A DARK MESSAGE TO DELHI FROM KANGLA FORT

THE CONTEXT: The state of Manipur has been in the grip of a civil war-like situation since May 2023, when violent clashes broke out between the Meitei and Kuki ethnic groups. Recently, it witnessed a new low of lawlessness, when the chief of an armed militia, the Ararmbai Tenggol, administered an “oath” to 37 members of the state legislative assembly and two members of the Indian parliament.

BACKGROUND:

A Suspension of Operations agreement was signed between the Centre, the Manipur government and two conglomerates of Kuki militant outfits – the Kuki National Organisations and United Peoples Front in 2008.
Under the agreement, the security forces as well as the militant groups are prohibited from launching operations. The militant groups must abide by the laws of the land and are also confined to designated camps identified by the Central government.
The resolution was adopted to revoke the agreement, claiming that the immunity it provides to the armed groups from central forces is “the main cause of the never-ending cycle of violence” in Manipur.

ISSUES:

Growing influence of Meities: The demand for ST status is a way for the dominant Meitei community from the valley area to gain political influence and control over the hill areas of the state. It aims todivert attention from the political demands of other tribal groups like the Kukis and Nagas.
Kuki-Meitei divide: The tribal communities Kuki and the Meiteis have had ethnic tensions since the kingdom era. The Naga movement for independence in the 1950s triggered insurgencies among the Meiteis and Kuki-Zomi. The recent oath tends to provoke the already existing tensions between Kuki and Meitei.
Eviction of Tribal Groups:One of the reasons for the discontent has been the state government’s notices since August 2022 claiming that 38 villages in the Churachandpur-Khoupum Protected Forest area are “illegal settlements” and its residents are “encroachers”.
Escalate Violence: In the pursuit to dominate political, trade and cultural activities in the state, Kukis and Meities often engaged in violent standoffs. The recent instance can escalate more violence in the region.
Violation of Article 371C: Kuki groups have claimed that the survey and eviction is a violation of Article 371C, which confers some administrative autonomy to the tribal-dominated hill areas of Manipur. If the demands got implemented, they would not only further expose the vulnerability of the Kuki-Zomi-Hmar groups but would also effectively erase their long-standing protective discrimination benefits.
Political Underrepresentation of Hills: Hill populations, including Nagas, Kukis, and other tribes (40% of the population), have 19 seats in the legislative assembly. Meiteis, constituting 50% of the population, hold 60 seats. Disproportionate representation leaves Kukis and Nagas reliant on Meitei-controlled assembly, regardless of party affiliation.
Did not mention disarmament: The reasoned public action was missing from the legislators’ public action as the six-points oath failed to mention ‘disarmament’, which was one of the four resolutions passed earlier by the Assembly. The fact that much of the arms and ammunition continue to be in the hands of armed militants across the divide, continue to be a key structural cause of this violence.

THE WAY FORWARD:

Scheduled Tribe Status: There is a need to evaluate the criteria for ST status to Meities and Kukis in line with recommendations given by several Committees. All the features and concerns of tribal communities should be kept in view to allocate the status in order to address the grievances.
Surveillance to prevent incursions: There is a need to bring surveillance along the border areas to prevent the incursion of the migrants from Myanmar. There is a need to maintain the identity of the people along the border areas to identify the local residence.
Strengthening ties with countries: Strengthening economic and diplomatic ties with neighbouring countries can help enhance regional stability and security. Signing Peace settlement agreements with the local insurgent group to maintain the peace in the region.
Democratic decision making: The government should foster the participation of the people of the region in the decision-making process to instill a sense of ownership and belonging.
Multifaceted approach: To forge a path toward peace, a multifaceted approach involving political will, inclusive dialogue, and equitable policies is essential. Manipur’s diverse communities must collectively address the root causes, fostering a spirit of unity and cooperation for a harmonious future.

THE CONCLUSION:

The recent oath taking event by Meitei legislators under the gaze of a militia group in Imphal can have larger implications for the state of Manipur. To address the issue there is an urgent need for meaningful dialogue and confidence-building measures among stakeholders.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 What are the two major legal initiatives by the State since Independence addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs)? (2017)

Q.2 Why are the tribals in India referred to as ‘the Scheduled Tribes’? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment. (2016)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q. Examine the consequences of a recent oath administered to the members of state legislative assembly by the chief of an armed militia in Manipur. What steps need to be taken to address the grievances of the stakeholders and restore peace and harmony in this part of the northeastern region?

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-dark-message-to-delhi-from-kangla-fort/article67793708.ece#:~:text=That%20an%20armed%20militia%20chose,to%20revive%20Meitei%20indigenous%20tradition%2C

LIMITS AND BORDERS: ON THE TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION OF THE BORDER SECURITY FORCE

THE CONTEXT: Punjab has filed a suit against the Union government under Article 131 of the Constitution, challenging the decision to increase the operational jurisdiction of the Border Security Force (BSF). The Supreme Court is set to hear the dispute over the expansion of the BSF jurisdiction in Punjab.

MORE ON THE NEWS:

In October 2021, the Ministry of Home Affairs had issued a notification under the provisions of the BSF Act, standardising the area over which the BSF would have jurisdiction to operate. In Punjab, West Bengal and Assam, the distance was raised from within 15 km from the border to 50 km, while it was reduced from 80 km to 50 km in Gujarat. For Rajasthan, it was kept unchanged at 50 km.
The Union government said in a reply in the Rajya Sabha in December 2021 that the extension of the BSF’s jurisdiction will help it discharge its border patrol duty more effectively.
The notification states that, within this larger 50-kilometre jurisdiction, the BSF can only exercise powers under the Criminal Procedure Code, the Passport (Entry into India) Act and the Passports Act. For other central legislations, the 15-km limit remains.
It was claimed that the notification makes the BSF jurisdiction uniform across states, as the 50-kilometre limit was already in place in Rajasthan. The same notification reduced the jurisdiction in Gujarat from 80 km to 50 km.

What are the issues that the Supreme Court will consider?

The state of Punjab filed an ‘original suit’ against the central government in the Supreme Court in December 2021.
The Supreme Court has ‘original jurisdiction’ in disputes between the central government and states under Article 131 of the Constitution, which means cases of this kind can only be heard for the first time at the SC “to the exclusion of any other court”.
The court will decide if the notification expanding the jurisdiction of the BSF was arbitrary or backed by legitimate reasons.
Further, the court will determine if this notification interferes with the powers of the local police and encroaches upon states powers under the Constitution.
The SC will also decide what factors have to be considered when deciding which areas are “within the local limits of such area adjoining the borders of India” and whether all states must be treated alike when determining these local limits.
Finally, the court will decide if the notification can be challenged through an original suit under Article 131 of the Constitution.

BORDER SECURITY FORCES AND THEIR MANDATE

The BSF was created after the enactment of the Border Security Force Act in September 1968. The BSF mainly focuses on preventing trans-border crimes, especially unauthorised entry into or exit from Indian territory.
The BSF is empowered to arrest, search and seize under a number of laws, such as the Criminal Procedure Code, the Passports Act, the Passport (Entry into India) Act, and the NDPS Act etc.
Section 139(1) of the BSF Act allows the central government, through an order, to designate an area “within the local limits of such area adjoining the borders of India” where members of the BSF can exercise powers to prevent offenses under any Acts that the central government may specify.
It does not have the power to investigate or prosecute offenders but has to hand over those arrested, and the contraband seized from them to the local police.

ISSUES

Breach of federal principles: This attempt of centre is being seen as a breach of federal principles and an encroachment into the law and order powers of the state police. Therefore, states have got resolutions passed in their Assemblies against the expansion and here, Supreme Court’s decision to examine the questions that arise from the expansion of the BSF’s area of operations acquires significance.
Not proper consultation: Litigation concerning the territorial jurisdiction of the Border Security Force (BSF) in the states seems to be the result of the lack of effective consultation between the central and State governments.
Issue of public order: The state government claimed that expanding the jurisdiction of the BSF would compromise the state’s exclusive powers to legislate on matters involving the police and public order. These powers are provided in Entries 1 and 2 of the State List under Article 246 of the Constitution.
Issue specific to Punjab: The notification has specific concerns related to Punjab. It is claimed that in Punjab, a large number of cities and towns would fall within this 50-kilometre jurisdiction, whereas in Gujarat and Rajasthan, most areas along the international border are sparsely populated.
Affecting Functioning of BSF:Policing in the hinterland is not the role of a border guarding force, rather it would weaken the capacity of the BSF in discharging its primary duty of guarding the international border.

THE WAY FORWARD:

Consultation with state: Centre must consult states before making decisions that affects their powers, given the security condition in India’s neighbourhood. Before the Union Government deploys its armed forces, it is desirable that the State Government should be consulted, wherever feasible.
Ensuring federal principles: Whether or not the Union government have valid reasons for its move, it should not encroach into the domain of the State governments.
Adequate reasons for expansion: It is being argued that the expanded jurisdiction merely authorises the BSF to conduct more searches and seizures, especially in cases in which the offenders manage to enter deep into the country’s territory. However, there needs to be adequate and strong reasons for the expansion of the jurisdiction of any central force.
Regional Arrangement: A regional arrangement can be ensured for the use of Armed forces in neighbouring states in case of need. The Zonal Council would be the best forum for achieving consensus of the States within a zone for devising such an arrangement.
Complementing local police: This move can help in complementing the efforts of the local police as an enabling provision. As, the state police have better knowledge of the ground, hence, BSF and local Police can act in cooperation.

THE CONCLUSION:

Though enhanced presence and powers of Border Security Forces aims to strengthen India’s security in border areas, cautious attempts need to be taken to ensure that nation’s security and territorial integrity is upheld by both Centre and the States while upholding the federal principles at the same time.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q. Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management. (2016)

Q. Analyse internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also, discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (2020)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q. Keeping in view the recent decision to increase the operational jurisdiction of the Border Security Forces (BSF), analyse its implications with regard to federal principles and internal security of the country.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/limits-and-borders-on-the-territorial-jurisdiction-of-the-border-security-force/article67769125.ece

A CASE DIARY FOR THE INDIAN POLICE

THE CONTEXT: Recently, a three-day conference held in Jaipur of police officers from across India was a learning experience, and many subjects of contemporary relevance in the area of Information Technology formed the core of the agenda. However, many relevant issues were not addressed that indicate need for police reform in the country.

MAJOR THEMES DISCUSSED IN THE JAIPUR CONFERENCE:

The three day Conference was held in hybrid mode with DGsP/IGsP and Chiefs of Central Police Organisations attending physically from Jaipur and over 500 Police officers of various ranks participating through video conferencing from across the country.
Modernizing Law Enforcement: The conference stressed the need for comprehensive training programs from Station House Officer (SHO) to Director General of Police (DGP) level.
Harnessing Technology for Security: It underscored the significance of technology upgradation, extending from local police stations (Thana) to Police Headquarters (PHQ), to ensure the successful implementation of the new laws. It also stressed the need for linking of databases and adopting AI driven analytical approach for tackling the emerging security challenges.
Security Gains Since 2014: An overall improvement in the security scenario in the country since 2014 especially the reduction of violence in the three critical hotspots, i.e, Jammu & Kashmir, North-East and Left Wing Extremism has been highlighted.
Uniformity for Counter-Terror Mechanisms: This Conference over the years has emerged as a ‘Think Tank’, facilitating decision making and formulation of new security strategies. There is a need for emphasis on uniformity of structures, size and skill of counter terror mechanisms across the country.
Internal Security and National Development: The Conference need to deliberate on a range of security related issues of critical importance including security of borders, cyber-threats, radicalization, fraudulent issuance of identity documents and threats emerging from AI.

ISSUES:

Public Perception: There is an undeniable fact that the police have still to earn the trust and confidence of a majority of the population. Their image in the public eye continues to be frightful and there has been no upgradation in the reputation of our police forces.
Federal Complexity: Another complexity related to police force is the growing discord between the Centre and a few Opposition-led States. States look down upon the centrally recruited IPS officers on whom they have no control. States prefer to have their own recruits vis-à-vis those with divided loyalties.
Politicisation of police force: There is constant issue of politicisation of police force which is affecting the democratic system of government. The issue of how to insulate our police officers from political whims dominates all debates on the police.
Internal divide: Though, the newly recruited police force is more educated and technology-savvy but the issues remain as there is little chance for them to display their talent. There is internal division among the police forces as high rank officers like IPS takes all the glory depriving the lower ranks of any chance to prove themselves.

THE WAY FORWARD:

Modernisation of police forces: Police lack modern technological capabilities necessary to perform quality investigations. Police forces need to adopt modern methods like forensics, data analysis etc. to ensure timely justice.
Community engagement: Community engagement significantly enhances police reform efforts by fostering trust and understanding. Actively involving communities provides valuable knowledge about their specific needs and priorities.
Need For Political Will: There is a need for political will to bring out police reforms. The Supreme Court in the Prakash Singh case (2006) gave seven directives where considerable work in police reforms is still needed. However, due to the lack of political will these directives were not implemented in letter and spirit in many states.
Narrowing gap: There is a need to narrow down the gap between police officers of lower and higher rank to support and get the best out of each other. A major restructuring that narrows the gap between the higher ranks and the lower ranks could help in any exercise to drastically improve the quality of policing.
Accountability: Ensuring Accountability acts as a crucial check against abuse of power. An accountable police force instils confidence in the public which is fundamental element of a competent force. Citizen reacts in a calm and law-abiding manner when they feel comfortable and think that their police uphold high standards of behaviour.

THE CONCLUSION:

The Indian police force is currently struggling with various challenges, including political interference, inadequate training and resources and lack of accountability. There is a need for fair and effective police system with accountability for upholding the rule of law and police forces must undergo modernisation and professionalisation to adapt to the evolving needs of society.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 Analyse internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also, discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (2020)

Q.2 Cross-Border movement of insurgents is only one of the several security challenges facing the policing of the border in North-East India. Examine the various challenges currently emanating across the India-Myanmar border. Also, discuss the steps to counter the challenges. (2019)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 Analyse the multidimensional challenges faced by the police forces and suggest measures for police reforms for ensuring internal security in India.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-case-diary-for-the-indian-police/article67735128.ece

AN ANALYSIS ON THE NCRB DATA: THE CRIME STORY

THE CONTEXT: The latest edition of the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report reveals disturbing trends. The recorded crimes against women, children, senior citizens, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes show a steep increase, 468 people took their lives every day in 2022 and cybercrimes went up by nearly 25 per cent.

ABOUT NATIONAL CRIME RECORDS BUREAU(NCRB)

The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) is an Indian government agency responsible for collecting and analysing, crime data as defined by the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Special and Local Laws (SLL).
NCRB is headquartered in New Delhi and is part of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India.
It was set up based on the recommendation of the Task force, 1985 and National Police Commission, 1977.

KEY HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE NATIONAL CRIME RECORDS BUREAU(NCRB) REOPRT

Decline in registration cases: In 2022, a total of 58,24,946 cognizable crimes comprising 35,61,379 Indian Penal Code (IPC) crimes and 22,63,567 Special and Local Laws (SLL) crimes were registered.

This was a decline of 4.5% in the registration of cases over the second pandemic year, 2021.

Crime rate: The crime rate has declined from 445.9 in 2021 to 422.2 in 2022.

Crime against women: 4,45,256 cases of crime against women were registered in 2022. This was an increase of 4% over the 2021 numbers.

The largest share of crimes against women under IPC sections was registered under ‘Cruelty by Husband or His Relatives’ (31.4%), followed by ‘Kidnapping & Abduction of Women’ (19.2%), and ‘Assault on Women with Intent to Outrage her Modesty’ (18.7%).

