TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In a groundbreaking discovery, scientists utilizing the James Webb Space Telescope have identified evidence of a neutron star at the heart of a young supernova remnant.

EXPLANATION:

• This marks the first time that the effects of high-energy emissions from a potential young neutron star have been observed, shedding light on the aftermath of the core-collapse supernova SN 1987A.

SN 1987A: A Core-Collapse Supernova:

• SN 1987A, situated 160,000 light-years away in the Large Magellanic Cloud, captivated astronomers as a core-collapse supernova.
• The spectacular event, visible from Earth in 1987, presented a unique opportunity to study the remnants that would form either a neutron star or a black hole at its core.

Historical Significance of SN 1987A:

• The supernova SN 1987A holds historical significance as the first supernova visible to the naked eye since Kepler’s Supernova in 1604.
• Detected in February 1987, its brightness peaked in May of the same year.
• Notably, just hours before the initial visible-light observation, three observatories globally recorded a burst of neutrinos linked to the same supernova event.
• This provided crucial evidence supporting theories about the mechanisms behind core-collapse supernovae.
• While astronomers had been searching for evidence of a compact object, potentially a neutron star, within the remnants of SN 1987A, confirmation has been elusive until now.
• The recent discovery, announced by NASA, not only confirms the presence of a neutron star but also marks the first detection of the high-energy emissions associated with it.

Importance of Neutron Star Detection:

• The identification of a neutron star within the remnants of SN 1987A provides valuable insights into the aftermath of core-collapse supernovae.
• Neutron stars are dense remnants that result from the gravitational collapse of massive stars.
• This discovery not only validates existing theories but also opens new avenues for studying the properties and behavior of neutron stars in the specific context of supernova remnants.

Role of James Webb Space Telescope:

• The James Webb Space Telescope played a crucial role in this discovery, showcasing its capabilities in unraveling cosmic mysteries.
• As the scientific community eagerly anticipates the full operational deployment of the telescope, this achievement underscores its potential to revolutionize our understanding of the universe.
• The James Webb Space Telescope is the largest, most powerful space telescope ever built.
• The telescope will be able to capture images of some of the first galaxies ever formed.
• It will also be able to observe objects in our solar system from Mars outward, look inside dust clouds to see where new stars and planets are forming and examine the atmospheres of planets orbiting other stars.
• The Webb telescope’s cameras are sensitive to heat from the Sun. Webb has a sunshield to protect its instruments and mirrors.
• The James Webb Space Telescope sees the universe in light that is invisible to human eyes. This light is called infrared radiation. The James Webb Space Telescope will use its infrared cameras to see through dust in the universe.
• It took deep field images of Pandora’s cluster in 2022.

Neutron star:

• A neutron star is a dense and compact stellar object that forms from the remnants of a massive star’s core after a supernova explosion.
• These stars are among the densest objects known in the universe, packing an immense mass into a relatively small size.
• The discovery of pulsars in 1967 provided the first evidence of the existence of neutron stars.
• Pulsars are neutron stars that emit pulses of radiation once per rotation.

Supernova:

• A supernova is a cataclysmic explosion of a massive star, releasing an enormous amount of energy and radiation.
• It occurs when a star exhausts its nuclear fuel, leading to a sudden gravitational collapse and a violent explosion.
• Supernovas are often seen in other galaxies. But supernovas are difficult to see in our own Milky Way galaxy because dust blocks our view.

Conclusion:

• The detection of a neutron star within the remnants of SN 1987A represents a triumph in astronomical research, offering a glimpse into the aftermath of a core-collapse supernova. As the James Webb Space Telescope continues to unveil cosmic secrets, this discovery marks a milestone in our quest to comprehend the complexities of stellar evolution and the cosmic processes that shape our universe.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/neutron-star-supernova-9177038/

TAG: GS 1: SOCIAL ISSUES

THE CONTEXT: The Central government in India has made significant amendments to the Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022, addressing concerns and complexities surrounding surrogacy procedures.

EXPLANATION:

• The modifications, notified by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, offer new provisions that impact both married couples with medical conditions and single women (widow or divorcee) undergoing surrogacy.

Amendments for Couples with Medical Conditions:

• The latest amendment allows flexibility in the origin of gametes for couples certified as suffering from a medical condition.
• Unlike the previous rule, both gametes need not necessarily come from the intending couple.
• Instead, if either the husband or wife constituting the intending couple has a certified medical condition necessitating the use of donor gametes, surrogacy with donor gametes is now permitted.
• This amendment aims to provide an avenue for couples facing medical challenges to still pursue surrogacy.

Specifics on Single Women Undergoing Surrogacy:

• The notification emphasizes that single women, whether widowed or divorced, opting for surrogacy must use their own eggs and donor sperm.
• This directive reinforces the requirement for self-eggs from the intending mother, offering clarity on the genetic components involved in surrogacy procedures for single women.

Legal Context and Supreme Court’s Involvement:

• The amendment comes in response to the Supreme Court’s involvement in the matter.
• The Apex Court had questioned the delay in decision-making by the Central government, particularly concerning women petitioners seeking surrogacy options.
• The Court had received petitions from women across the country, challenging the previous rule that prohibited the use of donor gametes for couples undergoing surrogacy.

Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021:

• Regulation of surrogacy:
  • The Bill prohibits commercial surrogacy, but allows altruistic surrogacy. Altruistic surrogacy involves no monetary compensation to the surrogate mother other than the medical expenses and insurance coverage during the pregnancy.
  • Commercial surrogacy includes surrogacy or its related procedures undertaken for a monetary benefit or reward (in cash or kind) exceeding the basic medical expenses and insurance coverage.
• Purposes for which surrogacy is permitted:
  • Surrogacy is permitted when it is: (i) for intending couples who suffer from proven infertility; (ii) altruistic; (iii) not for commercial purposes; (iv) not for producing children for sale, prostitution or other forms of exploitation; and (v) for any condition or disease specified through regulations.
• Eligibility criteria for intending couple:
  • The intending couple should have a ‘certificate of essentiality’ and a ‘certificate of eligibility’ issued by the appropriate authority.
• Appropriate authority:
  • The central and state governments shall appoint one or more appropriate authorities within 90 days of the Bill becoming an Act.
  • The functions of the appropriate authority include; (i) granting, suspending or cancelling registration of surrogacy clinics; (ii) enforcing standards for surrogacy clinics; (iii) investigating and taking action against breach of the provisions of the Bill; (iv) recommending modifications to the rules and regulations.
• Registration of surrogacy clinics:
  • Surrogacy clinics cannot undertake surrogacy related procedures unless they are registered by the appropriate authority.
  • Clinics must apply for registration within a period of 60 days from the date of appointment of the appropriate authority.
• National and State Surrogacy Boards:
  • The central and the state governments shall constitute the National Surrogacy Board (NSB) and the State Surrogacy Boards (SSB), respectively. Functions of the NSB include, (i) advising the central government on policy matters relating to surrogacy; (ii) laying down the code of conduct of surrogacy clinics; and (iii) supervising the functioning of SSBs.
• Offences and penalties:
  • The offences under the Bill include: (i) undertaking or advertising commercial surrogacy; (ii) exploiting the surrogate mother; (iii) abandoning, exploiting or disowning a surrogate child; and (iv) selling or importing human embryo or gametes for surrogacy.
  • The penalty for such offences is imprisonment up to 10 years and a fine up to 10 lakh rupees. The Bill specifies a range of offences and penalties for other contraventions of the provisions of the Bill.

Conclusion:

• The amended surrogacy rules in India reflect a balancing act between legal regulations, medical considerations, and individual rights. The changes bring a nuanced approach to accommodate couples facing medical challenges while ensuring clarity for single women opting for surrogacy. The ongoing legal discourse demonstrates the importance of adapting regulations to meet the evolving needs and perspectives in the realm of assisted reproductive technologies.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-amends-surrogacy-rules-allows-couples-with-medical-conditions-to-use-donor-gametes/article67878622.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The moon lander, Odysseus, created by Houston-based Intuitive Machines, made history as the first private spacecraft to reach the lunar surface and the first from the United States since 1972.

EXPLANATION:

• However, its triumph was accompanied by challenges, with the lander described as being tipped over sideways.

Post-Landing Status:

• Despite the unconventional landing with the lander resting on its side, CEO reassured that Odysseus is “alive and well.”
• The unique touchdown saw one of its six landing feet catching on the lunar surface, resulting in the lander propping up sideways on a rock near the intended landing site close to the Malapert A crater in the moon’s south pole region.
• The Intuitive Machines team maintained communication with Odysseus, allowing them to send commands to the vehicle.
• The stability of the lander near the targeted landing site, alleviating concerns about the impact of the sideways position on its functionality have been emphasized.
• Initial reports suggested that the lander had landed upright based on telemetry from before the landing.
• However, Altemus clarified that this conclusion was faulty, highlighting the importance of real-time data and post-landing assessments.

Mission Success and Flawless Performance:

• The spacecraft, powered by a propulsion fuel combination of liquid methane and liquid oxygen, successfully completed its journey to the lunar surface.
• Odysseus showcased technological milestones, including burning liquid methane and liquid oxygen for the first time in space.
• The successful utilization of these propellants marks a significant achievement in space exploration.

Communication Challenges and Uncertainty:

• The mission encountered challenges during the final approach and descent, with issues arising in the lander’s navigation system.
• Engineers on the ground had to implement an untested work-around to address the problem at the last moment.
• After an anticipated radio blackout, the re-establishment of communication was faint, leaving mission control uncertain about the lander’s precise condition and position.

Recharging and Scientific Payload:

• The spacecraft is reported to be recharging efficiently from solar energy, and it is currently at full charge.
• Odysseus carries a suite of scientific experiments for NASA and commercial customers, designed to operate for seven days on solar energy before the polar landing site experiences sunset.

