1. ADITYA-L1 MISSION

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS) payload, onboard the Aditya-L1 spacecraft, has captured the first glimpse of solar flares.

EXPLANATION:

• HEL1OS Payload:
  • The High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS) payload onboard Aditya-L1 is the instrument responsible for capturing the first glimpse of solar flares.
  • It marks an important milestone in India’s mission to study the Sun.
  • The information collected is expected to contribute to our understanding of solar activity and its impact on space weather.
  • The payload was developed by the Space Astronomy Group of the U. R. Rao Satellite Centre in Bengaluru, ISRO.

• Solar Flares:
  • During its first observation period on October 29, HEL1OS recorded the impulsive phase of solar flares.
  • Solar flares are sudden and intense bursts of energy and radiation from the Sun.
  • The data captured is consistent with X-ray light curves provided by NOAA’s GOES satellites.

• Scientific Value:
  • The HEL1OS instrument’s capabilities allow for monitoring the Sun’s high-energy X-ray activity with fast timing and high-resolution spectra.
  • This data is essential for researchers to study the explosive energy release and electron acceleration during the impulsive phases of solar flares.
  • Understanding these processes is crucial for space weather prediction and solar physics research.

• L1 Orbit:
  • Aditya-L1 is scheduled to arrive at the L1 point in January 2024.
  • Once there, the satellite will operate in an irregularly shaped orbit, allowing it to continuously monitor the Sun’s behavior from this vantage point.

• International Collaboration:
• • The collaboration with NOAA’s GOES [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites], indicating the valuable international partnerships in the field of space research and solar observations.

WHAT IS ADITYA L1 MISSION?

• Aditya L1 is the first space based Indian mission to study the Sun.
• The spacecraft shall be placed in a halo orbit around the Lagrange point 1 (L1) of the Sun-Earth system, which is about 1.5 million km from the Earth.
• A satellite placed in the halo orbit around the L1 point has the major advantage of continuously viewing the Sun without any occultation/eclipses.
• This will provide a greater advantage of observing the solar activities and its effect on space weather in real time.
• The spacecraft carries seven payloads to observe the photosphere, chromosphere, and the outermost layers of the Sun (the corona) using electromagnetic and particle and magnetic field detectors.
• Using the special vantage point L1, four payloads directly view the Sun, and the remaining three payloads carry out in-situ studies of particles and fields at the Lagrange point L1.
• It will provide important scientific studies of the propagatory effect of solar dynamics in the interplanetary medium.

WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF ADITYA-L1 MISSION?

The major objectives of Aditya-L1 mission are:

• Study of Solar upper atmospheric (chromosphere and corona) dynamics.
• Study of chromospheric and coronal heating, physics of the partially ionized plasma, initiation of the coronal mass ejections, and flares.
• Observe the in-situ particle and plasma environment providing data for the study of particle dynamics from the Sun.
• Physics of solar corona and its heating mechanism.
• Diagnostics of the coronal and coronal loops plasma’s temperature, velocity, and density.
• Development, dynamics, and origin of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).
• Identify the sequence of processes that occur at multiple layers (chromosphere, base, and extended corona) which eventually leads to solar eruptive events.
• Magnetic field topology and magnetic field measurements in the solar corona.
• Drivers for space weather (origin, composition, and dynamics of solar wind.

ADITYA-L1 PAYLOADS:

• The instruments of Aditya-L1 are tuned to observe the solar atmosphere mainly the chromosphere and corona.
• In-situ instruments will observe the local environment at L1.
• There are total seven payloads on-board with four of them carrying out remote sensing of the Sun and three of them carrying in-situ observation.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/aditya-l1-captures-first-glimpse-of-solar-flares/article67508968.ece

2. SEMICONDUCTORS

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Approximately $8 billion out of the $10 billion allocated for the semiconductor manufacturing scheme remains unused.

EXPLANATION:

• The funds have been allocated by the Union government of India for encouraging domestic production of semiconductors under the production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme.
• This underutilization of funds highlights a significant gap in the government’s efforts to promote semiconductor production in India.
• Incentives for Semiconductor Manufacturing:
  • The government is providing incentives, including financial support, in high-tech areas such as semiconductor manufacturing.
  • These incentives are intended to attract semiconductor makers to establish manufacturing facilities in India, with the goal of strengthening the country’s manufacturing base.

• Encouraging Korean Investors and Bilateral Trade Goals:
  • The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade Secretary, Rajesh Kumar Singh said that India and Korea must aim to enhance bilateral trade to $50 billion by 2030.
  • This goal suggests the desire for closer economic ties between the two countries.
  • Korean investors have invested $5.6 billion in India since April 2000 and they can take advantage of the semiconductor PLI along with upcoming opportunities for investments in battery storage solutions.
  • There is a call to upgrade and enhance the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) between India and Korea. Strengthening this economic partnership is seen as beneficial to both countries.
  • Korean investors have a history of investing in India, and there is a call for them to consider utilizing the untapped incentives provided under the scheme.
  • The importance of enhancing bilateral trade between India and Korea has been emphasized.

• Opportunities in Battery Storage Solutions:
• • In addition to semiconductor manufacturing, there are upcoming investment opportunities in battery storage solutions.
  • The Indian government is inviting investors, including Korean companies, to participate in the bid openings for over 20 gigawatt hours of storage and mobility battery capacity in India.

INDIA’S INITIATIVES IN SEMICONDUCTORS

1. INDIA SEMICONDUCTOR MISSION (ISM)

• India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) is a specialized and independent Business Division within the Digital India Corporation.
• It aims to build a vibrant semiconductor and display ecosystem.
• It aims to enable India’s emergence as a global hub for electronics manufacturing and design.
• The mission aims to serve as a focal point for the comprehensive and smooth development of Semiconductor in consultation with the Government ministries / departments / agencies, industry, and academia.

2. INDIA’S SEMICON PROGRAMME.

• The Union Cabinet had approved the comprehensive Semicon India programme with a financial outlay of INR 76,000 crore for the development of a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem in 2021.
• Semicon India Program aims to provide attractive incentive support to companies that are engaged in Silicon Semiconductor Fabs, Display Fabs, Compound Semiconductors, Silicon Photonics etc.
• The program will give an impetus to semiconductor and display manufacturing by facilitating capital support and technological collaborations.

3. CHIPS2 STARTUP (C2S) PROGRAMME

• An umbrella programme “Chips to Startup(C2S)” was in line with the objective and vision of National Policy on Electronics 2019 (NPE-2019).
• It aims at developing Specialized Manpower in VLSI/Embedded System Design domain.
• It also addresses each entity of the Electronics value chain via Specialized Manpower training, Creation of reusable IPs repository, Design of application-oriented Systems etc.
• The programme would be implemented at about 100 academic institutions/R&D organizations across the Country.
• Start-ups and MSMEs can also participate in the programme by submitting their proposals.
• Under the programme, the project would be initiated in following key areas:
  • Energy & Environment
  • Healthcare
  • Agriculture
  • Disaster Management
  • Intelligent Transport System
  • Emerging Technology etc.

CONCLUSION:

• There is a need for India to attract more investment in semiconductor manufacturing by utilizing the allocated funds effectively.
• The government is also actively seeking foreign investors, particularly from Korea, to participate in this scheme and tap into the incentives provided.
• The broader goal is to strengthen economic ties and bilateral trade between India and Korea and to encourage investment in high-tech sectors, including semiconductor manufacturing and battery storage solutions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/80-funds-allocated-for-semiconductor-manufacturing-scheme-remain-unused/article67509688.ece/amp/

3. LANDSLIDE AT THE SUBANSIRI HYDRO PROJECT

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY  

THE CONTEXT: A massive landslide occurred at the Subansiri hydro project on October 27, completely blocking the only functional diversion tunnel (DT).

EXPLANATION:

• This landslide at the NHPC’s 2,000-MW Subansiri hydro project, which is located along the Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border in India, has blocked the only operational diversion tunnel, affecting water flow in the river.
• The diversion tunnel number 1, which was the only one in use, was obstructed by the landslide, impacting water flow through the river.
• Fortunately, there have been no reports of human casualties resulting from the incident.

• Landslide warnings ignored:
  • In April 2022, the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) warned that the Subansiri Lower Project was at risk of landslides.
  • The CEA recommended that National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) Ltd., the company responsible for building the dam, conduct a study to assess the risk of landslides.
  • However, NHPC ignored this recommendation.

• Status of the Hydro Project:
  • The Subansiri Lower Hydro Electric Project has faced multiple delays and setbacks since its inception.
  • The project, with a capacity of 2,000 MW, has experienced revisions in its commissioning deadline and has been postponed several times.
  • As of today, more than 90% of the total work on the project has been completed.

• Impact on River Flow:
  • The main dam spillway is not yet ready, and the river was flowing through the diversion tunnel, making the landslide a critical issue.
  • The landslide has significantly reduced the flow of the river downstream.
  • The water level in the reservoir is gradually increasing due to the reduced flow, and measures are being taken to restore the normal river flow.

• Concerns for Aquatic Life:
  • The reduced river flow has caused the river bed to dry up, leading to concerns about aquatic life.
  • Locals report that people are walking on the dry river bed and catching fish, which poses a threat to aquatic life.
  • This drastic change in river flow is noted as unusual and potentially harmful to the environment.

• Project Details and Cost:
• • The Subansiri Lower Hydro Electric Project is a run-of-river scheme and is expected to generate approximately 7,500 million units of power annually.
  • The cost of the project has escalated significantly from the initial estimate, reaching around Rs 20,000 crore in January 2020, up from the initial estimate of Rs 6,285 crore.
  • NHPC began construction work on the project in January 2005 after obtaining forest clearance in October 2004.

CONCLUSION:

• The landslide at the Subansiri hydro project has caused a blockage in the diversion tunnel, affecting water flow in the river and raising concerns about its impact on aquatic life.
• The project has faced multiple delays and cost overruns, highlighting the challenges in implementing large-scale hydroelectric projects in the region.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/subansiri-hydroelectric-project-landslide-blocks-diversion/article67484442.ece

4. AIR QUALITY INDEX (AQI)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Air Quality Index (AQI) in North India, particularly in Delhi, has risen to “severe” levels.

