion:

• The successful conclusion of the Mizoram Bird Census not only highlights the rich avian diversity within the region but also underscores the need for sustained conservation efforts. As Mizoram strives to balance development with environmental preservation, initiatives like CASC2024 play a crucial role in creating awareness, fostering international collaboration, and ensuring the continued survival of the region’s unique flora and fauna.

SOURCE: https://www.indiatodayne.in/amp/mizoram/story/mizoram-successfully-concludes-bird-census-200-bird-species-tallied-and-documented-869932-2024-02-12

THE CONTEXT: As, the state of the Indian economy and its prospects have to be based on mathematics and statistics, the recently published data by National Statistical Office needs to be analysed. This helps to understand the government’s economic performance as disclosed in Parliament and subsequently published in the media.

ISSUES:

• Misleading data: Post-COVID-19, the growth rate of GDP has been estimated around 6% + annually but this is misleading because what is not disclosed is that the growth rate that includes recovery as well since 2020-22. Hence, if we calculate the GDP growth rate between 2019-20 and 2022-23, two normal years, it can be calculated less than 4% per year for the period.
• Non acknowledgement: India’s GDP growth rate declined annually from 2016-17, and fell below 3.5% in the fourth quarter of 2019-20. This four-year continuous decline from a 7% growth rate to 3.5% rate has never been acknowledged by the government.
• Slow growth rate: It is essential to recognise that since 2020, the current government publicised development model in reality achieved the so-called “Hindu rate of growth” in GDP, which had been “achieved” during the Congress’s socialist period of 1950-77.
• Incoherence in economy: The ruling government has failed to structure economic policy coherently. Incoherence prevailed during the 2014-2023 period and will perhaps continue in the future as well.
• Misleading media: The misleading announcements of promising predictions are being published annually in the media, with claims made by the ruling government. One such claim made in 2019 was that India will become a $5 trillion economy by 2024. There has been no policy structuring presented to achieve this aim nor has anyone in the government shown willingness to debate it on public fora.
• Falling investment: The investment to GDP ratio has been largely falling for many years now. It peaked at 35.81% in 2007–08, which was 15 years ago. In 2022–23, it is estimated to have been 29.21%, an improvement over the three years before that, but worse than where it was before the pandemic broke out.
• Lesser job creation: Falling of investment in the economy implies the creation of fewer jobs, which has an impact on the incomes that people earn, and which, in turn, affects private consumption and further job creation.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Taking cue from previous governments: During P.V. Narasimha Rao’s and Manmohan Singh’s tenures as Prime Minister, India departed from the socialist path and the GDP growth rates rose for the first time to 6%-8% per year and over a 15-year period i.e., between 1991-96 and 2004-2014. As, then government understood and took steps to reform the Indian economic system by reducing state participation, and increasing incentives for capital and labour providers and achieved a higher and faster growth rate.
• Transparency: The Indian government is elected democratically and it is obligated to disclose the facts and data transparently to the people.
• To generate demand: In this decade of weak demand and relatively excess supply, resources mobilised by the government should be largely through indirect taxes and also through the liberal printing of currency notes to generate demand from non-rich citizens.
• To generate non inflationary demand: The annual interest paid on fixed-term savings in the bank accounts of the middle class should be higher at 9% or so. The interest rates on loans issued to small and medium industries should be no more than 6% on the loans. These essential reforms need to be carried out to generate non-inflationary demand.
• A new economic policy: The recent economic policy of the government has been an unstructured flop. No announced macroeconomic goal has been achieved by the government till date. Thus, India urgently needs a new economic policy that is based on clearly structured and stated objectives and priorities, and a strategy to achieve the targets, with an intelligent and transparent resource mobilisation plan to finance the policies.
• Free market system: The market system is not a free-for-all and is structured with rules of transactions. A market system with transparent and minimal regulation with principal drivers of incentives and domestic savings pushes up factor productivity and thus the GDP growth rate. Even a totalitarian state such as China implemented this. During Deng Xiaoping’s tenure as paramount leader, it allowed the socialist economic system to die, and allowed economic market-based system, even while maintaining the system of political dictatorship.
• Affirmative action: There is a need for affirmative action including social security and safety nets for creating a stake for the poor in the system. It will create a level playing field to ensure transparency, accountability, trusteeship as well as corporate governance to legitimise profit-making that will drive the market system.
• Empowering democratic institutions: Deregulation should also not mean that we reject government intervention for safety nets, affirmative action, market failures, and creating a level-playing field. Democratic institutions have to be empowered to guard against public disorder arising from rapid deregulation, as it happened in Russia post-1991. Russia underwent chaos and misery, which meant dictatorship returned a loss of human rights and democratic values in Russia.

THE CONCLUSION:

India’s economic growth has witnessed significant fluctuations in recent years and to ensure economic stability the government needs to take up stringent measures. This can be done through adequate investment in human capital development along with effective implementation and coordination among various stakeholders.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP? (2020)

Q.2 Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. (2019)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.1 The GDP-centric framing of Indian economic success is wrong-headed and is a flawed metric of national economic welfare. Comment.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-state-of-the-indian-economy-today/article67838620.ece

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court of India, in a recent decision, dismissed a petition challenging the appointment of Deputy Chief Ministers in states.