Cybercrimes: Reporting of cybercrime increased significantly by 24.4 percentage points compared to 2021.

Around 64.8% of registered cases were of fraud, followed by extortion (5.5%), and sexual exploitation (5.2%).

Suicides: An increase of 4.2% was observed in suicides reported during 2022 (1,70,924 suicides) as compared to 2021.

Family Problems (other than marriage-related problems)’ (31.7%), Marriage Related Problems (4.8%) and Illness (18.4%) have together accounted for 54.9% of total suicides in the country during the year 2022.

State-wise data in the report: The states/ UTs reporting the highest charge sheeting rate under IPC crimes are Kerala (96.0%), Puducherry (91.3%), and West Bengal (90.6%).

This is the percentage of cases in which the police reached the stage of framing charges against the accused, out of the total true cases.

ISSUES

Data Inefficiencies at the local level: NCRB report is only a compilation of data submitted at the local level, inefficiencies or gaps in data at that level have an impact on the accuracy of the report.

Pressure faced by marginalised social groups: There is also a growing body of scholarship which shows that people from marginalised social groups are often pressured into not reporting crimes against them.

Limitation due to Principal Offence Rule: The NCRB follows what is known as the ‘Principal Offence Rule’.

This means that among the many offences registered in a single FIR, the crime that attracts the most severe punishment is considered as the counting unit.
Thus, ‘Murder with Rape’ would be counted as ‘Murder’, not rape — which would result in an undercounting of the crime of rape.

Socio-economic causative factors are not captured: The socio-economic causative factors or reasons of crimes are not being captured by the Bureau.

Women find difficult to register FIRs: NFHS reports or recent studies that show that women find it difficult to register FIRs.

Women find it very difficult to report abusers in their close circles (husbands, fathers, partners, family members, friends).

Unfilled vacancies in the relevant posts: shortage of police officers or unfilled vacancies in the relevant posts at the local level may hinder the collection of data.

THE WAY FORWARD

Demands action: Policymakers and law enforcement agencies should not overlook that almost every NCRB compilation has framed the vulnerabilities of women and marginalised sections.

Sharpen its methodologies: The NCRB must sharpen its methodologies and make its reports more nuanced.

Modernizing police forces: The police force today needs to tackle traditional crimes and cybercrimes. This calls for better and modernized communication, tracking and monitoring equipment.

Strengthening support services for victims: We can suggest strengthening support services for victims, providing safe shelter homes, and making legal aid more accessible.

Leverage Technologies: We can also leverage technology to create safer environments, such as panic buttons in public spaces and enhanced surveillance systems.

Formulating the annual police strategy: States should use NCRB’s data in formulating their annual police strategy, it should have a multi-dimensional and multi-purposed use in crime control, only then will this institution become result oriented.

CONCLUSION:

The growing incidents of cybercrime, as highlighted in the NCRB report, demands that law enforcement agencies remain proactive. Across the world, data is becoming an important tool for ensuring public safety.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION:

Q) Explain why suicide among young women is increasing in Indian society. (2023)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q) While legal frameworks exist to address sexual violence against women, the disturbing reality is that these crimes continue to escalate. In this context, what innovative approaches can be implemented to tackle this menace effectively? Explain.

SOURCE: Express View on latest NCRB data: The crime story (indianexpress.com)

UNITED NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT (UNLF) – MEITEI INSURGENT GROUP

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Union Home Minister announced the signing of a peace agreement with the Meitei separatist group United National Liberation Front (UNLF) in Manipur, terming it a “historic milestone.”

EXPLANATION:

UNITED NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT (UNLF):

The United National Liberation Front (UNLF) was established on November 24, 1964.
It was established as the oldest valley-based insurgent group in Manipur.
It stands apart from insurgent groups active in the state’s Naga-dominated and Kuki-Zomi dominated hills.
It was formed under the leadership of Arembam Samarendra Singh, the group demanded secession from India.
Notably, top central committee leaders included individuals from diverse backgrounds like Khalalung Kamei (Naga) and Thangkhopao Singsit (Kuki).

EVOLUTION :

The UNLF underwent changes and established its armed wing, the Manipur People’s Army, in 1990.
Over time, it executed numerous attacks targeting Indian security personnel, operating mainly in the valley areas of Manipur and certain villages in the Kuki-Zomi hill districts.
Currently divided into two factions, the UNLF has an estimated cadre strength of 400-500 individuals.
It largely operated from camps in Myanmar’s Sagaing Region, Chin state, and Rakhine state with Myanmar military patronage.
However, recent unrest and attacks by Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs) and People’s Defence Forces (PDFs) in Myanmar have weakened its position across the border.

Concerns and Activity Surge:

Despite a decline and retreat to Myanmar, concerns arose over increased activity, including recruitment of around 500 new members, coinciding with the ongoing ethnic conflict in Manipur.

Peace Agreement:

The recent peace agreement signed with UNLF is a significant milestone in Manipur’s history.
It marks the first time a valley-based insurgent group has engaged in such an agreement with the Centre.

Previous Splintering and Leadership Changes:

The group experienced internal divisions leading to formal splits, with N Oken forming the Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup (KYKL) and later, Khundongbam Pambei breaking away from the central committee in 2021.
Consequently, two factions emerged under Pambei and NC Koireng.

Other Meitei Insurgent Groups and Dynamics:

The UNLF is one of several Meitei insurgent groups in Manipur.
It is among the seven “Meitei Extremist Organisations” banned by the Union government.
While one faction is open to talks, another continues to oppose negotiations.

Tripartite Agreement and Recent Developments:

In 2008, a Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreement was reached between the Centre, Manipur state, and Kuki-Zomi insurgent groups.
However, in March of the current year, the Manipur government withdrew from the agreement with Zomi Revolutionary Army and Kuki National Army due to their alleged influence on forest encroachment agitation.

Conclusion:

The history of UNLF is marked by its long-standing demand for secession and armed resistance.
The recent peace agreement with the Centre signifies a significant development in the region’s complex insurgency landscape.
Despite this milestone, challenges persist due to internal factionalism, differing stances among insurgent groups, and regional dynamics, requiring sustained efforts for lasting peace and stability in Manipur.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/history-of-unlf-meitei-insurgent-group-that-signed-peace-deal-with-centre-9047846/lite/

TOP 5 TAKKAR NEWS OF THE DAY (7th NOVEMBER 2023)

1. CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSION

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Chief Information Commissioner & two new Information Commissioners have been appointed in Central Information Commission.

EXPLANATION:

Mr Heeralal Samariya has been appointed as the Chief Information Commissioner in the Central Information Commission.
A swearing-in ceremony was organized in the Central Information Commission to officially administer the oath of office to the new Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners.
This ceremony marks the formal assumption of their duties.

ISSUES:

The appointment of the Chief Information Commissioner has become a contentious issue, with allegations of lack of transparency, pre-determined decisions, and a disregard for democratic norms.
The current situation deepens the trust deficit between the Opposition and the Centre, which can impact the functioning of democratic institutions and the transparency and accountability of the government.

>Lack of Consultation:

Opposition member in the selection committee is not being consulted or informed about the selection of the CIC, as required by the Right to Information Act, 2005.
This has raised concerns about the government’s commitment to democratic norms and traditions.
The MP stressed the importance of involving the Opposition in the selection process to maintain democratic traditions and norms.
He urged the President to take measures to ensure that the Opposition’s role is not diluted in such crucial appointments.
The names of the selected candidates were announced and sworn into office shortly after the meeting. This raises questions about the transparency and fairness of the selection process.

>Vacancies:

The Supreme Court has expressed its dissatisfaction with the failure of states and the Union government to fill the vacancies in Information Commissions across the country.
- Maharashtra SIC is without a Chief and functioning with only 4 commissioners even though more than 1,15,000 appeals/complaints are pending.
- Jharkhand SIC has been completely defuncted since May 2020 and no appeals/complaints are being registered or disposed for the last three years.
- Tripura SIC has been defuncted for more than 2 years since July 2021.
- Telangana SIC has been defuncted since February 2023 even though more than 10,000 appeals/complaints are pending.
- There are many examples like this that has been presented regarding the vacancies.

JUDGEMENT BY THE SUPREME COURT:

The Supreme Court emphasized that the failure to fill these positions defeats the purpose of the RTI Act.
This Act is a crucial tool for citizens to access government information, and vacancies in the Information Commissions can lead to delays and hinder the right to information.
The Supreme Court directed the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) to prepare a chart detailing the number of vacancies and pending appeals/complaints in all the commissions.
It also ordered the central and state governments to take immediate action to fill these vacancies.
It also highlighted issues such as commissions operating without a Chief, significant backlogs of appeals and complaints, and some commissions being entirely defunct for extended periods.
The matter is scheduled to be heard by the Supreme Court after three weeks, indicating that the Court is taking the issue seriously and expects prompt action.
The Supreme Court’s directive addressed the critical role of Information Commissions in upholding the right to information and the need for timely appointments to ensure their effective functioning.

CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSION (CIC):

The CIC was established by the Central Government in 2005, under the provisions of the Right to Information Act (2005).
It is not a constitutional body.
It consists of a Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten Information Commissioners.
They are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee consisting of the Prime Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.
The jurisdiction of the Commission extends over all Central Public Authorities.
The Chief Information Commissioner and an Information Commissioner shall hold office for such term as prescribed by the Central Government or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
They are not eligible for reappointment.

POWER AND FUNCTIONS OF CIC:

To receive and inquire into a complaint from any person regarding information requested under RTI, 2005.
It can order an inquiry into any matter if there are reasonable grounds (suo-moto power).
While inquiring, the Commission has the powers of a civil court in respect of summoning, requiring documents etc.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1975142#:~:text=Shri%20Heeralal%20Samariya%20has%20been,office%20to%20Information%20Commissioners%20SmtV

2. CNEMASPIS RASHIDI

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the researchers have discovered a previously undocumented species of gecko, making it the 94th known species of gecko.

EXPLANATION:

The discovery was made by a team of researchers led by senior scientist of the Wildlife Protection and Research Society, Maharashtra.
It was a collaborative effort involving scientists from various organizations, including the Bombay Natural History Society, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Help Earth, and InSearch Environmental Solutions.
The research paper on this new species was published in the Asian Journal of Conservation Biology.

CNEMASPIS RASHIDI:

The newly documented gecko species has been named Cnemaspis rashidi in honour of Prof. Rashid Sayyed, Amit Sayyed’s father.
This particular gecko is referred to as Rashid’s dwarf gecko due to its small size, measuring approximately two inches from snout to vent.
The new gecko species was discovered in the Western Ghats near Rajapalayam, at an altitude of 1,245 meters at Kottamalai estate.
- The Western Ghats are known for their rich biodiversity.
This new gecko species is distinctive due to its beautiful colour pattern of yellow, white, and black on its back.
It also features deep brown eyes, giving it an almost ethereal quality.
These characteristics set it apart from other gecko species.
Conservation Significance:
- The gecko is described as being endemic to the Western Ghats, which means it is found exclusively in this region.
- Researchers pointed out that the discovery of this new gecko species adds another reason to conserve the rich biodiversity of the Western Ghats.
- It emphasized the need for preserving the unique and often vulnerable species found in this region.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/new-species-of-gecko-found-in-western-ghats-near-rajapalayam/article67500822.ece

3. LAMPREY SPECIES

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Chinese palaeontologists have discovered two new lamprey species from fossils that date back approximately 160 million years.

EXPLANATION:

The fossils of these lamprey species were found in a fossil bed in North China.
The larger species is named Yanliaomyzon occisor, with “occisor” meaning “killer” in Latin, while the smaller species is named Yanliaomyzon ingensdentes, which refers to “large teeth” in Latin.
The fossils were well-preserved, enabling scientists to study their biting structures and oral discs.

LAMPREY SPECIES

Lampreys are jawless fish known for their parasitic feeding behaviour, but these newly discovered species exhibited a different, more aggressive feeding behaviour by scooping out flesh from their prey.
Lampreys are eel-like jawless fish that are typically associated with being parasitic, using their unique mouths and sharp teeth to attach to other organisms and feed on their blood.
What makes these new lamprey species remarkable is their behaviour.
Instead of solely feeding on blood, these ancient lampreys were flesh eaters.
They were capable of scooping out flesh from their prey and had a powerful bite that could even break their prey’s skeletons.
This discovery challenges the conventional view of lampreys as “water vampires.”

EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE:

These recently discovered lamprey species lived during the Jurassic period alongside dinosaurs.
They are considered a missing link between the earliest lampreys and the 31 surviving lamprey species known today.
The earliest lamprey fossils date back to around 360 million years ago, during the Paleozoic era.
These ancient lampreys were considerably smaller and had underdeveloped feeding structures, suggesting that they did not feed on blood or flesh.
Additionally, they did not undergo metamorphosis, which is a notable contrast with modern lampreys.

SOURCE: https://www.wionews.com/science/flesh-eater-lamprey-species-discovered-in-china-from-160-million-year-old-fossil-655355

4. BREACHING OF THE DATA

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY

THE CONTEXT: An American cybersecurity company, Resecurity, reported that the Personally Identifiable Information (PII) of 815 million Indian citizens, including sensitive information like Aadhaar numbers and passport details, was being offered for sale on the dark web.

DATA BREACH AND DARK WEB SALE:

- An American cybersecurity company, Resecurity, revealed that the personal data of 815 million Indian citizens was available for sale on the dark web.
- This data included sensitive details such as Aadhaar numbers and passport information.
- Threat actors were offering this data for $80,000, indicating a significant demand for the personal information of Indian citizens.

Nature of Personally Identifiable Information (PII):
- Personally Identifiable Information (PII) is data that can be used to identify an individual.
- It can be either directly or in conjunction with other data.
- In this case, the breached data contained Aadhaar numbers, a 12-digit identification number issued by UIDAI, and passport details.

Sources of the Breach:
- The threat actors did not disclose how they obtained the data.
- One of them claimed the data originated from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
- While another mentioned access to an unnamed “India internal law enforcement agency.”
- However, the legitimacy of these claims remains uncertain.

Government Response:
- The government of India is taking steps to investigate the data breach.
- The Computer Emergency Response Team is involved in this effort.
- The government is also working on enhancing its data management systems.
- The extent of the alleged breach has not been specified yet.

Security of PII Data:
- The security of PII data, particularly Aadhaar information, has been a point of concern.
- The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) claims that all Aadhaar data is safe and secure in its Central Identities Data Repository (CIDR) and has never been breached.
- However, there have been past reports of data breaches, raising doubts about the security of such information.

Cyber Threats and Identity Theft:
- Various threats have been arising from the leaked information.
- It notes that India has witnessed a rise in disruptive cyberattacks, making PII data particularly attractive to threat actors.
- The exposure of personal data significantly increases the risk of digital identity theft.
- It can be exploited for various cybercrimes, including online banking theft and tax fraud.

User Safeguards:
- Try to ascertain if their data was part of the breach.
- Be cautious of emails from unknown sources, as this information can be used in phishing campaigns.
- Change user IDs and passwords to prevent the misuse of stolen data.
- Implement two-factor authentication to enhance the security of online accounts.
- Report any suspicious online account activities to relevant authorities.

CONCLUSION:

This data breach highlights the critical importance of securing sensitive personal information in the digital age.
It also underscores the ongoing challenges faced by governments and organizations in safeguarding PII data.
There is an urgent need for individuals to be proactive in protecting their data and online identities.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/how-the-personal-data-of-815-million-indians-got-breached-explained/article67505760.ece

5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE APPOINTMENT OF THE SUPREME COURT JUDGES

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court collegium has recommended the names of three High Court chief justices for appointment as judges of the Supreme Court of India.