POLLUTANTS, SOURCES, THEIR IMPACTS AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS:

• PM 10 and PM 2.5:
  • These are fine particulate matter (PM) particles with diameters smaller than 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.
  • Smaller particles (PM 2.5) can penetrate the circulatory system.
  • It can lead to serious health issues such as asthma, heart attacks, bronchitis, and other respiratory problems.
  • They are primarily emitted from factories, vehicles, construction activities, and road dust.

• Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2):
  • NO2 comes from the burning of fuel, especially from vehicles and power plants.
  • Short-term exposure to high levels of NO2 can worsen respiratory diseases like asthma and lead to coughing and breathing difficulties.
  • Long-term exposure can contribute to the development of asthma.

• Ozone (O3):
  • While ozone in the upper atmosphere protects from UV rays, ground-level ozone is a significant air pollutant.
  • It forms through the reaction of atmospheric pollutants in sunlight.
  • Increased surface ozone levels are associated with an increased risk of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases and cardiovascular deaths.

• Sulphur Dioxide (SO2):
  • SO2 primarily comes from the burning of fossil fuels by power plants and industrial facilities, as well as industrial processes and natural sources like volcanoes.
  • SO2 exposure is harmful to the cardiovascular system and can lead to respiratory illnesses.
  • High concentrations can harm plants and trees.

• Lead:
  • Lead is a toxic metal that can be naturally occurring but becomes dangerous in high quantities.
  • Environmental contamination primarily comes from mining, smelting, manufacturing, and recycling activities.
  • Young children are particularly vulnerable to lead poisoning, which can lead to intellectual disability and behavioral disorders.
• Carbon Monoxide (CO):
  • Carbon monoxide is a toxic, odorless, and colorless gas produced when carbon-containing fuels like wood, coal, and petrol are burned.
  • High levels can lead to unconsciousness and death, while long-term exposure is linked to an increased risk of heart disease.
• The sources of these pollutants are mainly industrial activities, vehicular emissions, power plants, and natural sources like volcanoes.
• Recommendations: While the article focuses on the concerning air quality, it doesn’t provide specific recommendations or actions being taken to address the issue. However, it emphasizes the need for awareness and action to mitigate the impact of air pollution on public health.
• Air Quality Index (AQI):
• • The AQI is a numerical measure used to convey the overall quality of air in a specific area.
  • In this context, it is used to assess air quality in North India, with a focus on Delhi, where the AQI has reached severe levels.

INITIATIVES TAKEN FOR CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION:

• System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR) Portal.
• Air Quality Index: AQI has been developed for eight pollutants viz. PM2.5, PM10, Ammonia, Lead, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide.
• Graded Response Action Plan (for Delhi).
• For Reducing Vehicular Pollution:
• BS-VI Vehicles,
• Push for Electric Vehicles (EVs),
• Odd-Even Policy as an emergency measure (for Delhi).
• New Commission for Air Quality Management
• Subsidy to farmers for buying Turbo Happy Seeder (THS) Machine for reducing stubble burning.
• National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP): Under NAMP, four air pollutants viz. SO2, NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 have been identified for regular monitoring at all locations.

WAY FORWARD

• Changing Approach:
  • India needs to change its approach and bring out effective policies in order to improve air quality and reduce pollutants to levels considered acceptable by the World Health Organisation (WHO).

• Close Coordination Required:
• • Curbing air pollution requires not only tackling its specific sources, but also close coordination across local and national jurisdictional boundaries.
  • Regional cooperation can help implement cost-effective joint strategies that leverage the interdependent nature of air quality.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/air-pollution-aqi-source-health-impact-explained-9016879/

5. GLOBAL LANDSCAPE OF CLIMATE FINANCE 2023

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per the Climate Policy Initiative’s (CPI) new report Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2023, Climate finance flows have doubled compared to previous years but have been unevenly distributed across geographies and sources.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• Global Climate Finance Growth:
  • According to the report, the average annual flow of climate finance in 2021 and 2022 reached $1.3 trillion.
  • This is a significant increase compared to the $653 billion recorded for 2019 and 2020.
  • The growth is primarily attributed to an escalation in mitigation finance, which saw an increase of $439 billion from the previous two years.

• Uneven Distribution of Climate Finance:
  • Climate finance has been unevenly distributed across sectors and geographies.
  • Mitigation finance has primarily gone to renewable energy (44%) and transport (29%), with a strong presence of private financing.
  • In contrast, sectors responsible for significant emissions like agriculture and industry received a smaller share of total mitigation and dual benefits finance.
  • Adaptation finance reached a new high of $63 billion but still falls short of the estimated needs, which are projected to be $212 billion per year by 2030 for developing nations.
  • Nearly all adaptation finance (98%) tracked in the report came from public sources.

• Geographic Concentration:
  • Developed countries mobilized the majority of climate finance, with a significant contribution from the private sector.
  • East Asia and the Pacific, the United States, Canada, and Western Europe accounted for 84% of all climate finance.
  • China led in domestic resource mobilization for climate finance, contributing 51% of all domestic climate finance globally.
  • Developing and low-income countries received a limited share of funds.
  • The report pointed out the disparities in climate finance distribution, with the 10 countries most affected by climate change receiving a very small portion of total climate finance.

• Private Sector Contribution:
  • Private actors contributed 49% of total climate finance, amounting to $625 billion.
  • The report highlighted the rapid growth in private finance, driven in part by household spending, particularly from the sales of electric vehicles, which doubled from 2020 to 2021.
  • Fiscal policies promoting low-carbon technologies played a role in this increase.

• Recommendations:
  • The report suggests measures to enhance the scale and quality of climate finance, focusing on four categories:
    • transforming the financial system,
    • bridging climate and development needs,
    • mobilizing domestic capital, and
    • improving climate finance data.
  • The report underscores the need to reduce the cost of capital barriers, particularly for developing and low-income countries, by reforming financial institutions and making concessional finance more accessible.

• Global Climate Finance Needs:
• • Despite the growth in climate finance, it is emphasized that the current scale represents only 1% of the global GDP.
  • The report’s projections indicate that average estimated annual climate finance needs will increase to $9 trillion by 2030.

WAY FORWARD:

• Transforming the Financial System:
  • This involves reducing the cost of capital barriers, particularly for developing and low-income countries.
  • There is a call for reforming financial institutions to make concessional finance more accessible.

• Bridging Climate and Development Needs:
  • The report highlights the need to bridge the gap between climate and development needs.
  • This could involve strategies to align climate investments with broader sustainable development goals, ensuring that climate finance addresses poverty reduction and other social objectives.

• Mobilizing Domestic Capital:
  • The report suggests mobilizing domestic capital for climate finance.
  • This could involve promoting domestic investment in climate-friendly projects and industries to reduce dependence on international funds.

• Improving Climate Finance Data:
• • Data collection and interpretation have improved over the years.
  • The report underscores the importance of continuing to enhance the quality of climate finance data and information.

Climate Policy Initiative’s (CPI):

• The Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) is an independent, non-profit, international research organization that works to support governments, businesses, and financial institutions in driving economic growth while addressing climate change.
• It was founded in 2009 to support nations building low carbon economies to develop and implement effective climate, energy and land use policies.
• CPI provides analysis, advice, and solutions in the areas of climate finance, climate policy, and low-carbon development.

CPI’s work is focused on the following areas:

• Enabling capital:
  • CPI helps to mobilize and allocate capital for low-carbon investments by developing innovative finance mechanisms, such as blended finance and risk management frameworks.

• Promoting green and sustainable finance:
  • CPI monitors and evaluates climate finance flows and investments, providing insights into the effectiveness of different approaches and identifying opportunities for improvement.

• Enabling a just transition:
• • CPI helps countries to develop and implement policies and strategies for a just transition to a low-carbon economy, ensuring that the transition is fair and equitable for all.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/global-climate-finance-increasing-but-scale-pace-not-enough-new-report-92671

1. CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSION

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Chief Information Commissioner & two new Information Commissioners have been appointed in Central Information Commission.

EXPLANATION:

• Mr Heeralal Samariya has been appointed as the Chief Information Commissioner in the Central Information Commission.
• A swearing-in ceremony was organized in the Central Information Commission to officially administer the oath of office to the new Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners.
• This ceremony marks the formal assumption of their duties.

ISSUES:

• The appointment of the Chief Information Commissioner has become a contentious issue, with allegations of lack of transparency, pre-determined decisions, and a disregard for democratic norms.
• The current situation deepens the trust deficit between the Opposition and the Centre, which can impact the functioning of democratic institutions and the transparency and accountability of the government.

>Lack of Consultation:

• Opposition member in the selection committee is not being consulted or informed about the selection of the CIC, as required by the Right to Information Act, 2005.
• This has raised concerns about the government’s commitment to democratic norms and traditions.
• The MP stressed the importance of involving the Opposition in the selection process to maintain democratic traditions and norms.
• He urged the President to take measures to ensure that the Opposition’s role is not diluted in such crucial appointments.
• The names of the selected candidates were announced and sworn into office shortly after the meeting. This raises questions about the transparency and fairness of the selection process.

>Vacancies:

• The Supreme Court has expressed its dissatisfaction with the failure of states and the Union government to fill the vacancies in Information Commissions across the country.
  • Maharashtra SIC is without a Chief and functioning with only 4 commissioners even though more than 1,15,000 appeals/complaints are pending.
  • Jharkhand SIC has been completely defuncted since May 2020 and no appeals/complaints are being registered or disposed for the last three years.
  • Tripura SIC has been defuncted for more than 2 years since July 2021.
  • Telangana SIC has been defuncted since February 2023 even though more than 10,000 appeals/complaints are pending.
  • There are many examples like this that has been presented regarding the vacancies.

JUDGEMENT BY THE SUPREME COURT:

• The Supreme Court emphasized that the failure to fill these positions defeats the purpose of the RTI Act.
• This Act is a crucial tool for citizens to access government information, and vacancies in the Information Commissions can lead to delays and hinder the right to information.
• The Supreme Court directed the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) to prepare a chart detailing the number of vacancies and pending appeals/complaints in all the commissions.
• It also ordered the central and state governments to take immediate action to fill these vacancies.
• It also highlighted issues such as commissions operating without a Chief, significant backlogs of appeals and complaints, and some commissions being entirely defunct for extended periods.
• The matter is scheduled to be heard by the Supreme Court after three weeks, indicating that the Court is taking the issue seriously and expects prompt action.
• The Supreme Court’s directive addressed the critical role of Information Commissions in upholding the right to information and the need for timely appointments to ensure their effective functioning.

CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSION (CIC):

• The CIC was established by the Central Government in 2005, under the provisions of the Right to Information Act (2005).
• It is not a constitutional body.
• It consists of a Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten Information Commissioners.
• They are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee consisting of the Prime Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.
• The jurisdiction of the Commission extends over all Central Public Authorities.
• The Chief Information Commissioner and an Information Commissioner shall hold office for such term as prescribed by the Central Government or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
• They are not eligible for reappointment.

POWER AND FUNCTIONS OF CIC:

• To receive and inquire into a complaint from any person regarding information requested under RTI, 2005.
• It can order an inquiry into any matter if there are reasonable grounds (suo-moto power).
• While inquiring, the Commission has the powers of a civil court in respect of summoning, requiring documents etc.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1975142#:~:text=Shri%20Heeralal%20Samariya%20has%20been,office%20to%20Information%20Commissioners%20SmtV

2. CNEMASPIS RASHIDI

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the researchers have discovered a previously undocumented species of gecko, making it the 94th known species of gecko.

EXPLANATION:

• The discovery was made by a team of researchers led by senior scientist of the Wildlife Protection and Research Society, Maharashtra.
• It was a collaborative effort involving scientists from various organizations, including the Bombay Natural History Society, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Help Earth, and InSearch Environmental Solutions.
• The research paper on this new species was published in the Asian Journal of Conservation Biology.

CNEMASPIS RASHIDI:

• The newly documented gecko species has been named Cnemaspis rashidi in honour of Prof. Rashid Sayyed, Amit Sayyed’s father.
• This particular gecko is referred to as Rashid’s dwarf gecko due to its small size, measuring approximately two inches from snout to vent.
• The new gecko species was discovered in the Western Ghats near Rajapalayam, at an altitude of 1,245 meters at Kottamalai estate.
  • The Western Ghats are known for their rich biodiversity.
• This new gecko species is distinctive due to its beautiful colour pattern of yellow, white, and black on its back.
• It also features deep brown eyes, giving it an almost ethereal quality.
• These characteristics set it apart from other gecko species.
• Conservation Significance:
  • The gecko is described as being endemic to the Western Ghats, which means it is found exclusively in this region.
  • Researchers pointed out that the discovery of this new gecko species adds another reason to conserve the rich biodiversity of the Western Ghats.
  • It emphasized the need for preserving the unique and often vulnerable species found in this region.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/new-species-of-gecko-found-in-western-ghats-near-rajapalayam/article67500822.ece

3. LAMPREY SPECIES

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Chinese palaeontologists have discovered two new lamprey species from fossils that date back approximately 160 million years.

EXPLANATION:

• The fossils of these lamprey species were found in a fossil bed in North China.
• The larger species is named Yanliaomyzon occisor, with “occisor” meaning “killer” in Latin, while the smaller species is named Yanliaomyzon ingensdentes, which refers to “large teeth” in Latin.
• The fossils were well-preserved, enabling scientists to study their biting structures and oral discs.

LAMPREY SPECIES

• Lampreys are jawless fish known for their parasitic feeding behaviour, but these newly discovered species exhibited a different, more aggressive feeding behaviour by scooping out flesh from their prey.
• Lampreys are eel-like jawless fish that are typically associated with being parasitic, using their unique mouths and sharp teeth to attach to other organisms and feed on their blood.
• What makes these new lamprey species remarkable is their behaviour.
• Instead of solely feeding on blood, these ancient lampreys were flesh eaters.
• They were capable of scooping out flesh from their prey and had a powerful bite that could even break their prey’s skeletons.
• This discovery challenges the conventional view of lampreys as “water vampires.”

EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE:

• These recently discovered lamprey species lived during the Jurassic period alongside dinosaurs.
• They are considered a missing link between the earliest lampreys and the 31 surviving lamprey species known today.
• The earliest lamprey fossils date back to around 360 million years ago, during the Paleozoic era.
• These ancient lampreys were considerably smaller and had underdeveloped feeding structures, suggesting that they did not feed on blood or flesh.
• Additionally, they did not undergo metamorphosis, which is a notable contrast with modern lampreys.

SOURCE: https://www.wionews.com/science/flesh-eater-lamprey-species-discovered-in-china-from-160-million-year-old-fossil-655355

4. BREACHING OF THE DATA

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY

THE CONTEXT: An American cybersecurity company, Resecurity, reported that the Personally Identifiable Information (PII) of 815 million Indian citizens, including sensitive information like Aadhaar numbers and passport details, was being offered for sale on the dark web.

DATA BREACH AND DARK WEB SALE:

• • An American cybersecurity company, Resecurity, revealed that the personal data of 815 million Indian citizens was available for sale on the dark web.
  • This data included sensitive details such as Aadhaar numbers and passport information.
  • Threat actors were offering this data for $80,000, indicating a significant demand for the personal information of Indian citizens.

• Nature of Personally Identifiable Information (PII):
  • Personally Identifiable Information (PII) is data that can be used to identify an individual.
  • It can be either directly or in conjunction with other data.
  • In this case, the breached data contained Aadhaar numbers, a 12-digit identification number issued by UIDAI, and passport details.

• Sources of the Breach:
  • The threat actors did not disclose how they obtained the data.
  • One of them claimed the data originated from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
  • While another mentioned access to an unnamed “India internal law enforcement agency.”
  • However, the legitimacy of these claims remains uncertain.

• Government Response:
  • The government of India is taking steps to investigate the data breach.
  • The Computer Emergency Response Team is involved in this effort.
  • The government is also working on enhancing its data management systems.
  • The extent of the alleged breach has not been specified yet.

• Security of PII Data:
  • The security of PII data, particularly Aadhaar information, has been a point of concern.
  • The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) claims that all Aadhaar data is safe and secure in its Central Identities Data Repository (CIDR) and has never been breached.
  • However, there have been past reports of data breaches, raising doubts about the security of such information.

• Cyber Threats and Identity Theft:
  • Various threats have been arising from the leaked information.
  • It notes that India has witnessed a rise in disruptive cyberattacks, making PII data particularly attractive to threat actors.
  • The exposure of personal data significantly increases the risk of digital identity theft.
  • It can be exploited for various cybercrimes, including online banking theft and tax fraud.

• User Safeguards:
• • Try to ascertain if their data was part of the breach.
  • Be cautious of emails from unknown sources, as this information can be used in phishing campaigns.
  • Change user IDs and passwords to prevent the misuse of stolen data.
  • Implement two-factor authentication to enhance the security of online accounts.
  • Report any suspicious online account activities to relevant authorities.

CONCLUSION:

• This data breach highlights the critical importance of securing sensitive personal information in the digital age.
• It also underscores the ongoing challenges faced by governments and organizations in safeguarding PII data.
• There is an urgent need for individuals to be proactive in protecting their data and online identities.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/how-the-personal-data-of-815-million-indians-got-breached-explained/article67505760.ece

5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE APPOINTMENT OF THE SUPREME COURT JUDGES

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court collegium has recommended the names of three High Court chief justices for appointment as judges of the Supreme Court of India.

EXPLANATION:

• The names recommended are:
  • Delhi High Court Chief Justice Satish Chandra Sharma
  • Rajasthan High Court Chief Justice Augustine George Masih
  • Gauhati High Court Chief Justice Sandeep Mehta
• The Supreme Court currently has a sanctioned strength of 34 judges but is functioning with only 31 judges, indicating three existing vacancies.
• The Supreme Court is grappling with a substantial backlog of cases. The workload of judges has increased significantly due to this backlog.
• The collegium has recommended by emphasizing the mounting pendency of cases in the Supreme Court and the increased workload of judges.
• This situation necessitates having a full working judge-strength with no vacancies.
• The collegium’s decision-making process involves deliberation and discussion on the names of chief justices and senior puisne judges of the high courts who are eligible for elevation to the Supreme Court.
• The judgments authored by those being considered for elevation were circulated among the collegium members in advance for a thorough discussion and assessment of their judicial acumen.

COLLEGIUM SYSTEM:

• The Collegium system is a system for the appointment and transfer of judges in the Supreme Court and High Court.
• It is not rooted in the Constitution. Instead, it has evolved through judgments of the Supreme Court.
• Under the system, the Chief Justice of India (CJI), along with four senior-most Supreme Court judges, recommends the appointment and transfer of judges.
• A High Court Collegium, meanwhile, is led by the incumbent Chief Justice and the two seniormost judges of that court.
• The government can also raise objections and seek clarifications regarding the Collegium’s choices, but if the Collegium reiterates the same names, the government is bound to appoint them to the post.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS:

• Article 124: Supreme Court judges should be appointed by the President after consultation with such judges of the High Courts and the Supreme Court as the President may deem necessary. The CJI is to be consulted in all appointments except his or her own.
• Article 217: High Court judges should be appointed by the President after consultation with the CJI and the Governor of the state. The Chief Justice of the High Court concerned too should be consulted.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/news/india/collegium-clears-three-new-judges-for-supreme-court-justices-satish-chandra-sharma-augustine-masih-sandeep-mehta/amp-11699281487130.html

1. SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION AGAINST KERALA’S GOVERNOR

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Kerala Government has filed a special leave petition before the Supreme Court of India against Kerala’s Governor.

EXPLANATION:

• The government is seeking a declaration from the Supreme Court that the Governor has failed to exercise his constitutional powers and duties.

WHAT ARE THE CONCERNS?

• Pending Bills Dispute:
  • The central issue at hand is the delay in the Governor’s disposal of bills passed by the State Legislature.
  • The Kerala Government argues that the Governor has acted in a manifestly arbitrary manner by keeping these bills pending for an extended period.

• Constitutional Powers and Duties:
  • The Kerala Government claims that the Governor’s inaction subverted the Constitution and threatened democratic principles.
  • It alleges that the Governor failed to exercise his constitutional powers and duties, as outlined in Article 200 of the Indian Constitution, which specifies the Governor’s role in granting assent to bills.
  • The Kerala Government accuses the Governor of gross disregard and violation of constitutional provisions and argues that such actions are not in line with the Governor’s duties.