Conclusion:

• Odysseus’s successful lunar landing, despite the unexpected sideways positioning, represents a remarkable achievement in private space exploration. The challenges faced during descent and the subsequent reassurances from Intuitive Machines highlight the complexities and uncertainties inherent in pioneering space missions. As communication is maintained and the lander continues its scientific operations, the mission holds promise for advancing private space capabilities and contributing to lunar exploration.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION AND BASICS OF THE MISSION, KINDLY REFER TO THE 23^RD  OF FEBRUARY 2024 DNA TOPIC

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/us-moon-lander-described-as-tipped-over-sideways-but-alive-and-well-on-lunar-surface/article67881027.ece

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court of India, in response to a miscellaneous application filed by the Foundation for Media Professionals, issued directives to the government regarding the publication of final decisions made by the committee responsible for reviewing internet suspension orders in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).

EXPLANATION:

• The hearing focused on compliance with a Supreme Court judgment from January 2020 in the Anuradha Bhasin case.

Background and Legal Context:

• The Anuradha Bhasin case judgment declared indefinite suspension of internet and telecom services as impermissible.
  • In 2019, journalist Anuradha Bhasin challenged the suspension of internet services in Jammu and Kashmir following the abrogation of Article 370.
  • She argued that the suspension violated her fundamental rights to freedom of speech and expression, and the right to carry on her profession as a journalist.
  • The Supreme Court of India, in 2020, ruled in favor of Bhasin.
  • The Court recognized access to the internet as a fundamental right and laid down detailed guidelines for issuing internet suspension orders. These guidelines, often referred to as the Anuradha Bhasin guidelines, include:
    • Necessity and proportionality: Shutdowns must be strictly necessary and not disproportionate to the threat.
    • Alternatives: Less restrictive measures should be explored before resorting to a shutdown.
    • Transparency and accountability: Orders must be published, specifying reasons and duration, and allowing legal challenges.
    • Review mechanism: A committee reviews the orders and recommends revocation if necessary.
  • The court outlined interim procedural safeguards to prevent misuse of powers under the Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Service) Rules, 2017 in J&K.
  • The judgment emphasized the need for a periodic review by the constituted committee within seven working days of the previous review.

Specifics of the Supreme Court Directive:

• The three-judge Bench, headed by Justice BR Gavai, directed the government to publish the final decisions of the review committee.
• However, the court agreed with the government that the internal deliberations of the review process need not be made public.
• Notably, the court did not address whether the reasons or findings of the review committee need to be published, leaving it open for individual petitioners to raise the issue in the appropriate forum.
• The Solicitor General representing the government, argued that the review process serves as an internal check into the proportionality of temporary suspension orders.
• He clarified that the government’s understanding was that only the suspension orders, not the review orders, needed to be published in line with the 2020 judgment.

Legal Implications and Safeguards:

• The 2020 judgment highlighted the importance of the review committee examining both the compliance with the Telegraph Act and the proportionality of the orders concerning internet suspension.
• It set forth the requirement for the publication of all orders under Section 144, Cr.P.C, and for the suspension of telecom services, including the internet.
• It allows affected individuals to challenge these orders before the High Court or an appropriate forum.

Comparison with Other States:

• During the hearing, the Foundation for Media Professionals pointed out that several other states, including Arunachal, Assam, Bihar, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, and Punjab, routinely publish their review orders.
• This raised questions about Jammu and Kashmir’s resistance to such publication.
• Solicitor General expressed the government’s willingness to publish review orders if the court deemed it necessary.
• He acknowledged that other states were following this practice.
• The court, in response, questioned the rationale behind Jammu and Kashmir’s resistance, emphasizing that the legal question needed exploration.

Internet Suspension rules in India:

• Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency & Public Safety) Rules, 2017: It allows authorities to suspend services in case of “public emergency” or “public safety” concerns.
• Section 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973: Also used to justify internet shutdowns, though its application for this purpose is contested.
• The Prevention of Internet Shutdown Bill, 2022: A proposed law awaiting approval, aims to establish a stricter framework with more oversight and limitations on internet suspension.

Conclusion and Future Implications:

• The Supreme Court’s directive represents a crucial step toward transparency in the government’s actions related to internet suspension orders. The distinction between publishing suspension orders and review orders underscores the need for clarity in legal procedures. The willingness of the government to comply, if deemed necessary by the court, hints at a potential positive shift in transparency practices, aligning with the broader legal principles established in the Anuradha Bhasin case.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-on-panel-reviewing-internet-suspensions-in-jammu-kashmir/article67878209.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The recent study on the plant biodiversity of the Mutha river bank reveals a significant decline in the number of plant species over the past 66 years.

EXPLANATION:

• The study, published in the Journal of Ecological Society in December 2023, sheds light on the impact of urbanization, channelization of the river, and other environmental factors on the plant diversity along the 22-kilometer stretch between Khadakwasla and Bund Garden.
• In 1958, botanist VD Vartak conducted a survey recording 400 plant species between Vitthalwadi and Yerawada.
• The recent study, however, found only 243 plant species along the same stretch, indicating a loss of over 200 plant species.
• The decline is particularly alarming as it includes a significant number of indigenous plants.
• The primary driver identified for the decline is urbanization.
• The expansion of Pune city has led to alterations in the landscape and waterscape of the Mutha riverbank.
• Urbanization is associated with environmental degradation, including habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation, all of which contribute to the decline in biodiversity.

Marshy Land Decrease and River Channelization:

• The research paper highlights a substantial decrease in marshy land due to river channelization.
• The channelization process has not only altered the natural flow of the river but has also adversely affected the plant biodiversity in the area.
• The loss of marshy land is a crucial aspect as it serves as a unique habitat for various plant species.

Endangered and Endemic Species:

• The study identified eight endemic species, including some assessed as endangered by the IUCN Red List.
• Eriocaulon dalzellii, classified as endangered, was found during the study at the Khadakwasla site.
• This underlines the urgency of conservation efforts to protect such vulnerable species from further decline.

Comparative Floristic Diversity:

• Comparison with Vartak’s 1958 study revealed the disappearance of plant species from various families.
• Invasive species, including eichornia crassipes and parthenium hysteophorus, have become more prevalent, replacing native species.

Recommendations and Solutions:

• The study concludes with recommendations to address the environmental degradation and biodiversity loss:
  • Ecological planning of the riverfront to facilitate natural regeneration and maintain microhabitat diversity.
  • Establishment of sewage treatment plants along the river stretch to mitigate pollution.
  • Avoidance of cement materials to preserve riparian microhabitats.
  • Removal of cement walls and development of buffer strips with native vegetation.
  • Protection of upstream forest cover to conserve vegetation in downstream areas.

Mutha river:

• The Mutha River is a river in western Maharashtra, India.
• It arises in the Western Ghats and flows eastward until it merges with the Mula River in the city of Pune.
• It has been dammed twice, first at the Panshet Dam (on the Ambi River), used as a source of drinking water and irrigation for Pune city.
• The water released here is dammed again at Khadakwasla and is an important source of drinking water for Pune.
• One more dam has been built later on the Mutha river at Temghar.
• After merging with the Mula River in Pune, the Mutha flows on as the Mula-Mutha River to join the Bhima River.

Conclusion:

• The findings of the study underscore the urgent need for proactive conservation measures to mitigate the adverse impacts of urbanization and river channelization on the Mutha river bank’s plant biodiversity. The loss of over 200 plant species, including endangered and endemic ones, emphasizes the critical role of human intervention in preserving and restoring natural habitats.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/mutha-river-bank-lost-over-200-plant-species-in-last-66-years-study-101708628799636.html

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. Paytm app: RBI asks NPCI to look into One97 Communication’s plea to become TPAP for UPI usage READ MORE

2. PSBs can now check borrower’s background on unified portal READ MORE

3. PAPA payload aboard Aditya-L1 detects solar wind impact of Coronal Mass Ejections READ MORE

4. Donor gametes are allowed: what the new rule on surrogacy says READ MORE

5. First moon-landing by private company: What it means for lunar exploration READ MORE

6. Inger Andersen urges inclusion of ‘super pollutants’ such as methane and black carbon in NDCs READ MORE

7. Groundwater contamination due to arsenic, fluoride not being effectively addressed: NGT READ MORE

8. 40 spotted deer translocated within Karnataka marking a new era in wildlife management READ MORE

9. Mutha river bank lost over 200 plant species in last 66 years: Study READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Plan for a growing elderly population READ MORE

2. Will the Indian middle class measure up to its task? READ MORE

3. Heed SC’s directive on saving forests READ MORE

4. Definition of forest: SC underscores concerns over land diversion READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. The message from two SC verdicts READ MORE

2. Electoral bonds: Will the government comply with the Supreme Court’s disclosure orders by March 13? READ MORE

3. On Electoral Bonds: Why is There Something Rather Than Nothing? READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Higher Education Scenario READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. The NB8 visit to India focuses on cooperation and trust READ MORE

2. Ukraine war, two years: India has exhibited deft diplomacy READ MORE

3. Ocean forays READ MORE

4. India–Japan Strategic Partnership and the Indo-Pacific READ MORE

5. NATO and India: Partners for a peaceful, free, and democratic world READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Changing the growth paradigm READ MORE

2. How LPG subsidy can be redesigned to privilege low-income households READ MORE

3. Following Amul, renewing the idea of cooperatives READ MORE

4. Farmers demand MSP protection READ MORE

5. India’s EV journey is revving up, but blind spots galore READ MORE

6. Farmers’ protest has moved MSP debate from ‘why’ to ‘how’. Now we await final stage of ‘when’ READ MORE

7. Informal Sector in India: Competition or Collaboration? READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Reintroducing wild water buffaloes in MP reserve could address population decline, conserve ecology READ MORE

2. Net zero by 2070: Financing India’s biggest infrastructure buildup READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Tracing Algorithmic and AI-biased Data READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Grey-zone warfare latest entry in lexicon of warfare, says Chief of Defence Staff READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. In Morbi’s debris, the role of the State in PPP projects READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Jnana, Karma and Bhakti READ MORE

2. A champion of free speech READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. Our constitutional jurisprudence is currently centred around the ‘basic structure doctrine’ evolved in the Kesavananda Bharati case. Comment

2. To promote stability and prosperity in India’s economy, legislation-backed MSP can be a pivotal point. Comment.

3. Replacing the decades-old and inefficient MSP policy with a legislatively guaranteed MSP offers a comprehensive solution to the challenges faced by the agricultural sector. Critically Examine.