EXPLANATION:

• The three-judge Bench, led by Chief Justice of India, provided a comprehensive rationale for their decision, emphasizing the constitutionality of such appointments.

Constitutionality of Deputy Chief Ministers

• Chief Justice opined that the appointment of Deputy Chief Ministers does not violate the Constitution.
• He argued that these officials are fundamentally Members of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) and hold ministerial positions in state governments.
• The nomenclature, according to the Chief Justice, is secondary to their roles and responsibilities.
• The Chief Justice highlighted that Deputy Chief Ministers are essentially ministers in the state government.
• He emphasized that, within a specified period, a person holding the position of Deputy Chief Minister must also be an MLA.
• This requirement, he noted, ensures that the appointments align with constitutional provisions.

Equality and Discrimination Concerns

• Despite the dismissal of the petition, the petitioner, Public Political Party, contended that the appointments of Deputy Chief Ministers were influenced by religious and sectarian considerations.
• The argument posited that such appointments contravene Article 14 (right to equality) and the principles outlined in Article 15, which prohibit discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.

Court’s Response to Discrimination Allegations

• Chief Justice, in his observations, dismissed the petitioner’s claims of religious and sectarian motivations behind Deputy Chief Minister appointments.
• The court asserted that the appointments did not violate the right to equality and non-discrimination principles enshrined in the Constitution.

Equality in Salary and Status

• Addressing concerns about preferential treatment, the Chief Justice highlighted that Deputy Chief Ministers do not receive a higher salary compared to other ministers.
• He emphasized that their status is akin to any other minister in the state government, possibly with additional seniority but without any constitutional breach.
• Ultimately, the Supreme Court found the petition lacking in substance and dismissed it.
• The decision reinforces the constitutionality of appointing Deputy Chief Ministers, emphasizing their role as legislators and state government ministers.
• The court’s rejection of discrimination claims underscores the need for concrete evidence to challenge such appointments on constitutional grounds.

Deputy Chief Minister

• The post of Deputy Chief Minister in India is not a constitutional one, but a political arrangement to appease allies or factions within a party.
• The Deputy CM is equivalent to a Cabinet Minister in terms of rank and perks but does not have any specific financial or administrative powers.
• The Deputy CM has to report to the Chief Minister and seek his or her approval for any decision related to his or her portfolio.
• The Deputy CM does not have access to the files or matters that are meant for the Chief Minister.
• The appointment and removal of a deputy chief minister is entirely at the discretion of the chief minister.
• The chief minister may appoint more than one deputy chief minister, as is the case in some states like Uttar Pradesh.
• The chief minister may also reshuffle or drop a deputy chief minister at any time, as per their political calculations.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-finds-states-do-not-violate-constitution-in-appointment-of-deputy-chief-ministers/article67837409.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In a groundbreaking revelation, scientists have shared new insights into a colossal black hole located 53 million light-years away.

EXPLANATION:

• This celestial giant was first captured by the Earth-wide Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) in 2017, marking a historic moment in astrophysics.
• It provided the first visual evidence of the existence of black holes, a phenomenon predicted by Einstein’s general relativity.

• The initial image from the EHT in 2017 showcased the black hole’s ‘shadow,’ a consequence of the gravitational effects near its event horizon.
• This shadow not only confirmed the presence of the black hole but also aligned with the predictions of general relativity regarding its mass, size, and shape.

Enhancements in Telescope Capabilities

• In a recent paper published on January 18, 2024, EHT scientists revealed that subsequent observations, conducted after improving the telescope’s coverage and resolution, reaffirmed the earlier findings.
• The upgrades included increasing data-recording rates, enhancing spatial tracking capabilities, and incorporating the Greenland Telescope into the EHT array, which improved resolution in the north-south direction.

The Global Telescope Network

• The EHT is not a single telescope but a global collaboration of radio telescopes, utilizing very-long baseline interferometry.
• This technique involves correlating data from multiple telescopes worldwide to study a common celestial object.
• The maximum distance between these telescopes defines the network’s resolution.

Insights from Data Correlation

• During the 2018 observation campaign, nine EHT stations collected data over six days, utilizing four frequencies.
• Correlating these datasets revealed significant changes in the closure phase, providing insights into the dynamic configuration or structure of the black hole.

Simulation Models and Gravitational Lensing

• To understand the intricate dynamics near the event horizon, scientists employed general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations.
• These simulations helped create models of the black hole, incorporating gravitational lensing effects predicted by Einstein’s theory of general relativity.

Confirmation of Lensing Effects

• The findings confirmed the presence of an asymmetric ring structure approximately 42 microarcseconds wide, akin to observing a grain of sand from 25 km away.
• This observation matched predictions for a shadow formed by lensed emission around a rotating black hole with a mass of approximately 6.5 billion times that of the Sun.

Shifts in Accretion Disk and Jet

• Observations of the M87 galaxy, housing the black hole, revealed a prominent jet of high-energy particles extending from the black hole into space.
• Shifts in the accretion disk and jet between 2017 and 2018 suggested changes in position or orientation, potentially linked to the black hole’s spin and its magnetic field structure.