EXPLANATION:

The names recommended are:
- Delhi High Court Chief Justice Satish Chandra Sharma
- Rajasthan High Court Chief Justice Augustine George Masih
- Gauhati High Court Chief Justice Sandeep Mehta
The Supreme Court currently has a sanctioned strength of 34 judges but is functioning with only 31 judges, indicating three existing vacancies.
The Supreme Court is grappling with a substantial backlog of cases. The workload of judges has increased significantly due to this backlog.
The collegium has recommended by emphasizing the mounting pendency of cases in the Supreme Court and the increased workload of judges.
This situation necessitates having a full working judge-strength with no vacancies.
The collegium’s decision-making process involves deliberation and discussion on the names of chief justices and senior puisne judges of the high courts who are eligible for elevation to the Supreme Court.
The judgments authored by those being considered for elevation were circulated among the collegium members in advance for a thorough discussion and assessment of their judicial acumen.

COLLEGIUM SYSTEM:

The Collegium system is a system for the appointment and transfer of judges in the Supreme Court and High Court.
It is not rooted in the Constitution. Instead, it has evolved through judgments of the Supreme Court.
Under the system, the Chief Justice of India (CJI), along with four senior-most Supreme Court judges, recommends the appointment and transfer of judges.
A High Court Collegium, meanwhile, is led by the incumbent Chief Justice and the two seniormost judges of that court.
The government can also raise objections and seek clarifications regarding the Collegium’s choices, but if the Collegium reiterates the same names, the government is bound to appoint them to the post.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS:

Article 124: Supreme Court judges should be appointed by the President after consultation with such judges of the High Courts and the Supreme Court as the President may deem necessary. The CJI is to be consulted in all appointments except his or her own.
Article 217: High Court judges should be appointed by the President after consultation with the CJI and the Governor of the state. The Chief Justice of the High Court concerned too should be consulted.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/news/india/collegium-clears-three-new-judges-for-supreme-court-justices-satish-chandra-sharma-augustine-masih-sandeep-mehta/amp-11699281487130.html

MALWARE MALICE: ON THE APPLE CYBERATTACK ALERT

THE CONTEXT: Over a dozen Opposition leaders and journalists received email alerts from U.S.-based tech giant Apple that their devices were targeted by “state-sponsored attackers”

STATE SPONSORED ATTACKERS:

As per Apple:
- State-sponsored attackers are very well-funded and sophisticated, and their attacks evolve over time.
- State-sponsored attackers apply exceptional resources to target a very small number of specific individuals and their devices.
- State-sponsored attacks are highly complex, cost millions of dollars to develop and often have a short shelf life.
- It’s possible that some Apple threat notifications may be false alarms, or that some attacks are not detected.
- The company clarified that the alerts sent now did not accuse a “specific state actor”. it also said that it would not be able to disclose how the targets were discovered but reiterated that the alerts had to be taken seriously.

ABOUT PEGASUS:

It is developed by the Israeli cyber-arms company NSO Group
Pegasus is a spyware that can infiltrate a mobile phone and gather personal information and can control the phone’s microphones and cameras without the user’s knowledge or permission.
The spyware is designed to bypass detection and mask its activity.
It is a type of malicious software.

THREAT FROM PEGASUS SOFTWARE:

Pegasus can gather information stored on the phone, such as photos and contacts, and activate the phone’s camera and microphone without the owner’s knowledge.

Researchers had found that spyware software such as Pegasus had targeted iPhones and the operating system iOS as early as 2016, and Apple had come up with updates to fix Pegasus exploits, besides going on to sue NSO.

RECENT STEPS TAKEN IN INDIA:

Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative:It was launched in 2018. The purpose of the program is to spread awareness, build capacity as well as enable Government departments on steps that need to be taken to create a cyber resilient eco system.
National Cyber security Coordination Centre (NCCC):It was developed in 2017 to scan internet traffic and communication metadata (which are little snippets of information hidden inside each communication) coming into the country to detect real-time cyber threats.
Cyber Swachhta Kendra:In 2017, this platform was introduced for internet users to create a secure cyber space by detecting botnet infections in India and to notify, enable cleaning and securing systems of end users so as to prevent further infection.
Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C):It was inaugurated by the government in 2020. I4C is envisaged to act as the nodal point to curb Cybercrime in the
Computer Emergency Response Team – India (CERT-IN):It is the nodal agency. CERT-IN is responsible for coordinating the response to cybersecurity incidents in India.

THE WAY FORWARD:

Strong Legal Frameworks: Governments need to enact and enforce comprehensive laws that explicitly address digital surveillance, data breaches, and privacy violations.
Cybersecurity Measures: Strengthening cybersecurity defense is crucial to prevent unauthorized access to devices and systems.
International Cooperation:Since spyware attacks often cross-national borders, international collaboration is vital. Governments and law enforcement agencies should work together to combat cybercrime and address surveillance-related challenges.
End-to-End Encryption: Emphasizing and implementing strong end-to-end encryption for communication platforms can prevent unauthorized interception of messages and data.

CONCLUSION:

The government must come clean on its dealings with NSO, and its use of software provided by such agencies and also emulate steps taken by other governments in proscribing such entities.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION:

Q) Discuss different types of cybercrimes and measures required to be taken to fight the menace. (2020)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q) “ The challenges posed by technological surveillance to rule of law and privacy are serious enough to undermine democracy”, What do you understand by the statement? Explain in the context of recent developments.

Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/malware-malice-on-the-apple-cyberattack-alert/article67485865.ece

TOP 5 TAKKAR NEWS OF THE DAY (30th OCTOBER 2023)

1. NASA-ISRO SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (NISAR)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The ‘NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar’ (NISAR), an Earth observation satellite, is ready to facilitate the exploration of how shifts in Earth’s forest and wetland ecosystems impact the global carbon cycle and influence climate change.

EXPLANATION:

It will measure Earth’s changing ecosystems, dynamic surfaces, and ice masses, providing information about biomass, natural hazards, sea level rise, and groundwater.
NISAR will observe Earth’s land and ice-covered surfaces globally with 12-day regularity on ascending and descending passes.

ABOUT NISAR:

The NISAR Observatory will be launched from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota on the southeast coast of the Indian peninsula.
It will be launched on the GSLV expendable launch vehicle contributed by ISRO.
The target launch readiness date is January 2024.
NISAR is a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) observatory jointly developed by NASA and ISRO.
It is an SUV-size satellite weighing 2,800 kilograms.
It consists of both L-band and S-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instruments, which makes it a dual-frequency imaging radar satellite.
NISAR will be the first satellite mission to use two different radar frequencies (L-band and S-band) to measure changes in our planet’s surface.
NASA has provided the L-band radar, GPS, a high-capacity solid-state recorder to store data, and a payload data subsystem. ISRO has provided the S-band radar, the GSLV launch system, and spacecraft.
It also consists of a large 39-foot stationary antenna reflector made of a gold-plated wire mesh which will be used to focus “the radar signals emitted and received by the upward-facing feed on the instrument structure.
Key facts:

Altitude	747km
Inclination	98°
Origination	NASA, ISRO
Instruments	L-band (24-centimeter wavelength) Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar S-band (9-centimeter wavelength) Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar

SOURCE: https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/nasa-isro-radar-satellite-to-offer-detailed-insights-into-forests-and-wetlands-know-all-about-nisar-403665-2023-10-28

2. KOYNA DAM

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: An earthquake of 2.9 magnitude on the Richter Scale was recorded on 28^th October, 2023 around 9.6 kilometres from the Koyna dam in Satara district.

EXPLANATION:

The epicentre was seven kilometres deep near Goptewadi village, making it the nearest to the dam so far in recent months.
This earthquake is a reminder of the seismic hazard posed to the Koyna dam, which is one of the largest dams in India.
The dam has been affected by earthquakes in the past, including a 6.5 magnitude earthquake in 1967 that caused significant damage to the dam and the surrounding area.
The Koyna dam is equipped with earthquake measuring devices, which recorded the 2.9 magnitude earthquake on October 28.
These devices are used to monitor the dam’s structural integrity and to provide early warning of any potential damage.

KOYNA DAM:

Situated in the Satara district of Koyna Nagar, this rubble-concrete dam is one of the biggest in the state of Maharashtra.
It was built on the Koyna River.
One of the most important civil engineering projects in India after the country’s independence, the Koyna Hydroelectric Project was completed in 1963.
It serves primarily as a source of hydroelectricity with some irrigation in surrounding areas.
With a total installed capacity of 1,920 MW, it is the largest hydroelectric power plant in the country.
The dam’s catchment area blocks the Koyna River, creating the roughly 50 km-long Shivsagar Lake.
It is located in a seismically active region.
The Koyna Seismic Zone (KSZ) is a region of high seismic activity that is located around the Koyna dam. The KSZ has been the site of several earthquakes in the past, including the 6.5 magnitude earthquake in 1967.
Finally, the dam is essential for controlling flooding during the monsoon season.

WAY FORWARD:

The 2.9 magnitude earthquake on October 28 is a reminder of the importance of monitoring the Koyna dam for seismic activity.
Steps must be taken to mitigate the risk of earthquake damage.
The Koyna dam is a critical infrastructure asset, and its failure would have devastating consequences for the surrounding region.
The Koyna dam must be monitored closely for seismic activity.
The Koyna Earthquake Monitoring Center (KEMC) is a dedicated facility that monitors the dam and the surrounding area for earthquakes.
So, the KEMC can provide early warning of any potential damage to the dam from seismic activity.

SOURCE: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/tremors-felt-near-koyna-dam-in-satara/articleshow/104811312.cms

3. INSTALLATION OF DNA SYSTEMS IN POLICE STATIONS

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY, GS 2: GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The installation of DNA systems in police stations is part of the broader effort to modernize and enhance the capabilities of law enforcement agencies in India.

EXPLANATION:

The Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act (CrPI), passed in April 2022, repealed the British-era Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920.
It introduced provisions for using modern techniques to capture and record appropriate body measurements, including DNA samples and facial recognition.

THE KEY ASPECTS RELATED TO DNA SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT:

Modernization and Improved Crime Solving:
- The introduction of DNA systems allows law enforcement agencies to employ advanced forensic techniques for crime-solving.
- DNA analysis can be crucial in identifying suspects, confirming or excluding individuals as potential perpetrators, and linking evidence to unsolved cases.

Repealing Outdated Legislation:
- The CrPI Act replaced an archaic law from the colonial era, which was limited in scope and didn’t account for modern forensic technology.
- The new Act seeks to align with contemporary crime investigation practices.

Centralized Database and Common Standards:
- The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) plays a crucial role in maintaining a centralized database of measurements.
- It ensures common standards for collecting, storing, and handling measurements.
- This can streamline data sharing and access among authorized police and prison officials across the country.

WHAT ARE THE CONCERNS AND CHALLENGES?

Privacy and Data Protection:
- The legislation has raised concerns about individual privacy and data protection, particularly with the inclusion of DNA samples and facial recognition technology.
- Safeguards need to be in place to prevent misuse of this sensitive data.

Awareness and Implementation:
- There appears to be a gap in awareness and implementation of the rules among police officers.
- Ensuring that measurements are only recorded for specific cases and that records are destroyed when necessary as it is crucial to protect individual rights.

Destruction of Data:
- The provision that individuals are responsible for requesting the destruction of their data after 75 years has raised concerns, especially for those who may not have easy access to the legal system.

Training and Infrastructure:
- Proper training is required for handling DNA samples, and adequate storage infrastructure must be in place to ensure the integrity of the samples.

Scope and Application:
- Clarity is needed regarding the scope of DNA sample collection.
- Currently, it is compulsory in cases registered under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, but its application in other types of crimes is yet to be defined.

Connectivity Issues:
- In some smaller states, limited connectivity and inadequate internet infrastructure may hinder the secure transfer of data and access to the centralized database.

SAFEGUARDS AND ACCOUNTABILITY:

To address these concerns, it is essential to implement robust safeguards, including strict access controls, encryption, and audit trails to prevent unauthorized access to the database.
Accountability mechanisms should be in place for data handling, storage, and disposal.

CONCLUSION:

The introduction of DNA systems in police stations is a significant step in modernizing law enforcement and improving crime-solving capabilities.
However, it is essential to balance these benefits with privacy protections, awareness and training for law enforcement personnel, and the establishment of safeguards to prevent misuse and maintain data integrity.
Additionally, addressing infrastructure and connectivity challenges is critical for the successful implementation of the system.

EXPLANATION:

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/why-will-police-stations-install-dna-systems-explained/article67470936.ece/amp/

4. THE GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Stephan Schlamminger, a prominent expert in gravity experiments, intentionally introduced an undisclosed error into his experiment to obscure his measurement of Newton’s gravitational constant. The code is not disclosed yet.

EXPLANATION:

It pertains to the gravitational constant (often denoted as ‘G’) and its significance in the realm of physics, particularly in the context of gravitational theories proposed by Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.

GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT:

G is a fundamental physical constant that plays a pivotal role in both classical Newtonian mechanics and Einstein’s theory of general relativity.
It quantifies the strength of the gravitational force between two objects.

NEWTON’S THEORY:

In Newton’s theory, the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
G is the proportionality constant that makes this law precise.
This law was revolutionary in explaining how celestial bodies are attracted to each other due to gravity.

EINSTEIN’S THEORY:

In Einstein’s theory, G appears in the equations that describe the curvature of spacetime caused by the presence of mass and energy.
This theory supersedes Newton’s law of gravitation and provides a more accurate description of gravitation, especially in the vicinity of massive celestial objects like black holes or neutron stars.

HOW DOES THE VALUE OF G IS DETERMINED?

The value of G was first accurately determined by Henry Cavendish in 1797 through a famous experiment known as the Cavendish experiment.
However, despite its historical significance, the precise value of G is still not known with absolute certainty.
The value of G has been determined with an uncertainty of about 22 parts per million, which means there is still some degree of uncertainty associated with this fundamental constant.
Ongoing research in the field of experimental physics aims to further refine the measurement of G.
As it is crucial for understanding celestial mechanics, determining the mass of celestial bodies, and conducting experiments related to gravity.

WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PRECISE G VALUE?

A more accurate determination of G is essential for various applications in physics, astronomy, and cosmology.
It affects our understanding of the behaviour of celestial objects, the orbits of planets, and the study of astrophysical phenomena.
Furthermore, it is significant in the context of high-precision experiments, such as those seeking to detect gravitational waves, as well as in testing the predictions of general relativity.
It is a fundamental constant that underpins our understanding of gravity in both classical and modern physics.
Its accurate determination is crucial for advancing our knowledge of the universe, and ongoing research continues to refine its value to improve the precision of gravitational theories and their application in various scientific disciplines.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/2023-10-30/th_chennai/articleGFGBUN3UT-4707782.ece

5. BAN ON THE EXPORT OF THE RICE

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Recently, India has banned the export of non-basmati white rice amid depleting public stock in the Central pool, elevated cereal prices, and looming threat of the uneven monsoon.

EXPLANATION:

India is the biggest exporter of rice in the world.
As per the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), India accounted for about 40 per cent of the total rice exports (56 million tonnes) in the world during calendar year 2022.

EFFECT OF INDIA’S RESTRICTIONS ACROSS THE GLOBE?

Soon after India banned the export of non-basmati white rice, there was a sharp jump in the price of rice across markets.
In the following months, prices have come down, but are still higher than the pre-ban period.
As per the Rice Outlook of the Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture:
- Over the past month, quotes for trading prices for most grades of regular (neither parboiled nor aromatic) whole-grain milled rice from Thailand decreased 5−6 percent, mostly due to a weaker baht.
- Thailand’s price rose rapidly from late July through mid-August, primarily in response to India’s July export ban on regular-milled white rice.”

