TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT, GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The proposed 236-kilometer broad-gauge railway line connecting Nilambur in Kerala to Nanjangudi in Karnataka through Bandipur National Park has sparked controversy, with environmentalists expressing concerns about its potential ecological impact.

EXPLANATION:

• The project, aiming to enhance interstate connectivity and reduce travel time, has become a focal point for conservationists advocating for the preservation of the protected area.

Project Rationale and Environmental Concerns

• Interstate Connectivity vs. Ecological Impact
  • The Kerala government, the proponent of the project, underscores its potential to improve interstate connectivity and alleviate traffic congestion on National Highway-766.
  • However, the proposed railway line’s route through the ecologically sensitive Bandipur National Park has raised alarms among wildlife experts and conservationists.
  • The project’s perceived benefits in terms of connectivity and reduced travel distance are being weighed against the potential harm to wildlife habitats and the environment.
• Opposition from Environmentalists
  • Environmentalists argue that a 19.7-kilometer stretch of the existing National Highway-766 already traverses Bandipur National Park, and the railway line could exacerbate ecological disruptions.
  • Concerns are particularly focused on the potential lifting of the night traffic ban in Bandipur, a move that conservationists fear could lead to accidents and negatively impact wildlife.

Protests and Advocacy: ‘Save Bandipur’ Movement

• Unifying Environmental Advocacy
  • In response to the proposed railway project, environmentalists have coalesced under the banner ‘Save Bandipur.’
  • Over the last week, protests and awareness campaigns have been organized to highlight the potential adverse impacts on Bandipur and Nagarahole national parks.
  • The movement aims to bring attention to the ecological significance of these protected areas and garner public support for their preservation.
• Protests in Mysuru
  • A significant protest was staged in Mysuru on February 4, led by the Gandhada Gudi Foundation, urging authorities to safeguard Bandipur forest.
  • Demonstrators voiced their opposition to the railway line’s construction within the forest area, emphasizing the need for stringent measures to protect wildlife habitats.

Government Responses and Future Implications

• Government’s Stance and Forest Minister’s Assurance
  • Karnataka Forest Minister’s recent visit to Bandipur Tiger Reserve raised concerns about the potential lifting of the night traffic ban.
  • However, the minister assured that the ban would remain in place, prioritizing the preservation of wildlife and forests.
  • This assertion aligns with the government’s commitment to maintaining the ecological balance in the region.
• Political Perspectives and Karnataka’s Position
  • MP representing Mysuru-Kodagu in Parliament has urged the government to prioritize forest conservation efforts.
  • However, there is a disparity in perspectives between Kerala and Karnataka, with Karnataka forest authorities stating they have not been informed about the proposed projects.
  • The lack of communication raises questions about the coordination between the involved states in addressing ecological concerns.

Project Status and Future Developments

• Survey Initiatives and Lack of Information
  • Despite resistance and protests, the Kerala government has initiated a survey for the railway line’s construction, according to local reports.
  • However, the South Western Railway (SWR) for Mysuru claims to lack information about the project and any associated surveys.
  • The ambiguity surrounding the project’s status and the absence of a unified stance between the involved states raise questions about the transparency and collaborative decision-making process.
• Historical Approval and Current Relevance
  • The Planning Commission initially approved the project cost in 2010, envisioning a shortcut from Kerala to Bengaluru.
  • Despite the historical approval, concerns about ecological impact persist, and the current controversy surrounding the project reflects evolving environmental sensitivities.

Conclusion: Balancing Development and Conservation

• The proposed Nilambur-Nanjangud railway line through Bandipur National Park stands at the intersection of development aspirations and environmental conservation.
• As the ‘Save Bandipur’ movement gains momentum, the balancing act between improving interstate connectivity and preserving ecologically sensitive areas becomes paramount.
• The responses from both Kerala and Karnataka, the coordination between the states, and the government’s commitment to sustainable development will shape the future trajectory of this contentious railway project.
• The Nilambur-Nanjangud line exemplifies the ongoing challenges in achieving harmony between progress and the protection of invaluable natural ecosystems.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/plan-for-nilambur-nanjangud-railway-line-through-bandipur-national-park-evokes-protests-over-ecological-impact-94373

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Indian Parliament recently achieved significant milestones by passing crucial bills aimed at expanding the Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Scheduled Castes (SC) lists in Jammu and Kashmir.

EXPLANATION:

• The move is a pivotal step towards addressing historical demands and enhancing social inclusivity in the region.
• The bills, including the Constitution (Jammu and Kashmir) Scheduled Tribes Order (Amendment) Bill, 2024, and the Constitution (Jammu and Kashmir) Scheduled Castes Order (Amendment) Bill, 2024, reflect a commitment to recognizing and empowering marginalized communities.

Expansion of Scheduled Tribes List: Addressing Long-standing Demands

• The Constitution (Jammu and Kashmir) Scheduled Tribes Order (Amendment) Bill, 2024, successfully cleared both houses of Parliament, ushering in a momentous change by adding four communities to the Scheduled Tribes list.
• The inclusion of Paddari, Pahari, Gadda Brahmin, and Koli communities responds to the protracted demands for ST status, demonstrating a commitment to redressing historical grievances.
• The Minister of Tribal Affairs underscored the significance of the bill, emphasizing its role in delivering justice to communities that have long sought ST status.
• Minister attributed the legislative progress to the abrogation of Article 370, highlighting how this constitutional change facilitated the enactment of laws addressing the aspirations of marginalized communities.

OBC Reservations in Local Bodies: A Step Towards Inclusive Governance

• Parallelly, the Jammu and Kashmir Local Bodies Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024, received approval from the Upper House.
• This bill aims to introduce reservations for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in panchayats and municipalities in Jammu and Kashmir.
• Minister of State for Home Affairs elaborated on the key amendments, emphasizing the provision for OBC reservations and the crucial role of the state election commission in conducting local body elections.
• Minister of State for Home Affairs reiterated the government’s commitment to the welfare of OBCs in the region.
• He highlighted the series of measures undertaken by the government, stating, “The government has taken several steps for the welfare of the OBCs in the Union territory, and this amendment is another step in that direction.”
• The move aligns with broader efforts to ensure inclusive governance and representation at the grassroots level.

Valmiki Community Inclusion in SC List: Broadening Access to Benefits

Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order (Amendment) Bill, 2024

• The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order (Amendment) Bill, 2024, completes the legislative triad by adding the Valmiki community to the Scheduled Castes list.
• This strategic inclusion aims to extend the scope of benefits and schemes available to the Valmiki community, marking a significant stride towards social justice and empowerment.

Commitment to Weaker Sections

• The Minister for Social Justice and Empowerment reaffirmed the government’s commitment to uplift weaker sections of society.
• The tangible benefits that these communities would accrue through the passage of the bills has been highlighted.
• The government’s focus on strengthening the socio-economic fabric without succumbing to vote bank politics has also been emphasised.

Conclusion: A Transformative Legislative Landscape for Jammu and Kashmir

• The legislative approvals of bills related to Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes, and Other Backward Classes underscore a transformative phase for Jammu and Kashmir.
• These decisions reflect a commitment to social justice, recognizing historical grievances, and fostering inclusivity.
• The inclusion of new communities in the ST list, OBC reservations in local bodies, and the Valmiki community’s addition to the SC list collectively contribute to a more equitable and representative governance structure.
• As Jammu and Kashmir witnesses these progressive legislative changes, it marks a significant step towards building a more inclusive and harmonious society.

SOURCE: https://news.abplive.com/news/india/parliament-clears-jammu-kashmir-bills-scheduled-tribes-scheduled-castes-lists-valmiki-obc-local-bodies-1663246

TAG: PRELIMS SPECIFIC

THE CONTEXT: In a significant announcement, Prime Minister revealed that three distinguished individuals – former Prime Ministers PV Narasimha Rao and Chaudhary Charan Singh, along with renowned agriculture scientist MS Swaminathan – are to be conferred with the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award.

EXPLANATION:

• This prestigious recognition underscores their exceptional contributions to the nation in diverse fields.
• The Centre had earlier announced the Bharat Ratna for Bharatiya Janata Party veteran Lal Krishna Advani and former Bihar chief minister Karpoori Thakur.