• Number of Pending Bills:
  • Out of the eight bills passed by the Legislature, three had been pending with the Governor for more than two years, and three others for more than one year.
  • This extended delay in dealing with legislative matters is a significant point of contention.

• Previous Disposal of a Bill:
  • The Kerala Private Forest (Vesting and Assignment) Bill, 2023, was presented to the Governor on April 6, 2023, and was disposed of by him on September 18.
  • It suggests that the Governor’s non-disposal of earlier bills may have been a conscious act.

• Parties to the Petition:
• • The secretary to the Governor and the Union of India have also been made parties to the petition, indicating that the legal action is directed not only at the Governor but also at others involved in the matter.

Special Leave Petitions in Indian Judicial System:

• This is special power bestowed upon the Supreme Court of India which is the Apex Court of the country to grant leave to appeal against any judgment in case any substantial constitutional question of law is involved or gross injustice has been done.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO THE GOVERNOR

• Article 153 says that there shall be a Governor for each State. One person can be appointed as Governor for two or more States.
• A Governor is appointed by the President and is a nominee of the Central Government.
  • It is stated that the Governor has a dual role.
  • He is the constitutional head of the state, bound by the advice of his Council of Ministers (CoM).
• He functions as a vital link between the Union Government and the State Government.
• Articles 157 and 158 specify eligibility requirements for the post of governor. A governor must:
  • Be a citizen of India.
  • Be at least 35 years of age.
  • Not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature.
  • Not hold any office of profit.
• Governor has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, etc. (Article 161).
• There is a CoM with the CM at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except some conditions for discretion. (Article 163).
• The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other Ministers (Article 164).
• Governor assents, withholds assent, or reserves the bill for the consideration of the President passed by the Legislative Assembly (Article 200).
• Governors may promulgate the Ordinances under certain circumstances (Article 213).
• Governor’s role:
  • The Governor holds a constitutional position and is expected to perform specific functions, including granting assent to bills passed by the state legislature and ensuring the proper functioning of state administration.
  • The Governor’s actions are perceived as a hindrance to these responsibilities.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-government-moves-supreme-court-against-governor-arif-mohammed-khan-over-pending-bills/article67488446.ece/amp/

2. EU’S PROPOSED CARBON TAX ON IMPORTS THROUGH CBAM

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The European Union’s proposed Carbon Tax on imports is an ‘ill-conceived’ move that would become the “death knell” for its manufacturing sector.

EXPLANATION:

• The European Union is planning to implement a carbon tax on imports through the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).
• This mechanism is designed to address carbon leakage, ensuring that imported goods meet similar environmental standards as those produced within the EU.

CONCERNS RAISED:

• India’s Commerce and Industry Minister criticized the EU’s CBAM, calling it “ill-conceived” and warning that it could be detrimental to Europe’s manufacturing sector.
• He argued that carbon pricing cannot be the same in India and Europe due to different economic and environmental circumstances.

IMPACT ON EUROPEAN MANUFACTURING:

• It is asserted that the CBAM could have a negative impact on European manufacturing, particularly in sectors like autos, where steel and aluminium are essential components.
• EU should consider different carbon pricing values for less developed and developing countries to create a more equitable system.
• The CBAM might lead European producers to move their production to India, as it becomes costlier to manufacture in Europe.

INDIA’S RESPONSE:

• It is believed that India may counter the CBAM by imposing its own carbon tax.
• This would help level the playing field and ensure that carbon pricing aligns with India’s specific needs.
• The Indian government is in ongoing discussions with its European counterparts regarding the CBAM.
• The government is negotiating with the EU to address concerns about the fairness of carbon pricing and its impact on Indian exports.

SUPPORTING GREEN ENERGY TRANSITION:

• If India collects its own carbon tax and uses it for its green energy transition, this would indirectly help exporters reduce their carbon footprint.
• It potentially will negate the need for additional CBAM taxes at the European border.

CARBON BORDER ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM (CBAM):

• It is a policy instrument that aims to level the playing field between EU and non-EU producers of carbon-intensive goods.
• It does this by imposing a carbon charge on imports of certain goods from countries that do not have a carbon price comparable to the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS).
• The charge is calculated based on the embedded carbon content of the imported goods, and is intended to equalize the cost of carbon emissions between EU and non-EU producers.

WHY CBAM?

• CBAM is an EU regulation and part of the ‘Fit for 55’ package.
• The goal of this package is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the EU by at least 55% by 2030.
• Currently, the EU operates a system where producers within the EU have to purchase emission allowances for the CO2 emissions of their products (EU Emissions Trading System, EU ETS).
• The CBAM price adjustment ensures that these producers no longer face a competitive disadvantage when importing from third countries with lower climate standards.
• It is currently in a transitional phase, with full implementation expected in 2026. The following goods are currently covered by the CBAM:
  • Iron and steel
  • Cement
  • Aluminium
  • Fertilisers
  • Electricity
  • Hydrogen

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/cbam-will-kill-eu-manufacturing-india-will-have-its-own-carbon-taxes-goyal/article67490421.ece/amp/

3. LAND BRIDGE ACROSS THE KRA ISTHMUS

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The revival of a centuries-old idea in Thailand, the creation of a “land bridge” or economic corridor across the Kra Isthmus, could potentially reduce the need for ships to take the longer route through the Strait of Malacca.

EXPLANATION:

THE KRA ISTHMUS AND ITS GEOGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE:

• • Thailand’s Kra Isthmus is a narrow strip of land between the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand.
  • It forces ships traveling between the Indian Ocean Region and East Asia to sail south through the Strait of Malacca, which adds approximately 1,200 kilometers to their journey.

• HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE:
  • The idea of reducing the distance between these two bodies of water by cutting through the Kra Isthmus dates back to Thai monarch Narai the Great in 1677.
  • Various attempts and studies have been made throughout history to connect the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea, primarily for economic and strategic reasons.

• CURRENT PROPOSAL:
  • Thailand’s Prime Minister is proposing a “land bridge” instead of a canal, which would involve road and rail networks connecting deep-sea ports on both coasts of the isthmus.
  • This project aims to provide an alternative route that is
    • shorter,
    • saves transportation costs,
    • reduces the risk of piracy, and
    • alleviates pressure on the congested Strait of Malacca.

• ECONOMIC BENEFITS:
  • The proposed land bridge could reduce transport time significantly, potentially creating economic benefits for Thailand, which has seen slow economic growth and increasing household debt.
  • It could create jobs and boost economic growth in the southern provinces, enhancing Thailand’s position in Southeast Asia.

• GEOPOLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
• • China’s interest in the project is driven by potential trade cost savings, improved control over waterways, and enhanced naval and surveillance capabilities.
  • However, deepening ties with China may affect Thailand’s relations with other nations.

CHALLENGES AND FINANCING:

• The project faces financial challenges, with an estimated cost of around $27.44 billion.
• The Thai government is looking to China for investments, although this could have implications for Thailand’s relationships with other countries, including the United States, Japan, and India.
• The viability and environmental impact of such a project have also been subjects of debate.

CONCLUSION:

• Thailand’s renewed interest in creating a land bridge across the Kra Isthmus, could have significant economic and geopolitical implications.
• While the project could offer benefits in terms of reduced shipping distances and economic growth.
• It also faces challenges related to financing, environmental impact, and its potential impact on international relations.
• The revival of this idea reflects the ongoing debate about the future of global trade routes and the strategic interests of various countries.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/land-bridge-thailand-kra-isthmus-9009594/lite/

4. LEGAL IDENTITY OF MIGRANTS

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: According to the United Nations’ International Organization for Migration (IOM), approximately one billion people worldwide lack legal identity.

EXPLANATION:

• It is a significant global issue related to legal identity and the challenges faced by approximately one billion people who lack legal identification.
• They do not possess official documentation that identifies them as legal residents or citizens of a particular country creating a legal identity gap.

CONSEQUENCES OF THE LEGAL IDENTITY GAP:

• • The lack of legal identity has serious implications for individuals.
  • It limits their ability to access various essential services, such as education, healthcare, and social welfare.
  • It also restricts their mobility and can lead to longer, more dangerous, and irregular migration routes.

• Challenges in Readmission:
• • Readmission processes for migrants often face obstacles.
  • These challenges can be addressed by strengthening a state’s legal identity capacity, providing consular support, and improving collaboration among government agencies.

INITIATIVES TO TACKLE THESE ISSUES:

• UN Conference:
  • The IOM organized a Legal Identity and Rights-Based Return Management Conference at the UN City in Copenhagen, Denmark, to address the issue.
  • The conference aimed to facilitate dialogue between countries of origin and destination for people without legal identities.

• International Cooperation:
  • The conference emphasized the importance of cooperation between countries of origin and countries of destination to exchange best practices, digitize legal identity systems, and promote a rights-based approach to return management.
  • Strengthening coordination mechanisms and collaboration among relevant government agencies was also highlighted.

• Whole of Government Approach:
  • Jens Godtfredsen, Ambassador for Migration, Return, and Readmission at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark stressed the need for a “whole of government approach” to tackle the global identity gap.
  • This approach involves government agencies working together to find concrete solutions to migration challenges.

• IOM’s Global Programme:
  • The initiative was organized within the framework of the IOM’s Global Programme Enhancing Readmission and Legal Identity Capacities (RELICA), launched in 2022.
  • This program aims to enhance legal identity systems and facilitate return management.

• Regional and International Cooperation:
• • Representatives from various countries, including Somalia, Lebanon, Iraq etc highlighted the importance of regional and international cooperation in addressing the legal identity gap.
  • This cooperation can help countries digitize their identity systems and enhance rights-based return management.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/no-legal-identity-for-a-billion-people-globally-says-un-body-92607

5. STAGE-III OF THE GRADED RESPONSE ACTION PLAN (GRAP)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Sub-Committee for operationalization of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) has taken the call to invoke all actions as envisaged under Stage-III of GRAP – ‘Severe’ Air Quality (AQI ranging between 401-450), with immediate effect in the entire NCR.

EXPLANATION:

• Stage-III of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) in the National Capital Region (NCR) has been implemented, particularly Delhi, due to a severe deterioration in air quality with an AQI exceeding 401.
• The action plan includes eight key measures to address the issue.