IMPACT ON THE DOMESTIC PRICES OF RICE:

There has been no respite from the increase in the prices of rice despite the export ban.
As per the data available on the Agriculture Ministry’s portal, the daily average wholesale price of rice was recorded at 18.42 per cent higher compared with the price (Rs 4,731.32 per quintal) when the government announced the Open Market Sale Scheme (OMSS) in January 2023.
The retail prices are also higher than last year.
For instance, the daily average retail price of rice was recorded at Rs 42.80 per kg on October 24, which is 12.59 per cent higher than a year ago.
On July 20, the day India banned the export of non-basmati white rice, the all-India daily average retail price of rice was recorded 11.42 per cent higher than a year ago.

HOW DOES INDIA EXPORT RICE? WHAT IS BANNED AND WHAT IS NOT?

India’s rice exports are broadly categorised into basmati and non-basmati rice.
The non-basmati rice category includes 6 sub-categories— rice in husk of seed quality; other rice in husk; husked (brown) rice; rice parboiled; non-basmati white rice; and broken rice.
While the government has banned export of two sub-categories of broken rice and non-basmati white rice, there is no ban on the remaining four sub-categories.

BASMATI RICE:

Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, UAE, and Yemen were the top 5 destinations of Indian basmati during 2022-23.
In all, India exported basmati to 149 countries during the last financial year.
During the first five months (April-August) of the current financial year (2023-24), the basmati rice export has reached 20 lakh metric tonnes.

NON-BASMATI RICE:

The non-basmati rice includes varieties like Sona Masuri and Jeera rice.
In financial year 2022-23 (April-March), India exported 177.91 lakh metric tonnes of non-basmati rice.
The other three categories accounted for a lower quantity: other rice in husk; rice in husk of seed quality; and husked (brown) rice.

NON-BASMATI WHITE RICE:

Benin, Madagascar, Kenya, Cote D’ Ivoire, Mozambique, Togo and Nepal were among the top 10 buyers of India’s non-basmati white rice.
In all, India exported the non-basmati white rice to 142 countries during 2022-23. Most of these countries were poor, and were located in Africa.
When exports got banned exports, the quantity of grain shipped out marginally declined.
The number of countries importing Indian non-basmati white rice declined to 25.

BROKEN RICE:

Before India banned export of broken rice, every month 40 countries imported over 4 lakh tonnes of broken rice from India.
After New Delhi banned the export of broken rice, the number of countries declined to 21 in September, and to 6 in October.
In the financial year 2022-23, India’s broken export stood at 30.49 lakh metric tonnes, of which a maximum 12.80 lakh metric tonnes was exported to China, followed by Senegal (10.26 lakh metric tonnes), and Indonesia (1.94 lakh metric tonnes).

PAR-BOILED RICE:

There is no ban on export of this category of rice from India.
In the current financial year, Benin, Guinea, Togo, Somalia and Vietnam are the top five buyers of Indian par-boiled rice.

HUSKED (BROWN) RICE:

The husked (brown) rice is the type of rice from which only the husk has been removed, while the brown rice is unpolished rice.
Netherlands, UK, USA, Saudi Arabia, and Canada were top 5 buyers of this category of rice during the last financial year.
In the first five months of the current financial year, only 7,146 metric tonnes of husked (brown) rice have been exported.

RICE IN HUSK OF SEED QUALITY:

In the financial year 2022-23, a quantity of 19,681 metric tonnes of ‘rice in husk of seed quality’ was exported.
In the first five months of the current financial year, the export of this category of rice stood at 10,697 metric tonnes.

OTHER RICE IN HUSK:

India exported a quantity of 4.61 lakh metric tonnes of ‘Other Rice in Husk’ during 2022-23, of which almost 99 per cent went to Nepal.
In the current financial year, a quantity of 2.02 lakh metric tonnes of this category of rice during the first five months.
Of this, almost the entire quantity has been exported to Nepal.

RICE PROCUREMENT, REQUIREMENT:

Total production of rice during 2022-23 is estimated to be at a record 1357.55 lakh tonnes.
It is higher by 62.84 lakh tonnes than previous year’s Rice production of 1294.71 lakh tonnes and by 153.65 lakh tonnes than the last five years’ average production of 1203.90 lakh tonnes.
Procurement is on for the kharif marketing season (KMS) 2023-24.
A quantity of 56.04 lakh metric tonnes of paddy has been procured from 8 states—Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal.
Under the National Food Security Act, 2013, the monthly requirement (allocation) of rice is about 32 lakh tonnes.
Taking into consideration other welfare schemes including ICDS, PM-Poshan, the monthly requirement is 35 lakh metric tonnes.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/india-bans-exports-of-some-rice-explained-9004685/lite/

FROSTY TIES: ON THE WORSENING INDIA-CANADA TIES

THE CONTEXT: Diplomatic tensions between India and Canada escalated earlier this month when India requested the withdrawal of diplomats and threatened to remove the diplomatic immunity of any Canadian diplomat who remained in the country after the specified date.

WHAT IS THE VIENNA CONVENTION?

The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations is an international treaty signed by 61 countries in 1961.
It puts forth a framework for diplomatic interactions between independent nations and aims to ensure the ‘development of friendly relations among nations’.
At present, 193 countries are party to the document.

What is Article 11.1 about?

This particular segment pertains to the size of international missions within other countries.
India insists that its actions are consistent with the tenets set forth in Article 11.1 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.

INDIA-CANADA RELATIONS

India and Canada have longstanding bilateral relations built upon shared traditions of democracy, pluralism and strong interpersonal connections.
Canada is home to one of the largest communities of Indian origin, with approximately 4% of Canadians being of Indian heritage (1.3 million people).
The deep cultural and political ties between Canada and India are strengthened by a growing network of official dialogues, agreements, memoranda of understanding and working groups.
India is Canada’s 10th largest trading partner. Canada and India are working toward a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement and a Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (FIPA) to deepen the commercial relationship.

ISSUES ARISING OUT OF DIPLOMATIC TENSION:

Impact on trade: Diplomatic tension can impact trade relations between both the countries and can accelerate global slowdown which is already affected by the ongoing war in Ukraine.
Suffering of Ordinary people: Ordinary people will suffer as India and Canada cut down visa services. Apart from that, there are issues of human rights that both countries are pointing in each other countries. As Canada is pointing towards conditions of Sikhs and Muslims, while India expresses concerns over Hindu minorities in Canada.
Khalistan issue: India has expressed repeated concerns about terrorism related to the Khalistan issue for decades. However, no serious actions have been taken by Canadian authorities.
Issue of diplomats: Expelling of diplomatic immunity is being seen as a violation of global treaties such as the Vienna Convention which can taint India’s image of
Geopolitical issues:The recent diplomatic tension can harden viewpoints of both the countries over the important issues as terrorism which can have geopolitical implications.

THE WAY FORWARD

People to People: Both India and Canada should involve cultural exchanges, educational programs, and other initiatives that would help to strengthen the mutual understanding and respect between the two peoples.
Addressing Khalistan Issue: To effectively address the Khalistan issue, Both India and Canada must adapt its diplomatic approach to address the issue of the Khalistani separatism.
Inclusive Dialogue: There is a need to encourage open and inclusive dialogue between all the stakeholders including Indian government, sikh officials and Canadian authorities to address their grievances and misunderstandings.

THE CONCLUSION: With ongoing diplomatic tension between India and Canada, their relations have reached a low point. This needs to be resolved mutually with cooperation and collaboration beyond any political motive for a dynamic partnership.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

Q. ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. (2020)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q. India and Canada bilateral relations face multiple challenges. Comment in the light of recent developments.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/frosty-ties-the-hindu-editorial-on-the-worsening-india-canada-ties/article67442967.ece

TOP 5 TAKKAR NEWS OF THE DAY (21st OCTOBER 2023)

1. THE SIENA GALAXY ATLAS (SGA)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, astronomers have created a stunning atlas of nearly 400,000 galaxies in the cosmic neighbourhood of the Milky Way, aptly named the Siena Galaxy Atlas (SGA).

THE SIENA GALAXY ATLAS (SGA):

This remarkable feat was achieved using data from three astronomical surveys conducted between 2014 and 2017 at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) and Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO), collectively known as the DESI Legacy Surveys.
The cosmic atlas is a digital atlas that was created to get to know our universe better through several of the known galaxies.
NGC 520 is one of the largest and brightest galaxies in the Siena Galaxy Atlas. It is made of two disk galaxies that will eventually merge together to form one massive system.
A selection of 42 galaxies from the Siena Galaxy Atlas illustrates the tremendous range of galaxy types, sizes, colours and surface brightness profiles, internal structure, and environments of the galaxies in the SGA.
IC 4212 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Virgo. It is situated close to the celestial equator, meaning it is at least partly visible from both hemispheres in certain times of the year.

HOW IS IT DIFFERENT FROM OTHER ATLASES?

It is dependent on state-of-the-art digital images captured by advanced technology, unlike previous atlases which relied on antiquated equipment and photographic plates.
As it is built on the images captured with highly sensitive instruments, it boasts of having the most accurate data.
It is also the first cosmic atlas to feature the light profiles of galaxies - a curve that describes how the brightness of the galaxy changes from its brightest point to its dimmest.

HOW DOES IT CONTRIBUTE TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE?

Comprehensive and detailed view of nearby galaxies:
- The SGA provides a comprehensive and detailed view of nearly 400,000 galaxies in the cosmic neighbourhood of the Milky Way.
- This is a significant increase over previous atlases, which typically included only a few thousand galaxies.
- The SGA’s large sample size allows astronomers to study the statistical properties of galaxies in more detail, and to identify rare or unusual objects.

High-quality data:
- The SGA is based on high-quality digital images captured with highly sensitive instruments.
- This results in much higher data quality than previous atlases, which were often based on photographic plates.
- The SGA’s high-quality data allows astronomers to make more accurate measurements of the sizes, shapes, colours, and luminosities of galaxies.

Publicly available data:
- The SGA is freely available to the public online, anyone can access and use the data for their own research or educational purposes.
- The SGA’s public availability will help to democratize astronomy and encourage more people to participate in the scientific process.

SOURCE: https://www.universetoday.com/163807/astronomers-release-a-cosmic-atlas-of-380000-galaxies-in-our-neighborhood/

2. MANUAL SCAVENGING

TAG: GS 2: GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court has issued a landmark ruling ordering the central and state governments to completely eradicate manual scavenging, a dehumanizing practice that has trapped individuals in inhumane conditions for generations.

EXPLANATION:

The ruling comes in response to a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) against manual scavenging and underscores the need for a comprehensive effort to eradicate this deplorable practice.
The petition has highlighted that people were still dying in sewers though the practice was banned with the introduction of the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993 and the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013.
The court’s decision stipulates significant compensation for the families of those who lose their lives while cleaning sewers.
Under the new guidelines, the next of kin of individuals who die during sewer cleaning operations will receive Rs 30 lakh in compensation.
Those who sustain permanent disabilities while engaging in sewer cleaning will be awarded a minimum compensation of Rs 20 lakh, and up to Rs 10 lakh can be provided for other injuries.
The court has issued a total of 14 directives to both central and state governments, focusing on the effective implementation of the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act of 2013.
In its ruling, the court emphasized the importance of rehabilitating victims of manual scavenging and their families.
The court directed the government to provide scholarships and skill development training to help victims transition to new livelihoods.
The Supreme Court also reminded the Union and State governments of their duty to eliminate manual scavenging, as discrimination based on factors such as caste, race, or religion is strictly prohibited under the Constitution.
The court asserted that genuine fraternity and dignity are fundamental values crucial to the well-being of society.
To prevent sewer-related deaths, the government agencies must collaborate and coordinate their efforts.
The high courts have been encouraged to monitor such cases closely. The Supreme Court has scheduled further monitoring of this matter for February 1, 2024.

PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT AS MANUAL SCAVENGERS AND THEIR REHABILITATION ACT, 2013:

It is wider in scope and importance, acknowledging the urgency of rehabilitating manual scavengers.
The act seeks to prohibiting manual scavenging in all forms and ensures the rehabilitation of manual scavengers to be identified through a mandatory survey.

KEY FEATURES OF THE ACT:

Prohibits the construction or maintenance of insanitary toilets.
Prohibits the engagement or employment of anyone as a manual scavenger and violations could result in a years’ imprisonment or a fine of INR 50,000 or both.
Prohibits a person from being engaged or employed for hazardous cleaning of a sewer or a septic tank.
Offences under the Act are cognizable and non-bailable.
Calls for a survey of manual scavengers in urban and rural areas within a time-bound framework.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/union-states-duty-bound-to-the-pledge-to-completely-eradicate-manual-scavenging-sc/article67443328.ece

3. SUBSIDIARY BODY ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE (SBSTTA)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the 25th meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA-25) in Nairobi, Kenya came with recommendations that would help Parties move from “agreement to action” after the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) in Dec 2022.

EXPLANATION:

The outcome is important considering that only six years remain to ensure that the targets of the Framework are achieved.
The major agenda of the meeting was to develop a monitoring mechanism for progress, and the implication of the recently completed assessments of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES); and the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
- The latest IPBES report pointed out the role invasive species play in extinction of plants and animals.
- The Methodological Assessment Report on the Diverse Values and Valuation of Nature; and the Thematic Assessment Report on the Sustainable Use of Wild Species by IPBES were also discussed.
- Findings from IPCC AR6, suggested that climate change is the main driver of the loss of biodiversity.
- The biodiversity provides capacity to nature to support climate adaptation, resilience, mitigation and disaster risk reduction were discussed too.

FINDINGS OF THE MEETING:

Need for urgent action to address the biodiversity crisis:
- The meeting noted that the current rate of biodiversity loss is unprecedented in human history, and that this loss is having a significant impact on human well-being and the economy.

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) provides a clear roadmap for action:
- The meeting welcomed the adoption of the KMGBF and noted that the Framework provides a comprehensive set of goals and targets for addressing the biodiversity crisis.
- The meeting recommended to develop and implement robust monitoring and reporting systems to track progress towards the goals and targets of the KMGBF.

Increasing financial and technical support for biodiversity conservation:
- Current levels of funding for biodiversity conservation are far below what is needed to achieve the goals of the KMGBF.
- Increasing financial and technical support for biodiversity conservation is recommended by the COP.

Building the capacity of stakeholders to implement the KMGBF:
- Many stakeholders, including government officials, local communities, and the private sector, will need support to implement the KMGBF.
- Mainstreaming biodiversity into all relevant sectors, such as agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and energy.

Raising public awareness about the importance of biodiversity:
- Public awareness of the biodiversity crisis is low, and that this needs to be addressed in order to build support for conservation efforts.

SUBSIDIARY BODY ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE (SBSTTA):

It is established as an open-ended intergovernmental scientific advisory body as per the Article 25 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
It is a committee of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
The COP is the highest decision-making body of the CBD, and it is composed of representatives of all Parties to the Convention.
SBSTTA is responsible for providing scientific and technical advice to the COP on matters relating to the implementation of the CBD.
In 1994, India along with other countries adopted the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
- It is an international treaty which focuses on three main goals:
- conservation of biological diversity,
- sustainable use of its components, and
- the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/sbstta-25-delegates-move-forward-on-recommendations-to-implement-kunming-montreal-global-biodiversity-framework-92409

4. INS IMPHAL

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY

THE CONTEXT: Yard 12706 (Imphal), the third Project 15B stealth guided missile destroyer was delivered to the Indian Navy on 20 October, 2023.