PV Narasimha Rao: Architect of Economic Reforms

• Legacy of Leadership
  • Prime Minister extolled the accomplishments of PV Narasimha Rao, highlighting his multifaceted legacy as a scholar and statesman.
  • Narasimha Rao’s extensive service to India, encompassing roles as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Union Minister, and a prominent Member of Parliament and Legislative Assembly, is acknowledged.
  • His visionary leadership, particularly during his tenure as Prime Minister, played a pivotal role in ushering in economic reforms that opened India to global markets.
• Economic Advancement and Global Integration
  • Underlining the transformative measures enacted during Narasimha Rao’s leadership, PM emphasized their instrumental role in making India economically advanced.
  • These reforms laid a robust foundation for the country’s prosperity and growth.
  • The former Prime Minister’s contributions extended beyond economic realms to India’s foreign policy, language, and education sectors, leaving an indelible mark on the nation’s cultural and intellectual heritage.

Chaudhary Charan Singh: Champion of Farmers’ Rights

• Incomparable Contribution to the Nation
  • PM expressed the government’s good fortune in honouring Chaudhary Charan Singh with the Bharat Ratna, dedicating this recognition to Singh’s unparalleled contribution to the nation.
  • He served as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Home Minister of the country, and as an MLA, devoted his life to championing the rights and welfare of farmers.
• Defender of Democracy
  • The tribute extended to Chaudhary Charan Singh encompasses his role as a staunch defender of democracy during challenging times, particularly the Emergency.
  • PM highlighted Singh’s steadfast commitment to nation-building and his unwavering support for farmers, emphasizing the enduring inspiration Singh’s legacy provides to the entire nation.

MS Swaminathan: Trailblazer in Agriculture

• Monumental Contributions to Agriculture
  • Prime Minister lauded the monumental contributions of Dr. MS Swaminathan to Indian agriculture and farmers’ welfare.
  • Recognizing Swaminathan’s pivotal role in achieving self-reliance in agriculture during challenging periods, PM emphasized his outstanding efforts towards modernizing Indian agriculture.
• Visionary Leadership and Food Security
  • Swaminathan’s visionary leadership not only transformed Indian agriculture but also ensured the nation’s food security and prosperity.
  • The Bharat Ratna is a testament to Swaminathan’s invaluable work as an innovator, mentor, and advocate for learning and research in the field of agriculture.

Conclusion: A Triumphant Acknowledgment of Excellence

• The announcement of Bharat Ratna for PV Narasimha Rao, Chaudhary Charan Singh, and MS Swaminathan signifies the recognition of their exceptional contributions that have left an indelible impact on India’s economic, political, and agricultural landscapes.
• This honour is not only a celebration of individual achievements but also a collective acknowledgment of their enduring legacies, each playing a crucial role in shaping the trajectory of the nation.
• As India bestows its highest civilian honour upon these visionaries, it reflects a triumphant acknowledgment of excellence and a commitment to preserving and promoting their impactful contributions for generations to come.

Bharat Ratna:

• Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the country.
• It is awarded in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavour.
• It is treated on a different footing from Padma Award.
• The recommendations for Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President of India.
• The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of three in a particular year.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-pms-narasimha-rao-chaudhary-charan-singh-and-ms-swaminathan-to-get-bharat-ratna-pm-modi-101707462720479.html

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Conservationists have obtained the first-ever video of a baby spider monkey birth in the wild as the critically endangered species struggles to repopulate amid continued habitat loss.

EXPLANATION:

• Conservationists have achieved a groundbreaking milestone by capturing the first-ever video of a baby spider monkey being born in the wild.
• The event unfolded in the Chocó, a tropical forest region in northwest Ecuador.
• It shedded light on the challenges faced by the critically endangered brown-headed spider monkey as it strives to repopulate amidst continuous habitat loss.

The Dramatic Birth of Anku: A Precarious Moment

• Unique Circumstances of the Birth
  • The newborn, named Anku, entered the world on January 22, bringing hope to conservation efforts.
  • However, the documentation of this rare event took an unexpected turn.
  • Anku was found suspended about 50 feet above the ground in one of the tallest tree canopies, held only by his umbilical cord.
  • The researchers, initially terrified, watched as Anku defied the odds, not falling to the ground, concluding the dramatic moment with relief and amazement.

Challenges in Documenting Spider Monkey Births: Nighttime Rarity

• Elusiveness of Spider Monkey Births
  • Spider monkey births in the wild are notoriously challenging to document due to their nocturnal nature.
  • The researchers, who have dedicated over a decade to studying this elusive species, faced the unique opportunity of witnessing a birth for the first time.
  • The rarity of these occurrences adds a layer of complexity to the understanding of spider monkey reproductive behaviour.

Conservation Status and Threats: A Critical Perspective

• Critical Endangerment and Habitat Loss
  • Brown-headed spider monkeys are categorized as critically endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species.
  • Their population continues to dwindle as they grapple with the overarching threat of habitat loss.
  • The species, dependent on trees for survival, faces the dire consequences of deforestation driven by activities such as cattle ranching and large-scale plantations, particularly those cultivating crops like palm oil.
• Competition with Humans and Boreal Nature
  • Spider monkeys, integral to the ecosystem, compete with humans for space.
  • The boreal nature of these primates, avoiding the ground where predators like jaguars roam, contributes to their vulnerability.
  • The ongoing struggle for territory underscores the urgency of addressing the root causes of habitat destruction.

Birth Dynamics and Conservation Efforts: A Delicate Balance

• Longevity and Reproduction Challenges
  • The brown-headed spider monkeys live relatively long lives, spanning 15 to 20 years.
  • The birthing process itself is a lengthy one, with gestation periods exceeding seven months and nursing lasting up to four years.
  • This extended reproductive cycle poses challenges to maintaining a stable population, emphasizing the importance of each birth, such as Anku’s, in the conservation narrative.
• Conservation Initiatives and Community-Based Success
  • The birth of Anku is hailed as a landmark achievement for the brown-headed spider monkey, showcasing the effectiveness of community-based conservation efforts.
  • Organizations like Proyecto Washu play a pivotal role in addressing complex conservation issues, ranging from climate change impacts to habitat restoration.
  • CEO of the Wildlife Conservation Network emphasized the significance of these local initiatives in tackling global challenges.

Cultural Sensitivity in Conservation: A Necessary Paradigm Shift

• Poaching and Cultural Practices
  • While habitat loss poses a significant threat, poaching and the illegal wildlife trade further compound the challenges faced by spider monkeys.
  • Indigenous communities, with cultural ties to hunting spider monkeys, contribute to the complexity of conservation efforts.
  • Striking a balance between protecting the species and respecting cultural practices becomes imperative for sustainable conservation strategies.

Global Collaboration and Hope for the Future: The Way Forward

• International Collaboration and Conservation Dilemmas
  • As conservationists navigate the intricate web of challenges, international collaboration becomes essential.
  • The case of spider monkeys exemplifies the need for culturally sensitive conservation programs that allow communities to coexist with wildlife while ensuring sustainable resource use.
  • Vice president of wildlife care for the San Diego Zoo emphasized the importance of developing such programs to address the conservation dilemmas faced globally.
• Rescued Spider Monkey Babies: A Tale of Resilience
  • In a parallel narrative, the San Diego Zoo’s efforts in rescuing and caring for illegally brought spider monkey babies showcase the resilience of these creatures despite challenging beginnings.
  • The commitment to ensuring a bright future for these animals becomes a beacon of hope amid the broader conservation landscape.

Conclusion: Balancing Act for Spider Monkeys and Conservation

• The documentation of Anku’s birth offers a rare glimpse into the delicate balance between the challenges faced by spider monkeys and the ongoing efforts to conserve this critically endangered species.
• As conservationists grapple with habitat loss, cultural nuances, and the intricate dynamics of spider monkey reproduction, the need for global collaboration, community engagement, and adaptive conservation strategies becomes increasingly evident.
• Anku’s birth, against the odds, serves as a poignant reminder of the resilience of nature and the collective responsibility to protect our planet’s biodiversity.

SOURCE: https://abcnews.go.com/US/spider-monkey-birth-documented-wild-1st-time-exclusive/story?id=106956303

TAG: GS 1: WORLD GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: The Aral Sea, an endorheic lake located between Kazakhstan in the north and Uzbekistan in the south, has nearly disappeared.

EXPLANATION:

• The Aral Sea, once a thriving endorheic lake situated between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, began its tragic journey towards near extinction in the early 1960s.
• The Soviet Union initiated a colossal water diversion project in 1960, redirecting the vital Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers to foster agricultural development in the surrounding desert region.
• This ambitious endeavor aimed to transform the arid landscape but, unbeknownst at the time, set in motion a catastrophic sequence of events leading to the steady demise of the Aral Sea.