Ongoing and Future Endeavors

• The EHT collaboration plans to continue its exploration, with a future ‘movie project’ in 2026 aiming to track the black hole over a month or two.
• This ongoing effort highlights the dedication to understanding the hidden physics governing the relationship between the accretion disk, the jet, and the magnetic environment around the black hole.

Black Hole:

• Black holes are points in space that are so dense they create deep gravity sinks. Beyond a certain region, not even light can escape the powerful tug of a black hole’s gravity.
• In other words, Black holes are regions in space where an enormous amount of mass is packed into a tiny volume.

Conclusion

• The recent findings not only reaffirm the features of the black hole reported in 2019 but also showcase the continuous improvement in observational techniques.
• The EHT’s ability to measure the ring’s diameter more accurately suggests advancements in image-based techniques, bridging the gap with direct modeling methods.
• As humanity delves deeper into the cosmos, these revelations open new avenues for understanding the enigmatic nature of black holes and the universe at large.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/earth-wide-telescope-confirms-black-hole-shadow-is-real/article67828171.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The inaugural UN expert assessment by the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) unveils alarming threats to migratory species globally. The report underscores the perilous situation faced by these species due to human-induced factors, including pollution, invasive species, and climate change.

EXPLANATION:

• The first-ever State of the World’s Migratory Species report was launched by the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), a UN biodiversity treaty.
• It was launched during the opening of the CMS COP14 wildlife conservation conference in Samarkand on February 12, 2024123.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• Extent of Threats:
  • Over 20% of migratory species under international protection, as outlined by the CMS, are on the brink of extinction.
  • This includes a concerning trend among nomadic fish, with nearly all facing threats to their survival.
  • The assessment, covering 1,189 CMS-listed species, reveals that 44% are experiencing population declines, attributed to habitat loss and overexploitation.
• High Extinction Risk for Key Species:
  • Of particular concern is the stark reality that 97% of sharks, rays, and sturgeons on the CMS list are at a high risk of extinction, with their populations declining by a staggering 90% since the 1970s.
  • Iconic species like gorillas and nearly half of all turtles covered by the convention also face the imminent threat of disappearing.
• Dramatic Migratory Journeys at Risk:
  • The report highlights the remarkable migratory journeys undertaken by wildlife, from wildebeest in the Serengeti to Pacific salmon in the US.
  • Yet even these awe-inspiring journeys are jeopardized, with species like bar-tailed godwits, straw-coloured fruit bats, and the critically endangered European eel experiencing declines.
• Global Summit and Urgent Conservation Measures:
  • Governments are convening for a summit in Uzbekistan to address the protection of migratory species.
  • The report’s executive secretary emphasizes the urgency of the situation, pointing out that 44% of listed species are in decline globally.
  • Conservation efforts are recommended, focusing on minimizing human infrastructure along migration routes and understanding and protecting critical areas for migrations.
• Drivers of Decline:
  • The assessment identifies key drivers of environmental change as threats to migratory species, including habitat destruction through agriculture, urban sprawl, and infrastructure development.
  • Ecosystem integrity, essential for breeding, feeding, and travel, is compromised when vital sites are inaccessible or disappear.
• Conservation Opportunities:
  • While the report signals a cause for alarm, it also emphasizes that governments can take action to reverse the trend.
  • Concrete conservation measures include minimizing human impact on migration paths and understanding and safeguarding crucial areas.
  • The report identifies 399 threatened migratory species not currently listed under the convention, indicating the need for broader international coordination.
• Call to Action:
  • UN Environment Chief emphasizes the global community’s responsibility to translate scientific findings into concrete conservation actions.
  • The urgency of addressing the drivers of environmental change, such as habitat destruction and urban sprawl, is underscored.
  • With 70 listed species, including the steppe eagle and wild camel, experiencing population decreases over the past 30 years, immediate action is imperative.

Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS):

• CMS is also known as the Bonn Convention. It is the only convention that deals with taking or harvesting of species from the wild.
• It currently protects 173 migratory species from across the globe.
• The Convention came into force on November 1, 1983. The Secretariat that administers the Convention was established in 1984.
• Species Covered: Convention has two Appendices:
• Appendix I lists migratory species that are endangered or threatened with extinction.
• Appendix II lists migratory species which have an unfavourable conservation status and which require international agreements for their conservation and management.

SOURCE: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/feb/12/from-turtles-to-fruit-bats-migratory-species-increasingly-under-threat-says-un

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Odisha, known for its rich biodiversity, has officially designated the Gupteswar Forest as the fourth Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) in the state.