INS IMPHAL:

The Project is a follow-on of the Kolkata class (Project 15A) destroyers commissioned in the last decade.
It is designed by the Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau (WDB) and built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd, Mumbai.
This ship is a hallmark of indigenous shipbuilding and is amongst the most technologically advanced warships in the world.
The ship was constructed using indigenous steel DMR 249A.
It is a guided missile destroyer with a displacement of 7,400 tons and an overall length of 164 meters.
Imphal is a potent and versatile platform equipped with state-of-the-art weapons and sensors, including surface-to-air missiles, anti-ship missiles and torpedoes.
Powered by a Combined Gas and Gas Propulsion Plant (COGAG), comprising four gas turbines, she is capable of achieving speeds in excess of 30 knots (56 km/h).
The ship boasts of a high indigenous content of approximately 75% that includes Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missiles (BEL, Bangalore), BrahMos Surface-to-Surface Missiles (BrahMos Aerospace, New Delhi), Indigenous Torpedo Tube Launchers (Larsen & Toubro, Mumbai), Anti-Submarine Indigenous Rocket Launchers (Larsen & Toubro, Mumbai) and 76mm Super Rapid Gun Mount (BHEL, Haridwar).
The delivery of Imphal is an affirmation of the impetus being given by the Government of India and the Indian Navy towards ‘Aatma Nirbhar Bharat’.
The induction of the destroyer is a tribute to the collaborative efforts of large number of stake holders and would enhance the maritime prowess of the country in the Indian Ocean Region.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-imphal-indias-first-warship-with-accommodation-for-women-staff-delivered-4-months-ahead-of-schedule/article67442738.ece

5. REGIONAL RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM (RRTS)

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Prime Minister recently inaugurated the priority section of the Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS Corridor at Sahibabad RapidX Station in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

EXPLANATION:

REGIONAL RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM (RRTS):

It will be known as NaMo Bharat.
It is India’s first semi-high-speed regional rail service project.
It is constructed by the National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC), which is a joint venture company of the Central government and the governments of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
It is indigenously manufactured with a designed speed potential of 180 kmph and operational speed potential of 160 kmph.
It is a new rail-based, semi-high-speed, high-frequency commuter transit system with a design speed of 180 kmph.
A total of eight RRTS corridors have been identified for development in the National Capital Region, out of which three corridors have been prioritised to be implemented in Phase-I — Delhi Ghaziabad Meerut, Delhi-Gurugram-SNB-Alwar and Delhi-Panipat.
The priority section of the RRTS Corridor between Sahibabad and Duhai Depot has five stations — Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Guldhar, Duhai and Duhai Depot.
- The foundation stone for the Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut corridor was laid by Prime Minister Modi on March 8, 2019.
- The Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS being developed at a cost of more than Rs 30,000 crore.
- It will connect Delhi to Meerut in less than an hour of travel time going through the urban centres of Ghaziabad, Muradnagar, and Modinagar.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RRTS:

RRTS being developed in the country, is a state-of-the-art regional mobility solution and is comparable to the best in the world.
It will provide safe, reliable and modern intercity commuting solutions in the country.
In line with PM GatiShakti National Master Plan, the RRTS network will have extensive multi-modal integration with Railway stations, Metro stations, Bus services etc.
Such transformative regional mobility solutions will
- Boost economic activity in the region;
- Provide improved access to employment, education &
- Healthcare opportunities; and
- Help in the significant reduction of vehicular congestion & air pollution.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-rrts-trains-to-be-known-as-namo-bharat/article67441377.ece

TOP 5 TAKKAR NEWS OF THE DAY (4th OCTOBER 2023)

1. NOBEL PRIZE 2023 FOR PHYSICS

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Nobel Prize 2023 for Physics was awarded to the three scientists Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L’Huillier for their experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses for the study of electron dynamics in matter.

EXPLANATION:

The laureates have been awarded the Prize for experiments to produce ultra-short pulses of light, with which they can finally see directly into the super-fast world of electrons.
“Attosecond physics gives us the opportunity to understand mechanisms that are governed by electrons.

Why weren’t electrons ‘seen’ before?

Electrons are the negatively charged particles of an atom. They zoom around the denser nucleus.
Before being able to study them directly, scientists understood their properties through averages.
The rapid movement of electrons would seem to blur together in the eyes of a camera that couldn’t lower its exposure time to the order of attoseconds.

How fast is electron dynamics?

The movement of an atom in a molecule can be studied with the very shortest pulses produced by a laser.
These movements and changes in the atoms occur on the order of femtoseconds—a millionth of a billionth of a second.
But electrons are lighter and interact faster, in the attosecond realm. An attosecond if a billionth of a billionth of a second.
All light consists of waves of electric and magnetic energy.
- Each wave has a sinusoidal shape starting from a point, going up to a peak, dipping into a trough, and finally getting back to the same level as the starting point.
By the 1980s, physicists had found ways to produce light pulses whose duration was a few femtoseconds.
The technology used to produce these pulses couldn’t be refined any further, so physicists believed the femtosecond to be the hard lower limit Yet ‘seeing’ electrons required an even shorter flash of light.

What are the applications of attosecond physics?

Materials science: Attosecond pulses can be used to create new materials with unique properties, such as ultrafast conductors and optical switches.
Medical diagnostics: Attosecond pulses can be used to image biological molecules in unprecedented detail, which could lead to new methods for early cancer detection and treatment.
Quantum computing: Attosecond pulses could be used to control qubits, the basic units of information in quantum computers.

NOBEL PRIZES:

Alfred Nobel was an inventor, entrepreneur, scientist and businessman who also wrote poetry and drama.
His varied interests are reflected in the prize he established and which he lay the foundation for in 1895 when he wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the prize.
Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from around the world for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for work in peace.
The prizes consist of a gold medal, a diploma, and a monetary award.
In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden’s central bank) established the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize.
The prize is based on a donation received by the Nobel Foundation in 1968 from Sveriges Riksbank on the occasion of the bank’s 300th anniversary.
The first prize in economic sciences was awarded to Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen in 1969.
The prize in economic sciences is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden, according to the same principles as for the Nobel Prizes that have been awarded since 1901.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/2023-nobel-prize-in-physics-seeing-electrons-through-brief-pulses-of-light-explained/article67376832.ece

2. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC)

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Armenia’s Parliament voted to join the International Criminal Court (ICC).

EXPLANATION:

Armenia’s decision to join the International Criminal Court (ICC) is a significant development but it is likely to have far-reaching consequences for the country’s relations with Russia.

BACKGROUND:

Armenia has been a close ally of Russia for decades.
The two countries are members of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), a military alliance of former Soviet republics.
Russia has also been Armenia’s main supplier of arms and military assistance.
However, Armenia’s relations with Russia have become increasingly strained in recent years.
This is due to a number of factors, including Russia’s role in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, its invasion of Ukraine, and its economic decline.

THE ICC WARRANT FOR PUTIN:

In May 2023, the ICC issued an arrest warrant for Putin for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Ukraine.
The warrant is based on the ICC’s investigation into alleged atrocities committed by Russian forces in Ukraine.

ARMENIA’S DECISION TO JOIN THE ICC:

The ICC ratification by Armenia is mainly motivated by its desire to prepare legal challenges against Azerbaijan. But it also sends a clear message to Moscow.
Armenia’s decision to join the ICC is a signal that the country is distancing itself from Russia.
By joining the ICC, Armenia is committing to upholding international law and prosecuting those who commit serious crimes, including war crimes and crimes against humanity.

IMPLICATIONS FOR ARMENIA-RUSSIA RELATIONS:

Armenia’s decision to join the ICC is likely to have a significant impact on Armenia-Russia relations.
Russia has already warned Armenia that its decision to join the ICC is a “hostile step.”
It is possible that Russia could retaliate against Armenia by reducing its economic and military assistance.
However, it is also possible that Armenia’s decision to join the ICC could lead to a closer relationship between Armenia and the West.
The United States and other Western countries have praised Armenia’s decision to join the ICC.
It is possible that these countries could provide Armenia with increased economic and military assistance in the future.

WAY FORWARD:

Armenia’s decision to join the ICC is a significant development with far-reaching implications for the country’s relations with Russia and the West.
It remains to be seen how Russia will respond to Armenia’s decision, but it is clear that Armenia is charting a new course in its foreign policy.

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC):

It is the only permanent international criminal tribunal.
It was created by the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (its founding and governing document), and began functioning on 1 July 2002 when the Statute came into force.
123 nations are States Parties to the Rome Statute and recognize the ICC’s authority; the notable exceptions being the US, China, Russia, and India.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/armenias-parliament-votes-to-join-the-international-criminal-court-straining-ties-with-ally-russia/article67376736.ece/amp/

3. IEA CRITICAL MINERALS AND CLEAN ENERGY SUMMIT

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The International Energy Agency (IEA) hosted the first ever International Summit on critical minerals and their role in clean energy transitions on 28 September 2023 in Paris.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SUMMIT:

The meeting was attended by ministers, industry leaders, investors, international organisations and civil societies from 50 countries, who agreed on six main actions to assure sustainable, long-term and ethical supply chains of vital minerals.
The actions include:
- Advancing the goal of diversified mineral supplies;
- Maximising the potential of technology and recycling;
- Fostering market transparency;
- Improving the accessibility of trustworthy information;
- Establishing incentives for sustainable and responsible production; and
- Stepping up efforts to foster international cooperation.
The summit was built on the ministerial directive issued to the IEA in 2022 to advance its work on:
- vital minerals,
- the constituents of solar panels,
- wind turbines, and
- electric vehicles, among other important clean energy technologies.
Between 2017 and 2022, demand from the energy sector for lithium tripled.
There was a 70 per cent increase in cobalt demand and a rise of 40 per cent in nickel demand too, as per the IEA estimates.
The momentum is expected to continue through 2023 and beyond, the IEA said in its review.

HOW CLEAN ENERGY TRANSITIONS ARE DRIVING A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN MINERAL DEMAND?

From 2017 to 2022, demand from the energy sector was the main factor behind a tripling in overall demand for lithium, a 70% jump in demand for cobalt, and a 40% rise in demand for nickel.
Propelled by rising demand and high prices, the market size of key energy transition minerals doubled over the past five years, reaching USD 320 billion in 2022.
This rapid growth is set to continue.
In the IEA’s Announced Pledges Scenario, demand for critical minerals more than doubles by 2030.
In the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, it grows three and a half times to 2030, topping 30 million tonnes.
Given this trajectory, the development of diverse, resilient and sustainable clean energy supply chains for critical minerals is an essential task.

SPECIFIC CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES:

Supply concentration:
- The supply of critical minerals is concentrated in a few countries, which makes the market vulnerable to disruptions.
- For example, China produces more than 80% of the world’s lithium and cobalt.
Environmental and social impacts:
- The mining and processing of critical minerals can be environmentally and socially harmful.
- For example, the mining of lithium can pollute water supplies and the processing of cobalt can expose workers to harmful chemicals.
Demand growth:
- Demand for critical minerals is growing rapidly, driven by the clean energy transition.
- This is putting a strain on the supply of minerals and driving up prices.

OPPORTUNITIES:

New technologies:
- There are a number of new technologies in development that could reduce demand for critical minerals or make mining and processing more sustainable.
- For example, new battery chemistries could reduce the need for cobalt.
Recycling:
- Recycling critical minerals can help to reduce demand for virgin minerals.
- However, recycling rates for critical minerals are currently low.
Collaboration:
- Governments, businesses, investors, and civil society organizations can work together to secure a sustainable supply of critical minerals.
- For example, governments can provide financial support for new mines and processing facilities, businesses can develop new technologies, and investors can invest in sustainable mining projects.
By addressing the challenges and seizing the opportunities, the world can secure a sustainable supply of critical minerals for the clean energy transition.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA):

The IEA was founded in 1974 to ensure the security of oil supplies.
Energy security remains a central part of our mission but today’s IEA has a wider mandate to focus on a full range of energy issues, including climate change and decarbonisation, energy access etc.
The IEA was created in response to the 1973-1974 oil crisis when an oil embargo by major producers pushed prices to historic levels, and exposed the vulnerability of industrialised countries to dependency on oil imports.
The IEA’s founding members were Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, United Kingdom, and the United States.
The Agency’s “open door” policy has since allowed the IEA to deepen its collaboration with 11 new countries through the Association programme: Argentina, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Morocco, Thailand, Singapore, South Africa, and most recently, Ukraine, which joined in 2022.
This IEA family of member and association countries now represents over 80% of global energy consumption, up from 40% in 2015.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/renewable-energy/iea-summit-on-clean-energy-minerals-actions-for-sustainable-ethical-supply-chains-agreed-upon-92076

4. THE UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES (PREVENTION) ACT (UAPA), 1967

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY, GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) has been invoked against the news portal NewsClick.

EXPLANATION:

On 3^RD October, the Delhi police has raided the office of the news portal NewsClick and the residence of its editor and other staff.
Some of them have been arrested and charged under UAPA which has resulted into huge concern for press freedom in India.
The main allegation in the FIR against NewsClick is that the news portal allegedly received illegal funding from China routed through the United States.
The FIR has been registered under various Sections of the UAPA.
The other provisions invoked against NewsClick include Section 13 (unlawful activities), 16 (terrorist act), 17 (raising funds for terrorist acts), 18 (conspiracy), and 22 (C) (offences by companies, trusts) of the UAPA, along with IPC sections 153 A (promoting enmity between different group) and 120B (criminal conspiracy).

PROVISIONS UNDER UAPA:

Among the key provisions invoked is Section 16, which prescribes punishment for terrorist acts.
Section 15 of the UAPA defines “terrorist act”.
- It is punishable with imprisonment for a term of at least five years to life.
- In case the terrorist act results in death, the punishment is death or imprisonment for life.
- This is an offence that describes violent acts that are serious in nature.
The provision describes the terrorist acts as:
- The use of bombs, dynamite or other explosive substances;
- causing death or loss/ damage/ destruction of property;
- disruption of any supplies or services essential to the life of the community in India;
- damage to the monetary stability of India by way of production or smuggling or circulation of high-quality counterfeit Indian paper currency, coin or of any other material.
Section 43D (5) of UAPA places very stringent conditions for obtaining bail.

UAPA:

The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) has been enacted in 1967 that allows the government to designate individuals and organizations as “terrorists” and to detain them without trial for up to 180 days.
The law has been criticized for its vague and overbroad definitions, which allow the government to target anyone it deems to be a threat to national security.
The UAPA has been used to suppress dissent and silence critical voices in India.
The law has been used against journalists, activists, students, and religious minorities. The UAPA has also been used to target political opponents of the government.
The UAPA has been challenged in court on a number of occasions. However, the Supreme Court of India has upheld the constitutionality of the law.

CRITICISMS OF THE UAPA:

The definition of “terrorist” is vague and overbroad, allowing the government to target anyone it deems to be a threat to national security.
The UAPA allows the government to detain people without trial for up to 180 days. This is a serious infringement on the right to liberty.
The UAPA does not provide adequate safeguards for the rights of the accused. For example, it is difficult for accused persons to challenge their detention or to obtain bail.
The UAPA has been used to target journalists, activists, students, and religious minorities. This has had a chilling effect on freedom of speech and expression.
The use of the UAPA against NewsClick is just one example of how the law is being used to suppress dissent and silence critical voices in India.
The UAPA is a serious threat to press freedom and democracy in India. It is important to defend press freedom and to stand up for the right of journalists to report freely and without fear of reprisal.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/what-uapa-sections-have-been-invoked-against-newsclick-8967236/

5. SWACHH BHARAT MISSION

TAG: GS 1: SOCIETY, GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: A departmental working paper by the World Bank on the progress of the Swachh Bharat Mission Gramin (SBM-G) has found that regular toilet use is declining in rural India from 2018-19 onwards.