An image of the shrinking Aral Sea by NASA

Human Engineering and Agricultural Projects Gone Awry

• The Soviet water diversion project, while successful in making the desert bloom, inadvertently sowed the seeds of destruction for the Aral Sea.
• By diverting the lifeblood of the lake for irrigation purposes, the water body, once renowned for its abundance of fish and pristine blue waters, began a relentless decline.
• Today, the Aral Sea is a mere fraction of its former size, symbolizing the unintended consequences of large-scale human engineering and agricultural projects.

The Aral Sea Crisis: A Modern Environmental Catastrophe

• Climate Change Exacerbating the Desolation
  • In recent times, the plight of the Aral Sea has been further aggravated by the impacts of climate change.
  • Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased evaporation are compounding the challenges faced by this already beleaguered water body.
  • Experts predict that climate change will accelerate the disappearance of the Aral Sea, intensifying the suffering of the communities residing in its vicinity.
• UN’s Stark Assessment
  • The United Nations Development Program has labeled the destruction of the Aral Sea as “the most staggering disaster of the 20th century.”
  • The repercussions of this environmental catastrophe are far-reaching, manifesting as land degradation, desertification, drinking water shortages, malnutrition, and deteriorating health conditions in the surrounding areas.
  • The far-reaching consequences underscore the urgency of addressing this crisis comprehensively.

International Efforts and Ongoing Struggle

• Attempts at Restoration
  • International aid organizations, national governments, and local groups have rallied together in an attempt to mitigate the damage inflicted upon the Aral Sea.
  • Various restoration initiatives have been undertaken, ranging from water management projects to community-led efforts.
  • However, despite these endeavors, the relentless pace of climate change threatens to outpace these mitigation measures, making the restoration of the Aral Sea an uphill battle.
• Impact on Local Communities
  • The suffering of the residents around the Aral Sea is a poignant aspect of this crisis.
  • Drinking water shortages, agricultural challenges, and health issues have become pervasive, eroding the livelihoods and well-being of those dependent on the lake.
  • The precarious balance between human needs and environmental sustainability is at the forefront of the struggle to save the Aral Sea.

Conclusion: A Race Against Time

• The tragic decline of the Aral Sea stands as a stark reminder of the interconnectedness of human activities and environmental well-being.
• While efforts persist to reverse the damage wrought by human engineering and agricultural mismanagement, the accelerating impact of climate change poses an ominous threat.
• The plight of the Aral Sea serves as a clarion call for global collaboration, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and climate resilience to prevent the irreversible loss of vital ecosystems.
• Time is of the essence as the Aral Sea races against the forces that conspire to erase it from the map.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/how-climate-change-is-accelerating-the-decades-long-demise-of-the-aral-sea-101707472028728.html

THE CONTEXT: The Reserve Bank of India’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) decided to keep the repo rate unchanged at 6.5% for the sixth consecutive meeting. The MPC’s decision is influenced by uncertainties in food prices, which continue to affect the headline inflation trajectory. The recent trends in retail inflation and the potential impact of food price gains on inflation expectations are also highlighted.

ISSUES:

• Monetary Policy and Inflation Control: The RBI’s Monetary Policy Committee has kept the repo rate unchanged at 6.5% for the sixth consecutive meeting. The committee is committed to maintaining a monetary policy to reduce inflation and stabilize prices.
• Food Prices and Inflation: Food prices greatly impact inflation. In December, retail inflation was 5.69% due to uncertainties. The Consumer Food Price Index rose 9.53%, much higher than October’s 6.61%.
• Inflation Projections and Policy Response: The MPC has predicted that retail inflation in the first quarter of the year will be around 5%. To meet the target of 4%, policymakers must keep up their efforts to control price increases.
• Economic Growth and Consumption: Despite inflation, the economy remains strong. However, high inflation could negatively impact growth by reducing consumption.
• Food Prices as Core of India’s Inflation: Food prices can sometimes increase in a way that affects inflation similarly to other basic goods. This can lead to people expecting more price increases, undermining the goal of stabilizing prices.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Monetary Policy Measures: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) can employ various monetary policy tools to control inflation. These include adjusting the Repo Rate, Reverse Repo Rate, and Bank Rate and employing Open Market Operations, Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), and Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF). However, it’s important to note that while these measures can help manage inflation, they are not a complete solution and have limitations.
• Investment in Infrastructure: Road infrastructure can foster efficient and stable food markets, which can help stabilize food prices.
• Crop Diversification: Diversifying the types of crops grown can help stabilize the yield of the crops in the system, which can help control food prices.
• Improving Supply Chain Management: Short-term food inflation is often caused by limited yield or poor supply chain management. Therefore, improving supply chain management can help control food inflation.
• Providing Targeted and Flexible Food Safety Nets: This can ensure access to healthy diets and national food security, particularly for the most vulnerable groups.
• Addressing Long-Term Threats to Food Production: These include water scarcity, soil degradation, the environmental impacts of climate change, and competition for productive land due to urban expansion.
• Regulating Biofuels: Biofuels add stress to the weak supply and demand equilibrium of world food market commodities, so regulating them could help reduce food price volatility.
• Strengthening the Supply Side: It is necessary to strengthen the supply side rather than concentrate only on the demand side. The RBI can lay certain regulations to direct funds for improvement in supply.

THE CONCLUSION:

The MPC’s decision reflects its commitment to ensuring that inflation aligns with the target of 4%, particularly in the face of volatile food prices. However, the article suggests that policymakers must remain steadfast in their resolve to slow price gains towards the target or risk dampening consumption and undermining growth momentum. There is a need for a balanced approach to manage inflation while supporting economic growth.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:

Q. Do you agree that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. (2019)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q. Discuss the impact of keeping the repo rate unchanged on the various sectors of the economy, considering the current inflationary trends and the need for economic growth.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/prudence-prevails-on-keeping-monetary-policy-disinflationary/article67828996.ece

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the interim Budget or ‘vote on account’ for 2024-25 was presented by Finance Minister. The budget refrained from making any changes to tax rates either for direct taxes or indirect taxes but highlights increased capital expenditures and fiscal consolidation.

HIGHLIGHTS IN THE BUDGET:

• Capital Expenditure: One important feature of the Budgets presented in recent years is an increase in capital expenditures of the Central government. The interim Budget has maintained this trend and has provided for an increase of 11.1% in capital expenditures when a comparison is made with the 2023-24 Budget Estimates. This aims to stimulate investment climate, potentially catalysing private sector participation and underscores the government’s commitment to infrastructure development.
• Growth Rates Analysis: While the interim budget indicates an 11.1% increase in capital expenditures compared to the 2023-24 Budget Estimates, the growth rate is lower than initially planned. This lower growth rate aligns with the real GDP growth of 7.3% in 2023-24.
• Potential Impact on GDP Growth: The projected 17% growth in capital expenditure for 2024-25 suggests the potential for achieving a 7% real GDP growth. It can be achieved if private sector investment momentum is sustained and state governments maintain their capital expenditure growth, supported by government initiatives such as interest-free loans.
• Tax buoyancy: The buoyancy of tax revenue, coupled with nominal GDP growth estimates, provides flexibility for future expenditure adjustments or deficit reductions. The buoyancy of tax revenue comes to 1.33, if the base is taken as Budget Estimates of the present year and using nominal GDP growth for 2023-24 as per the National Statistics Organisation’s (NSO) first advance estimates.
• Fiscal Planning: The budget showcases prudent fiscal planning and the emphasis on fiscal correction and consolidation reflects a cautious approach to economic management.
• Fiscal Deficit Reduction: A significant aspect of the budget is the projected reduction in the fiscal deficit. The fiscal deficit for 2024-25 is forecasted to decrease to 5.1% of GDP reflecting a decrease of a 0.7 percentage point from the previous year.
• Long-term Fiscal Objectives: The budget discussion revolves around the desired fiscal deficit targets, particularly aiming for 3% of GDP for the Central government and not exceeding 6% of GDP when combined with State governments. The rationale behind these targets is intricately linked to household savings, net inflows from abroad, and the imperative to manage debt-GDP ratios effectively.
• Debt-GDP Ratio: The government proposes a debt-GDP ratio target of 40% for the Centre by 2028-29 which a strategic vision for sustainable fiscal management over the long term. This would be feasible as the government has extended the interest-free loan facility for the State governments. The lower fiscal deficit might also facilitate a lowering of interest rates later during the year.
• Capital formation: Though, capital expenditures of the government are not identical with gross fixed capital formation. However, it contributes to increasing capital formation. It is worth noting that the capital expenditures of the Central government in 2024-25 as a proportion of GDP are budgeted to increase marginally from 3.2% in 2023-24 to 3.4% in 2024-25.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Continued Government Investment: In developing economies, growth is driven by investment. Therefore, for the continued growth of the economy, there is a need for an sustained investment rate which can be improved only by the government raising its own investment. It could act as a catalyst for private investment.
• Ensuring Economic Stability: These targets are rooted in the goal of ensuring economic stability by maintaining sufficient household savings, curbing inflationary pressures, and fostering sustainable economic growth.
• Setting timelines: The timeline for achieving the targets highlighted in budget must be carefully delineated to mitigate inflationary pressures for ensuring sustainable economic growth.
• Coordination: Achieving these targets necessitate continuous coordination and implementation, considering the dynamic nature of economic conditions amidst evolving global and domestic factors.