4. The Uttarakhand Civil Code fails to incorporate progressive provisions. Comment.

5. India’s economic and military potential, coupled with Japan’s unique ability to undertake projects of enormous scope and scale, provides a compelling rationale for strategic collaboration against rising threats in Indo-Pacific. Discuss.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• The independence of judges is best safeguarded by the judges themselves. — Fali S Nariman
• India’s policymakers must free themselves from western-dominated theories of economics and in this, local solutions are the way to solve global systemic problems.
• India must find a new paradigm of progress, for itself and for the world, for more inclusive and environmentally sustainable growth.
• Rural Bharat can be a university for the world, producing innovations in institutions and policies for inclusive and sustainable growth.
• Indian elections are free and fair. But the first-past-the-post system seeks its credibility entirely from the institution that conducts the polls. And if the conductor falters, the process gets easily accused of manipulation.
• A strong government derives its strength from the people’s conviction, not from the arm-twisting tactics of its storm-troopers.
• Indian bureaucracy has for some time now been caged parrots and pet falcons who sing and hunt for their political master.
• Our constitutional jurisprudence is currently centred around the ‘basic structure doctrine’ evolved in the Kesavananda Bharati case.
• The imperative need for a legislation-backed MSP grows ever more urgent, promising stability and prosperity for the backbone of India’s economy.
• MSP reduces the vulnerability of farmers to market fluctuations, ensuring a minimum income for their produce.
• Replacing the decades-old and inefficient MSP policy with a legislatively guaranteed MSP offers a comprehensive solution to the challenges faced by the agricultural sector.
• The recurrent presence of Chinese research vessels, ostensibly on scientific missions, poses a challenge that cannot be ignored. As China continues to expand its in- fluence in the region, India must navigate a delicate bal- ance between diplomacy and safeguarding its national security interests.
• India’s venture into EVs offers vast prospects for economic expansion, energy autonomy, and ecological sustainability. Yet, confronting prevailing hurdles and enacting inclusive policies are imperative to unlock the complete potential of EVs within India’s automotive domain.
• The Uttarakhand Civil Code fails to incorporate progressive provisions from Muslim personal laws and brings live-in relationships under a draconian boot, revealing its faulty nature.
• Reviewing the vast literature on the informal sector in India, it is seen that competition, or lack of it, happens to be a crucial issue in analysing firm structure, market structure, and firm dynamics.
• India’s economic and military potential, coupled with Japan’s unique ability to undertake projects of enormous scope and scale, provides a compelling rationale for strategic collaboration against rising threats in Indo-Pacific.
• India’s goal of reaching net zero presents a crucial challenge and opportunity.

ESSAY TOPIC

• We need to move forward on AI development but we also need to be mindful of its very real dangers.

50-WORD TALK

• X has withheld some accounts while registering protest against the government’s order, another uneasy episode in their face-off that is already in court. Absolute free speech can’t mean hate and abuse. But suspending accounts without transparency is an irrational and illiberal system that doesn’t stand the test of public scrutiny.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. The women of ASHA: overworked, underpaid and on the edge of breakdown READ MORE

2. Race to global eradication of Guinea worm disease nears finish line READ MORE

3. Raisina Dialogue | India to open diplomatic mission in Albanian capital READ MORE

4. Real interest rate of 2% creates risk of turning growth pessimism into a self fulfilling prophecy: Varma READ MORE

5. CBI raids places linked to Satya Pal Malik: What is the Kiru Hydel Project, focus of corruption allegations? READ MORE

6. Google introduces Gemma open source AI models: What does it mean for responsible AI? READ MORE

7. East Africa is losing its glaciers at astonishing speed, all on Kilimanjaro retreating READ MORE

8. 40 spotted deer translocated within Karnataka marking a new era in wildlife management READ MORE

9. What is Alaskapox? A microbiologist explains the recently discovered virus that just claimed its first fatality READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Indian nationhood thrives amid diversity READ MORE

2. Castes, Old and New READ MORE

3. Calm assessment: On the extent of ‘deemed forest’ READ MORE

4. Heed SC’s directive on saving forests READ MORE

5. Definition of forest: SC underscores concerns over land diversion READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Should India have regional benches of the Supreme Court? READ MORE

2. On recent Supreme Court verdicts, hold the celebrations READ MORE

3. In most states, jail is more the norm, not bail READ MORE

4. SC has upheld voter’s rights READ MORE

5. Aadhaar Deactivations and the Genealogy of Cybernetics Gone Rogue in India READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Higher Education Scenario READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. In a tough world, the beacon of U.K.-India strategic ties READ MORE

2. Greek PM’s Visit bolsters historic ties READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. At WTO meet, India could face pressure READ MORE

2. Upholding the essence of agriculture amidst market pressures READ MORE

3. Welfare vs prudence READ MORE

4. On counter-cyclical fiscal policy READ MORE

5. Why World Trade Organization’s Upcoming MC13 Conference Is Significant for India READ MORE

6. At WTO meet, India will have to balance between protecting local fishers and fishing sector growth READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Collapse of the ecological balance and an undeclared war with nature READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Tracing Algorithmic and AI-biased Data READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Self-reliance in defence crucial to winning wars READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. In Morbi’s debris, the role of the State in PPP projects READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. The anatomy of corruption READ MORE

2. Farmers protest: X complies with Indian government’s order to suspend accounts but says “We disagree…” READ MORE

3. Given the environmental costs, is it ethical to bring a child into the world? READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. The UCC despite having contrastive interests clashing over the attributes of pluralism, will successfully balance out things by reinforcing social justice. Critically examine.

2. MSP is plugging more farmers into the industrial agriculture system and the consequent oversupply of agricultural commodities is crashing prices. Comment.

3. The Green Revolution transformed India from a ship-to-mouth existence to self-reliance, but it also sowed the seeds of its own destruction, leading to a grave farming crisis in the country. Examine.

4. Delimitation of constituencies on the basis of the present population will not only lead to inequitable representation in parliament but it will violate the 84^th Constitutional amendment. Examine.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• In order to become the master, the politician poses as the servant.
• The possibilities for global prosperity cannot be understated and the importance of the Indo-Asia Pacific, not just to the United Kingdom, but to the world, has never been clearer.
• While SC judgments on electoral bonds and Chandigarh mayoral election are welcome, they ought not to merely be an episodic legitimisation of the façade of constitutionalism.
• Some of the unfavourable comments India received from EU member countries, post former, not taking a Western approach towards long-standing ally Russia, are likely to fade away with India developing closer bilateral partnerships in the region.
• Leaving agriculture on the market is neither desirable nor pro-national; it is only pro-corporate and anti-nation.
• Agriculture produce is for survival while all other industrial or service products are for additional comfort.
• To keep the farmers growing sufficient for the people to survive, it is well within the reasonable sense for the government to compensate the gaps in case ‘demand and supply’ forces the sale of crops at prices lower than the MSP following the principle it employs in its intervention to support the corporate failures.
• The legal guarantee for MSP is not about the procurement of the entire crop by the government but about its purchase at a price not less than the minimum remunerative price declared by the government itself.
• Despite regional differences and identity quests, the strength of Indian nationhood persists, supported by a dedication to constitutional values and productive conversations.
• Cost recovery from welfare programmes is essential to improve ailing state finances.
• The risk with fiscal consolidation is that it may dampen growth. However, if fiscal consolidation can accommodate a growing capex budget, high growth is secured, as capex entails large growth multipliers of the order of 4 and above.
• The SC has exposed the Orwellian double-speak and fake narrative put out that Electoral Bonds were meant to clean up black money from the electoral arena and that it had introduced a system of honest and transparent funding to all political parties.
• Algorithmic bias in machine learning algorithms has potential consequences for perpetuating discrimination, reinforcing stereotypes, and violating individual privacy.

ESSAY TOPIC

• We need to move forward on AI development but we also need to be mindful of its very real dangers.