EXPLANATION:

These findings came amid concerns over the government’s claims that practices such as open defecation and manual scavenging no longer continue in India.
- These findings were solely based on the fact that toilet access had improved after the building of over 100 million toilets.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PAPER:

The paper reconciles data from a variety of sources, including the National Family Health Surveys (NFHS), National Sample Surveys (NSS), and National Annual Rural Sanitation Survey (NARSS).
It found out that the largest drop in regular toilet use is most pronounced in states with high Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe socio-economic groups.
States where there has been a sustained decline in regular use of toilets since 2018 were Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Himachal Pradesh
Whereas seven other States like Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and West Bengal have been seeing an uneven decline in toilet use since 2018.
There are a number of possible explanations for this decline.
- One possibility is that the toilets that were built under the SBM-G are not well-maintained, making them unusable or unsafe.
- Another possibility is that people are not using the toilets because they are inconvenient or uncomfortable.
- It is also possible that people are returning to open defecation because they believe it is more hygienic or because they have been forced to do so by social pressure.
The decline in regular toilet use is a serious concern, as it could undermine the gains that have been made in reducing open defecation in rural India.
Open defecation is a major public health problem, as it can lead to the spread of diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, and typhoid.

The World Bank paper makes a number of recommendations for addressing the decline in regular toilet use. These recommendations include:

Investing in the maintenance of toilets.
Making toilets more convenient and comfortable to use.
Addressing social norms that discourage the use of toilets.
Providing education and awareness about the importance of using toilets.

STEPS TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT:

The government of India has also taken some steps to address the decline in regular toilet use.
For example, the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation has launched a program to provide subsidies for the repair and maintenance of toilets.
The government has also launched a campaign to promote the use of toilets and to address social norms that discourage it.
It is important to monitor the progress of these efforts and to make sure that they are effective in reversing the decline in regular toilet use.
Open defecation is a major public health problem, and it is essential to ensure that everyone in India has access to safe and hygienic sanitation facilities.

SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR SC/ST HOUSEHOLDS:

The decline in regular toilet use is particularly concerning for SC/ST households, as they are more likely to live in poverty and to have limited access to sanitation facilities.
SC/ST households are also more likely to be socially marginalized, and they may face pressure to return to open defecation.
The government needs to take specific steps to address the needs of SC/ST households in its efforts to reverse the decline in regular toilet use.
These steps could include:
- Providing targeted subsidies for the construction and maintenance of toilets in SC/ST communities.
- Working with community leaders to address social norms that discourage the use of toilets.
- Providing education and awareness about the importance of using toilets in SC/ST languages.

SWACHH BHARAT MISSION:

To accelerate the efforts to achieve universal sanitation coverage and to put the focus on sanitation, the Prime Minister had launched the Swachh Bharat Mission on 2nd October 2014.
Under the mission, all villages, Gram Panchayats, Districts, States and Union Territories in India declared themselves “open-defecation free” (ODF) by 2 October 2019, by constructing over 100 million toilets in rural India.
To ensure that the open defecation free behaviours are sustained, no one is left behind, and that solid and liquid waste management facilities are accessible.
The Mission is moving towards the next Phase II of SBMG i.e ODF-Plus.
ODF Plus activities under Phase II of Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) will reinforce ODF behaviours and focus on providing interventions for the safe management of solid and liquid waste in villages.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/despite-early-gains-of-swachh-bharat-mission-toilet-use-declining-since-2018-19-world-bank paper/article67376731.ece

TOP 5 TAKKAR NEWS OF THE DAY (3rd OCTOBER 2023)

1. R21/MATRIX-M MALARIA VACCINE

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine has been recommended for use by the World Health Organization’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) and the Malaria Policy Advisory Group (MPAG).

EXPLANATION:

The R21 vaccine is the second malaria vaccine recommended by WHO, following the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine, which received a WHO recommendation in 2021.

RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) is a vaccine that acts against Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest malaria parasite globally and the most prevalent in Africa.

Both vaccines are shown to be safe and effective in preventing malaria in children and, when implemented broadly, are expected to have high public health impact.

The World Health Organization’s recommendation is required for UNICEF to procure and GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance, to purchase the vaccine, paving the way for vaccination of children in populations most at risk.

R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine marks the culmination of 30 years of malaria vaccine research at the University of Oxford’s Jenner Institute.

R21/MATRIX-M MALARIA VACCINE:

The R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine is a subunit vaccine that targets the malaria parasite’s sporozoite stage, the form of the parasite that is injected into the human body by an infected mosquito.

It is developed by the University of Oxford and the Serum Institute of India, leveraging Novavax’s adjuvant technology.

The vaccine should be administered in a 2-dose schedule with a 3-month interval between doses.

SAGE recommended that vaccine introduction should be accompanied by a well-designed communication strategy and community engagement.

Vaccine efficacy against multiple episodes of clinical malaria was similar (78%) over 2 years of follow-up.

R21/Matrix-M has a favourable safety profile and also induces high levels of malaria-specific anti-NANP antibodies that correlate with the observed protection against clinical malaria.

BENEFITS OF THE R21/MATRIX-M MALARIA VACCINE:

The WHO’s recommendation of the R21/Matrix-M vaccine is a major milestone in the fight against malaria.

The vaccine is expected to save millions of lives and help to reduce the burden of malaria on children in Africa and other countries with high malaria transmission.

R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine demonstrates high efficacy with a reassuring safety profile.

The R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine is an easily deployable vaccine that can be manufactured at mass scale and modest cost.

It enables hundreds of millions of doses to be supplied to countries which are suffering a significant malaria burden.

The Serum Institute of India has already established production capacity for 100 million doses per annum, which will be doubled over the next two years.

SERUM INSTITUTE OF INDIA:

Serum Institute of India was founded in 1966 by Dr. Cyrus Poonawalla.

Its aim is to manufacture life-saving immuno-biologicals, which were in shortage in the country and imported at high prices.

Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. is now the world’s largest vaccine manufacturer by number of doses produced and sold globally (more than 1.5 billion doses).

It is estimated that about 65% of the children in the world receive at least one vaccine manufactured by Serum Institute.

Serum Institute of India is ranked as India’s No. 1 biotechnology company, manufacturing highly specialized life saving biologicals like vaccines using cutting edge genetic, antisera etc.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/oxford-serum-institute-malaria-vaccine-recommended-for-use-by-who/article67373489.ece

2. ASTRA MISSILE

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, GS 3: DEFENSE

THE CONTEXT: The Indian Air Force (IAF) has placed two contracts with Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) for the indigenous Astra Beyond Visual Range (BVR) Air to Air Missile.

EXPLANATION:

The Astra is fully integrated on the Su-30MKI.

In August 2023, it was successfully test fired from the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas off the coast of Goa during which the missile was released from the aircraft at an altitude of about 20,000 ft.

ASTRA MISSILE:

The Astra is a highly advanced missile that is capable of engaging enemy aircraft at ranges of up to 110 kilometers.

It has been integrated with the Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighter aircraft and is expected to be integrated with other aircraft in the IAF’s fleet in the future.

The induction of the Astra will significantly enhance the IAF’s air-to-air combat capabilities.

The missile will give the IAF the ability to engage enemy aircraft at long ranges, even before they are within visual range of the IAF’s fighter jets.

The Astra is being manufactured indigenously by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL), which is a state-owned aerospace and defense company.

The first batch of Astra missiles is expected to be inducted into the IAF by the end of this year.

This will give the IAF the ability to begin training its pilots on the use of the missile and to integrate it into its operational doctrine.

It is a demonstration of India’s ability to develop and manufacture advanced weapons systems indigenously.

Here are some of the benefits that the induction of the Astra will bring to the Indian Air Force:

Increased air-to-air combat capabilities: The Astra’s long range and high performance will give the IAF the ability to engage enemy aircraft at greater distances and with greater accuracy.

Reduced dependence on imported weapons systems: The Astra is being manufactured indigenously, which will help to reduce India’s dependence on imported weapons systems.

Boost for the Indian defense industry: The induction of the Astra will boost the Indian defense industry and help to create jobs.

The induction of the Astra BVR air-to-air missile into the Indian Air Force is a major milestone in the development of India’s indigenous defense capabilities.

It is a demonstration of India’s growing technological capabilities and its commitment to self-reliance.

The induction of the Astra is also a boost for India’s defense industry.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/2023-10-03/th_chennai/articleGMKBQV3CV-4447703.ece

3. NOBEL PRIZES 2023 IN MEDICINE OR PHYSIOLOGY

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Nobel Prizes for 2023 in Medicine or Physiology have been awarded to Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman.

EXPLANATION:

They were awarded for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modification that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.

Their discoveries have opened up a new chapter in medicine, paving the way for new vaccines for other infectious diseases, including the flu, and treatments for non-infectious diseases such as cancer.

BACKGROUND:

In their 2008 paper, Karikó and Weissman showed that by modifying specific nucleosides in mRNA, they could significantly reduce the inflammatory response that occurs when mRNA is injected into the body.

This was a critical finding, as it made it possible to develop mRNA vaccines and therapeutics that were safe and effective.

In their 2010 paper, Karikó and Weissman reported that nucleoside modification could also increase protein production from mRNA.

This was another important finding, as it made it possible to develop mRNA vaccines and therapeutics that could produce high levels of therapeutic proteins.

The cumulative effect of Karikó and Weissman’s research was to remove the two major obstacles that had hindered the clinical applications of mRNA:
- the inflammatory response and
- the low level of protein production.

This made it possible to develop mRNA vaccines and therapeutics that could be used to treat a wide range of diseases.

WHAT mRNA DOES:

Messenger RNA, or mRNA, is a form of nucleic acid that tells cells what to do based on the information contained in DNA.

Unlike DNA, which acts as an instruction manual for life contained in every cell, mRNA is a temporary piece of genetic code that can create a protein or repair damage.

MRNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes.

WHAT HAS BEEN DISCOVERED BY THE NOBEL LAUREATES?

Karikó and Weissman’s key breakthrough was in finding a way to alter the building blocks of RNA, called nucleotides, in order to make our bodies produce an immune response.

Their fundamental work in using modified nucleotides, the building blocks of RNA, to avoid activation of the innate immune system will be key to the successful use of future RNA vaccines and new RNA based medicines.

HOW IS mRNA VACCINES DIFFER FROM OTHER VACCINES?

Vector vaccines:

Many vaccines use weakened or dead versions of the viruses they’re targeting not enough to make a person sick.

But the amount will make the immune system respond so the body will produce antibodies if it encounters the real virus.

Subunit vaccine technology:

Another related technique subunit vaccine technology is employed in protein subunit vaccines uses purified pieces of a virus in order to trigger an immune response.

However, development of those types of vaccines can be lengthy, and it can be difficult to modify them quickly.

Messenger RNA-based vaccine technology:

Messenger RNA-based vaccine technology doesn’t rely on a modified version of a virus to produce an immune response.

It uses modified mRNA to tell the body’s cells to produce proteins that train the immune system to defend the body against a particular disease.

POTENTIAL BEYOND FIGHTING COVID-19:

Early studies suggest mRNA technology shows promise as a treatment for cancers, including melanoma and pancreatic cancer.

It is being studied for use in vaccines for seasonal flu, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and HIV.

Other avenues of ongoing mRNA research include exploring a new avenue to treat autoimmune diseases.

And mRNA technology is also being checked out as a possible alternative to gene therapy for intractable conditions such as sickle cell disease.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/nobel-prize-medicine-winner-2023-katalin-karik%C3%B3-and-drew-weissman/article67371585.ece

4. AFSPA, 1958

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY

THE CONTEXT: The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act or AFSPA has been extended by the Assam government in four districts namely Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Sivasagar and Charaideo of the State for six more months.

EXPLANATION:

The AFSPA has also been withdrawn from Jorhat, Golaghat, Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao with effect from October 1, 2023.

THE ARMED FORCES (SPECIAL POWERS) ACT, 1958:

The AFSPA grants unrestricted authority to the armed forces and the Central Armed Police forces stationed in “disturbed areas”.

They have the authority to kill anyone acting against the law, to arrest and search any location without a warrant, and to do so while being shielded from legal action and prosecution.

In order to address the Naga revolt, the law was originally implemented in 1958.

When the Act was revised in 1972, the Central government and the States got the authority to designate a region as “disturbed” at the same time.

Meghalaya was subject to the AFSPA for 27 years before the MHA abolished it on April 1st, 2018, after Tripura had revoked the Act in 2015.

Parts of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, and Arunachal Pradesh currently have AFSFA.

CRITICISM OF AFSPA:

The Act gives unfettered powers to the armed forces and the Central armed police forces deployed in “disturbed areas” to kill anyone who is acting in a way to create disharmony in the society.

It empowers armed forces to search any place without a warrant and also gives them insulation from prosecution and legal rights.

The use of these extraordinary powers by the armed forces has frequently sparked accusations of fake encounters and other human rights abuses by security forces in unrest areas.

It raises concerns about the permanent installation of the AFSPA in some states, including Nagaland, Manipur and J&K.

AFSPA WITHDRAWL:

The ‘Disturbed Area’ notification has been in force since 1990 in the whole of Assam.

AFSPA was removed from the entire State of Assam except for nine districts at the beginning of April 2022.

The districts under the stringent law later dropped to eight as the Act was withdrawn from the Lakhipur subdivision of Cachar district.

Assam is going through a peaceful stage after witnessing a volatile past during the last three to four decades, the act has been withdrawn from most of the districts.

It has been lifted from four of Assam’s eight districts where it was in force while being extended in the remaining four.

For more related news on AFSPA, please refer to September current affairs.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/afspa-extended-in-four-districts-of-assam-withdrawn-from-four-others/article67369010.ece

5. BIHAR CASTE SURVEY RESULT

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Bihar government released its caste-based survey results, which revealed that Other backward castes (OBCs) and Extremely Backward castes (EBCs) constitute 63 per cent of the state’s population.

EXPLANATION:

The data of the caste-based survey conducted in Bihar has been released on the occasion of Gandhi Jayanti.

The survey provides information about the economic condition of everyone.

The caste survey had 17-point socio-economic indicators.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SURVEY REPORT:

The survey indicates that the majority community Hindu is 81.99 per cent while in the minority, Muslims 17.7 per cent.

The other religions in the minority community are less than one per cent of the total population which includes Christians, Sikhs, and Jains.

The survey report released by the Bihar government suggested that the state’s population stood a little over 13.07 crores, of which the Extremely Backward Castes with 36 per cent is the largest followed by the Other backward castes (OBCs) which is 27.13 per cent.

Other backward castes (OBCs) and Extremely Backward castes (EBCs) constitute 63 per cent of the state’s population.

Dalits account for 19.65 and Scheduled Tribes (ST) is 1.68 per cent of the total population in the state.

For more information, please refer to the august current affairs magazine. Bihar caste survey, its legality and difference between caste and census has been covered holistically. Also refer the “Mains Focus” of 3^rd October 2023.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar-caste-survey-obcs-ebcs-comprise-more-than-63-of-population/article67371818.ece

TOP 5 TAKKAR NEWS OF THE DAY (1st OCTOBER 2023)

1. UDBHAV PROJECT

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY

THE CONTEXT: The Indian Army has started an initiative, named Project Udbhav, to rediscover the “profound Indic heritage of statecraft and strategic thoughts”.