THE CONCLUSION:

The recent interim Budget lays a foundation for sustainable fiscal management, emphasizing on capital expenditure enhancement and fiscal consolidation. However, achieving long-term fiscal sustainability requires concerted efforts, including aligning fiscal policies with economic realities and establishing clear targets for deficit reduction.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 What are the reasons for introducing the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003? Discuss its salient features and their effectiveness critically. (2013)

Q.2 Public expenditure management was a challenge to India’s government in the context of budget-making during the post-liberalization period. Clarify it. (2019)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.1 Highlight the challenges in achieving long-term fiscal sustainability in the country, considering the dynamic economic conditions amidst evolving global and domestic factors.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/road-map-for-fiscal-consolidation/article67821293.ece

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Uniform Civil Code adopted by the Uttarakhand Assembly aims to consolidate the laws relating to marriage, divorce and succession among all communities. The Uttarakhand has become the first state since pre-Independence Goa to adopt a uniform code for civil matters.

WHAT IS UNIFORM CIVIL CODE?

• Uniform civil code in India is the proposal to replace the personal laws based on the scriptures and customs of each major religious with a common set governing every citizen.
• These laws are distinguished from public law and cover marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption and maintenance.
• It aims to establish a uniform legal framework for all citizens, regardless of their religion.
• Article 44 in the DPSP in Part IV of the Constitution, which states that “the State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India”.
• Thus, Constitution explicitly states that the state can only “endeavour” to achieve a common code among its citizens, rather than enforce it.

BACKGROUND: DIVERGENT OPINIONS

• When the Constitution makers made the adoption of a UCC one of the directive principles, opinion was divided on whether a UCC will undermine minority rights or promote equal status for women in all religions.
• R. Ambedkar felt the UCC, if enacted, should be voluntary in the initial stages.
• The previous Law Commission had said a UCC is neither desirable nor necessary, and, instead, suggested that each body of personal law be reformed to eliminate discrimination or regressive practices.
• However, the 22nd Law Commission has revived the idea and has started gathering views from the public.

ISSUES:

• Fundamental rights: The implementation of the UCC violates the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Constitution, including Article 25 (freedom to profess and practice one’s religion) and Article 29 (right to have a distinct culture). It also contradicts the provisions granted to states like Nagaland and Mizoram.
• Infringe upon minorities right: Major concerns have been raised that its enforcement may infringe upon the rights and distinct practices of minority communities in the state.
• Privacy and rights of individuals: The provisions in Uttarakhand UCC is violative of the Constitution as it aims to formalise live-in relationships through registration. This unwanted incursion into citizens’ personal life is worsened by the prescription of a three-month prison term for non-registration. It will expose citizens to intrusive inquiries, social hostility and pointless deprivation of liberty. It is violative of both rights and privacy of the individuals.
• Erode tolerance and fabric of society: Uniform nation does not necessarily imply a unified nation, it is being believed that the UCC will erode the boundaries of tolerance, despite being non-cognizable.
• Absence of consensus: It is quite obvious that there will be a lack of consensus because it is ultimately the difference of beliefs and ideology that affect a person’s morality. This factor can again make the take of UCC implementation difficult.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Moderate the personal laws: The personal laws of different religions have unique issues and loopholes mainly due to their inclination towards the patriarchal concept of society. There is a need to bring moderation and balance in the personal laws of the country.
• National integration: Whatever laws and legislation that will be adopted should reflect India’s multiculturalism and preserve its diversity. This will ensure national integration as unity is more important than uniformity.
• Secularism: There is a need to treat every individual equally and for that steps need to be taken to maintain a fair principle of secularity.
• Consultation with Stakeholders: There is a need to make a broader consultation with all the major stakeholders, including religious leaders, legal experts in the process of developing UCC.

THE CONCLUSION:

Though, the implementation of a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) has the potential to enhance both secularism and national integrity in India. However, any decision regarding implementing such decision should include different perspectives and needs of different groups.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting a uniform civil code for its citizens as provided in the Directive Principles of State Policy. (2015)

Q.2 Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation. Argue by giving suitable illustrations. (2018)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.1 Explain the concept of Uniform Civil Code. What are the challenges in its implementation and how can it affect the rights of the citizens?

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/towards-uniformity-on-the-ucc-adopted-by-the-uttarakhand-assembly/article67825238.ece

THE CONTEXT: Indian states ruled by opposition parties are protesting the central government’s distribution of tax revenues and imposition of borrowing limits, raising concerns about fiscal federalism principles.

ISSUES:

• Tax Devolution and Revenue Sharing: Karnataka’s Chief Minister protested the Centre’s alleged discrimination in the devolution of tax revenues. The reduction of Karnataka’s share in the divisible tax pool from 4.713 to 3.647 percent between the 14th and 15th Finance Commission awards is a point of contention. This has financial implications for the state, potentially affecting its ability to fund various programs and meet its expenditure needs.
• Borrowing Limits: Kerala’s Chief Minister has moved the Supreme Court against the Centre’s imposing limits on the state’s borrowing powers. The Centre’s actions are seen as encroaching on the state’s fiscal sovereignty, potentially leading to a financial crisis for Kerala by limiting its ability to manage its budget and fund development projects.
• Off-Budget Borrowing: Karnataka and Kerala have engaged in fiscally questionable practices. Kerala has sought to circumvent its net borrowing ceiling by resorting to off-budget loans raised by state-owned entities. This can lead to understating the state’s debt and deficit figures, potentially masking the true extent of its financial liabilities.
• Fiscal Irresponsibility: The ruling Congress in Karnataka has been criticized for its fiscal irresponsibility, particularly for announcing five assembly poll “guarantee” schemes costing the state exchequer an additional Rs 52,000 crore per year. This could exacerbate the state’s financial strain and impact its fiscal sustainability.
• GST and Fiscal Sovereignty: Implementing the Goods and Services Tax (GST) has replaced major sources of revenue for the states, such as the value-added tax. Although the states accepted this loss of fiscal sovereignty through a consensus-building process, there are concerns about the adequacy of compensation for potential revenue losses under the new tax regime.
• Political Implications: The timing of the protests by Karnataka and Kerala, ahead of Lok Sabha elections, and the fact that both states are opposition-ruled suggests a political dimension to these financial disputes. This could lead to politicizing fiscal federalism issues, potentially affecting the cooperative relationship between the Centre and the states.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• GST COUNCIL 2.0: There is a need for a new grand bargain between the Centre and the states to address the issues of tax devolution and resource transfers. This would involve clear and transparent rules for distributing the Centre’s tax proceeds and grants-in-aid.
• Fiscal Equalization: Commissions must move towards fiscal equalization to address the vertical fiscal imbalance. This would require a sense of direction to achieve a more balanced distribution of financial resources between the Centre and the states.
• Transparent Rules for Resource Transfers: The next Finance Commission should frame clear and transparent rules for distributing the Centre’s tax proceeds and grants-in-aid. This would help ensure fairness and equity in the distribution of financial resources.
• Adherence to Fiscal Responsibility: States should strictly adhere to deficit targets and borrowing limits, while the Centre must desist from levying non-sharable cesses and surcharges on taxes. Addressing Fiscal Irresponsibility: States must exercise fiscal responsibility and avoid fiscally irresponsible actions, such as announcing costly guarantee schemes without adequate financial planning.
• Public Support and Effective Implementation: While guarantee schemes may enjoy popular support, ensuring their effective implementation and assessing their impact on public finances is essential. Public opinion and effectiveness assessments should inform the design and implementation of such schemes.
• Cooperative Approach: Both the Centre and the states need to adopt a cooperative approach to address the genuine concerns about fiscal federalism. This would involve constructive dialogue, consensus-building, and a willingness to find mutually acceptable solutions to the financial issues raised.