50-WORD TALK

• X has withheld some accounts while registering protest against the government’s order, another uneasy episode in their face-off that is already in court. Absolute free speech can’t mean hate and abuse. But suspending accounts without transparency is an irrational and illiberal system that doesn’t stand the test of public scrutiny.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. ST tag for Meiteis | Manipur High Court withdraws contentious part of its order READ MORE

2. Cabinet approves amendment in the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policy on Space Sector READ MORE

3. Centre increases Fair and Remunerative Price of sugarcane; will be in force from October 1 READ MORE

4. Astronomers find the small, hot helium stars they had been looking for READ MORE

5. To bypass Red Sea, new trade route to Israel involving Mundra port: How this will work READ MORE

6. CAG flags MoEFCC projects costing Rs 4.47 crore for procedural lapses READ MORE

7. New protocol can reduce breeding cycle of pigeonpea by 3-5 years, important for nutritional security in drylands READ MORE

8. How global warming is reshaping winter life in Canada READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. A 100-year-old story of British brutality & Sikh sacrifice READ MORE

2. Caste census lessons for new government in Bihar READ MORE

3. Are Dalits homogenous or heterogenous? READ MORE

4. Calm assessment: On the extent of ‘deemed forest’ READ MORE

5. Heed SC’s directive on saving forests READ MORE

6. Definition of forest: SC underscores concerns over land diversion READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Ending discrimination: On the Union of India and Others vs Ex. Lt. Selina John case READ MORE

2. Governor R N Ravi’s walkout deepens Tamil Nadu crisis: Time to abolish governorships? READ MORE

3. Restoring trust in democracy READ MORE

4. Influence of AI and digital media on general elections READ MORE

5. Fair play READ MORE

6. Uniform Civil Code: Assam going Uttarakhand way? READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Electoral season and restructuring the health system READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Delhi must be prepared to counter Beijing’s lawfare READ MORE

2. Close ties with Russia: India steadfast in its support amid Ukraine war READ MORE  

3. Why is India correct in seeking ‘permanent solution’ for food security at WTO READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. On financial devolution among States | Explained READ MORE

2. India to dominate the global solar industry READ MORE

3. What farmers want is the freedom to sell their produce READ MORE

4. SDG progress report a wake-up call READ MORE

5. MSP: A double-edged sword in Indian agriculture READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Collapse of the ecological balance and an undeclared war with nature READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Dark Net Woes READ MORE

2. Keep it wholesome: On shaping a national cervical cancer control programme READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. India’s security and the fencing of the Myanmar border READ MORE

2. The future of counterterrorism: Evolving online tools and tactics READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. In Morbi’s debris, the role of the State in PPP projects READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. AI Ethics: 7 Crucial Qualities Of Ethical Leadership READ MORE

2. F S Nariman: judiciary’s ‘Bhishma Pitamah’ who minced no words, combined intellect and ethics READ MORE

3. Given the environmental costs, is it ethical to bring a child into the world? READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. The UCC despite having contrastive interests clashing over the attributes of pluralism, will successfully balance out things by reinforcing social justice. Critically examine.

2. MSP is plugging more farmers into the industrial agriculture system and the consequent oversupply of agricultural commodities is crashing prices. Comment.

3. The Green Revolution transformed India from a ship-to-mouth existence to self-reliance, but it also sowed the seeds of its own destruction, leading to a grave farming crisis in the country. Examine.

4. Delimitation of constituencies on the basis of the present population will not only lead to inequitable representation in parliament but it will violate the 84^th Constitutional amendment. Examine.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• Capitalism works if you have safety nets to deal with people who are naturally left behind and brutalised by it.
• The challenge is to understand the current system of health care and have the imagination to design the process of reform while building the implementation capacity at the district level by training and upskilling existing staff.
• The Court’s words that rules making marriage of women employees and their domestic involvement a ground for disentitlement are unconstitutional should be heard by all organisations so that the workplace becomes an enabler, and not a hurdle.
• The economic consequences of the destruction of the environment, the ecotourism in the region, invasive species, and wild animals, combined with the violation of all standards, have led to the degradation of Wayanad’s ecology.
• Laws and moral standards governing the application of AI to political campaigns ought to be developed to reduce the possibility of abuse and guarantee openness.
• India will be content to expand its unique relationship with Russia into newer domains, while being confident that there would be no rancour or backstabbing.
• India’s decision to build a fence along the entire 1,643-km-long Myanmar border will facilitate better surveillance and prevent illegal migration and ingress of Valley-Based-Insurgent Groups.
• The UCC despite having contrastive interests clashing over the attributes of pluralism, will successfully balance out things by reinforcing social justice in the form of equality, human dignity, gender justice, equal treatment of law etc.
• New Delhi has rightly pushed for measures to amend the formula calculating the food subsidy cap and to include programmes implemented after 2013 under the ‘Peace Clause’.
• If MSP is not diverted towards agroecological farming, MSP backing an industrial system of agriculture could potentially be risky.
• MSP is plugging more farmers into the industrial agriculture system and the consequent oversupply of agricultural commodities is crashing prices.

ESSAY TOPIC

• We need to move forward on AI development but we also need to be mindful of its very real dangers.

50-WORD TALK

• Supreme Court using power under Article 142 to declare AAP candidate’s victory in Chandigarh mayoral polls is complete justice. Returning officer who vitiated electoral process by defacing ballot papers deserves exemplary punishment. It’s also a strong indictment of BJP for resorting to malpractices to grab power even at municipal levels.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

THE CONTEXT: The Indian government’s arbitrary internet shutdowns and opaque social media content blocking amidst the ongoing farmer protests are a clear violation of democratic values and have raised serious legal challenges.

ISSUES:

• Misuse of Internet Shutdowns and Free Speech Restrictions: State governments must immediately cease the arbitrary use of Internet shutdowns during events such as the farmer protests. It is unacceptable to impose curbs on free speech without adequate justification, and such actions undermine the very foundation of democratic principles.
• Government Meddling in Social Media Content: Issuing blocking orders on social media accounts without transparent reasoning is a blatant violation of free speech. The government must notify users whose accounts or posts are being blocked.
• Transparency Deficiency in Blocking Orders: Social media platforms must disclose information on legal requests from government agencies. Users must not face challenges in seeking recourse when their content is targeted for blocking.
• Influence of Ownership Changes on Platform Behavior: A shift in the behavior of social media platforms under new ownership potentially compromises free speech values. Platforms must serve as spaces for open discourse and not align with the owner’s interests.
• Legal Challenges and Judicial Interpretations: Instances of social media companies contesting government blocking orders in court must be encouraged. Judicial decisions must not compromise users’ freedom to express themselves online.
• Concerns for India’s Democratic Fabric: Risks posed to India’s reputation as a democratic and open society are unacceptable. The government must uphold democratic norms, including free speech, to maintain the country’s democratic fabric.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Implementation of the Proportionality Test: Any restrictions on internet access or social media must pass the proportionality test, ensuring they are lawful, necessary, and proportionate to achieve a legitimate aim. This aligns with the principles in the Anuradha Bhasin vs Union of India case, where the Supreme Court of India emphasized the need for proportionality in internet restrictions.
• Publishing Transparency Reports: Social media companies should publish transparency reports detailing government requests for content blocking and their compliance. This enhances accountability and informs the public and policymakers about the extent of government interference.
• Regulation of Government Interference in social media: Enforce clear regulations that mandate transparency in government interactions with social media platforms, like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union. Ensure that any blocking orders issued by governments are backed by legitimate reasons and subject to judicial review.
• Protection of Free Speech Values: Uphold users’ rights to freedom of expression online in alignment with international human rights standards like those articulated by the United Nations. Ensure that content-blocking orders are issued based on legal grounds and do not unduly restrict legitimate speech.
• Promotion of Democratic Values: Emphasize the importance of preserving India’s democratic values and reputation as a free society in line with global best practices. Encourage dialogue and cooperation between the government, social media platforms, and civil society to uphold democratic principles and protect free speech.
• Decentralized Internet Infrastructure: Developing and promoting decentralized Internet technologies can reduce the ability of any single entity to control or shut down the Internet. This includes peer-to-peer networks and blockchain-based communication platforms.
• International Standards: Aligning national laws with international human rights standards, such as those outlined in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), can provide a robust framework to protect freedom of expression while allowing for necessary restrictions.

THE CONCLUSION:

To protect democratic values, it is imperative to regulate shutdowns, foster transparency in content moderation, and uphold freedom of speech. By drawing from legal precedents and international best practices, we can safeguard these principles and pave the way for a more just society.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 ‘Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution and founded on its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions. (2021)

Q.2 Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights considering the latest judgment of the Supreme Court on the Right to Privacy. (2017)

Q.3 What do you understand by the “freedom of speech and expression” concept? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (2014)

Q.4 Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context, justify filing many public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (2020)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Discuss the government interference in social media content moderation and its impact on democracy, considering recent protests like the farmer protests.

SOURCE:https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/x-factor-on-the-x-appeal-in-the-karnataka-high-court/article67878754.ece

THE CONTEXT: Indian economy has not provided decent jobs despite impressive growth of GDP. More GDP does not improve the well-being of citizens if it does not put more income in their pockets.

ISSUES WITH GDP AS AN INDICATOR OF DEVELOPMENT

• Discrepancies in GDP Calculation: An analysis of the GDP expenditure components reveals a concerning trend where most elements have decreased as a percentage of There is an unexplained gap in the GDP calculation, which raises questions about the accuracy of the reported economic data.
• Fails to Capture Inequality: GDP cannot differentiate between an equal and an unequal society. As rising inequality is resulting in a rise in societal discontentment, policymakers will need to account for these issues when assessing development.
• Does Not Account for environmental degradation: Environmental degradation is a significant measure that the GDP does not account. The production of more goods adds to an economy’s GDP irrespective of the environmental damage suffered because of it.
• Does not cover standard of living: GDP is a rough indicator of a society’s standard of living, because it does not directly account for leisure, environmental quality, levels of health and education, or the positive or negative value that society may place on certain types of output.

ISSUES:

• Flawed model of economic progress: The health of a nation’s economy, cannot be determined by its size. GDP growth has become the dominant measure of the health of all economies. It has replaced “socialist” models which were concerned with conditions at the bottom. India is becoming one of the most unequal countries in the world with this flawed model of economic progress. There is no difference in GDP growth and structural conditions that cause inequitable growth since liberalisation era.
• Inclusive and sustainable development: All economies in the world develop through similar stages, according to economists. According to this theory of progress, India has not developed sufficiently because both industrialisation and urbanisation have been too slow.
• Fossil fuels and the modern economy: Fossil fuels are used in the production and the distribution of four foundational materials for modern civilization: steel, concrete, plastics, and food. It will take many decades to replace these basic materials, and fossil energy, in their production processes. Purely organic farming would require most of us to abandon cities and resettle villages which is a daunting task.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Addressing global climate crisis: India must address the global climate crisis while growing its own economy to catch-up with developed countries. India must find a new paradigm of progress, for itself and for the world, for more inclusive and environmentally sustainable growth.
• Adopt Local solutions: The local systems solutions, cooperatively developed by communities in their own villages and towns, are the way to solve global systemic problems of climate change and inequitable economic growth. This was the “Gandhian” solution for India’s economic and social progress, which was set aside to adopt modern, western solutions for development since the 1950s.
• Refrain from western dominated theories of economics: India’s policymakers must free themselves from western-dominated theories of economics. Rather than trying to catch up with rich countries on their historical development paths, India should take advantage of its present realities. Rural Bharat can be a university for the world, producing innovations in institutions and policies for inclusive and sustainable growth.
• Need for Comprehensive Analysis: There is a need for comprehensive analysis by considering various growth indicators, such as Purchasing Managers’ Indices, Bank Credit Growth, and consumption patterns, to form a well-rounded view of the economic activity.
• Alternative Ways to Measure Development: There should be an alternative way to measure development. For example, Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness, which considers factors like equitable socio-economic development and good governance. UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI), which encapsulates health and knowledge apart from economic prosperity.