EXPLANATION:

• This significant declaration, backed by a government notification, recognizes the area’s ecological importance and aims to enhance conservation efforts.
• It is situated adjacent to the Gupteswar Shiva temple in Koraput district.
• The Gupteswar Forest spans 350 hectares of demarcated land.
• The region is not only revered for its sacred groves, integral to local worship practices, but also for its diverse flora and fauna.
• A comprehensive biodiversity survey conducted by the Odisha Biodiversity Board has revealed an impressive array of fauna in the Gupteswar Forest.
• The site hosts at least 608 faunal species, including 28 mammals, 188 birds, 18 amphibians, 48 reptiles, 45 fishes, 141 butterflies, 43 moths, 41 odonates, 30 spiders, six scorpion species, and 20 lower invertebrates.
• Noteworthy faunal species documented include the mugger crocodile, kanger valley rock gecko, sacred Grove Bush Frog, and diverse avifauna such as black baza, Jerdon’s baza, Malabar trogon, common hill myna, white-bellied woodpecker, and banded bay cuckoo.
• The limestone caves within Gupteswar are a habitat for eight bat species, with two, Hipposideros galeritus and Rhinolophus rouxii, classified as near-threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
• The Gupteswar Biodiversity Heritage Site boasts a rich floral diversity, encompassing 182 tree species, 76 shrub species, 177 herb species, 69 climbers, 14 orchid species, and threatened medicinal plants like the Indian trumpet tree, Indian snakeroot, Cumbi gum tree, Garlic pear tree, Chinese fever vine, Rohituka tree, Jodpakli, Indian jointfir, and several wild crop relatives of ginger and turmeric.

Micro-organisms and Conservation:

• Beyond plants and animals, the site also harbors agriculturally and industrially important micro-organisms, contributing to the overall biodiversity.
• The declaration of Gupteswar as a Biodiversity Heritage Site aims to strengthen cultural ties and ensure the conservation of this precious ecosystem.

Other Designated BHSs in Odisha:

• With the addition of Gupteswar, Odisha now boasts four Biodiversity Heritage Sites.
• The existing three are Mandasaru BHS in Kandhamala district, Mahendragiri BHS in Gajpati district, and Gandhamardan BHS in Bargarh and Bolangir districts.

Conservation Initiatives and Local Involvement:

• The state government, recognizing the significance of these sites, has tasked the Odisha Biodiversity Board with preparing a long-term conservation and development plan.
• This plan includes active participation from local communities.
• A sum of ₹35 lakh has been allocated for action plans and awareness-building activities in the localities surrounding these BHSs.

Economic Potential Through Eco-tourism:

• The declaration of Gupteswar as a BHS is not only a conservation milestone but also holds promise for local livelihoods.
• Nature lovers, intellectuals, and the local populace anticipate economic benefits through eco-tourism and the sustainable extraction of minor forest produce.

Acknowledgements and Conclusion:

• The achievement of declaring Gupteswar as a Biodiversity Heritage Site is credited to the biodiversity management committee of Haladikunda (Gupteswar) Gram Panchayat, along with the scientists and researchers of the Odisha Biodiversity Board.
• This significant step towards conservation aligns with global efforts to preserve biodiversity and promotes sustainable development in the region.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/travel/odisha-gupteswar-forest-declared-as-fourth-biodiversity-heritage-site-in-state-101707740395367.html

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The 14th Conference of Parties (COP14) of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) commenced on February 12, 2024, in Samarkand, Uzbekistan.

EXPLANATION:

• It was led by the United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UN-WCMC).
• The summit focuses on urgent actions for the protection and conservation of migratory species.

Terrestrial Species Proposals:

• Eurasian Lynx:
  • North Macedonia, along with Uzbekistan, Albania, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, proposed the inclusion of Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in CMS Appendix II, and its subspecies Balkan lynx (Lynx lynx balcanicus) for Appendix I.
• Guanaco and Pallas’s Cat:
  • There are proposals to include guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and Pallas’s cat (Felis manul) in CMS Appendix II.
• Straw-Coloured Fruit Bat:
  • African nations including Ghana, Kenya, Cameroon, Uganda, and Rwanda, are advocating for the listing of the straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) under CMS Appendix II.

Migratory Aquatic Species Proposals:

• Hawksbill Turtle:
  • Southeast Asia and the western Pacific Ocean region have proposed a single species action plan (SSAP) for the Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata).
• Atlantic Humpback Dolphin and Angelshark:
  • SSAP proposals are anticipated for the Atlantic humpback dolphin (Sousa teuzii) and angelshark (Squatina squatina) in the Mediterranean Sea.
• Amendments to Appendices:
  • Proposals for amending the appendices include species like Lahille’s bottlenose dolphin, harbour porpoise, sand tiger shark, blackchin guitarfish, bull ray, Lusitanian cownose ray, gilded catfish, and Laulao catfish or Piramuta.

Migratory Birds and Landbirds:

• Illegal Killing of Birds:
  • For the 962 migratory bird species listed in CMS, COP14 will deliberate on draft decisions to address the issue of illegal killing of birds.
• African-Eurasian Landbirds:
  • A revised programme of work for the region’s action plan will be discussed during the summit.

Technological Integration:

• Use of Modern Technologies:
  • Discussions will encompass proposals related to the use of modern technologies such as satellite imaging, climate models, and interactive bird atlas tools to prioritize and implement actions for species and their habitats.
• African-Eurasian Region Action Plan:
  • The event will introduce technological tools for the Action Plan for Migratory Landbirds in the African-Eurasian Region range.