THE CONCLUSION:

The states demand fairer, clearer, and more transparent fiscal rules that govern tax devolution and borrowing practices, coupled with a collective call for responsible financial governance and equitable treatment by the Centre to maintain the federal balance.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:

Q.1) Explain the significance of the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act. To what extent does it reflect the accommodative spirit of federalism? (2023)

Q.2) How have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India enabled the States to improve their fiscal position? (2021)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1) Examine the issues related to vertical and horizontal imbalances in tax devolution in the Indian federation, considering recent events involving state protests and the Centre’s fiscal policies. Critically analyze the role of Finance Commissions and the potential impact of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) on fiscal federalism.

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/uttarakhand-uniform-civil-code-young-people-sexuality-9151154/

THE CONTEXT: The debate surrounding Kerala’s protest of the Centre’s imposition of a Net Borrowing Ceiling (NBC) underscores a growing concern over the erosion of fiscal federalism in India. This brings into the limelight the conflict between the constitutional autonomy of states to manage their finances and the Centre’s regulatory mechanisms intended to ensure fiscal discipline and transparency.

THE ISSUES:

• Net Borrowing Ceiling (NBC): The NBC is a limit set by the Centre on the total amount that states can borrow from all sources, including open market operations and loans from state-owned enterprises. Specific to Kerala, the NBC now includes debts incurred by the Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board (KIIFB), which funds infrastructure projects through extra-budgetary routes. Including KIIFB’s debts under the NBC restricts Kerala’s financial autonomy, directly impacting its ability to fund welfare schemes and pensions.
• Constitutional Limits and Fiscal Federalism: Article 293(3) requires states to seek the Centre’s permission to borrow if they have any outstanding federal loans. The imposition of the NBC by the Centre is under this article, which Kerala contends is a violation. Kerala’s legal stance to move to the Supreme Court suggests that the Centre’s decision infringes on the state’s constitutional rights to manage its public debt (Entry 43, State List) and public accounts (Article 266(2)).
• State Fiscal Responsibility and Transparency: Kerala Fiscal Responsibility Act, 2003 mandates reducing the fiscal deficit to 3% of Kerala’s Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) by 2025-26. Kerala’s fiscal deficit has been reported at 2.44% and the revenue deficit at 0.88% of the GSDP, indicating a responsible fiscal approach compared to the Centre’s fiscal deficit, pegged at 5.8% for 2023-24.
• Impact on Governance and Welfare Implications: The restricted borrowing capacity directly impacts the state’s social obligations, such as funding pensions and welfare programs essential for balanced socio-economic development. The KIIFB’s innovative financial strategy for infrastructure development in Kerala is a model of how state autonomy can be effectively utilized for the public good, which NBC hinders.
• Assessment of Federal Dynamics: The shift in Federal Structure by transitioning from cooperative federalism towards a more ‘annihilative federalism,’ where the Centre’s stringent controls over state finances limit the states’ operational independence. Examination of this shift in India’s federal structure reflects on the long-term implications on centre-state relations and the principle of subsidiarity.
• Borrowing Restrictions: The 15th Finance Commission recommended that 41% of the net proceeds of Union taxes be shared with the states. However, the Centre’s decision to include off-budget borrowings done by states while deciding their borrowing limits led to a sharp decrease in such borrowings. This has been seen as a restriction on states’ ability to borrow and manage their finances, with Kerala particularly affected due to the inclusion of the debt of KIIFB in the NBC.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Seek Judicial Clarification: Given that Kerala has moved the Supreme Court on the matter, one solution is a judicial review of the constitutional validity of the NBC with respect to Article 293(3) and Article 266(2). The Court’s interpretation could resolve disputes regarding the constitutional limits of the Centre’s authority over state borrowing.
• Review of 15th Finance Commission Recommendations: The issues stemming from interpreting the 15th Finance Commission’s recommendations could be re-examined. States can engage with the Finance Commission or the Union Finance Ministry to advocate their concerns and seek a more nuanced approach that doesn’t infringe on states’ fiscal autonomy while upholding fiscal sustainability.
• Legislative Action: Parliament could consider enacting legislation or amending existing laws (subject to constitutional limits) to clarify the scope of central oversight on state borrowings. This should respect the balance of fiscal federalism and be designed after extensive consultations with states.
• Strengthen Cooperative Federalism: Regular high-level meetings between the Centre and States, through forums like the GST Council or a specially convened fiscal policy council, could help facilitate dialogue. These meetings would aim to negotiate borrowing limits and ensure that states have enough financial leeway to meet their obligations.
• Promote Fiscal Responsibility at the State Level: States can take proactive steps to strengthen their fiscal management, as Kerala has done through the Kerala Fiscal Responsibility Act. By setting clear deficit targets and budget management practices, states can demonstrate their commitment to fiscal prudence, potentially increasing their negotiating power with the Centre.
• Build a Consensus on Public Account Handling: The issue of including public account withdrawals within the NBC could be addressed by building a broader consensus among all states, which can then be presented to the Centre in a united front to exclude such transactions from the borrowing limits.
• Economic Reforms and Growth Promotion: Widening the tax base through economic reforms, boosting the investment climate, and promoting growth in the state’s own-source revenue can be sustainable ways of ensuring sufficient funds for state spending without reliance on borrowings.

THE CONCLUSION:

Kerala’s challenge against the Centre’s Net Borrowing Ceiling (NBC) imposition highlights a significant constitutional dispute over fiscal federalism and state autonomy in financial management. The state argues that the Centre’s restrictions on borrowing, including debts of state-owned enterprises and public account balances, infringe upon its constitutional rights. This legal battle underscores the tension between central oversight and state fiscal independence, potentially reshaping the dynamics of federal-state financial relations in India.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:

Q.1 Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, but it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. Discuss. (2014)

Q.2 The concept of cooperative federalism has been increasingly emphasized in recent years. Highlight the drawbacks in the existing structure and the extent to which cooperative federalism would answer the shortcomings. (2015)

Q.3 How far do you think cooperation, competition, and confrontation have shaped the nature of federation in India? Cite some recent examples to validate your answer. (2020)

Q.4 Public expenditure management was a challenge to India’s government in the context of budget-making during the post-liberalization period. Clarify it. (2019)

Q.5 What are the reasons for introducing the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003? Discuss its salient features and their effectiveness critically. (2013)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Critically examine the contention between the State of Kerala and the Centre over the imposition of a Net Borrowing Ceiling (NBC) concerning Article 293(3) of the Indian Constitution. Analyze the implications of such a ceiling on fiscal federalism and state autonomy, along with its potential impact on state welfare schemes and infrastructure projects.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-severe-erosion-of-fiscal-federalism/article67818283.ece

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Uttarakhand state Assembly proposed the draft bill Uniform Civil Code (UCC), exploring its implications for India’s diverse social fabric and privacy, particularly about live-in relationships, and examines legislative attempts to balance gender justice with cultural diversity. The discourse reflects historical instances where legal homogenization resulted in negative outcomes, underscoring the need for a nuanced approach to the UCC.

ISSUES:

• Lack of a Working Draft: Initially, no working draft was available for discussion, leading to uncertainties about the government’s proposal. Without a working draft, discussions on the matter are somewhat speculative.
• Concerns Over Uniformity vs. Diversity: UCC might undermine India’s cultural and religious diversity by imposing a homogenized set of laws reminiscent of the British era’s policies that fueled partition. UCC could aim to homogenize the legal system at the expense of cultural nuances, citing the historical example of the Shariat Act of 1937 and its contribution to homogenizing Muslim personal laws, which arguably fueled separatist narratives.
• Provisions of the UCC Draft: The draft seems to largely incorporate provisions from the Special Marriage Act, 1954, and the Indian Succession Act, 1956, with some strategic tweaks, such as making religious conversion a ground for divorce.
• Live-In Relationship Regulations: The draft UCC includes controversial provisions for live-in relationships, such as mandatory registration and the possibility of criminal charges for non-compliance. This raises concerns about privacy and the potential for abuse.
• Definition of ‘Resident’: The UCC’s definition of a resident is broad and could apply the code to individuals who have never lived in Uttarakhand or are temporarily employed there, which could lead to legal complexities. This could include people working for the state or central government within or outside the state, even if they don’t live there.
• Criminalizing Unregistered Live-in Relationships: Making it an offense to be in an unregistered live-in relationship for more than a month appears excessive and punitive, especially in a society where such arrangements might be sought as a step before formal marriage. The requirement that the registrar notify the parents and the police station for partners under 21 years of age could infringe on the autonomy and privacy of young adults.
• Lack of Clarity in Registration Refusal and Appeal: The draft does not explain the consequences of a refusal to register a live-in relationship, nor does it provide a clear appeals process for such a decision. The system, as proposed, could be open to misuse, resulting in harassment and privacy breaches, particularly for inter-faith and inter-caste couples who face social resistance.
• Conflicting Age Provisions within the UCC: The draft seems to have conflicting provisions regarding the marriageable age and the age at which the state must be notified about live-in relationships.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Political Consensus and Opposition from Religious Groups: Building political consensus and engaging in constructive dialogue with religious groups to address their concerns can help the smooth implementation of the UCC.
• Inclusion of Tribal Communities: The exemption of tribal communities from the UCC in Uttarakhand has sparked debate. Finding a balanced approach that respects the unique practices of tribal communities while working towards a more uniform legal framework for all citizens is essential.
• Gender Justice and Equality: One of the primary objectives of the UCC is to ensure gender justice and equality. Any provisions or amendments should be carefully crafted to uphold these principles.
• Maintenance of Women and Legitimacy of Children: Positive provisions related to maintenance rights for women and the legitimacy of children from live-in relationships should be retained while ensuring that they are implemented practically and non-intrusively.
• Inclusive Approach: The implementation of UCC should be an inclusive process, considering the concerns and perspectives of all stakeholders, including religious and cultural communities, legal experts, and civil society organizations.
• Privacy and Personal Freedoms: Addressing privacy and personal freedoms concerns, especially in live-in relationships, requires carefully reviewing the provisions to ensure they are not overly intrusive or punitive.
• Clarifying Applicability: The term ‘resident’ should be clearly defined to prevent the overextension of the UCC’s jurisdiction and ensure it applies appropriately to those it is intended to govern.
• Reconciliation of Age Provisions: All age-related provisions within the UCC should be consistent with each other and existing national laws to avoid legal confusion and conflict.
• Training and Sensitization: Impart training to registration officers, police, and other relevant authorities to handle sensitive matters related to the UCC, respecting individuals’ dignity and rights.

THE CONCLUSION:

The draft UCC, while aiming for equality and legal simplicity, overreaches in privacy and personal autonomy, demanding meticulous revision for practical enforcement without infringing on individual rights. It is vital to promote gender justice and legal uniformity while fostering and respecting the inherent diversity that defines the ethos of India.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:

Q.1) Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting a uniform civil code for its citizens as provided in the Directive Principles of State Policy. (2015)

Q.2) Given the diversities among tribal communities in India, in which specific contexts should they be considered as a single category?(2022)

Q.3) Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation. Argue by giving suitable illustrations.(2018)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1) India’s quest for enacting a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) has been a subject of debate since the country’s independence. Analyze the potential implications of implementing a UCC on the diverse fabric of Indian society, especially in light of the proposed draft by the State of Uttarakhand.

SOURCE:

https://www.barandbench.com/columns/uniform-cut-and-paste-quick-appraisal-uttarakhand-uniform-civil-code-bill

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The recent resurgence of Olive Ridley turtles on the beaches of Mangaluru, Karnataka, after a hiatus of 29 years, is a significant environmental milestone.

EXPLANATION:

• The return of these turtles, categorized as Schedule 1 animals under the Wildlife Act of 1972, underscores positive changes in the beach ecosystem.
• The successful nesting on Tannirbhavi and Sasihithlu beaches on February 5, 2024, is attributed to concerted conservation efforts, including beach cleaning, night patrolling, and protective measures.

Environmental Factors Leading to the Hiatus:

• The absence of nesting sites since 1985 was linked to environmental factors such as increased salinity and beach pollution due to human activities.
• The recent resurgence indicates a positive shift, potentially due to reduced pollution and limited human interference, making these beaches suitable habitats for the sensitive Olive Ridley turtles.

Conservation Activities and Local Involvement:

• The nesting sites are under vigilant protection through a ‘clipper movement’ involving barricading and constant patrolling by both forest officials and local fisherfolk.
• The involvement of the community, including youth from nearby fishing villages, showcases a collaborative effort to protect the eggs from natural predators like dogs, birds, and jackals.

Conservation Challenges and Measures:

• The forest minister of Karnataka emphasizes the need for incentives and awareness among fisherfolk assisting in conservation.
• The conservation efforts extend beyond protection, with the forest department ensuring a 40-day guarding period for the nesting sites until the hatchlings safely reach the sea.

Olive Ridley Turtles: Sensitivity and Importance:

• Olive Ridley turtles, equivalent in conservation importance to tigers and elephants, are extremely sensitive to human activity.
• Their choice to nest in uninhabited parts of Tannirbhavi and Sasihithlu highlights the need for undisturbed environments for successful nesting.

Ecosystem Impact and Conservation Significance:

• Experts from the Karnataka Veterinary, Animal, Fisheries and Animal Sciences University emphasize the ecological significance of Olive Ridley turtles.
• They feed on jellyfish, known for their ability to control fish populations and pose threats to fisherfolk.
• The return of nesting in southern Karnataka prompts further research into the reasons behind this migration from established sites like Kundapur and Byndoor.

Decline in Olive Ridley Population:

• The Olive Ridley turtles are classified as endangered in the IUCN Red List, facing threats such as degradation of nesting beaches, directed harvest, and by-catch in fisheries.
• Despite increased conservation efforts, there has been a 50% reduction in population size since the 1960s, necessitating ongoing protection.

Global Context and Conservation Challenges:

• While the numbers arriving on Karnataka beaches may not surpass those at Gahirmatha beach in Odisha, the revival in southern Karnataka signifies a positive trend.
• Conservationists raise concerns about the lack of regulatory measures on the western front compared to the eastern coast, where more stringent regulations are in place.

Why Conserve Olive Ridley Turtles:

• Conservation specialists stress the importance of protecting Olive Ridley turtles globally, given their status as the most exploited sea turtle species.
• The 50% reduction in population size since the 1960s underlines the urgency of conservation efforts to ensure the natural progression of hatchlings into the sea and prevent poaching.

Olive Ridley turtles:

• The Olive ridley turtles are the smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world.
• They are found to be inhabiting the warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans.
• They are carnivores and feed mainly on jellyfish, shrimp, snails, crabs, molluscs, and a variety of fish and their eggs.
• The males and females grow to the same size.
• These turtles, along with their cousin the Kemps ridley turtle, are best known for their unique mass nesting called Arribada, where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.
• The coast of Orissa in India is the largest mass nesting site for the Olive-ridley, followed by the coasts of Mexico and Costa Rica.
• The species is recognized as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red list.
• They lie in Scheduled 1 of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
• They are in Appendix I of the CITES.

Conclusion:

• The return of Olive Ridley turtles to Mangaluru beaches marks a significant environmental achievement.
• It reflects the success of conservation measures, local involvement, and a shift towards cleaner and less human-impacted beach environments.
• The ongoing protection of nesting sites and collaboration between communities, government, and conservationists demonstrate a collective commitment to preserving these endangered marine species.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/olive-ridley-turtles-are-back-on-mangaluru-beaches–94345

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A recent report, published on February 6, 2024, in Nature Communications, sheds light on the impending water crisis, exacerbated by nitrogen pollution in rivers.

EXPLANATION:

• The study introduces the term “clean-water scarcity” to encompass both water quantity and quality concerns.
• The findings reveal a more alarming scenario than previously estimated, with the number of sub-basins facing water scarcity anticipated to triple by 2050.
• We will explore the key aspects of the report, emphasizing the global impact, the role of nitrogen pollution, and the urgent need for mitigation strategies.

Global Clean-Water Scarcity Scenario:

• The study’s comprehensive assessment introduces the concept of “clean-water scarcity,” considering both water quantity and quality.
• The global impact reveals that an additional 40 million square kilometers of river basin area and three billion more people may face water scarcity in 2050 than previously estimated.

Nitrogen Pollution’s Role:

• Nitrogen pollution in rivers emerges as a significant contributor to clean-water scarcity.
• The worst-case scenario projects sewage as the dominant source of nitrogen pollution due to rapid urbanization and inadequate wastewater treatment infrastructure.
• In India and Africa, for instance, sewage is expected to surpass agriculture as the primary source of nitrogen pollution.

Projection for 2050:

• Comparing clean-water scarcity assessments to traditional quantity-based assessments, the number of sub-basins facing severe scarcity is projected to potentially triple by 2050.
• The global area and population affected by severe water scarcity may more than double, indicating a critical escalation of the crisis.