THE CONCLUSION:

Economic growth should act as one instrument in an economy that prioritizes well-being and other welfare determinants rather than just calculating data. Thus, we need alternative metrics to complement GDP in order to get a more comprehensive view of development and ensure informed policy making that doesn’t exclusively prioritize economic growth.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP?(2020)

Q.2 Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments.(2019)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 India’s policymakers must free themselves from western-dominated theories of economics and adapt to local solutions in order to achieve just and equitable society. Comment.

Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/changing-the-growth-paradigm/article67879540.ece

THE CONTEXT: While evaluating the recent judicial decisions in India on electoral bonds and the Chandigarh mayoral election in the context of the broader trend of democratic decay, authoritarianism, and ethnocentrism. It raises the issue of whether this shift is utilized in the function of restricting the practice of executive aggrandizement and safeguarding the integrity of institutions.

ISSUES:

• Legitimacy of the Supreme Court and Its Balancing Act: The Supreme Court decisions will be reviewed regarding its constitutional mission to avoid either frustrating the executive or losing its legitimacy. The Apex Court’s legitimacy is conditioned upon the reservation of authority by the Court in another area, signaling that even if the Court’s decisions are not favorable to the regime, these decisions need not fundamentally challenge the regime’s ideological projects.
• Systemic Regeneration vs. Tactical Reprieve: The consequences are seen as mostly being strategic and as a time out rather than as an open sign that the democratic system and the materialization of judicial independence have been re-established. These decisions will cover cultural or political shifts to a society with proper accountability and democracy.
• Political Culture and Reception of Court Decisions: The BJP party is concerned that the mainstream Indian political culture does not accept these decisions as drastic supportive decisions for the party. This implies that there is no longer a classical dichotomy between ethical and unethical behaviour, and the public does not have the necessary civic courage or critical thinking.
• Ideological Battles and the Role of the Judiciary: The ideological clashes within Indian politics that appear explicitly with Hindu nationalism, among others, and their influence on democracy and secularism. In this regard, the judiciary deals with tense situations where the executive branch influences it, and the divided society imposes its will on it.
• Challenges to Democracy in India: The more general concerns on Indian democracy are the weakening of secularism, the independence of the judiciary being tarnished, and the use of government machinery to crush dissent and criticisms. These are a part of the enormous endeavour to establish and maintain democratic values against dictatorship; the outcome of which will greatly impact India’s political future.
• Public Reception and Political Mobilization: It highlights how the public feels about these decisions and the need for the people to take actions that can bring political outrage against actions that infringe on democracy. It indicates that unless this issue is not given appropriate attention, judicial rulings that seemingly favor democracy might not be enough to counteract authoritarian trends sufficiently.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Strengthening Judicial Independence and Integrity: The judiciary must exercise its independence with more force such that it is characterized by making decisions that reinforce the principles of democracy and guarantee constitutional integrity even when the executive does not approve the decisions. It must do, however, not merely with rejecting executive involvement but also with the demonstration of precedent of transparency, accountability as well as adherence to the rule of law.
• Civic Engagement and Awareness: Developing a community that is more politically active and well-informed can be a decisive factor out of the way of authoritarianism and communalism. Educational programs that place considerable emphasis on issues regarding democratic values, critical thinking, and civic responsibilities are very crucial. To that end, cultivating an environment for argument, disagreement, and deliberation can be used to battle the tide of political apathy.
• Electoral Reforms: Introducing reforms to the electoral process such that it becomes more transparent and equal, for example, by resolving the problems with electoral bonds and making sure that money is being used for elections is transparent and accountable. Actions to be taken in this regard include boosting the autonomy and authority of the Election Commission of India to counter electoral misconduct and malpractices.
• Political Party Reforms: Promoting political parties to establish a more democratic internal system and processes. Parties should advocate for policies that embrace pluralism, secular ideas, and the exercise of legitimate authority. This is constructing a stance against communalism within organizations and authoritarianism within their ranks.
• Legislative Initiatives: Embodying laws that safeguard political systems and procedures. This may encompass introducing more stringent anti-corruption laws, laws preserving the integrity of critical state organs such as the judiciary and the Elections Commission, and laws guaranteeing transparency and accountability in public actions.
• National Dialogue on Democracy: Starting a wide-ranging national dialogue aimed at including political parties, civil society, judges, and ordinary citizens in discussion of ascertaining the country’s staying course on democracy, secularism, and constitutionalism. This forum may very well be a stage for modifying the structure of things and adopting recommendations on the protection and improvement of the democratic tissue of the country.

THE CONCLUSION:

Though the latest judicial verdicts are good news around electoral democracy, they are not enough to fight the authoritarian construction and antidemocratic standards. Effecting such a major transformation needs systematic and sustained efforts across the judiciary, political entities, and civil society with the true spirit of revitalizing Indian democracy and adhering to constitutional values.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1) Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy. Comment. (2023)

Q.2) Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy. (2014)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1) Recent judgments by the Supreme Court of India on electoral bonds and the mayoral election in Chandigarh have been hailed as significant for the reinforcement of democratic values. Critically examine the impact of these judgments within the broader context of India’s democratic fabric and institutional integrity.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/pratap-bhanu-mehta-writes-on-recent-supreme-court-verdicts-hold-the-celebrations-9176080/

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), 2023 has been released by Transparency International showing that most countries have made little or no progress in tackling public sector corruption.

ABOUT CORRUPTION PERCEPTION INDEX (CPI)

• It is an annual index released by Transparency International, a global civil society organization.
• Since its inception in 1995, the Corruption Perception Index has become the leading global indicator of public sector corruption.
• The CPI ranks 180 countries and territories by their perceived levels of public sector corruption on a scale of zero (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean).
• It uses data from 13 external sources, including the World Bank, World Economic Forum, private risk and consulting companies, think tanks and others.

HIGHLIGHTS OF CPI, 2023

• Only 28 of the 180 countries measured by this index have improved their corruption levels over the last twelve years, and 34 countries have significantly worsened.
• CPI global average score remains unchanged at 43 for the twelfth year in a row.
• Denmark with a score of 90 tops the index for the sixth consecutive year, with Finland and New Zealand following closely with scores of 87 and 85, respectively.
• Somalia was ranked last, other countries occupying the bottom spots included: Venezuela, Syria, South Sudan and Yemen.
• India has tied with Maldives, Kazakhstan, and Lesotho to rank at 93 out of 180 countries. In 2022, India was ranked at 85. Our overall score has slipped from 40 to 39 on a scale of 100.
• Pakistan scored 29 with a rank of 133 and China, scored 42 occupying rank 76.

ANALYSIS OF CPI, 2023:

• Serious Corruption Globally: Over two-thirds of countries score below 50 out of 100, which strongly indicates that they have serious Corruption problems.  The global average score is stuck at only 43, while the vast majority of countries have made no progress or declined in the last decade.
• Factors Contributing to Corruption: Both authoritarian and democratic leaders are undermining justice. This is increasing indication for corruption, and even encouraging it by eliminating consequences for criminals. Corrupt acts like bribery and abuse of power are also infiltrating many courts and other Judicial institutions across the globe.
• Decline in Justice: There has been a global decline in justice and the rule of law since 2016. The rise of authoritarianism in some countries contributes to this trend, and even in democratic contexts, the mechanisms that keep governments in check have weakened. Governments across the political spectrum have undermined justice systems, restricted civic freedoms and relied on non-democratic strategies to address recent challenges, including the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Corruption has many faces: The index has highlighted that corruption has many faces. Bribe is the most obvious one, which has been almost accepted as a necessary evil. A certain amount is fixed for each work to be given as illegal gratification. Nepotism is another facet of corruption which is widely practiced by the political class. Favouritism falls under nepotism or cronyism. Even the academic field is rife with this kind of corruption.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Introduce integrity and monitoring mechanisms. There is a need to ensure that the special protections required by members of the legislative system to perform their functions are not abused. Abuse may be prevented through dedicated whistleblowing and reporting channels, and other relevant actors to disclose their assets and interests.
• Expand avenues for accountability: There is a need to expand the system for expansion of avenues for accountability. This calls for those foreign countries to have in place key procedural measures, such as extensive jurisdiction, minimal immunities for foreign state officials and a broad definition of justiciable harm that encompasses widespread harm to a large number of victims.
• Strengthen the independence of the justice system. Shielding the justice system from interference is paramount for its functioning. Promote merit-based rather than political appointments and ensure that the system has qualified personnel and is properly resourced.
• Make justice more transparent. Transparency can help shed light on the functioning of the justice system and make it more accountable. Ensure that relevant data on judgments, out-of-court settlements and enforcement as well as legal procedure and administrative rules are openly available and can be scrutinised by members of the public. This could help discourage corruption and ensure that laws against corruption are properly applied and administered.
• Public Awareness Campaigns: It is suggested to use media and educational institutions to create awareness about the detrimental effects of corruption and the importance of ethical conduct.
• Encouraging ethical culture: Similarly, rewards and incentives must be granted to encourage people to cultivate an ethical culture. There is a need for real-time information sharing between law enforcement agencies.