Species-Specific Action Plans:

• Sooty Falcon:
  • A Single Species Action Plan (SSAP) for the sooty falcon (Falco concolor) for the period 2024-36 will be introduced.
• Christmas Island Frigatebird:
  • A SSAP for the threatened migratory shorebird, Christmas Island frigatebird (Fregata andrewsi), will also be presented.
• Great Bustard:
  • A new action plan for the great bustard (Otis tarda) is expected to be tabled for adoption.

Appendix Listings:

• Peruvian Pelican, Magellanic Plover, and Bearded Vulture:
  • Proposals for listing species such as Peruvian pelican (Pelecanus thagus), magellanic plover (Pluvianellus socialis), and bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus meridionalis) in CMS appendices will be discussed.
• Conservation Initiatives:
  • Species-specific plans for conservation and regional initiatives, including the Central Asian Mammal Initiative, will be presented.

Conservation Challenges and Urgency:

• Human Activities Impact:
  • CMS Executive Secretary emphasized that many species are facing decline due to human activities, with overexploitation emerging as a significant threat.
• Call for Urgent Action:
  • Head of UNEP-WCMC’s species program stressed the need for urgent actions to conserve and protect the approximately 1,200 listed CMS species and the additional 3,000 species lacking protections.

Conclusion:

• CMS COP14 brings together diverse proposals and initiatives, highlighting the global commitment to the conservation of migratory species across various ecosystems.
• The urgency emphasized by key stakeholders underscores the critical need for immediate and collaborative efforts to safeguard biodiversity.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/world/cms-cop14-expect-listing-of-new-species-action-plans-for-conservation-at-samarkand-summit-94407

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. CMS COP14: Expect listing of new species, action plans for conservation at Samarkand summit READ MORE

2. Odisha: Gupteswar forest declared as fourth Biodiversity Heritage Site in state READ MORE

3. Andhra Pradesh: Rise in footfall in eco-sensitive areas poses threat to biodiversity and wildlife READ MORE

4. From turtles to fruit bats, migratory species increasingly under threat, says UN READ MORE

5. 8 convicted Navy veterans set free by Qatar; PM Modi to visit Doha READ MORE

6. Earth-wide telescope confirms black hole shadow is ‘real’ READ MORE

7. SC finds States do not violate Constitution in appointment of Deputy Chief Ministers READ MORE

8. What is a floor test, which Nitish Kumar won in the Bihar Legislative Assembly? READ MORE

9. 2024 peak year for Kyasanur Forest Disease, Karnataka health officials confirm as cases rise READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. How can child safety be ensured online? READ MORE

2. Uttarakhand UCC is an attempt to control young people’s sexuality READ MORE

3. How coaching culture lets children down READ MORE

4. Arctic: The quasi-global common READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. The real travesty: On the Governor of Tamil Nadu and the Governor’s address READ MORE

2. Uttarakhand UCC is an attempt to control young people’s sexuality READ MORE

3. 16th Finance Commission: Towards vertical and horizontal balance READ MORE

4. An exhilarating term READ MORE

5. The impact and evolution of IBC 2016 READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Develop skills with experimental learning READ MORE

2. Advancing the maxim of ‘One Earth, One Health’ READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Escape from Doha: GOI’s quiet diplomacy & India’s economic heft in Qatar both contributed to ex-navymen’s release READ MORE  

2. India-US ties: Beyond fleeting expediencies READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. A global alliance to bridge the gender equity gap READ MORE

2. Decoding India’s economic realities: Comparing the state of the economy under the NDA and UPA governments READ MORE

3. Payments banks need new business models READ MORE

4. I-T Act clause triggers a row in MSME sector READ MORE

5. Delink disinvestment from the Budget READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Earth’s Changing Climate READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Neurotech a ray of hope for brain disorder patients READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Why India is fencing its border with Myanmar — and why that could be a problem READ MORE    

2. Tensions escalate in Bab-el-Mandeb Strait READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. In Morbi’s debris, the role of the State in PPP projects READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Confluence of social service with spirituality READ MORE

2. A journey through loss and healing READ MORE

3. Swami Dayananda’s pursuit of ultimate truth READ MORE

4. Choose well: Power of choice is power of God READ MORE

5. Idols and idolatry READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. The distribution of power between the Centre and states as put forth by the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution has created a fiscal gap and led to a vertical fiscal imbalance. Examine.

2. In fiscal federalism, the objective should not be only to raise ‘backward’ states to the average level or filling the revenue gap, but also to promote a continuous process whereby states at various levels of development keep progressing constantly, with the disparities among them gradually narrowing down. Comment.

3. India’s abiding commitment to Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam and its continued efforts towards Sabka Saath, Sabka Prayaas, Sabka Vikaas, Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality is poised to be a force to reckon with on all gender-related issues. Critically comment.

4. Strengthening legal frameworks and multilateral agreements can foster greater cooperation among nations and promote sustainable ocean governance. Comment in the light of recent turmoil in the Red.