Water Scarcity and Quality Linkage:

• In 2010, traditional quantity-based assessments identified 984 sub-basins as water scarce, while assessments incorporating quality factors revealed 2,517 sub-basins facing scarcity.
• By 2050, this number is expected to increase to 3,061 sub-basins in the worst-case scenario, indicating the pivotal role of water pollution, especially nitrogen pollution, in exacerbating water scarcity.

Clean-Water Scarcity Hotspots:

• Future clean-water scarcity hotspots are identified in China, India, Europe, North America, and potentially Central Africa.
• Each region presents unique challenges requiring targeted solutions.
• Urgent attention is needed to address water quality in future water management policies, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).

Urgency for Mitigation Strategies:

• Mitigation strategies must prioritize addressing water pollution, particularly nitrogen pollution.
• The study emphasizes the urgency of proactive measures to control nitrogen pollution as a challenging yet imperative aspect of future water management strategies.
• This aligns with the global commitment to SDG 6, focusing on clean water and sanitation.

India’s Concerns and SDG Deviation:

• In India, the State of India’s Environment Report 2023 indicates a concerning deviation from SDG 6 in 15 states.
• The impact of climate change scenarios further accentuates the need for robust and immediate measures, emphasizing the critical linkage between water quality and scarcity.

Conclusion:

• The study underscores the looming global water crisis, with nitrogen pollution playing a pivotal role in exacerbating clean-water scarcity.
• Urgent, targeted, and comprehensive mitigation strategies are imperative to address water quality concerns and align with global sustainability goals.
• As the world faces this complex challenge, proactive measures become paramount to secure a sustainable and resilient water future.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/water/clean-water-crisis-nitrogen-pollution-to-triple-scarcity-in-river-sub-basins-worldwide-94356

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The presentation of a white paper on the Indian economy by Finance Minister has ignited a comparison between the economic performances of the UPA governments (2004-05 to 2013-14) and the NDA governments (2014-15 to 2023-24).

EXPLANATION:

• We will delve into the objectives, content, and implications of the white paper, shedding light on the government’s perspective on economic governance.

Understanding a White Paper:

• A white paper traditionally provides information on a specific issue, aiming to create awareness and propose solutions.
• In this instance, the document is unique as it compares the economic records of two different governments over a decade, making it more of a retrospective analysis than a conventional white paper.

Timing and Objectives:

• Timing of Presentation:
  • The white paper is presented at the conclusion of 10 years, offering a retrospective evaluation.
  • The government refrained from a negative portrayal earlier to instill confidence in investors and prioritize optimism during its initial years.
• Objectives:
  • Informing about Past Challenges: One objective is to inform stakeholders about the economic, fiscal, and governance challenges inherited by the NDA government in 2014.
  • Showcasing Reforms and Policies: The paper details the policies and measures implemented by the NDA to rejuvenate the economy since 2014.
  • Encouraging Informed Debate: Aiming for a wider, more informed debate on national interest and fiscal responsibility over political expediency.
  • Aligning with National Development Goals: Reflecting the commitment to national development, aligning with Prime Minister Narendra vision for the country.

Key Content and Claims:

• The 58-page white paper is structured into three main parts, each addressing different aspects of the economic landscape:
  • Macroeconomic Situation (UPA Rule): Highlights from this section include accusations of the UPA inheriting a healthy economy but neglecting reforms, causing economic stagnation and policy misadventures.
  • Corruption Scams under UPA: Part two outlines various corruption scandals during the UPA era, emphasizing how these issues impacted the economy negatively.
  • NDA’s Economic Turnaround: The final part focuses on the steps taken by the NDA to revitalize the economy, citing improvements in inflation rates and the success of key schemes during their governance.

Selective Use of Data:

• UPA Era Critique: The white paper accuses the UPA of abandoning reforms, undermining macroeconomic foundations, and misadventures in policy and scams.
• NDA Achievements: The document claims improvements under the NDA, citing lower average headline inflation and successful implementation of schemes.

Critique and Missing Elements:

• Incomplete Economic Picture:
  • While the white paper highlights certain achievements of the NDA, it fails to acknowledge issues such as unemployment, the absence of formal poverty measures, and the delay in conducting the decadal Census.
• Omission of Economic Indicators:
  • Surprisingly, the document lacks essential economic indicators like a chart on GDP growth over the period, limiting the comprehensiveness of the analysis.

Conclusion:

• The white paper on the Indian economy serves as a tool for the government to present its version of economic performance over the past two decades.
• However, critics argue that the selective use of data and the omission of key economic indicators raise questions about the document’s objectivity and completeness.
• As the nation navigates complex economic challenges, a nuanced and transparent analysis becomes imperative for informed decision-making and public discourse.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/what-the-white-paper-on-economy-says-and-doesnt-9151991/

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: In a significant move to boost the micro and small enterprises in the fisheries sector, the Union Cabinet has given its nod to the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY).

EXPLANATION:

• This sub-scheme, falling under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana, is set to infuse an estimated investment of ₹6,000 crore over the next four years.
• The decision reflects the government’s commitment to the growth and development of the fisheries industry.

Extension of Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF):

• Simultaneously, the Cabinet also approved the extension of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF) for an additional three years, extending up to 2025-26.
• The FIDF, with an approved fund size of ₹7,522.48 crore and a budgetary support of ₹939.48 crore, has already sanctioned 121 fisheries infrastructure projects with a total investment cost of ₹5,588.63 crore.
• This extension aims to bolster the development of critical infrastructure such as fishing harbours, fish landing centres, ice plants, cold storage, and fish transport facilities.

Financial Implications and Investment Sources:

• The PM-MKSSY sub-scheme will operate on a 50-50 financial model, with 50% of the funding sourced from public finance, including external financing from entities like the World Bank and the Agence Française de Développement (AFD).
• The remaining 50% is anticipated to be generated from the private sector, showcasing a collaborative effort to drive growth in the fisheries sector.
• The expected investment of ₹6,000 crore over the next four years underlines the government’s commitment to fostering a robust and sustainable fisheries industry.

Implementation Timeline and Target Beneficiaries:

• The PM-MKSSY is scheduled for implementation from 2023-24 to 2026-27, covering all States and union territories.
• The beneficiaries of this sub-scheme encompass fishers, aquaculture farmers, fish workers, and fish vendors.
• Its overarching goals include the gradual formalization of the fisheries sector and improved access to institutional credit.

Key Objectives and Outcomes:

• Formalization of Fisheries Sector:
  • The PM-MKSSY aims to drive the formalization of the fisheries sector, bringing it under the institutional credit framework.
• Job Creation and Business Growth:
  • The scheme is projected to create 1.7 lakh new jobs, with a particular emphasis on employing 75,000 women.
  • Additionally, it envisions the generation of 5.4 lakh continued employment opportunities in the micro and small enterprises value chain.
• Support for Micro-Enterprises and Fisheries Cooperatives:
  • The initiative is expected to benefit 6.4 lakh micro-enterprises and 5,500 fisheries cooperatives, providing them with access to institutional credit.

Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana

• Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) is an initiative for the fisheries sector launched by the Government of India in September 2020.
• It brings about ecologically healthy, economically viable, and socially inclusive development of India’s fisheries sector.
• The PMMSY scheme has been implemented by the Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying, Government of India, since September 2020.
• The PMMSY scheme aims to bring about the Blue Revolution in India through sustainable and responsible development of the fisheries sector, with an estimated investment of Rs. 20050 crores for holistic fisheries development, including fisher welfare.
• The PMMSY scheme is being implemented in all the states and union territories for a period of five years from the financial year 2020-21 to the financial year 2024-25.
• PMMSY aims to eliminate critical gaps in the value chain of fisheries, such as
  • Fish production
  • productivity, and quality
  • Technology
  • Post-harvest infrastructural facilities, and

Conclusion:

• The Cabinet’s approval of the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana and the extension of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund reflects a strategic and comprehensive approach towards strengthening the fisheries sector.
• This move is poised to not only enhance the infrastructure but also generate employment, foster business growth, and elevate the overall economic contribution of the fisheries industry.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-approves-new-scheme-for-msmes-in-fisheries-sector/article67826665.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per the latest reports, Karnataka has seen 49 positive cases, leading to two fatalities – an 18-year-old girl and a 79-year-old man. This highlights the seriousness of the disease and the need for understanding its symptoms.