THE CONCLUSION:

Transparency International has released its Corruption Perceptions Index for 2023, ranking countries based on their perceived levels of corruption in the public sector. It pointed towards rising corruption worldwide. In this context, there is an urgent need for strengthening preventive vigilance and value-based training to all authorities to ensure probity in public life.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels. (2021)

Q.2 “Institutional quality is a crucial driver of economic performance”. In this context suggest reforms in the Civil Service for strengthening democracy. (2020)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 Despite progress made across the planet in criminalising corruption and establishing specialised institutions to address it, corruption levels remain high globally. Analyse the statement in the context of recently released Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), 2023.

Q.2 Countries with the lowest scores in the Rule of Law index are also scoring very low on the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), highlighting a clear connection between access to justice and corruption. In this context, discuss the relationship between justice and corruption.

SOURCE: https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/the-anatomy-of-corruption-2906495

THE CONTEXT: Wayanad is in a state of undeclared war as seen with the rising human-wildlife conflict in the district. There are two recent tragic events in Wayanad, one involving a wild elephant killing a farmer to death and another incident where an elephant herd killed an ecotourism guide at Kuruvadweep Islands. These events have triggered protests and strikes in Kerala.

HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICT:

• Human-wildlife conflict is when encounter between humans and wildlife lead to negative results, such as loss of property, livelihoods, and even life. Defensive and retaliatory killing may eventually drive these species to extinction.
• Human-wildlife conflict is recognised as a global concern in the UN Convention on Biological Diversity’s post-2020 global biodiversity framework.
• These encounters not only result in suffering for both people and wildlife immediately impacted by the conflict but they can also have a global reach, with impact on groups such as sustainable development agencies and businesses.
• The scope of the issue is significant and truly global, but, it has not been able to be addressed at the necessary scale.

WHY IS HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT ON THE RISE?

• As human populations and demand for space continue to grow, people and wildlife are increasingly interacting and competing for resources, which can lead to increased human-wildlife conflict.
• Along with other threats, human-wildlife conflict has driven the decline of once-abundant species and is pushing others to the brink of extinction.
• If not effectively managed, human-wildlife conflict has the potential to negatively affect these activities and conservation much more broadly.

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• Following the tragic incident, the government has announced the formation of a high-level panel comprising officials from Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and rapid response teams.
• However, first, an effort from the Forest, Revenue, and Tourism departments is required to assess the situation and chalk strategies by recognising the fragility of the region.
• Second, a statutory body is required to coordinate the issues spread across the three south Indian States under the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
• Third, the Forest Conservation Act should be enforced with a Free and Prior Informed Consent principle which is recognised as a critical process of stakeholder engagement to prevent degradation.

ISSUES:

• Onus of responsibility: The responsibility that comes with being a part of the wildlife should not be overlooked, as wildlife experts feel that if the natural balance is not restored, this will be catastrophic for western ghats.
• Reduced corridors for wildlife: A study report titled Right of Passage: Elephant Corridors of India, conducted by Wildlife Trust of India, identified 88 elephant corridors in 2005. As per the report, 24% of the corridors were under reserve forest and 76% under forest, agriculture, tea gardens, and human settlements. However, recent data on similar corridors have shown reduced corridors for wildlife. It indicates the loss of ecological connectivity and habitat, and the resultant confinement of wildlife to fragmented forests forcing their raids to the surrounding areas.
• Increasing number of deaths: In Wayanad alone, the official data has documented 51 human deaths due to wildlife attacks during the last 10 years. This number surged to a total of 98 fatalities, encompassing 8,873 attack incidents in the fiscal year 2022-23, with 27 of those deaths attributed to elephant attacks.
• Loss for agricultural sector: These attacks have also inflicted significant damage on Kerala’s agriculture sector. Over the period from 2017 to 2023, there were 20,957 cases of crop loss due to incursions by wild animals, leading to the death of 1,559 domestic animals, primarily cattle.
• Destruction of natural ecosystem: The clearing of forest lands for non-forest use marked the beginning of the destruction of natural ecosystems and this was further accentuated by the provision of contract farming agreements to claim uncultivated land. The move led to an agrarian crisis that highlighted drastic changes in the topographical atmosphere and landscape accompanied by a price crash indicating a weakened ecosystem.
• Monoculture plantation: The trend of monoculture plantations and the usage of pesticides and insecticides depleted the soil. This disturbance was evident in the diminished yield of cash crops and diseases, impacting the plantations despite favourable market prices. Further, it worsened by quarrying and deforestation activities for the expansion of monoculture plantations and the tourism industry. Today, 36,000 hectares out of the 1 lakh hectares of Wayanad forests are monoculture plantations.
• Rise in tourism industry: The tourism industry has expanded to bustling destinations towards the forest edges and wildlife corridors. The economic consequences of the destruction of the environment, the ecotourism in the region, invasive species, and wild animals, combined with the violation of all standards, have led to the degradation of Wayanad’s ecology.
• Invasive species: Non-native trees planted inside the forests have denied food and water for the animals which is resulting in the evacuation of animals from the forest areas as the interiors are turning to barren lands.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Awareness: The communication and interaction between the forest department and the locals has to be improved so that they can be sensitized about the issues and animals.
• Wildlife corridors: Corridors allow animals to freely move from one habitat patch to another without crossing human-caused barriers which can put animals, and potentially humans, in danger. Wildlife corridors needs to be increased and upgraded including barriers, guarding and early-warning systems as well as managing tensions between stakeholders involved in these situations.
• Community Participation: Effective planning and implementation of such measures requires consideration of good principles in community led-conservation, in collaboration with the communities affected.
• Increase in Protected areas: To conserve the animals and avoid any human-animal interaction more protected areas need to be developed by the Government.
• Proper investigation: The recent Operation Jumbo parade captured nine elephants and two were released to Kerala with radio collars installed, without adequate surveillance and no watchers to follow. This has to be investigated first and the government needs to extend its efforts to ensure proper monitoring, continuous conservation, and public awareness. It is high time for the Kerala forest department to implement strategies to protect and revive the forests in the State.

THE CONCLUSION:

In order to reduce human-wildlife conflict, we must reassess the relationship and especially the direct interactions between people and wildlife to improve our coexistence in the future. Such human-wildlife conflict management strategies can create opportunities and benefits not only for biodiversity and impacted communities, but for sustainable development and the global economy at large.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

Q. Examine the reasons for rising incidents of human-wildlife conflict. Suggest some possible measures to tackle this problem of modern age. (2019)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q. The human-animal conflict which has intensified in Wayanad indicates a scramble for resources in the degraded ecology of the Western Ghats. Comment.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/collapse-of-the-ecological-balance-and-an-undeclared-war-with-nature/article67870645.ece

THE CONTEXT: India’s healthcare system is in dire need of reform. The intersection of healthcare policy and politics in India reveals contrasting views among political parties. India needs substantial reforms and strategic investments to address the challenges within the healthcare infrastructure.

ABOUT UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE

Universal Health Coverage (UHC) aims to provide affordable and quality healthcare services to all individuals in India, regardless of their financial status. This requires comprehensive reforms and strategic investments to improve health infrastructure and remove financial barriers. UHC presents an opportunity to address systemic disparities and enhance healthcare delivery nationwide.

FEATURES OF UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE

• Financial Risk Protection: UHC aims to protect people from financial risks related to healthcare. In Rwanda, a community-based insurance scheme has reduced healthcare expenses, showcasing UHC’s potential for financial risk protection.
• Coverage of Essential Health Services: UHC encompasses a comprehensive package of services, from prevention and primary care to treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care. The UK’s National Health Service (NHS) provides a broad spectrum of healthcare services free at delivery, funded through taxation.
• Resilient Healthcare Systems: Improving healthcare infrastructure is crucial for universal health coverage and sustainability. Japan’s system, which offers universal coverage and emphasizes preventive care, shows how investments aid UHC goals.
• Inclusion of Vulnerable Populations: UHC schemes aim to provide healthcare access to marginalized populations. India’s Ayushman Bharat scheme targets over 500 million vulnerable individuals and offers free secondary and tertiary care health insurance.

ISSUES

• Differential Health Policies Among Political Parties: Political parties have varying views on health care, with differing opinions on whether health is a public good or a commodity, as reflected in party manifestos.
• Challenges in Achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC): Achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) requires genuine reform, strategic restructuring, and efficient implementation at the grassroots level to effectively overcome challenges. For instance, India’s strategy for UHC involves purchasing healthcare services from the private sector on an inflationary fee-for-service model despite supply shortages of specialists and nurses.
• Flawed Policy Focus: The policy is misguided in prioritizing tertiary medical care while neglecting primary and secondary levels that could efficiently manage most ailments. This is an apparent misallocation of resources that needs immediate attention.
• Inadequate Health Infrastructure and Resources: The primary and secondary health infrastructure is weak, and there is a severe shortage of human resources. For instance, states like Bihar still have a critical shortage of doctors, which creates challenges in delivering quality healthcare services.
• Challenges in Health System Reformation: There is a need for substantial reforms in the healthcare system architecture. Although measures have been taken, they have been incremental and fail to address systemic dysfunction and distortions.
• Imbalance in Health Budget Allocations: Despite budget increases, public health spending as a proportion of GDP has remained relatively stagnant, underscoring an imbalance in budgetary allocations and the need for more strategic fiscal planning in the healthcare sector.