KEY MEASURES:

• Mechanized Road Sweeping:
  • Intensifying the frequency of mechanized or vacuum-based sweeping of roads to reduce dust and particulate matter on road surfaces.

• Water Sprinkling:
  • Ensuring daily water sprinkling with dust suppressants on roads and high-traffic areas before peak traffic hours to control dust pollution.

• Enhanced Public Transport:
  • Increasing the availability of public transport services and possibly introducing differential rates to encourage off-peak travel, thereby reducing the number of private vehicles on the road.

• Construction and Demolition Activities:
  • Enforcing strict bans on most construction and demolition activities in the entire NCR, with specific exemptions for essential projects like railways, metro, airports, defense-related activities, hospitals, public infrastructure, sanitation projects, and ancillary activities.

• Stone Crushers Shutdown:
  • Temporarily closing down the operations of stone crushers to reduce air pollution caused by dust and particulate matter.

• Mining Activities Shutdown:
  • Halting all mining and associated activities in the NCR to control dust and pollutant emissions.

• Restrictions on BS III and BS IV Vehicles:
  • Imposing strict restrictions on the operation of Bharat Stage (BS) III petrol and BS IV diesel Light Motor Vehicles (LMVs) in specific districts within the NCR, aiming to curb vehicular emissions.

• Online Education:
• • State governments in the NCR are given the option to discontinue physical classes in schools for children up to Class V and conduct classes online to reduce outdoor activities and exposure to poor air quality.

REASONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF STAGE-III OF GRAP:

• These measures are implemented to mitigate the severe air quality issues in the NCR, particularly in Delhi.
• The trigger for invoking Stage-III of GRAP is when the Air Quality Index (AQI) crosses 401, indicating a severe pollution level.
• The combination of unfavorable meteorological conditions, an increase in farm fires, and wind patterns pushing pollutants towards Delhi has contributed to the spike in air pollution.
• The call for citizen cooperation and suggestions for using cleaner commuting options, working from home when possible, and avoiding coal and wood for heating purposes are part of a broader effort to engage the public in the fight against air pollution.
• The aim is to address the immediate crisis by reducing the sources of air pollution, restricting ^certain activities, and promoting cleaner alternatives, with a focus on mitigating the adverse health effects of poor air quality in the NCR.

GRADED RESPONSE ACTION PLAN (GRAP):

• In pursuant to the Supreme Court’s order in the matter of M. C. Mehta vs. Union of India (2016) regarding air quality in the National Capital Region of Delhi, a Graded Response Action Plan has been prepared for implementation under different Air Quality Index (AQI) categories namely, Moderate & Poor, Very Poor, and Severe.
• A new category of “Severe+ or Emergency” has been added.
• The Plan was notified by the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change in 2017.
• It institutionalised measures to be taken when air quality deteriorates.
• The plan is incremental in nature – therefore, when the air quality moves from ‘Poor’ to ‘Very Poor’, the measures listed under both sections have to be followed.
• It prevents PM10 and PM2.5 levels from going beyond the ‘moderate’ national AQI category.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1974270

1. DEEP OCEAN MISSION (DOM)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: India’s ambitious “Deep Ocean Mission” (DOM) is a program aimed at exploring and harnessing the depths of the ocean.

EXPLANATION:

• The mission has been approved by the Union Cabinet and has several pillars:
• Development of Technologies for Deep-Sea Mining:
  • It involves the creation of technologies for deep-sea mining and a crewed submersible capable of reaching a depth of 6,000 meters in the ocean.
  • The submersible will be equipped with scientific sensors, tools, and a system for mining polymetallic nodules.

• Ocean Climate Change Advisory Services:
  • It focuses on understanding and projecting future climate changes through ocean observations and models.

• Technological Innovations for Deep-Sea Biodiversity:
  • The mission aims to develop technologies for exploring and conserving deep-sea biodiversity.

• Deep-Ocean Survey and Exploration:
  • The objective here is to identify potential sites of multi-metal hydrothermal sulfides mineralization along the Indian Ocean mid-oceanic ridges.

• Harnessing Energy and Freshwater from the Ocean:
  • This pillar aims to utilize the ocean as a source of energy and freshwater.

• Establishing an Advanced Marine Station for Ocean Biology:
• • It seeks to create a hub for ocean biology research and blue biotechnology development.

INSIGHTS INTO THE PROGRESS OF THE DOM:

• The development of technologies for deep-sea mining and a crewed submersible, named Matsya6000, is led by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT).
• Matsya6000 is designed to reach a depth of 6,000 meters and has been through the initial design phase.
• Testing and experimentation will be conducted at a depth of 500 meters within a year, with the goal of realizing its full 6,000-meter capability within two to three years.
• The Ministry is also working on an integrated system to mine polymetallic nodules.
• The decision to target a depth of 6,000 meters is strategic, as it allows India to cater to both its Exclusive Economic Zone and the central Indian Ocean where valuable resources like polymetallic nodules are found.

CHALLENGES OF DEEP-OCEAN EXPLORATION:

• Deep-ocean exploration presents unique challenges due to high pressure, soft and muddy ocean bed surfaces, and the need to extract materials.
• Operating under high pressure requires specialized equipment.
• Visibility and communication are also significant hurdles in the deep oceans.

MATSYA6000:

• Matsya6000 is India’s deep-ocean submersible designed for exploration.
• It accommodates three crew members and is constructed from durable materials to withstand high pressures.
• It has an array of scientific tools, cameras, lights, and communication systems.
• Matsya6000 combines features of remote operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous remote vehicles (AUVs) and is designed to operate untethered.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/2023-11-01/th_chennai/articleGFJBV12S4-4729109.ece

2. FISCAL DEFICIT

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The fiscal deficit of the central government in the first half of the 2023-24 financial year has risen to the 39.3% of the annual budget.

EXPLANATION:

• Fiscal deficit of 2023-24 financial year is slightly higher than the 37.3% fiscal budget recorded in the same period in the previous year.
• In actual terms, the fiscal deficit at the end of September 2023 stood at ₹7.02 lakh crore. This indicates the budgetary gap between government spending and income during this period.
• The government had initially projected to reduce the fiscal deficit to 5.9% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in the 2023-24 financial year.
• In the previous financial year (2022-23), the fiscal deficit was 6.4% of the GDP, slightly lower than the initial estimate of 6.71%.
• Tax revenue reached ₹11.60 lakh crore, which is 49.8% of the annual target.
• The central government’s total expenditure for the first half of the 2023-24 financial year was ₹21.19 lakh crore, which is 47.1% of the budget estimate for the year.
• This expenditure figure is marginally higher than the corresponding period in the previous year.

FISCAL DEFICIT:

• It is the gap between the government’s expenditure requirements and its receipts.
• This equals the money the government needs to borrow during the year.
• A surplus arises if receipts are more than expenditure.
• Fiscal Deficit = Total expenditure – (Revenue receipts + Non-debt creating capital receipts).
• It indicates the total borrowing requirements of the government from all sources.
• Gross fiscal deficit = Net borrowing at home + Borrowing from RBI + Borrowing from abroad
• The gross fiscal deficit is a key variable in judging the financial health of the public sector and the stability of the economy.
• The government’s ability to achieve the projected fiscal deficit target for the year will depend on various economic factors, including revenue collection and expenditure control in the coming months.
• Fiscal deficits are important indicators of a government’s financial health and its ability to manage its budget effectively.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/govts-fiscal-deficit-rises-to-393-of-annual-target-in-first-half-of-fy24/article67480542.ece/amp/

3. BRAZZAVILLE SUMMIT OF THE THREE BASINS

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Brazzaville Summit of the Three Basins took place in the Republic of Congo, bringing together delegates from countries in the Amazon, Congo, and Borneo-Mekong-Southeast Asia basins.

EXPLANATION:

• The summit concluded with a declaration by the Heads of State and Government of States.
• It focused on biodiversity, tropical forests, and climate change.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE DECLARATION:

• The declaration emphasizes the importance of the three ecosystems of biodiversity and tropical forests, which provide essential ecosystem services for humankind and sustainable development in the regions they cover.
• It acknowledges the significance of protecting tropical forests, which occupy one-third of the world’s land surface.

The seven-point declaration urged nations to:

• Recognise the value of enhanced cooperation between the three basins.
• Recognise that sovereign management of biodiversity, forests and associated resources of the three basins is essential.
• Develop solutions together.
• Pool and capitalise on existing knowledge, experience, resources and achievements.
• Involve all states and national authorities, including indigenous peoples, youth, women, civil society, academia and the private sector.
• Encourage financial mobilisation and the development of traditional and innovative financing mechanisms.
• Establish a sustainable system of remuneration for the ecosystem services provided by the three basins.

Climate Change and Financial Commitments:

• The declaration also addresses climate change and calls for the creation of a fund to address loss and damage due to climate change.
• It urges developed countries to meet their commitments, including providing $200 billion per year by 2030 for biodiversity and $100 billion per year in climate finance to developing countries.
• These financial commitments are set out in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.

Disappointment with the Outcome:

• The civil society is disappointed, as the summit did not result in the formation of an Alliance of the three basins.
• Such an alliance would have served as a platform for joint initiatives and knowledge-sharing between the countries in these regions.

Importance of Protected Areas:

• The declaration acknowledges the significance of protected areas within these basins, which are home to a substantial portion of global biodiversity and forest cover.

Deforestation Concerns:

• A report by the Forest Declaration Assessment, indicates that 4.1 million hectares of tropical forest were lost to deforestation in 2022.
• It points out that the majority of global deforestation (96%) occurs in tropical regions, underscoring the ongoing challenges in forest conservation and sustainable management.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/brazzaville-summit-of-the-three-basins-ends-with-a-declaration-92565

4. MELTING OF THE WEST ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, a new study revealed that the melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet is now unavoidable.

MELTING OF THE WEST ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET:

• The melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet is inevitable due to warming waters around it.
• This melting is happening at an alarming rate and will continue, even if global carbon emissions are significantly reduced.
• The West Antarctic ice sheet’s complete loss could raise global mean sea levels by 5.3 meters (17.4 feet).
• The study considers various climate scenarios, including the best-case scenario of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
• However, even in this scenario, the West Antarctic ice sheet will continue to melt at an accelerated pace, with water warming three times faster than in the 20th century.