EXPLANATION:

• Monkey Fever scientifically known as Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD).
• It is a viral infection transmitted through ticks.
• It was originating in India’s Kyasanur Forest in 1957.
• The disease has spread to regions such as Maharashtra, Goa, and Kerala.
• While monkeys are the primary victims, humans can also contract the virus through contact with infected ticks.
• Monkey Fever exhibits a range of symptoms, making early diagnosis challenging.
• Initial signs include fever, headache, muscle soreness, and fatigue, resembling other illnesses like dengue and chikungunya.

However, unique warning signs include:

• Rash: Red or purple spots on the trunk and limbs, often accompanied by itchiness or pain.
• Swollen Lymph Nodes: Inflammation and tenderness in neck, armpits, or groin, indicating an immune response.
• Comprehensive List of Symptoms:
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Headache
  • Severe exhaustion
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Stomach pain
  • Diarrhea
  • Meningitis
  • Confusion
  • Hemorrhagic signs (nose bleeds, bleeding gums)
• In severe cases, Monkey Fever can progress to life-threatening symptoms like bleeding and organ failure, especially in older individuals or those with compromised immunity.

Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management:

Diagnosis:

• Due to symptom similarities with other diseases, diagnosis can be challenging.
• Timely medical consultation is crucial, especially when unique signs like rash and swollen lymph nodes are present.

Prevention:

• Prevention plays a pivotal role. Residents or visitors to Monkey Fever-prone areas should:
  • Avoid tick-infested locations.
  • Limit contact with monkeys.
  • Wear full-length clothing.
  • Use bug repellents.

Management Tips:

• Immediate medical attention is necessary for suspicious symptoms.
• Personal hygiene and adherence to preventive measures significantly reduce the risk of Monkey Fever.

Conclusion:

• Monkey Fever, although primarily affecting monkeys, poses a substantial threat to human health.
• Recognizing the symptoms, understanding preventive measures, and seeking prompt medical care are crucial aspects of managing this viral infection.
• Public awareness and adherence to hygiene practices are essential in minimizing the risk of Monkey Fever in affected regions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehealthsite.com/diseases-conditions/monkey-fever-symptoms-top-7-warning-signs-that-says-you-are-infected-with-kyasanur-forest-disease-virus-1060795/

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. India suspends Free Movement Regime with Myanmar READ MORE

2. ‘Bail is rule, jail an exception’ does not apply in terror cases: Supreme Court READ MORE

3. El Niño On the Decline, La Niña On the Horizons! Here’s How the Pacific Twins Could Impact India This Year READ MORE

4. RBI pegs FY25 growth at 7%, inflation at 4.5% READ MORE

5. With CRISPR poised to revolutionise therapy, a pause to consider ethical issues READ MORE

6. Monkey Fever Symptoms: Top 7 Warning Signs That Say You Are Infected With Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus READ MORE

7. Rajya Sabha passes Bill to amend Water Act to decriminalise minor offences READ MORE

8. Cabinet approves new scheme for MSMEs in fisheries sector READ MORE  

9. Clean water crisis: Nitrogen pollution to triple scarcity in river sub-basins worldwide READ MORE

10. Olive Ridley turtles are back on Mangaluru beaches! READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Charting a path for the population committee READ MORE

2. Privilege equality over uniformity READ MORE

3. Pitfalls for tourists: HP must warn visitors of deadly spots READ MORE

4. Deep Seabed Mining in the Arctic READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Towards uniformity: On the UCC adopted by the Uttarakhand Assembly READ MORE

2. Should coaching be restricted to those above 16 years? READ MORE

3. What makes government schemes and missions work READ MORE

4. Good leaders are a credit to the police: Vital to ensure that unsuitable officers are not elevated to high positions by those in power READ MORE

5. NGOs have a major role to improve development indicators READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. The role of caste and gender in determining science education in India READ MORE

2. Establishing meaningful educational priorities READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Ditch the ‘rules-based international order’ READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. What the white paper on economy says — and doesn’t READ MORE

2. MPC keeps it tight, for now READ MORE

3. RBI’s battles with inflation READ MORE

4. Interim Budget shows fiscal discipline and prudence READ MORE

5. Solar scheme offers free electricity and economic empowerment READ MORE

6. International CRAs: Anything but fair READ MORE

7. The rising inequality READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Policies and politics are vital for air pollution mitigation READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Can open new doors READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Cybersecurity concerns amidst rising cyber threats READ MORE 

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. In Morbi’s debris, the role of the State in PPP projects READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Need to tread warily: Human trials of a brain-reading chip have elicited hope, but the concerns must be addressed READ MORE

2. To see life as an infinite gamble READ MORE

3. What a pleasure! READ MORE

4. Supreme Court’s ‘murder of democracy’ remarks on Chandigarh mayor polls give ammo to Oppn READ MORE

5. To link or delink neural connections READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. NGOs have significantly influenced participative governance, contributing to the formulation of landmark laws but they are facing significant challenges that hindering their effectiveness. Examine.

2. NGOs act as catalysts for change, addressing gaps in transformation, supporting marginalised groups, delivering essential services, and persuading better policy decisions. Comment.

3. A UCC is neither desirable nor necessary, and, instead, each body of personal law be reformed to eliminate discrimination or regressive practices. How far do you agree view this view?

4. The concept of justice should not be lost in the search for uniformity, and it should be no more than an incidental consequence of equality. Comment.

5. Community connect, respect for the federal principle, civil society partnerships and women-led development are necessary conditions for a more inclusive India. Comment.

6. The ‘Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana’ represents a significant step towards sustainable energy adoption, promising not only free electricity but economic empowerment. Discuss.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• It’s the responsibility of the police to maintain the government’s prestige and protect the honour of the citizens.
• When the Constitution makers made the adoption of a UCC one of the directive principles, opinion was divided on whether a UCC will undermine minority rights or promote equal status for women in all religions.
• A UCC is neither desirable nor necessary, and, instead, each body of personal law be reformed to eliminate discrimination or regressive practices.
• The concept of justice should not be lost in the search for uniformity, which should be no more than an incidental consequence of equality.
• The population committee needs to adopt an interdisciplinary approach if it is to tackle issues that affect family planning, maternal and child health, education, employment, and socio-economic development in India.
• Community connect, respect for the federal principle, civil society partnerships and women-led development are necessary conditions for a more inclusive India.
• STEM education is crucial for technological progress, and students with a knack for these subjects should have the opportunity to pursue them. However, there are socio-economic, gender, and racial disparities in pursuing STEM majors and careers.
• The government is mandated by the law and the Constitution to provide a safe, secure environment to the people who have elected it.
• It is not necessary to look down upon technology as inferior to science. As a matter of fact, it is technological breakthroughs like the telescope and microscope that have opened up hidden universes and enabled scientific discoveries.
• The intricate balance between practical demands of commercial relevance and scholarly aspirations within management education reflects the ever-changing nature of academia.
• The Finance Minister has not only demonstrated fiscal restraint and prudence in the election year but also balanced the Interim Budget in favour of common man.
• The ‘Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana’ represents a significant step towards sustainable energy adoption, promising not only free electricity but also economic empowerment.
• Collaborative efforts among NGOs, Government bodies and other stakeholders are vital for building a more inclusive, equitable and developed society.
• NGOs act as catalysts for change, addressing gaps in transformation, supporting marginalised groups, delivering essential services, and persuading better policy decisions.
• By embracing community-driven approaches, NGOs can access local resources and gain increased support from the people they serve.
• Despite their significant contributions, NGOs grapple with challenges such as limited funding, operational hurdles, and the need for sustainable models. Overcoming these challenges requires resilience and innovation as NGOs seek creative solutions to address the evolving needs of the communities they serve.
• The absence of data on women workers is a serious omission, as women in India have historically constituted approximately half the male workforce in the cultivation of crops.

ESSAY TOPIC

• Knowledge has become fundamental to economic development and technological advancement.
• The greatest resource of all economic development is the mind.

50-WORD TALK

• EC’s decision to give NCP name and symbol to Ajit Pawar faction was unsurprising. Its arguments for relying solely on legislative strength are convoluted. Assembly Speaker, a BJP leader, sits on MLAs’ disqualification petitions and EC uses their strength to rule in favour of BJP’s ally. It’s politics, not justice.
• Karnataka has joined Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana in protesting Centre’s tax devolution policies. The timing works since 16th Finance Commission’s deliberations have just started. But such concerted criticism is another sign of worsening Centre-State relations. If the Centre is serious about fiscal federalism, it needs to rebuild states’ trust.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.