THE WAY FORWARD

• Strategic Healthcare Investments: The need for strategic investment in primary and secondary healthcare infrastructure is exemplified by Thailand’s successful implementation of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in 2000, showcasing the impact of targeted investments in strengthening healthcare infrastructure.
• Comprehensive Healthcare Reforms: Establishing the National Medical Commission and expanding social health insurance under the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) are national examples of comprehensive reform initiatives, reflecting the need for overarching healthcare reform strategies to address systemic complexities.
• Patient Outcome-Based Health System: The need for a patient outcome-based health system establishes the importance of IT and monitoring systems to evaluate performance based on outcome data linked to financing, drawing from successful examples of reform processes executed in other countries.
• Investment in Healthcare Workforce: Turkey’s Health Transformation Program’s success in adding hospital beds and doubling the number of nurses and doctors underscores the importance of investing in the healthcare workforce and public health infrastructure, providing a model for strategic resource allocation and professional capacity building.
• Leveraging Technology for Monitoring and Evaluation: Technology integration for robust monitoring and evaluation of healthcare services aligns with successful examples from countries like Turkey, which enhanced its health infrastructure through strategic technology integration.
• Strategic Capacity Building through Training and Upskilling: Prioritizing the training and upskilling of healthcare staff at the grassroots level, as exemplified by Thailand’s deliberate capacity-building efforts, emphasizing the significance of the infusion of new organizational capacities and resources.

THE CONCLUSION:

India’s healthcare system has the potential to achieve equitable and impactful healthcare delivery if it implements necessary reforms, addresses disparities in healthcare spending, and learns from global examples.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q. Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieving ‘Health for All ‘in India. Explain. (2018)

Q. The public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that the private sector could help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives would you suggest? (2015)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q. Examine the current challenges facing the healthcare infrastructure in India and propose a comprehensive strategy for reform. How can strategic investments and successful international healthcare models be utilized to address critical issues and bolster the healthcare system in the country?

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/electoral-season-and-restructuring-the-health-system/article67871820.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Pune’s upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT) has facilitated a groundbreaking exploration of the galaxy cluster Abell 521, providing scientists with the most intricate image to date.

EXPLANATION:

• This achievement holds significance in unraveling the mysteries of galaxy cluster formation and evolution.

The uGMRT Advancement: Unlocking Galactic Secrets

• Description of uGMRT:
  • The uGMRT is an array of thirty 45-meter antennas situated over 25 km in Khodad village, Narayangaon, Pune.
  • Upgrades in uGMRT’s capabilities allow for unprecedented sensitivity, capturing faint signals from distant galaxy clusters.
• Galaxy Clusters: Gravitational Giants:
  • Galaxy clusters are the largest gravitationally bound systems in the Universe, comprising hundreds to thousands of galaxies tethered by gravity.
  • Understanding the formation and changes in clusters like Abell 521 provides insights into dark matter, magnetic fields, and cosmic rays.

Significance of Detailed Images: Unveiling Cluster Dynamics

• Study of Faint Emissions:
  • Detailed images aid in studying faint emissions from galaxy clusters, enabling scientists to delve into the intricacies of cluster dynamics.
  • The upgraded uGMRT’s sensitivity is crucial in capturing elusive details within the radio band.
• Abell 521: A Disturbed Galactic Giant:
  • Abell 521, located approximately 3 billion light years away, is renowned for its highly disturbed medium.
  • High-resolution uGMRT images offer a closer look at the structures within the cluster, shedding light on turbulence and shocks in the plasma.

International Collaborative Discoveries: Cutting-Edge Telescopes at Play

• Multinational Astronomy Collaboration:
  • The research involved astronomers from India, Italy, and the USA, leveraging cutting-edge telescopes, including uGMRT, Chandra, and XMM-Newton.
• Publication in The Astrophysical Journal:
  • Their findings, recently published in The Astrophysical Journal, highlight the collaborative efforts and the advancements made in galactic exploration.

Implications of uGMRT Observations: A New Dimension in Cluster Physics

• Extended Radio Emission Discovery:
  • uGMRT observations led to the discovery of new extended radio emissions at lower GHz frequencies, enabling the study of turbulence and shocks within the plasma.
• X-ray Correlation:
  • Correlation between uGMRT’s radio structures and X-ray emissions detected by the Chandra observatory reveals insights into high-velocity gas motions during the cluster merger.

Conclusion: Pushing Galactic Exploration Boundaries

• Pune’s uGMRT, with its enhanced capabilities, has opened new frontiers in understanding galaxy clusters, exemplified by the detailed exploration of Abell 521.
• This collaborative effort, employing cutting-edge technology, signifies a significant leap forward in unraveling the complexities of our cosmic neighborhood.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/punes-ugmrt-uncovers-a-complex-picture-of-a-galaxy-cluster-9174406/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: India’s Civilian Awards stand as symbols of appreciation and honor, acknowledging individuals for their outstanding achievements across diverse professions.

EXPLANATION:

• Awards are symbols of appreciation and honour bestowed on individuals with notable achievements in diverse professions.
• Article 18 talks about the abolition of titles. It says: No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State. No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State.
  • But Bharat Ratna is not a title under Article 18. Clause 1 of article 18 covers exceptions like academic or military titles.
  • Awards like Padma Vibhushan, Padma Shri etc. can be given to the citizens for exceptional and distinguished services rendered in art, literature, science and other fields.
• Among the highest honours, India’s Civilian Awards, announced annually on January 26th, Republic Day, are presented to the respective recipients by the President of India.
• Civilian Awards are introduced in 1954, they recognize individuals for their exceptional service and contributions in various fields such as arts, literature, sports, medicine, social service, science, and public affairs.
• They are conferred to people with outstanding achievements in their field of work.
• Categorised as per the degree of honour, it includes the Bharat Ratna Award and the Padma Award.

Bharat Ratna: The Jewel of India

• The Bharat Ratna, also known as the ‘Jewel of India’ or ‘Gem of India’, is India’s highest civilian honour, bestowed upon individuals who have made exceptional contributions to the nation’s progress and prosperity.
• Established in 1954 by then-President Rajendra Prasad, it is made of bronze and designed in the shape of a peepal leaf, embossed with the sun.
• The reverse side bears India’s emblem, the ‘Ashok Chakra’, and the motto, ‘Satyameva Jayate’.
• Initially awarded for achievements in literature, science, the arts, and public services, the Indian government expanded the criteria in 2011, as it is a symbol of national gratitude and recognition, impacting India and its people through its contributions.
• This year Bharat Ratna award is to be conferred on:
• Karpoori Thakur: Prominent political leader in Bihar known for social justice efforts (Posthumous)
• Lal Krishna Advani: Veteran Indian politician instrumental in the growth of the Bharatiya Janata Party
• Chaudhary Charan Singh:Fifth Prime Minister of India, known for land reforms (Posthumous)
• PV Narasimha Rao: Former Prime Minister known for economic liberal reforms (Posthumous)
• Dr MS Swaminathan: Agricultural scientist, known as the ‘Father of Green Revolution’ in India (Posthumous)

Padma Vibhushan: The Second Degree of Honor

• The Padma Vibhushan (“Lotus Decoration”) is the second-highest civilian award of the Republic of India, after the Bharat Ratna.
• Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is given for “exceptional and distinguished service”.
• All persons without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex are eligible for these awards.
• However, government servants including those working with PSUs, except doctors and scientists, are not eligible for these Awards.

Padma Bhushan: The Third Degree of Honor

• Ranking third in the hierarchy of civilian awards, Padma Bhushan was instituted in 1954 as well.
• It is awarded for distinguished service of a high order to the nation in any field, including services rendered by government servants like doctors and scientists, excluding those working with public sector undertakings.
• Having a similar design to the Padma Vibhushan, however, the Padma Bhushan’s embossing is done in gold.

Padma Shri: The Fourth Degree of Honor

• The fourth-highest civilian award in the Republic of India, Padma Shri, was instituted in 1954.
• It is given to Indian citizens in recognition of their outstanding contributions in a variety of fields, including the services provided by government employees.
• Having the shape of a superimposition of a geometric pattern on the circle, the words “Padma” and “Shri” are inscribed in the award, above and below the lotus flower in the centre, done in stainless steel, with the periphery furnished in bronze.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-india-civilian-awards-9173005/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The recent pronouncement by the Supreme Court reinforces the foundational principle that judicial decisions, made by competent judges within their jurisdiction, cannot be challenged as violating fundamental rights.

EXPLANATION:

• The Court cited the precedent set in Naresh Shridhar Mirajkar Vs. State of Maharashtra, emphasizing the sanctity of judicial decisions in relation to matters brought before the court.

Background: Writ Petition Under Article 32

• Petitioner’s Grievance:
  • The petitioner, aggrieved by the delay in the hearing of his criminal appeal in the High Court, filed a writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution.
• Court’s Observations:
  • The Court noted that a judicial decision’s challenge based on infringement of fundamental rights is not permissible.
  • Emphasized that the delay in the listing of the case is part of the judicial process and cannot be challenged under Article 32.

Writ Petition Dismissed: Maintaining Judicial Process Integrity

• Maintainability of Article 32 Petition:
  • The Court asserted that a writ petition under Article 32 was not maintainable against the High Court’s order on case listing.
• Limited Scope of Writ Remedy:
  • If seeking bail pending the criminal appeal, the petitioner must resort to an application under Section 389(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
  • Dismissed the writ petition as “misconceived.”

Judicial Powers and Mutual Respect: Supreme Court vs. High Courts

• No Superintendence Powers Over High Courts:
  • The Court highlighted the absence of provisions conferring superintendence powers on the Supreme Court over High Courts in Chapter-IV of the Constitution.
• Reference to Constitutional Scheme:
  • Cited Tirupati Balaji Developers (P) Ltd. Vs. State of Bihar (2004) 5 SCC 1, emphasizing the clear division of jurisdiction between the Supreme Court and High Courts.
  • Stressed the importance of mutual respect between the two institutions in the constitutional scheme.

Inappropriate Exercise of Discretionary Jurisdiction: Court’s Verdict

• Dismissing the Petition:
  • The Court asserted that issuing the requested direction would be an inappropriate exercise of discretionary jurisdiction.
  • Emphasized that such action would show disrespect to another constitutional court.
• Role of Supreme Court in Such Matters:
  • Even if the Article 32 petition is deemed maintainable, the Court’s role is limited to requesting the High Court, not issuing directives.