UDBHAV PROJECT:

It is an initiative of Indian Armyin collaboration with the United Service Institution of India, a defence think-tank.
This initiative is set in motion by the Indian Army to rediscover the profound Indic heritage of statecraft and strategic thoughts derived from ancient Indian texts of statecraft, warcraft, diplomacy and grand strategy.

BRIDGING PAST AND PRESENT:

The project endeavours to explore India’s rich historical narratives in the realms of statecraft and strategic thoughts.
It focuses on a broad spectrum including Indigenous Military Systems, Historical Texts, Regional Texts and Kingdoms, Thematic Studies, and intricate Kautilya Studies.
This pioneering initiative stands testimony to the Indian Army’s recognition of India’s age-old wisdom in statecraft, strategy, diplomacy, and warfare.
At its core, Project Udbhav seeks to bridge the historical and the contemporary.
The goal is to understand the profound depths of indigenous military systems, their evolution, strategies that have been passed down through the ages, and the strategic thought processes that have governed the land for millennia.

INDIGENOUS VOCABULARY:

The aim of Project Udbhav is not limited to just rediscovering these narratives but also to also develop an indigenous strategic vocabulary.
It is deeply rooted in India’s multifaceted philosophical and cultural tapestry.
Overall aim is to integrate age-old wisdom with modern military pedagogy.
Since 2021, under the aegis of the Indian Army, there has been a project in progress on the compilation of Indian stratagems based on ancient texts.
A book has been released under this project which lists 75 aphorisms selected from ancient texts.
However, the first scholarly outcome of the initiative is the 2022 publication titled “Paramparik Bhartiya Darshan… Ranniti aur Netriyta ke Shashwat Niyam” meant to be read by all ranks of the Indian Army.
English translation of the title being “Traditional Indian Philosophy…Eternal Rules of Warfare and Leadership”.
It is an ambitious step to revitalize the knowledge creation from India’s rich classical heritage.
The scope of this encompassed ancient texts from the 4th century BCE to the 8th century CE, with a focus on Kautilya, Kamandaka, and The Kural.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-project-to-rediscover-indic-heritage-of-statecraft-from-ancient-texts-develop-indigenous-strategic-vocabulary/article67365776.ece

2. THE PYGMY HOG

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

Context: Recently, 18 rare pygmy hogs were reintroduced in their historical home in Assam.

Explanation:

About the pygmy hog (Porcula salvania):

The pygmy hog (Porcula salvania) is the smallest and rarest species of pig in the world. It is endemic to the tall grasslands of Assam in India and is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
The pygmy hog is a shy and secretive animal and is difficult to spot in the wild.
It is about the size of a cat, with a dark brown coat and a short tail.
Pygmy hogs are omnivores, and their diet consists mainly of insects, roots, and tubers.
Pygmy hogs are important members of the grassland ecosystem.
They help to control populations of insects and other small animals, and they also disperse seeds of plants.
The pygmy hog is a critically endangered species, with only around 200 individuals remaining in the wild. It is found only in the tall grasslands of Assam in India.
The release of the 18 pygmy hogs is a significant step towards the conservation of this species. The hogs were bred in captivity at the Assam State Zoo and the Orang National Park. They were carefully selected for release to ensure that they were healthy and had a good chance of survival in the wild.
The main threats to the pygmy hog are habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting, and disease.
Conservation efforts for the pygmy hog are underway, including captive breeding programs and reintroductions to the wild.
The pygmy hogs were released in a suitable habitat in Manas National Park, with plenty of food and water available. They will be monitored by park rangers to ensure that they are doing well.

What are Wild-born hogs?

Wild-born hogs are pigs that have been born and raised in the wild. They are typically found in forests, woodlands, and grasslands. Wild-born hogs are larger and stronger than domestic pigs, and they have a longer lifespan. They are also more intelligent and resourceful than domestic pigs.
Wild-born hogs are an important part of the ecosystem. They help to control populations of insects and other small animals, and they also disperse seeds of plants.
However, wild-born hogs can also be a nuisance to humans. They can damage crops and livestock, and they can carry diseases that can harm humans.

Source: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/18-rare-pygmy-hogs-reintroduced-in-their-historical-home-in-assam/article67365483.ece

3. BONN DECLARATION

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

CONTEXT: The Fifth International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM5) concluded in Bonn, Germany on September 30, 2023, with the adoption of a comprehensive global framework.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE DECLARATION

It sets concrete targets and guidelines for key sectors across the entire lifecycle of chemicals.
The Declaration aims to prevent exposure to harmful chemicals, and phase out the most harmful ones and enhance the safe management of such chemicals where they are needed.
The framework is based around 28 targets, designed to improve responsible management of chemicals and waste.
These targets also aim to establish stronger connections with other important global agendas, including climate change, biodiversity, human rights and health.
National governments committed to formulating policies and regulations in order to reduce chemical pollution by 2030 as well as promoting safer alternatives.
Industries also pledged to manage chemicals in order to reduce pollution and its adverse impacts.
The aim of the framework is to phase out lethal agricultural pesticides by 2035.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT (ICCM):

It is a periodic meeting of governments, industry, academia, and civil society to discuss the challenges and opportunities of sound management of chemicals and waste.
The ICCM is organized by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals.
The ICCM is the highest-level forum for international cooperation on chemicals management.
The conference provides a platform for governments to share their experiences and best practices, and to develop new strategies and policies for chemicals management.
The ICCM also serves as a forum for industry to commit to new initiatives and to develop new technologies for safer chemicals management.
The ICCM has been held every four years since 2006.
It provides a unique opportunity to bring together stakeholders from all sectors to discuss the most pressing issues facing the field and to develop solutions that benefit everyone.

Source: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/delegates-at-un-bonn-summit-adopt-new-framework-to-reduce-risks-from-hazardous-chemicals-92055

4. AYYAMAPALAYAM NETTAI COCONUT VARIETY

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

Context: The agriculture department and the farmers in the Tamil Nadu are striving for the GI label for the Ayyampalayam Nettai variety of coconut.

Explanation:

About Ayyamapalayam Nettai’ coconut variety:

Ayyampalayam Nettai is a variety of coconut grown in the Ayyampalayam region of Tamil Nadu, India.
It is a tall, slender coconut tree that is known for its high yield and sweet kernel.
The coconuts are also drought- and disease-resistant, making them a valuable crop for farmers in the Ayyampalayam region.

Characteristics:

Height: Ayyampalayam Nettai trees can grow up to 20 feet tall.
Kernel: The kernel of Ayyampalayam Nettai coconuts is sweet and has a high oil content.
Drought and disease resistance: Ayyampalayam Nettai coconuts are drought- and disease-resistant.
Origin: Ayyampalayam Nettai coconuts are grown in the Ayyampalayam region of Tamil Nadu, India.

Uses:

Ayyamapalayam Nettai coconuts are used for a variety of purposes, including:

Food: The coconut meat is used in a variety of dishes, including curries, sweets, and desserts.
Oil: The coconut oil is used for cooking, hair care, and skin care.
Other: The coconut husks are used for making rope and mats.

GI tag:

In 2023, Ayyampalayam Nettai was granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag by the Government of India.
The GI tag is a certification that identifies a product as originating from a specific region and having certain qualities or characteristics that are unique to that region.
The GI tag is expected to help to protect and promote Ayyampalayam Nettai. It will also help to ensure that farmers in the region receive a fair price for their crop.
Ayyamapalayam Nettai is a valuable crop for the Ayyampalayam region. The GI tag is a significant achievement for the Ayyampalayam coconut growers. It is a recognition of the quality and uniqueness of Ayyampalayam Nettai.

Source:https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/farmers-eager-to-get-gi-tag-for-ayyamapalayam-nettai-coconut-variety/article67366212.ece#:~:text=This%20region%20is%20home%20to,to%20get%20the%20GI%20tag.&text=Surprisingly%2C%20these%20century%2Dold%20trees,lost%20their%20crop%20yielding%20ability.

5. E-FIR

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY

Context: The Law Commission of India recently has favoured enabling the online first information reports (FIRs) saying this would tackle of delay in registration of FIR, allowing citizens to report crimes in real time and would provide transparency.

Explanation:

Key Points:

The commission headed by former Karnataka High Court Chief Justice Ritu Raj Awasthi, in its 292nd report, recommended that “in cases where the accused is not known, registration of e-FIR should be allowed for all cognizable offences”.
To avoid false registration of e-Complaints/e-FIR and for the constructive use of the facility, it suggested verifications using e-authentication through OTP and mandating the uploading of valid ID proof, alongside a minimum punishment for such false e-complaints or e-FIRs.

About e- first information reports (FIRs):

Electronic first information reports (e-FIRs) are online versions of traditional FIRs. They allow people to report crimes to the police without having to go to a police station.
e-FIRs are typically filed through a web portal or mobile app. The person reporting the crime will need to provide information such as their name, contact information, and the nature of the crime. They may also need to provide supporting documentation, such as photographs or videos.
Once the e-FIR is filed, the police will review it and determine whether to investigate the crime. If they decide to investigate, they will contact the person who filed the e-FIR to gather more information.
e-FIRs have a number of advantages over traditional FIRs. They are more convenient, as people can file them from anywhere with an internet connection. They are also faster, as the police can start reviewing e-FIRs immediately.
e-FIRs are also more transparent, as people can track the status of their complaint online. This can help to reduce corruption and ensure that all complaints are investigated fairly.
e-FIRs are becoming increasingly popular in India. Several states and union territories have already implemented e-FIR systems. The central government is also working to develop a national e-FIR system.

The significance of e-FIRs:

Convenience: e-FIRs can be filed from anywhere with an internet connection, at any time of day or night.
Speed: The police can start reviewing e-FIRs immediately, which can lead to faster investigations.
Transparency: People can track the status of their complaint online, which can help to reduce corruption and ensure that all complaints are investigated fairly.
Accessibility: e-FIRs can make it easier for people to report crimes, especially for those who may have difficulty going to a police station, such as women, children, and people with disabilities.

e-FIRs are a valuable tool for improving the efficiency and transparency of the criminal justice system.

Source: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/law-commission-backs-phased-e-fir-rollout-101696013747721.html

TOP 5 TAKKAR NEWS OF THE DAY (28th SEPTEMBER 2023)

1. REPORT ON ELDERLY POPULATION OF INDIA

TAG: GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: Elderly population of India will make up 20% of the total population by 2050.

EXPLANATION:

Growth rate of the elderly population:

The decadal growth rate of the elderly population of India is estimated to be at 41 percent.
The percentage of elderly population in the India is projected to double to over 20% of total population by 2050.
According to the India Ageing Report by the United Nations Population Fund, India (UNFPA), elderly population of India will surpass the population of children (aged 0 to 15 years) by 2046.

Life expectancy of women as compared to men:

The life expectancy of women at the age of 60 and at the 80 is higher as compared to men.
For example, in Himachal Pradesh and Kerala, women at 60 years have a life expectancy of 23 and 22 years, respectively, which is four years greater than men at 60 years.

Economic Problem:

According to the India Ageing Report, poverty may affect their quality of life and healthcare utilization because more than 40% of the elderly in India are in the poorest wealth quintile and out of 40%, about 18.7% are living without an income.

Regional Differences:

The absolute numbers and growth of the aged population vary significantly by location.
The proportion of the old population in southern states and a few northern states, including Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, is higher than the national average.
States like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, which have greater fertility rates and slower demographic shifts, will experience an increase in the proportion of the senior population, although at a lesser rate than the national average.

Elderly Population Feminization and Ruralization:

According to the report, two key issues affecting India’s aging population are the country’s feminization (with a higher proportion of old women) and ruralization (with a concentration of the elderly in rural areas).
This necessitates the development of policies that are specifically geared toward the requirements of older women, who are more likely to be widowed, live alone, and rely on family support.

Sex Ratio Among the Elderly:

The sex ratio (females per 1,000 males) among the elderly population has been growing steadily since 1991, with the ratio in the general population stagnating.
In central India, where the sex ratio went from 973 in 2011 to 1,053 in 2021, implying that the women caught up with and outperformed the men in survival after 60 years over the decade.
However, In the northeast and the east, while the sex ratio of the elderly increased, it remained below 1,000 in both years, indicating that men still outnumber the women in these regions even at 60-plus years.

Future prospect: The report projected that the population of people aged 80+ years will grow at a rate of around 279% between 2022 and 2050 with a predominance of widowed and highly dependent very old women.

Source:(https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/share-of-elderly-projected-to-double-to-20-by-2050-india-ageing-report/article67353547.ece)

2. ARMED FORCES (SPECIAL POWERS) ACT (AFSPA)

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY

THE CONTEXT: Manipur government extends AFSPA in hill districts for 6 months.

EXPLANATION:

The “disturbed area” status under the Act will remain applicable in all the hill districts, which are dominated by tribal communities.

Article 355 of the Indian Constitution provides that the Central Government is under an obligation to protect the States from “external aggression and internal disturbance“. The AFSPA enables the Central Government to discharge its Constitutional obligation.

AFSPA:

The AFSPA grants unrestricted authority to the armed forces and the Central Armed Police forces stationed in “disturbed areas” to kill anyone acting against the law, to arrest and search any location without a warrant, and to do so while being shielded from legal action and prosecution.
In order to address the Naga revolt, the law was originally implemented in 1958.
When the Act was revised in 1972, the Central government and the States got the authority to designate a region as “disturbed” at the same time.
Meghalaya was subject to the AFSPA for 27 years before the MHA abolished it on April 1st, 2018, after Tripura had revoked the Act in 2015.
Parts of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, and Arunachal Pradesh currently have AFSFA.

Criticism of AFSPA:

The Act gives unfettered powers to the armed forces and the Central armed police forces deployed in “disturbed areas” to kill anyone who is acting in a way to create disharmony in the society.
It empowers armed forces to search any place without a warrant and also gives them insulation from prosecution and legal rights.
The use of these extraordinary powers by the armed forces has frequently sparked accusations of fake encounters and other human rights abuses by security forces in unrest areas, raising concerns about the permanent installation of the AFSPA in some states, including Nagaland, Manipur and J&K.

AFSPA withdrawal:

Since 1981, AFSPA has been applicable in Manipur, a former Union Territory which attained Statehood in 1972. AFSPA also existed in the Naga-dominated areas of the erstwhile UT of Manipur since 1958.
However, the provisions of the Act were withdrawn from the Imphal Municipality area in 2004.
In April 2022, AFSPA was removed from 15 police station areas in six districts, and from April 1, 2023, the disturbed area notification was withdrawn from four other police stations.

Source:(https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/afspa-extended-in-manipur-for-6-months-from-october-1-barring-19-police-stations-of-valley/article67352570.ece)

3. RISE AND FALL OF INSECT

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Climate change influences rise and fall of insect populations.

EXPLANATION:

It is observed that numbers of insects decrease during unfavorable conditions and a spike in normal periods.
The weather in 2022 was consistently favorable for insects, as was the summer of 2021.
Temperatures and precipitation affect insect populations at various stages of their life cycle.
For example, the insect’s survival depends on winter conditions and the last weather conditions such as spring or summer.

About Climate change influences the rise and fall of insect populations:

Insects are cold-blooded animals, meaning that their body temperature is regulated by the environment.
This makes them particularly vulnerable to changes in temperature.
Insect populations are widely influenced by weather anomalies. Climate change is causing global temperatures to rise, and this is having a negative impact on many insect populations.
Some insects are able to tolerate a wider range of temperatures than others, but many species are struggling to adapt to the rapid warming that is happening now.
Climate change is causing other changes to the environment, such as changes in precipitation patterns, more extreme weather events, and the spread of invasive species.
The decline of insect populations is a serious problem because insects play a vital role in ecosystems. They are pollinators, predators, and decomposers. Without insects, many plants and animals would not be able to survive.