5. The IBC of 2016 stands as a testament to India’s commitment to fostering a business-friendly environment and enhancing the ease of doing business in the country. Examine.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• It’s the responsibility of the police to maintain the government’s prestige and protect the honour of the citizens.
• A Governor who profoundly disagrees with the State government should not stay in office.
• It is not constitutionally sustainable to claim that the Governor’s address should contain no criticism of the Centre or make no policy pronouncements against the Centre’s policies.
• India’s launch of the Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality is a step towards enabling ‘equity’ and ‘equality’.
• India’s abiding commitment to Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam and its continued efforts towards Sabka Saath, Sabka Prayaas, Sabka Vikaas, Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality is poised to be a force to reckon with on all gender-related issues.
• Mainstreaming gender equality and equity has been a key development area for the Government of India for over a decade now.
• Bilateral ties between India and the US have a standalone and enduring logic of their own. The US bet on India is part of a long-term vision.
• Digital services provided by regular bank accounts have pushed them out. The Paytm fiasco points to need for a coherent regulatory response.
• In fiscal federalism, the objective should not be only to raise ‘backward’ states to the average level or filling the revenue gap, but also to promote a continuous process whereby states at various levels of development keep progressing constantly, with the disparities among them gradually narrowing down.
• Instead of expanding the arbitrary and discretionary transfers under grants-in-aids (such as Revenue Deficit Grant), FC16 should focus on increasing the vertical share for more rational transfers under tax devolution.
• Addressing the complex issues surrounding maritime security and sustainable development requires concerted international efforts and innovative solutions.
• Strengthening legal frameworks and multilateral agreements can foster greater cooperation among nations and promote sustainable ocean governance.
• The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code IBC of 2016 streamlines insolvency resolution processes and bolstering investor confidence.
• In conflict and post-conflict scenarios, a gender perspective must be integrated into the reconstruction and redevelopment plans.
• The lack of essential services such as health care, including sexual and reproductive health services, also makes them more vulnerable to unplanned pregnancy, maternal mortality and morbidity, sexual and reproductive injuries and sexually transmitted infections. While girls face obstacles in accessing education.
• With the continued support and efforts of regulatory authorities like the IBBI, India is well-positioned to further strengthen its insolvency framework and drive economic growth and development in the years to come.

ESSAY TOPIC

• Knowledge has become fundamental to economic development and technological advancement.
• The greatest resource of all economic development is the mind.

50-WORD TALK

• India securing the release of 8 Navy veterans from Qatar is an example of fine diplomacy at work and NSA Doval’s effective backroom parleys. It is an indication of India’s growing diplomatic position in the global order. India also did well to stay away from public rhetoric over the issue.
• Pakistan elections were supposed to be a crowning moment for Nawaz Sharif, but now he will have to cobble up numbers to form a government. While some say independent candidates winning is a setback to the Army, one wonders whether this was the military’s ploy to have a weakened Nawaz.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: February 12 marks Darwin Day, a global celebration commemorating the birth of the renowned naturalist Charles Darwin.

EXPLANATION:

• His groundbreaking work, “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,” laid the foundation for our understanding of evolution by natural selection.
• This day serves as an occasion for scientists to showcase advancements in evolutionary comprehension and promote public awareness of scientific principles.

Evolutionary Mechanisms: Genetic Diversity and Natural Selection

• Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace proposed that genetic diversity within a population facilitates adaptation to changing environments.
• This concept, known as natural selection, involves the increased survival and reproduction of individuals with advantageous genetic variations.
• Genetic diversity, a result of independent processes, enhances the likelihood of a population adapting to new environments.

Divergence and Biodiversity Over 3.5 Billion Years

• The process of evolution by divergence has operated for nearly 3.5 billion years on Earth, resulting in the breathtaking biodiversity seen in fossil records and the present-day living world.
• Understanding evolution has revealed that fundamental life mechanisms are consistent across diverse organisms, prompting collaborative global studies using model organisms like E. coli and Drosophila for efficient scientific discovery.

Genetic Information, Inheritance, and Human Applications

• Scientists have deciphered the patterns of genetic inheritance across organisms, leading to the discovery of DNA’s structure and function.
• This shared genetic information, copied with high fidelity, facilitates a deeper understanding of human physiology and diseases.
• The ability to produce human proteins, like insulin, in microorganisms has made medical treatments more accessible.

Genetic Variations and Human Evolution

• While DNA copying is highly accurate, occasional errors, occurring at a frequency of one in a million letters, introduce genetic variations.
• Human evolution, traced in detail, reveals divergence from a common ancestral great ape species.
• Multiple human species coexisted, as seen in interactions between modern humans and Neanderthals, emphasizing continuous genetic variation and adaptation over time.

Human Diversity: A Natural Phenomenon

• The continual generation of new genetic variations in humans contributes to unique individuality.
• This diversity implies equal status and rights for all individuals, transcending gender, locality, language, skin colour, and sexual orientation.
• Despite geographical divergence over the past 100,000 years, humans remain interconnected, challenging the natural process of genetic isolation.

Human Impact on Genetic Diversity and Conservation Challenges

• Human activities, particularly habitat degradation, are reducing genetic diversity among other living forms, posing challenges for conserving flora and fauna.
• As custodians of knowledge and skills, humans share and integrate information across time and space, fostering the resilience to survive various challenges.