ARTICLE 32:

• It is titled “Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part”.
• Article 32(1): The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed.
• Article 32(2): The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warrant and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part.
• Article 32(3): Without prejudice to the powers conferred on the Supreme Court by clauses (1) and (2), Parliament may by law empower any other court to exercise within the local limits of its jurisdiction ill or any of the powers exercisable by the Supreme Court under clause (2).
• Article 32(4): The right guaranteed by this article shall not be suspended except as otherwise provided for by this Constitution.

Conclusion: Upholding Judicial Integrity and Inter-Institutional Respect

• The Supreme Court’s decision reinforces the independence of judicial decisions and affirms the need for respect between constitutional courts.
• By dismissing the writ petition and underscoring the limited scope of intervention, the Court ensures the integrity of the judicial process and upholds the principles enshrined in the constitutional scheme.

SOURCE: https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/judicial-decision-does-not-infringe-fundamental-rights-supreme-court-250128?infinitescroll=1

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Comptroller Auditor General (CAG) of India has shed light on two projects initiated by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), amounting to a cost of Rs 4.47 crore to the public exchequer.

EXPLANATION:

• The report underscores significant procedural lapses leading to the failure of these projects.

Project 1: Development of Polyols from Plant-based Oils

• Background and Approval:
  • MoEFCC approved a two-year project in 2013, costing Rs 2.58 crore, for the development of polyols from plant-based non-edible oils.
  • Collaboration with the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, and an industrial partner.
• Procedural Lapses:
  • Lack of a signed memorandum of understanding (MoU) defining responsibilities.
  • Delay in signing the bipartite agreement between IICT and the industrial partner until November 2017.
  • Absence of intermediate milestones and deliverables.
  • No financial safeguards, despite recommendations from the project monitoring committee (PMC).
• Project Outcome:
  • IICT developed technology for polyols, but the industrial partner failed to install the pilot plant.
  • MoEFCC released payments despite non-completion, resulting in a total expenditure of Rs 1.04 crore.
• Ultimatum and Conclusion:
  • MoEFCC issued an ultimatum in January 2023 for project completion, leading to its failure.
  • Industrial partner’s inability to establish the plant resulted in the project’s non-commercialization.

Project 2: Plasma Technology for Waste Destruction

• Project Details and Approval:
  • MoEFCC approved a project in 2010 costing Rs 6.26 crore for plasma technology-based waste destruction in Gujarat.
  • Foreign collaboration, with Rs 3.71 crore as grants-in-aid from MoEFCC.
• Procedural Lapses:
  • Change of foreign partner in 2013.
  • Misuse of ministry funds (Rs 1.6 crore) for RF torch purchase by the project proponent.
  • PMC meetings not conducted for five years (2015-2020).
• Financial Mismanagement:
  • Expenditure of approximately Rs 2.42 crore on non-approved items such as building, land development, salary, etc.
  • Lack of monitoring by PMC and absence of legal agreements led to the project’s non-establishment.
• Project Failure and Ultimatum:
  • PMC and Central Pollution Control Board deemed the project in poor state during a trial run in September 2022.
  • MoEFCC issued an ultimatum in January 2023 for project completion, which remained unfulfilled.

Overall Implications: Financial Burden and Lack of Accountability

• Financial Impact:
  • Unnecessary expenses of Rs 3.43 crore due to the failure of both projects.
  • Specific mention of Rs 1.6 crore spent on the RF torch in the plasma technology project.
• Lack of Monitoring and Legal Agreements:
  • Highlighting the absence of clear responsibilities, penalty provisions, and legal agreements.
  • PMC’s failure to monitor and guide project progress contributed to the overall failure.

Comptroller Auditor General (CAG):

• CAG is an independent authority under the Constitution of India.
• He is the head of the Indian audit & account department and chief Guardian of public purse.
• It is the institution through which the accountability of the government and other public authorities (all those who spend public funds) to Parliament and State Legislatures and through them to the people is ensured.

Constitutional Provisions for Office of CAG:

• Article 148 broadly deals with the CAG appointment, oath and conditions of service.
• Article 149 deals with Duties and Powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
• Article 150 says that the accounts of the Union and of the States shall be kept in such form as the President may, on the advice of the CAG, prescribe.
• Article 151 says that the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India relating to the accounts of the Union shall be submitted to the president, who shall cause them to be laid before each House of Parliament.
• Article 279 –Calculation of “net proceeds” is ascertained and certified by the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, whose certificate is final.

Annual audit plan as approved by CAG’s office is implemented in the field offices. The office conducts three types of audit viz., Compliance Audit, Performance/Theme Audit & Financial Attest Audit.

• Compliance Audit: Compliance audit is an assessment as to whether the provisions of the applicable laws, rules and regulations made there under and various orders and instructions issued by the competent authority are being complied with.
• Performance Audit: Performance audit is an independent assessment or examination of te extent to which an organization, programme or scheme operates economically, efficiently and effectively.
• Financial Attest Audit: Financial attest audit is primarily concerned with expression of audit opinion on a set of financial statements. Financial attest audits are designed to reduce the possibility of a material misstatement in a financial statement and, therefore, assure credibility to such statements.

Conclusion: Urgent Need for Improved Oversight and Accountability

• The CAG report emphasizes the urgent need for enhanced oversight, legal agreements, and meticulous monitoring to prevent procedural lapses, ensuring the efficient utilization of public funds in future projects initiated by MoEFCC.
• The lack of these critical elements has resulted in financial losses and the failure of projects with potential environmental and technological benefits.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/cag-flags-moefcc-projects-costing-rs-4-47-crore-for-procedural-lapses-94593

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Astronomers have recently achieved a breakthrough in their quest to locate a unique class of stars – hot, helium-covered orbs that had eluded discovery for over a decade.

EXPLANATION:

• Led by Assistant Professor of the University of Toronto, a dedicated research team successfully confirmed a crucial prediction related to the evolution of binary stars.

Illustration of a kilonova explosion following the merger of two neutron stars

Theoretical Background: Gravity, Fusion, and Equilibrium

• To appreciate this discovery, one must understand the delicate interplay between gravity and nuclear fusion within stars.
• Despite Newton’s law of gravity suggesting the Sun should collapse onto itself, nuclear fusion in its core counteracts gravitational pull, maintaining the Sun’s equilibrium.
  • Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation states that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with force directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
• This equilibrium, known as the main sequence, is crucial for the stability of stars over billions of years.
• The study further delves into the phenomenon of binary star systems, where the gravitational influence of one star can strip away the hydrogen layer of its companion, leaving a hot helium star with strong surface gravity.
• Despite expectations of numerous such stars in the universe, only one binary system in the mass range of eight to 25 solar masses had been identified before this discovery.

Research Approach: Seven Years of Systematic Exploration

• The research team, committed to validating existing astrophysical theories, spent seven years cataloging thousands of stars, employing a meticulous working hypothesis.
• Their focus was on binary systems that initially comprised two main sequence stars, with one eventually becoming a helium star due to the stripping mechanism.

Ultraviolet Light Detection and speed analysis:

• Helium stars emit more ultraviolet radiation than main sequence stars.
• The researchers strategically used a telescope capable of detecting ultraviolet light to catalog around half a million stars in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds.
• Bright outliers in the data were identified as potential helium stars.
• Studying the speeds of the identified stars revealed variations, indicating potential binary systems.
• This meticulous process led to a shortlist of 25 stars, which became the focus of the final test involving optical spectra analysis.

Spectral Analysis: Confirming Hydrogen-Stripped Helium Stars

• Optical spectra analysis, akin to deciphering a star’s fingerprint, revealed two distinct classes – Class 1 stars with a strong presence of helium and an absence of hydrogen, and Class 2 and Class 3 stars with varying hydrogen content.
• The team concluded that Class 1 stars are helium-rich and hydrogen-depleted, with companions being low-mass main sequence stars or compact objects such as neutron stars or black holes.

Computer Modeling: Unveiling the Characteristics of Class 1 Stars

• To further understand Class 1 stars, the researchers employed computer modeling.
• The surface temperature of these stars was estimated to be approximately 20 times that of the Sun, with a surface gravity around 1,000 times that of Earth.
• These findings painted a vivid picture of hot, strongly gravitating, helium-rich stars in binary systems.
• The research team predicts that Class 1 stars, once reaching the end of their lifecycle, will culminate in hydrogen-poor supernovae, leaving behind ultra-dense neutron stars.
• Furthermore, these neutron stars may eventually collide in powerful kilonova explosions, emitting gravitational waves.

Helium star:

• A helium star is a class O or B star (blue), which has extraordinarily strong helium lines and weaker than normal hydrogen lines, indicating strong stellar winds and a mass loss of the outer envelope.
• Extreme helium stars (EHe) entirely lack hydrogen in their spectra.
• Pure helium stars lie on or near a helium main sequence, analogous to the main sequence formed by the more common hydrogen stars.

Nuclear fusion:

• Nuclear fusion is defined as the combining of several small nuclei into one large nucleus with the subsequent release of huge amounts of energy.
• It is the opposite reaction of fission, where heavy isotopes are split apart.
• Nuclear fusion reaction involves combining two atomic nuclei to form a single heavier one, releasing an enormous amount of energy.
• Such reactions do not occur at room temperature and large amounts of energy are required to create conditions conducive to generating fusion-powered energy.
• It is the same fundamental reaction that powers the sun and other stars.

Conclusion: Bridging the Gap in Astrophysical Knowledge

• The discovery of hydrogen-stripped helium stars fills a significant gap in our understanding of stellar evolution. By confirming theoretical predictions, this research not only expands our knowledge of the cosmos but also opens avenues for exploring the diverse influences of stars on the universe, from the creation of heavy elements to the generation of gravitational waves.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/binary-stripped-helium-stars-neutron-stars-kilonovae/article67870333.ece

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