An illustration of most of Earth’s ice features, including the ice sheet.

CONSEQUENCES OF ICE SHEET MELTING:

• The melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet has serious implications for coastal regions around the world, including India.
• A sea-level rise of this magnitude could be devastating for millions of people living in vulnerable coastal cities.
• It can lead to increased risks of flooding, erosion, and displacement.

WHAT IS AN ICE SHEET?

• Ice sheets are the massive masses of glacial ice that cover more than 50,000 square kilometers of land.
• The two major ice sheets in the world today are the Greenland ice sheet and the Antarctica ice sheet.

    Antarctica ice mass variation since 2002

• Ice Sheet Impact on Sea Level:
  • When ice sheets lose mass, they contribute to a rise in global mean sea level.
  • Conversely, when they gain mass, they contribute to a fall in global mean sea level.
  • This provides context for understanding the significance of the West Antarctic ice sheet’s melting.

• How Ice Sheets Melt?
• • In the case of the West Antarctic ice sheet, warm ocean waters melt the ice shelves, which are the edges of the ice sheet floating on the ocean.
  • This can lead to the destabilization of land-based glaciers behind them, causing them to flow faster and discharge more ice into the ocean.

CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION:

• Despite the bleak findings, the study emphasizes that the melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet is just one contributor to sea-level rise and one impact of climate change.
• We have reached the point where some impacts of climate change can no longer be avoided, and substantial ice loss in West Antarctica is probably one of them.
• There are many other impacts which we can still avoid or limit: like the loss of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, or the severity of heatwaves, droughts, and extreme rainfall.
• It underscores the importance of continued efforts to mitigate the impacts of climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/ice-sheet-melt-west-antarctica-9006179/

5. WRIT PETITION AGAINST GOVERNOR

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Tamil Nadu government has moved a writ petition in the Supreme Court against Governor R.N. Ravi.

EXPLANATION:

• The petition alleges that the Governor’s actions, particularly the delay in clearing crucial bills and government orders, are creating a “constitutional deadlock”.
• Governor’s actions are disrupting the day-to-day governance of the state.
• The writ petition filed in the Supreme Court seeks to address the perceived delays and inactions by the Governor.
• The government requests the court to declare these actions as unconstitutional, illegal, arbitrary, and malafide exercise of power.

CONSTITUTIONAL CONFLICT:

• The Tamil Nadu government sees a growing conflict between the elected government and the Governor, leading to an impasse.
• The government contends that the Governor’s inactions have created a situation where he is positioned as a political rival to the elected government.
• Specific Issues Raised:
  • These issues include the delay in granting approval for prosecutions and investigations into corruption cases involving public servants.
  • The delayed approval of bills passed by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.
• The Tamil Nadu government is asking the Supreme Court to set a specific deadline or “outer time limit” within which the Governor should consider pending bills and government orders.

ALLEGATIONS OF POLITICALLY MOTIVATED CONDUCT:

• The petition accuses the Governor of engaging in “politically motivated conduct” by denying sanctions for investigations into corruption cases despite evidence.
• It cites instances where the Supreme Court and the Madras High Court have approved inquiries that the Governor allegedly obstructed.
• A delegation of elected representatives, led by the State Law Minister, met with the President to seek her intervention in directing the Governor to act in accordance with the Constitution.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO THE GOVERNOR

• Article 153 says that there shall be a Governor for each State. One person can be appointed as Governor for two or more States.
• A Governor is appointed by the President and is a nominee of the Central Government.
  • It is stated that the Governor has a dual role.
  • He is the constitutional head of the state, bound by the advice of his Council of Ministers (CoM).
• He functions as a vital link between the Union Government and the State Government.
• Articles 157 and 158 specify eligibility requirements for the post of governor. A governor must:
  • Be a citizen of India.
  • Be at least 35 years of age.
  • Not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature.
  • Not hold any office of profit.
• Governor has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, etc. (Article 161).
• There is a CoM with the CM at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except some conditions for discretion. (Article 163).
• The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other Ministers (Article 164).
• Governor assents, withholds assent, or reserves the bill for the consideration of the President passed by the Legislative Assembly (Article 200).
• Governors may promulgate the Ordinances under certain circumstances (Article 213).
• Governor’s role:
  • The Governor holds a constitutional position and is expected to perform specific functions, including granting assent to bills passed by the state legislature and ensuring the proper functioning of state administration.
  • The Governor’s actions are perceived as a hindrance to these responsibilities.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-government-moves-supreme-court-against-governor-rn-ravi-over-delay-in-clearing-bills-101698730657484.html

1. CLOUD SEEDING

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, IITM Pune demonstrated that cloud seeding can produce rainfall.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE STUDY:

• IITM Pune conducted a cloud seeding experiment in Solapur city, which typically receives low rainfall due to its location on the leeward side of the Western Ghats.
• The experiment resulted in an 18% relative enhancement in rainfall, equivalent to approximately 8.67mm more rainfall over a two-hour period.
• The experiment, called Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX phase-4), used hygroscopic seeding in convective clouds and involved two aircraft for cloud parameter study and seeding.
• A total of 276 convective clouds were selected, with 150 seeded and 122 left unseeded.
• Seeded clouds produced more rainfall than unseeded ones, indicating the effectiveness of cloud seeding under suitable conditions.
• Calcium chloride flares were used for cloud seeding, targeting the base of warm convective clouds during their growing stage.
• Cloud seeding alone cannot mitigate droughts but can increase rainfall by 18%, partially addressing water requirements.
• The approximate cost of producing water through cloud seeding was 18 paisa per liter, which could decrease by over 50% if indigenous seeding aircraft were used.
• The study aims to provide protocols and technical guidance for cloud seeding in India, including the identification of target locations, suitable clouds for seeding, and effective strategies to enhance rainfall.
• Not all cumulus clouds produce rainfall when seeded, and the actual increase in rainfall was 18% over a 100 sq.km area.

WHAT IS CLOUD SEEDING?

• Cloud seeding is a weather modification technique that aims to change the amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds.
• It does so by dispersing substances into the air that serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei, which alter the microphysical processes within the cloud.
• Its effectiveness is debated; some studies have suggested that it is “difficult to show clearly that cloud seeding has a very large effect.”
• The usual objective is to increase precipitation (rain or snow), either for its own sake or to prevent precipitation from occurring in days afterward.

TYPES OF CLOUD SEEDING:

• Static seeding:
  • This involves introducing condensation nuclei into clouds that are already producing precipitation.
  • The condensation nuclei help water droplets to grow larger, which increases the likelihood of precipitation falling.

• Dynamic seeding:
• • This involves introducing ice nuclei into supercooled clouds.
  • Supercooled clouds are clouds that contain water droplets that are below freezing temperature but have not yet frozen.
  • The ice nuclei provide a surface for the water droplets to freeze on, which initiates the precipitation process.

METHODS OF EXECUTION:

• Cloud seeding can be done from the ground or from the air.
• Ground-based cloud seeding typically involves using generators to release silver iodide particles into the air.
• Air-based cloud seeding typically involves using aircraft to drop flares or generators into clouds.
• Cloud seeding is used in a variety of countries around the world, including the United States, China, Russia, and Australia.
• It is used for a variety of purposes, including:
  • Increasing precipitation in areas that are experiencing drought
  • Reducing the risk of hail damage
  • Suppressing fog
  • Increasing snowpack in mountain areas

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/iitm-pune-demonstrates-cloud-seeding-can-produce-rainfall/article67466334.ece

2. COP28 PRESIDENCY

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A new report from the 28th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP28) Presidency, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), and the Global Renewables Alliance was launched on the sidelines of a pre-COP event in Abu Dhabi.

EXPLANATION:

• It emphasized the need to triple renewable energy capacity for power generation and double energy efficiency by 2030 to limit global temperature increases to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• Emissions Reduction Goals:
  • The report stresses that in the next seven years, 22 gigatonnes of greenhouse gases must be cut to keep the 1.5°C target within reach.
  • It emphasized the necessity of phasing down fossil fuels responsibly.

• Renewable Energy Expansion:
  • The report calls for a significant increase in renewable energy capacity.
  • By 2030, installed renewable power generation capacity should grow more than threefold from 3,382 GW in 2022 to 11,174 GW.

• Solar and Wind Growth:
  • The report highlights the need for substantial increases in solar photovoltaic capacity to over 5,400 GW from 1,055 GW in 2022.
  • Increase in wind installations to exceed 3,500 GW (3,040 GW onshore and 500 GW offshore) from 899 GW in 2022.

• Hydropower Expansion:
  • Global installed hydropower capacity (excluding pumped hydro) must grow by nearly 17% from the 2022 level, reaching 1,465 GW by 2030.

• Variable Renewable Energy:
  • To meet the 2030 target, the share of variable renewable energy (solar PV and wind power) needs to increase from 10% of total electricity generated in 2021 to 46% by 2030.

• Energy Efficiency:
  • The report also underscores the need to double the global annual rate of energy intensity improvement by 2030 compared to current levels.
  • It focused on technical energy efficiency improvements and smart electrification strategies.

• Carbon Emission Reduction:
  • While Nationally Determined Contributions and low greenhouse gas emission development strategies may be implemented, they are projected to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by only 6% in 2030 compared to 2022 levels.

• Grid Modernization and Investment:
  • Grid modernization and expansion, as well as investment in renewable power generation, are crucial.
  • Annual average investment in renewable power generation must increase from $486 billion in 2022 to $1,300 billion by 2030.

• Global Financial Support:
  • The report suggests reforming the global financial architecture to support the energy transition in the Global South.
  • It also suggests to increase funding from multilateral development banks and a redirection of public capital from fossil fuels to renewable energy.

• Infrastructure and Cooperation:
• • The report calls for cross-sector infrastructure planning, increased cross-border cooperation, and the development of regional power grids to meet energy efficiency and emissions reduction goals.