Respecting Diversity: A Unifying Principle

• The intricate tapestry of human genetics, physiology, languages, histories, and cultures contributes to our collective knowledge.
• Acknowledging the invaluable contributions of diverse societies throughout history underscores the need to respect and celebrate diversity in all its forms.
• As we navigate a changing world, the lessons from Darwin Day remind us of our interconnectedness with the evolving, dynamic tapestry of life on Earth.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-quote-means-town-square-internet-global-village-9156294/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The recently concluded 17th Lok Sabha held 274 sittings, and four previous Lok Sabhas, all of which were dissolved before the stipulated five-year period, had fewer sittings.

EXPLANATION:

• We will look into more detailed analysis of parliament functioning in 17^th Lok Sabha.

Decrease in Annual Sitting Days:

• The 17th Lok Sabha, which recently concluded, exhibited a significant decrease in the average annual sitting days compared to its predecessor.
• While the first Lok Sabha, led by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, averaged 135 days, the 17th Lok Sabha sat for only 55 days on average in a year.

COVID-19 Pandemic Impact:

• The COVID-19 pandemic is identified as a contributing factor to the reduced sitting days, but it doesn’t explain the early adjournments of 11 out of the 15 sessions during the 17th Lok Sabha.
• The pandemic led to the cancellation of 40 scheduled sittings, with varying reasons cited for each cancellation.

Sessions and Sittings:

• The 17th Lok Sabha held a total of 274 sittings, but the cancellation of sessions raises concerns about the efficiency and continuity of parliamentary proceedings.

Absence of Deputy Speaker:

• Notably, the 17th Lok Sabha operated without a Deputy Speaker, a constitutionally mandated position according to Article 93 of the Constitution.
• The absence of this key position raises questions about the adherence to constitutional norms.

Speedy Passage of Bills:

• The Opposition has criticized the government for hastily passing Bills, often in the midst of chaos and without sufficient debate.
• The study indicates that 58% of Bills were passed within two weeks of their introduction.
• Notably, significant legislation like the J&K Reorganisation Bill, 2019, and the Women’s Reservation Bill, 2023, were passed within two days of introduction.

Limited Parliamentary Scrutiny:

• The study by PRS Legislative Research reveals that only 16% of Bills were referred to Standing Committees for parliamentary scrutiny.
• This is notably lower than the corresponding figures for the previous three Lok Sabhas, suggesting a potential lack of in-depth examination of proposed legislation.

Private Members’ Bills (PMB) and Resolutions:

• The 17th Lok Sabha saw an increase in the introduction of Private Members’ Bills (729 in total), surpassing all previous Lok Sabhas except the 16th.
• However, a mere two of these bills were discussed, signalling a significant bottleneck in the legislative process.
• In Rajya Sabha, 705 PMBs were introduced, with 14 discussions.
• However, the broader trend reveals that since 1970, no PMBs have been passed in both Houses.

Opposition Criticisms Validated:

• The statistical analysis seems to validate Opposition claims of bills being rushed through without adequate debate, with 35% of Bills passed with less than an hour of discussion in Lok Sabha and a similar figure (34%) in Rajya Sabha.

Legislative Efficiency and Democratic Processes:

• The findings raise concerns about the overall efficiency of the legislative process, the adherence to democratic norms, and the depth of parliamentary scrutiny exercised during the 17th Lok Sabha.
• Concludingly, the 17th Lok Sabha’s performance, marked by fewer sitting days, absence of a Deputy Speaker, speedy passage of bills, and limited parliamentary scrutiny, warrants a comprehensive review to ensure the effective functioning of the democratic institution.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliaments-average-annual-sitting-days-down-to-55-in-the-17th-lok-sabha-from-135-in-the-first/article67835468.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Lok Sabha this week passed the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Bill, 2024. The legislation, which was introduced and passed in the Rajya Sabha on February 5, makes important changes to the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.

EXPLANATION:

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Bill, 2024:

• It amends the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
  • The Act establishes the central and state pollution control boards (CPCB and SPCBs) to prevent and control water pollution.
• The Bill decriminalises several violations, and instead imposes penalties.
• It will initially apply to Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, and the union territories.  Other states may pass resolutions to extend its applicability to their state

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974	Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Bill, 2024
As per the Act, prior consent of the SPCB is required for establishing any industry or treatment plant, which is likely to discharge sewage into a water body, sewer, or land.	The Bill specifies that the central government, in consultation with the CPCB, may exempt certain categories of industrial plants from obtaining such consent. The Bill also adds that the central government may issue guidelines for the grant, refusal, or cancellation of consent granted by the SPCB.
Under the Act, establishing and operating an industry without obtaining such consent from the SPCB is punishable with imprisonment up to six years and fine.	The Bill retains this.  It also penalises tampering with monitoring devices used in determining whether any industry or treatment plant can be set up. The penalty will be between Rs 10,000 and Rs 15 lakh.
Under the Act, chairman of an SPCB is nominated by the state government.	The Bill adds that the central government will prescribe the manner of nomination and the terms and conditions of service of the chairman.
Under the Act, an offence for which punishment is not explicitly specified is punishable with an imprisonment term of up to three months or a fine of up to Rs 10,000, or both.	The Bill removes imprisonment as a punishment, and prescribes a penalty between Rs 10,000 and Rs 15 lakh.
As per the Act, a court may take cognizance of an offence if a complaint is made by the CPCB or SPCB, or a person who has given a notice of the complaint to the Boards.	The Bill adds that cognizance may also be taken if a complaint is made by the adjudicating officer.
Under the Act, the head of a department will be deemed guilty for offences committed by government departments, provided that they prove due diligence was carried out to avoid such contravention.	The Bill specifies that the head of a department will be required to pay penalty equal to one month of their basic salary if the department violates any provision of the Act.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/what-are-the-changes-in-the-new-water-act/article67832268.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: In a significant scientific breakthrough, researchers from the Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI), Botanical Survey of India, and the University of Hyderabad have unveiled a new fungus species named Trichoglossum syamviswanathii.