Some specific things that help protect insect populations:

Plant native plants in your yard or garden.
Provide water and shelter for insects.
Avoid using pesticides and other chemicals in your yard or garden.
Support organizations that are working to protect insects and their habitats.

Source:(https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/climate-change-influences-rise-and-fall-of-insect-populations-study-92003)

4. CABOMBA FURCUTA

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Cabomba furcuta, an invasive alien species has spread in the water canals and threatening the Kole fields of Kerala.

EXPLANATION:

Many parts of the water canals, crisscrossing the vast Kole fields, have turned pink now because of its Pink Bloom.
It is repeating its presence for the third year in a row in the Kole fields.
It is a native of central and south America and it was brought to Kerala as an aquarium plant.
But it has posed major threat to the biodiversity both in the terrestrial system as well as the aquatic landscape.
The Pink bloom had emerged as a tourist attraction a few years ago during the COVID period near Perambra in Kozhikode.
It attracted people due to the massive flowering, which turns the entire water body pink.

CABOMBA FURCUTA:

It is a red stem plant with finely divided leaves.
It is popularly called as Pink Bloom due its massive flowering.
It can be found in nature in Central and South America.
It has attractive reddish foliage when grown well but isn’t a popular plant due to its high demands.
In sub-optimal conditions the plant is greenish rather than red, with more elongated internodes.
The plant needs an aggressive amount of light to show good coloration and shorter internodes. Greening of the top leaves coupled with elongated internodes are a sign lighting is insufficient.
Though this plant is known to originate from soft-water, it seems to tolerate some hardness and can grow well.

Key factors for the growth:

Aggressively high light levels.
Regular, all-round fertilization.
CO2 injection brings out coloration.
Cooler temperatures, higher light levels give shorter internodes.

KOLE WETLANDS:

It is an internationally important Ramsar site of high value biodiversity.
They are a large brackish wetland ecosystem located in the Thrissur and Malappuram districts of Kerala, India.
They cover an area of about 13,632 hectares (33,690 acres) and are fed by 10 rivers.
The wetlands are home to a variety of plants and animals, including over 250 species of birds.

Here are some of the ways that the Kole wetlands are important:

They provide food and livelihoods for thousands of people, through agriculture, fishing, and tourism.
They help to control flooding and protect coastal areas from erosion.
They are home to a variety of plants and animals.
They are a popular tourist destination, known for their scenic beauty and unique biodiversity.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kole-wetlands-face-threat-of-alien-plants/article67341793.ece

5. BENNU

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Bennu asteroid sample has been dropped off by the NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft which contains a lot for the scientists to study.

EXPLANATION:

Study of Bennu include significant commercial components such as opportunities for space-mining and impact mitigation technologies.
They also participate in a more timeless quest to find out where life came from and what its fate could be.
With OSIRIS’s capsule, humankind virtually gets to hold infinity in the palm of the hand.

BENNU:

Bennu – discovered in 1999 – is a small, near-Earth asteroid that passes close to Earth about every six years.
Bennu is an asteroid orbiting the sun (with a period of 436 days) such that it comes relatively close to the earth once every six years or so.
It is a carbonaceous asteroid with characteristics that suggest it settled into its present form and composition within 10 million years after the solar system’s formation, surviving the last 4.5 billion years nearly intact.
Such ‘leftover’ pieces of debris are expected to reveal the system’s ingredients and the signatures of the processes that combined them in different ways.
Many scientists also believe that when rocks such as Bennu crashed into the earth, they delivered the compounds required for the formation of life.
Also, as Bennu could smash into the earth between 2178 and 2290, studying it could inform ways to prevent this collision.

OSIRIS-Rex MISSION:

The OSIRIS-REx spacecraft is a NASA mission to study and collect a sample from the near-Earth asteroid Bennu.
In 2016, NASA launched the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft to study Bennu.
The spacecraft arrived at Bennu in 2018 and began to study the asteroid.
In 2020, the spacecraft collected a sample of Bennu’s surface material.
The sample is scheduled to return to Earth in 2023.
It is equipped with a variety of instruments to study Bennu, including cameras, spectrometers, and a laser altimeter.
The spacecraft has also been equipped with a robotic arm that will be used to collect the sample from Bennu’s surface.
The OSIRIS-REx mission is expected to provide scientists with valuable insights into the formation and evolution of asteroids.
The sample of Bennu’s surface material is expected to contain organic molecules, which are the building blocks of life.

Here are some of the key objectives of the OSIRIS-REx mission:

To study the global and local characteristics of Bennu.
To collect a sample of Bennu’s surface material and return it to Earth.
To investigate Bennu’s potential hazard to Earth.
To contribute to our understanding of the origins and evolution of the solar system.
The OSIRIS-REx mission is a complex and challenging undertaking, but it has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of asteroids and their role in the formation of the solar system.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/timeless-quest-on-nasas-osiris-rex-and-the-bennu-asteroid-sample/article67352430.ece

TOP 5 TAKKAR NEWS OF THE DAY (18th AUGUST 2023)

1. FINFLUENCERS WILL REQUIRE REGISTRATION OR LICENCE FROM SEBI, IRDAI

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: In a bid to safeguard consumer interests, the Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) has tightened its guidelines for financial social media influencers also known as “finfluencers.”

EXPLANATION:

The revised guidelines by ASCI comes at a time when SEBI has raised concerns about finfluencers spreading misleading advice regarding investments and stock trading.
In its revised guidelines, ASCI said that ‘finfluencers’ can now offer investment-related advice only after being registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).
The self-regulatory body has also tightened guidelines for influencers who endorse products making health and nutrition-related claims.
It has said that such influencers must hold relevant qualifications such as medical degrees or certification in nursing, nutrition, dietetics, physiotherapy or psychology.
They should prominently display their registration number alongside name and qualifications.
For other financial advice, influencers must possess appropriate credentials such as a licence from the IRDAI and be a qualified as a chartered accountant, hold a company secretaryship, among others.
The self-regulatory body added that health and financial influencers must give proper disclosure about their qualifications and registration details on all types of promotional material.
These disclosures should be superimposed on the visuals prominently and upfront, or mentioned as the opening remark in the video.
Moreover, they are expected to adhere to all disclosure prerequisites as stipulated by financial sector regulators from time to time.

Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI):

It was established in 1985 under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956.
It has been defined as a “voluntary, self-regulatory council” which has been registered as a non-profit company.
The ASCI team consists of a Board of Governors, members of the Consumer Complaints Council and a Secretariat.
The Board of the ASCI consists of a governor and 16 members, which comprise of members of reputable firms including media agencies, advertisers and other individuals involved with the advertising business.
The Secretariat consists of 5 members and is headed by the Secretary General.
The ultimate mission of the ASCI is to promote truthfulness, honesty, public decency, societal standards and to oppose hazardous products.
The objectives of the ASCI include to “monitor, manage and promote” standards with respect to advertising practices in the country, with a view to ensure the following:

That advertising claims are presented with truthfulness and honesty, and that no misleading and false claims are made.
That the advertisements are not made and presented in a manner which is offensive to the general public in India, and that the standards of public agency are followed.
That no advertisement is made in respect of products or services regarded as hazardous or unacceptable to individuals or to the society.
That no unfair means are used by anyone player in the market, and that advertisements are made in a competitive manner.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/finfluencers-will-require-registration-or-licence-from-sebi-irdai-asci/article67206218.ece

2. UDGAM PORTAL

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently unveiled a centralised Web Portal UDGAM (Unclaimed Deposits Gateway to Access information) as part of its statement on Development and Regulatory Policies.

EXPLANATION:

The web portal will aid users to identify their unclaimed deposits/ accounts and enable them to either claim the deposit amount or make their deposit accounts operative at their respective banks.
Reserve Bank Information Technology Pvt. Ltd. (ReBIT), Indian Financial Technology & Allied Services (IFTAS), and participating banks have collaborated on developing the portal.
It allows users to search their unclaimed deposits across multiple banks in one place.
For now, customers of the seven banks listed on the portal, including State Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Central Bank of India, Dhanlaxmi Bank, South Indian Bank, DBS Bank, and Citibank can start using the UDGAM portal. The search facility for remaining banks on the portal would be made available in a phased manner by October 15, 2023.
The UDGAM portal only allows users to access the details of the bank account, not the actual funds.
The proceedings to access unclaimed deposits then continue at the concerned branch of the bank where the deposit is sitting.
The launch comes months after the RBI started work in April on an AI-enabled web portal that helped users locate unclaimed deposits sitting in bank accounts.
The RBI said all the bank deposits unclaimed for ten years are transferred to the Depositor Education and Awareness (DEA) Fund.
Unclaimed deposits, which are 10 years or more, in the public sector banks (PSBs), grew by over 70% between December 2020 and February 2023. Moreover, PSBs transferred INR 35,012 Cr in such deposits to the DEA Fund as of February 2023.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/rbi-unveils-udgam-portal-for-search-of-unclaimed-deposits/article67206262.ece

3. INS VINDHYAGIRI

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY, DEFENCE

THE CONTEXT: Recently, The President launched INS Vindhyagiri a frigate, in the series of Project 17A (Alpha) frigates built by the Indian Navy at Kolkata-based Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE).

EXPLANATION:

President said that Project 17A, under which INS Vindhyagiri was developed, reflects the country’s commitment to self-reliance and technological advancement as well as indigenous innovation for developing state-of-the-art technology.
Following the launch, Vindhyagiri will join its two sister ships INS Nilgiri, INS Udaygiri, at the Outfitting Jetty at GRSE, to progress remaining activities and equipment trials, in the run-up to their delivery and commissioning.

INS Vindhyagiri:

Vindhyagiri, named after the mountain range in Karnataka, is the sixth ship of the Project 17A program.
These warships are follow-ons of the Project 17 Class Frigates (Shivalik Class), with improved stealth features, advanced weapons and sensors and platform management systems.
Vindhyagiri’, a technologically advanced Frigate, pays a befitting tribute to the distinguished service of its predecessor, the erstwhile INS Vindhyagiri, the Leander Class ASW Frigate.
The old Vindhyagiri in its nearly 31 years of service from July 1981 to Jun 2012, had witnessed various challenging operations and multinational exercises.
The newly christened Vindhyagiri stands as a symbol of India’s determination to embrace its rich naval heritage while propelling itself towards a future of indigenous defence capabilities.

What is Project 17A of the Indian Navy?

Project 17 Alpha frigates (P-17A) were launched by the Indian Navy in 2019. Project 17A Frigates are the follow-on class of the Project 17 (Shivalik Class) Frigates, with improved stealth features, advanced weapons and sensors and platform management systems.
The project was launched by the defence forces of India to construct a series of stealth guided-missile frigates, which are currently being constructed by two companies – Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders (MDL) and Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE).
Under the Project 17A program, a total of four ships by Mazagon Dock Ltd (MDL) and three ships by GRSE are under construction. The project’s first five ships have been launched by the MDL and GRSE between 2019 and 2022.
The ships have been named as INS Nilgiri, INS Himgiri, INS Udaygiri, INS Dunagiri, INS Taragiri, INS Vindhyagiri and INS Mahendragiri after the names of hill ranges in India.
Project 17A ships have been designed in-house by the Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau, the pioneer organization for all warship design activities.
These guided-missile frigates have been constructed with a specific stealth design, which has radar-absorbent coatings and is low-observable which can make its approach undetectable for the enemies. The new technology also reduces the infrared signals of the ship.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/president-murmu-launches-my-bengal-addiction-free-bengal-campaign-in-kolkata/article67205978.ece

4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SULINA CHANNEL FOR UKRAINE GRAIN TRADE

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The Danube delta has provided Ukraine with an alternative passage for its grain after Russia withdrew from the Black Sea grain deal.

EXPLANATION:

The Sulina Channel is particularly significant in this ‘new’ trading route.
The deal, which was brokered by the UN and Turkey, used to provide grain-carrying cargo ships a safe route to and from the Ukrainian Black Sea ports of Odessa, Chornomorsk, and Pivdennyi.

DANUBE RIVER

The Danube is the second largest river of Europe.
It has historically been crucial for the movement of freight.
The river starts to expand out into its delta around Tulcea, Romania, some 80 km from the sea.
This delta has three main channels: Chilia, Sulina, and St. George.
Only the Sulina Channel, which has been dredged and straightened, is deep and wide enough for the freight transportation.
It flows through the Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine.
The Danube River is the second-longest river in Europe after the Volga.

SULINA CHANNEL

Sulina is situated at the mouth of the Danube.
Sulina Channel is the distributary of Danube with a length of 63 km.
The Sulina Channel is situated in the eastern part of Romania, near the town of Sulina.
It connects major Ukrainian ports on the river to the Black Sea, lying completely within the borders of Romania.

CONSTRAINTS OF THE ROUTE

Russia has desisted from attacking NATO-controlled territories.
Though continued targeting of Ukrainian ports and grain facilities on the Danube can be crippling.
Ukraine has historically not used the Danube for grain exports.
They relied instead on its rail network and Black Sea ports.
This has meant that the capacity of Ukrainian ports to handle the volume of grain suddenly coming their way is fairly limited.
Another problem, given the sheer traffic on the Channel, has been congestion at its mouth.
Boats are having to wait for days before they can enter the Channel, causing major delays in shipping.
One solution is to transport the grain from Ukraine to Romania via rail and use Romanian ports instead.
This would lead to considerable loss of revenue in the form of loading fees and other expenses for Ukraine.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/the-importance-of-the-sulina-channel-to-ukraine-grain-trade-8895778/

5. INTERNATIONAL CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE SEMI-ARID TROPICS (ICRISAT)

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY, AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: ICRISAT’s World Vegetable Centre in Hyderabad is helping farmers in crop diversification.

EXPLANATION:

The World Vegetable Centre under the aegis of ICRISAT is helping farmers from Telangana and across India in diversifying their crop production.
Recently, the centre has invited the farmers to the centre and made them aware of several strategies like grafting, staking etc.
Demonstrations were also organised on how to put these strategies to use for better crop production.
The aim behind the outreach to farmers is to bridge their knowledge gap and encourage them to take up vegetable farming.
The centre has also been promoting home gardening, urban/semi-urban vegetable cultivation and marketing.
The centre is also looking at collaborating with the government of Telangana to start home gardens in communities located in Hyderabad.
According to the centre, the current average daily consumption of vegetables stands at 86 grams in India. This is significantly less compared to FAO standard of daily consumption of 200 grams of vegetables.
Promotion of vegetable farming by the centre can help reduce the supply-demand gap which can increase the daily consumption of vegetables.

World Vegetable Centre

The World Vegetable Center (WorldVeg) was established in 1971 as the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) in Taiwan.
The World Vegetable Center conducts research and builds networks.
It carries out training and promotion activities to raise awareness of the role of vegetables for improved health and global poverty alleviation.
The Center’s research and development work focuses on breeding improved vegetable lines.
It also aims at developing and promoting safe production practices, reducing postharvest losses, and improving the nutritional value of vegetables.
It aims for healthier lives and more resilient livelihoods through greater diversity.

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

It is an international organization which conducts agricultural research for rural development.
Its headquarters is in Patancheru (Hyderabad, Telangana).
It was founded in 1972 by a consortium of organisations convened by the Ford and the Rockefeller foundations.
Its charter was signed by the FAO and the UNDP.
It is a non-profit, non-political public international research organization that conducts agricultural research for development in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
It has been awarded the 2021 Africa Food Prize, for its work that has improved food security across 13 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/icrisats-world-vegetable-centre-helping-farmers-in-crop-diversification/article67205283.ece