THE INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AGENCY (IRENA):

• It is an intergovernmental organization that supports countries in their transition to renewable energy.
• It is the global hub for renewable energy cooperation and information exchange, and it provides state-of-the-art data and analyses on technology, innovation, policy, finance, and investment.
• IRENA was founded in 2009 and is headquartered in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
• It has 168 member countries and the European Union.
• India is the 77th Founding Member of IRENA.
• IRENA’s mission is to promote the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar, and wind energy.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/renewable-energy/cop28-presidency-triple-renewable-energy-capacity-double-energy-efficiency-by-2030-to-limit-global-warming-92548

3. WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per the latest World Energy Outlook report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), Global emissions are on track to raise temperatures by around 2.4 degrees Celsius under existing policy settings.

EXPLANATION:

• The report highlights the urgency of accelerating the transition to clean energy and the need for balanced investments in various sectors.
• It also metions the impact of this transition on fossil fuels and the complex geopolitical and supply chain implications.
• Additionally, it addresses specific energy challenges faced by India.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• Global Emission and Temperature Projections:
  • The report indicates that current policies and those under development could lead to a temperature increase of approximately 2.4°C.
  • This is concerning as it exceeds the 1.5°C target set by the Paris Agreement.
  • The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) also noted a likely increase of 3.2°C by 2100 under existing policies.

• Peak in Fossil Fuel Demand:
  • The most striking revelation is the prediction of a peak in fossil fuel demand by the end of the decade.
  • This includes coal, oil, and natural gas, with factors such as the rise of electric vehicles contributing to the shift.

• Investment Requirements:
  • The report emphasizes the need for increased energy investments, with estimates ranging from $3.2 trillion to $4.7 trillion by 2030.
  • Most of these investments are currently favoring clean energy and infrastructure, with significant funds diverted from fossil fuels.

• Balanced Mix of Investments:
  • The report recommends a balanced mix of investments that goes beyond solar, wind, and electric vehicles.
  • It highlights the importance of investing in infrastructure, grid expansion, low-emission fuels, and carbon capture technologies.

• Clean Energy Investment Challenges:
  • Scaling up clean energy investments in emerging markets and developing economies outside of China is a challenge, with financial constraints and high project costs being obstacles.
  • The report suggests stronger domestic policies and global assistance to reduce investment risks.

• Energy and Mineral Security Concerns:
  • As the energy sector transforms, there may be concerns regarding supply concentration and mineral shortages for clean energy technologies.
  • The IEA suggests increasing investment in mining and extractive processes but acknowledges the associated risks.

• Geopolitical Implications:
• • The report highlights the importance of political and commercial ties in managing energy supply and demand.
  • It notes that the shift towards cleaner energy sources reduces reliance on fossil fuel-producing states and can destabilize economies that fail to diversify away from fossil fuels.

INDIA’S ENERGY OUTLOOK:

• India’s energy landscape has undergone significant changes, with progress in power generation and clean cooking access.
• However, rising energy demand, especially for cooling due to increasing air conditioner ownership, presents challenges.
• India’s energy consumption is expected to lead to higher emissions, and there are concerns about the nation’s solar module manufacturing capacity.

INDIA’S ENERGY OUTLOOK

IEA’S PROPOSED ENERGY AMBITIONS:

• As the world heads to COP28, the IEA proposes five key energy ambitions:
  • tripling renewable capacity,
  • doubling energy efficiency progress,
  • reducing methane emissions from fossil fuels by 75%,
  • increasing clean energy investment in emerging economies, and
  • ensuring an orderly decline in fossil fuel use.

THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA)

• It is an intergovernmental organization that works to ensure reliable, affordable, and clean energy.
• It was founded in 1974 to ensure the security of oil supplies.
• It was created in response to the 1973-1974 oil crisis when an oil embargo by major producers pushed prices to historic levels and exposed the vulnerability of industrialised countries to dependency on oil imports.
• It consists of 31 member countries and eleven association countries.
• In March 2017, India joined the IEA as an Association country and deepened its ties with the Agency.
• A candidate country to the IEA must be a member country of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

The IEA’s work is focused on the following key areas:

• Energy security:
  • The IEA works to help countries mitigate risks to their energy supplies and ensure that they have access to reliable and affordable energy.

• Energy efficiency:
  • The IEA works to help countries reduce their energy consumption and improve energy efficiency.

• Clean energy transition:
  • The IEA works to help countries transition to a clean energy future by supporting the deployment of renewable energy technologies and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector.

• International cooperation:
• • The IEA works to promote international cooperation on energy issues and to build consensus on energy policies.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/climate-change/iea-world-energy-outlook-2023-fossil-fuel-demand-to-peak-by-2030-urgent-investment-shift-needed-92538

4. AKHAURA-AGARTALA INTERNATIONAL RAIL LINK

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The successful completion of the first trial run of a goods train between Bangladesh and Tripura marks a significant development in the Indo-Bangla international railway project between Akhaura in Bangladesh and Agartala in India.

EXPLANATION:

• Historical Significance:
  • Akhaura used to be the railway link for Agartala during the colonial era.
  • The revival of this rail link has historical significance and will enhance connectivity between the two regions.

• International Cooperation:
  • This project represents the collaboration and cooperation between India and Bangladesh.
  • It will help in improving transportation and trade links.
  • It’s a tangible example of regional cooperation.

• Economic Benefits:
  • The railway link will have economic implications, facilitating the movement of goods and passengers.
  • Reducing travel time between Agartala and Kolkata via Dhaka from 31 hours to 10 hours can significantly boost trade and connectivity.

• Challenges Overcome:
  • The project faced delays due to land acquisition issues and the COVID-19 pandemic, but its successful trial run is a positive sign that these challenges are being addressed.

• Border Connectivity:
  • The railway link is crucial for Tripura, which shares a long international border with Bangladesh.
  • This connection provides an alternative route for travel and trade, reducing dependence on Assam and West Bengal for road connectivity.

• Potential for Passenger Trains:
  • While goods trains are expected to start soon, the introduction of passenger trains will require formalities to be observed by both Indian and Bangladeshi railway authorities.

• Regional Integration:
  • Improved rail connectivity contributes to regional integration and fosters people-to-people contact.
  • It has the potential to enhance tourism and cultural exchanges.

• Cost and Investment:
• • The project’s estimated cost is significant, but it represents a long-term investment in infrastructure that can have far-reaching economic and social benefits.
• Overall, the successful trial run of the goods train is a positive step toward improving cross-border rail connectivity and fostering regional cooperation between India and Bangladesh.
• It holds promise for trade, travel, and economic development in the region.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/akhaura-agartala-international-rail-link-trial-run-goods-train-bangladesh-tripura-9006052/

5. INFORMATION COMMISSIONS

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court expressed its dissatisfaction with the failure of states and the Union government to fill the vacancies in Information Commissions across the country.

EXPLANATION:

• The bench comprising Chief Justice DY Chandrachud, Justice JB Pardiwala, and Justice Manoj Misra was hearing a petition concerning the large number of vacancies in the information commissions set up under the Right to Information (RTI) Act.

The petitioners highlighted the commission-wise status of vacancies which is as follows:

• Central Information Commission (CIC) is currently functioning without a Chief and has 7 vacancies with only 4 commissioners working. All the 4 commissioners are set to retire their by November 6, 2023 following which the CIC will become defunct.
• Maharashtra SIC is without a Chief and functioning with only 4 commissioners even though more than 1,15,000 appeals/complaints are pending.
• Jharkhand SIC has been completely defunct since May 2020 and no appeals/complaints are being registered or disposed for the last three years.
• Tripura SIC has been defunct for more than 2 years since July 2021.
• Telangana SIC has been defunct since February 2023 even though more than 10,000 appeals/complaints are pending.
• There are many examples like this that has been presented by the petitioners.

JUDGEMENT BY THE SUPREME COURT:

• The Supreme Court emphasized that the failure to fill these positions defeats the purpose of the RTI Act.
• This Act is a crucial tool for citizens to access government information, and vacancies in the Information Commissions can lead to delays and hinder the right to information.
• The Supreme Court directed the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) to prepare a chart detailing the number of vacancies and pending appeals/complaints in all the commissions.
• It also ordered the central and state governments to take immediate action to fill these vacancies.
• It also highlighted issues such as commissions operating without a Chief, significant backlogs of appeals and complaints, and some commissions being entirely defunct for extended periods.
• The matter is scheduled to be heard by the Supreme Court after three weeks, indicating that the Court is taking the issue seriously and expects prompt action.
• The Supreme Court’s directive addressed the critical role of Information Commissions in upholding the right to information and the need for timely appointments to ensure their effective functioning.

PREVIOUS SUPREME COURT JUDGMENT:

• A 2019 judgment by the Supreme Court in Anjali Bhardwaj and Ors v. Union of India:
  • It called for the timely filling of vacancies in the Central Information Commission (CIC) and State Information Commissions (SICs).
  • Despite this judgment, the vacancies had not been filled, resulting in a backlog of cases and delays.

CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSION (CIC):

• It was established by the Central Government in 2005, under the provisions of the Right to Information Act (2005). It is not a constitutional body.
• The Commission consists of a Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten Information Commissioners.
• They are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee consisting of the Prime Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.
• The Chief Information Commissioner and an Information Commissioner shall hold office for such term as prescribed by the Central Government or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
• They are not eligible for reappointment (as per the amendments made in RTI Act, 2005 in 2019).

POWER AND FUNCTIONS OF CIC:

• It is the duty of the Commission to receive and inquire into a complaint from any person regarding information requested under RTI, 2005.
• The Commission can order an inquiry into any matter if there are reasonable grounds (suo-moto power).
• While inquiring, the Commission has the powers of a civil court in respect of summoning, requiring documents etc.

STATE INFORMATION COMMISSION:

• It is constituted by the State Government.
• It has one State Chief Information Commissioner (SCIC) and not more than 10 State Information Commissioners (SIC).
• SIC has to be appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the Appointments Committee headed by the Chief Minister.

SOURCE: https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/rti-act-will-become-dead-letter-supreme-court-directs-states-union-to-fill-vacancies-in-information-commissions-241201

1. NUTRIENT BASED SUBSIDY (NBS)

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The Union Cabinet approved the proposal of the Department of Fertilizers for fixing the Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) rates for Rabi Season 2023-24 on Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers.