EXPLANATION:

• The discovery adds to the rich fungal diversity of the Western Ghats region, particularly Kerala.
• The fungus species is aptly named after the esteemed scientist and former director of KFRI, Syam Viswanath, acknowledging his substantial contributions to the field of forestry in India.
• Trichoglossum syamviswanathii was meticulously collected from the moist soil of the Bambusetum at the KFRI Field Research Centre in Palappilly, Thrissur.

Trichoglossum syamviswanathii

Diversity in Western Ghats:

• The Western Ghats region of Kerala is globally recognized for its abundant fungal diversity, including numerous endemic species.
• The discovery underscores the critical importance of continuous exploration and research in unveiling the diverse flora, fauna, and fungi within the Western Ghats ecosystem.

Genus Trichoglossum:

• Globally, the genus Trichoglossum is known to have 55 records as of December 2023.
• However, the diversity of Trichoglossum species in India is notably underrepresented.
• Trichoglossum colloquially known as “hairy earth tongues” fungus.
• It exhibits distinctive features, including club-shaped apothecia in dark shades of black or brown.

Saprotrophic Behaviour and Ecological Role:

• Trichoglossum species, displaying saprotrophic behaviour, contribute significantly to the decomposition of organic matter.
• They play a crucial role in breaking down dead plant material, aiding in the recycling of nutrients within forest ecosystems.
• The ecological factors influencing the morphology and distribution of these fungi highlight their intricate relationship with the environment.

Global Distribution and Biological Potentiality:

• Trichoglossum species are globally distributed in tropical and temperate forests across five continents.
• While exhibiting saprotrophic behaviour, they can also be found as endophytes in plant roots.
• Despite their ecological importance, the biological potentiality of Trichoglossum syamviswanathii remains largely unexplored.
• The need for further research to delve into the proximate analysis and biological attributes of this newly discovered species has been emphasized.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/scientists-discover-new-fungus-species-in-thrissur/article67826938.ece

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: Scientists from the University of Toronto have made a groundbreaking discovery, revealing that tectonic plates under the Pacific Ocean, primarily the Pacific plate, are undergoing significant tearing and deformation.

EXPLANATION:

• This new insight challenges previous understandings of plate dynamics and sheds light on a previously unknown aspect of Earth’s geology.

Understanding Earth’s Outer Shell:

• The Earth’s outer shell, known as the lithosphere, comprises rigid tectonic plates that float atop the semi-fluid asthenosphere.
• The movement of these plates plays a crucial role in shaping the planet’s surface features.
• The research team was surprised to find that large undersea faults, hundreds of kilometers long and thousands of meters deep, are scoring the Pacific plate.
• This phenomenon, previously thought to occur only in continental plate interiors, challenges existing geological paradigms.

In-depth Analysis of Deformation:

• The Pacific plate, covering the majority of the Pacific Ocean floor, moves westwards and descends into the Earth’s mantle along subduction zones from Japan to New Zealand and Australia.
• The researchers observed that as the plate’s western edge is pulled down into the mantle.
• The remaining portion experiences deformation, likened to a tablecloth being pulled from a table.

Plateaus’ Counterintuitive Weakness:

• Contrary to previous assumptions, the study found that sub-oceanic plateaus, including Ontong Java, Shatsky, Hess, and Manihiki, are weaker despite their thickness.
• The researchers utilized seismic data and advanced computer models, challenging the notion that thicker plateaus should be stronger.

Role of Supercomputing in the Study:

• To unravel these mysteries, the scientists employed a supercomputer to create a model based on existing data.
• This computational approach allowed for a more comprehensive understanding of the geological processes occurring beneath the Pacific Ocean.

Geographical Scope of the Study:

• The research focused on four plateaus in the western Pacific Ocean, covering an extensive area bordered by New Zealand, Hawaii, Japan, and Australia.
• This geographical scope provided a holistic view of the tectonic activities in the region.

Publication and Implications:

• The study’s findings, published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, have profound implications for our understanding of Earth’s dynamic processes.
• The discovery challenges established theories and underscores the existence of radical mysteries in the planet’s evolution.
• The research from the University of Toronto reveals a previously unknown aspect of tectonic plate dynamics beneath the Pacific Ocean.
• The findings not only challenge existing geological models but also emphasize the need for continued exploration and investigation to unravel the complexities of our ever-evolving planet.

SOURCE: https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-say-tectonic-plate-tearing-apart-under-pacific-ocean-from-japan-to-new-zealand-688973