EXPLANATION:

• The NBS rates are designed to ensure that farmers have access to affordable fertilizers, which are essential for increasing crop yields and improving farm incomes.
• The NBS rates for Rabi Season 2023-24 are as follows:
  • Nitrogen: Rs. 47.2 per kg
  • Phosphorus: Rs. 20.82 per kg
  • Potash: Rs. 2.38 per kg
  • Sulphur: Rs. 1.89 per kg
• In the upcoming Rabi season 2023-24, an expenditure of Rs.22,303 crore is expected on NBS.
• The subsidy on P&K fertilizers will be provided based on approved rates for Rabi 2023-24 to ensure smooth availability of these fertilizers to the farmers at affordable prices.

BENEFITS:

• The availability of fertilizers to farmers at subsidized, affordable and reasonable prices will be ensured.
• Rationalization of subsidy on P&K fertilizers in view of recent trends in the international prices of fertilizers and inputs.
• Farmers can purchase fertilizers at affordable prices, which helps to reduce their input costs.
• The NBS scheme promotes the use of balanced fertilizers, which is essential for improving soil fertility and crop yields.
• The NBS scheme helps to reduce the dependence of farmers on imported fertilizers.
• The NBS scheme helps to increase farm incomes and improve the livelihood of farmers.

NUTRIENT BASED SUBSIDY (NBS):

• The subsidy on P&K fertilizers is governed by NBS Scheme since 2010.
• Under the NBS scheme, the government provides a fixed subsidy per kilogram of nutrients (N, P, K, and S) contained in fertilizers.
• The subsidy rates are revised on annual basis to take into account the changes in the cost of production and import of fertilizers.
• Government is making available 25 grades of P&K fertilizers to farmers at subsidized prices through fertilizer manufacturers/importers.
• In accordance with its farmer friendly approach, the Government is committed to ensure the availability of P&K fertilizers to the farmers at affordable prices.
• In view of the recent trends in the international prices of fertilizers & inputs i.e. Urea, DAP, MOP and Sulphur, Government has decided to approve the NBS rates for Rabi 2023-24 on Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers.
• The subsidy would be provided to the fertilizer companies as per approved and notified rates so that fertilizers are made available to farmers at affordable prices.

RABI CROPS:

• These crops are sown around the Retreating Monsoon and Northeast monsoon season, which begins in October and are called rabi or winter crops.
• The harvest for these crops happens typically during April and May, during the summer season.
• These crops are not much affected by the rainfall.
• Major Rabi crops are wheat, gram, peas, barley etc.
• A warm climate is required for seed germination and cold climate for the growth of crops.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1970773

2. ANCIENT LANDSCAPE UNDER THE ANTARCTIC ICE

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: A new study published in the journal Nature Geoscience has revealed the existence of an ancient landscape cut by rivers deep under the Antarctic ice.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE STUDY:

• The landscape is located in East Antarctica’s Wilkes Land region bordering the Indian Ocean, covers an area roughly the size of Belgium or the U.S. state of Maryland.
• It is thought to be at least 14 million years old, predating the initial growth of the East Antarctic ice around 34 million years ago.
• The study used satellite observations of the ice surface and ice-penetrating radar data from a plane flying over the site.
• The radar data revealed a series of valleys and ridges that are consistent with the features of a river-carved landscape.
• Some previous studies similarly have revealed ancient landscapes beneath Antarctica’s ice including mountains and highlands, though the landscape discovered in the new study was the first of its type.
• The landscape has been modified by different processes influenced by rivers, tectonics and glaciation over a very long period of geological time.
• Right before 34 million years ago, Antarctica’s landscape and flora likely resembled today’s cold temperate rainforests of Tasmania, New Zealand and South America’s Patagonia region.
• Antarctica was once part of the Gondwana supercontinent that also encompassed what is now Africa, South America, Australia, the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Peninsula, but eventually split off and became isolated in a geological process called plate tectonics.
• Researchers think that when Antarctica’s climate was warmer, rivers flowed across the newly identified landscape toward a continental coastline that was created as the other land masses broke away.
• When the climate cooled some small glaciers formed on hills next to the rivers, with valleys deepening amid glacial erosion.
• Then the climate cooled more significantly, and an ice sheet grew which covered the whole continent, swamping any glaciers that had existed before.
• When that ice growth occurred, the conditions between the base of the ice and the landscape changed to become very cold – and in this way it was no longer able to erode our landscape. Instead, the landscape got preserved, likely for 34 million years.

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE

• The discovery of this ancient landscape has a number of implications for the future.
• Firstly, it shows that the Earth’s climate is more dynamic than previously thought. This suggests that we need to be better prepared for the possibility of rapid climate change in the future.
• Secondly, the discovery of the landscape could help us to better understand how the Antarctic ice sheet will behave in response to climate change.
• This information is essential for developing strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change.
• Thirdly, the discovery of the landscape could lead to new discoveries about life in Antarctica.
• The landscape could provide a habitat for microbes that have survived for millions of years beneath the ice.
• The study of these microbes could provide new insights into the origins and evolution of life.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/antarctica-forests-rivers-34-million-years-ago/article67456512.ece

3. INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ALLIANCE

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The Sixth Assembly of the International Solar Alliance is going to be held in New Delhi from October 30 – November 2, 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• The International Solar Alliance (ISA), comprising 116 member countries dedicated to accelerating the adoption of solar technology globally, is set to release its first-ever “global solar stock-take report.”
• This report is inspired by the United Nations Conference of Parties’ (COP) inaugural “Global Stocktake,”. This report aims to evaluate the progress made by member countries in their transition to solar technology.
• The “Global Stocktake” is part of the Paris Agreement and is conducted every five years to assess the actions taken by countries to shift away from fossil fuels and combat global warming.

ABOUT ISA:

• The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an action-oriented, member-driven, collaborative platform for increased deployment of solar energy technologies as a means for bringing energy access, ensuring energy security, and driving energy transition in its member countries.
• The ISA was conceived as a joint effort by India and France to mobilize efforts against climate change through deployment of solar energy solutions.
• It was conceptualized on the sidelines of the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) held in Paris in 2015. With the amendment of its Framework Agreement in 2020, all member states of the United Nations are now eligible to join the ISA.
• At present, 116 countries are signatories to the ISA Framework Agreement, of which 94 countries have submitted the necessary instruments of ratification to become full members of the ISA.

INVESTMENT TRENDS: 

• In 2020, the global solar sector attracted approximately $300 billion in investments, and this figure increased to about $380 billion in 2022. However, manufacturing remains concentrated in China.
• The stocktake aims to identify strategies for diversifying solar manufacturing and expanding it to other regions.

GLOBAL SOLAR INSTALLATIONS:

• As of 2022, global solar photovoltaic installations reached 1,133 gigawatts (GW), with an addition of 191 GW in 2022.
• China, although not an ISA member, accounts for approximately one-fourth of the total installations at around 350 GW. The United States, an ISA member, follows with 111 GW of solar capacity, and India ranks among the top five countries globally with 62 GW.

CONCLUSION:

• The ISA’s decision to compile and release a “global solar stock-take report” demonstrates its commitment to assessing the progress made in adopting solar technology by member countries.
• The report aims to provide an overview of investments, manufacturing trends, and challenges in the global solar sector.
• As solar energy gains prominence as a reliable and sustainable energy source, the ISA plays a pivotal role in advancing the transition to renewables and promoting solar technology on a global scale.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/international-solar-alliance-to-release-solar-stocktake-report/article67458458.ece/amp/

4. LAND DEGRADATION

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) data, the world lost at least 100 million hectares of healthy and productive land each year from 2015-2019.

EXPLANATION:

• As per the UNCCD’s first data dashboard compiling national figures from 126 countries, land degradation across all regions of the world is becoming worse at an astonishing rate.
• At the planned assembly for the 21st session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention delegates will review global progress made towards land degradation neutrality (LDN).
• Issues like enhancing drought resilience, promoting women’s land rights and combating sand and dust storms will also be addressed.
• The proportion of land degraded varied according to the region, UNCCD data showed.
  • Eastern and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean regions experience the most severe degradation, affecting at least 20 per cent of their total land area.
  • Sub-Saharan Africa, Western and Southern Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean experienced land degradation at rates faster than the global average, the analysts observed.
  • Notably, in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean, 163 million hectares and 108 million hectares, respectively, succumbed to land degradation since 2015.

Proportion of degraded land, 2019

UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (UNCCD):

• The 1994 UNCCD is the only legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to sustainable land management.
• India is a signatory to the United Nations Convention for Combating Desertification (UNCCD).
• The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is the nodal Ministry of Government of India (GoI) that oversees implementation of the Convention in the country.
• The Convention addresses the arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas, known as the drylands, where some of the most vulnerable ecosystems and peoples can be found.
• Parties work together to improve the living conditions for people in drylands, to maintain and restore land and soil productivity, and to mitigate the effects of drought.
• The UNCCD is particularly committed to a bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating desertification and land degradation.
• The UNCCD is one of the three Rio Conventions—along with the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
• It was called for in Agenda 21, the programme of action adopted at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, or Earth Summit).

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/100-million-hectares-of-arable-land-lost-yearly-to-degradation-shows-un-report-92465

5. BRAZZAVILLE SUMMIT

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Tropical forests are facing threat from fossil fuel, mining and extractive industry expansion.

EXPLANATION:

• Delegates of the Three Basins i.e., Amazon, Congo, Borneo-Mekong and Southeast Asia have gathered in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo to strengthen the South-South governance for these three critical ecosystems.
• According to a global report called the Three Basins Threat Report, Tropical Forests in Amazon, Congo, and Borneo-Mekong Basins are facing threats from fossil fuel, mining and extractive industry expansion.
• The Three Basins Summit is an unmissable opportunity to deepen collaboration between tropical forest countries and to stimulate the action and finance needed to protect and restore Earth’s vital forest ecosystems.

THREATS TO TROPICAL FORESTS:

• The report outlines the ongoing threats faced by these vital ecosystems, including extensive forest loss and a looming systemic breakdown.
• These threats have far-reaching consequences, affecting global climate stability, biodiversity, and the livelihoods of millions of indigenous peoples and local communities.
• Approximately 20% of intact tropical forests in these basins are within active and potential oil and gas concessions.
• In the Amazon and Congo basins, nearly 25% of forests are within active or potential mining concessions.
• In Indonesia, half of all nickel concessions overlap with natural forests, posing a fivefold risk of deforestation and degradation if these permits expand to cover the entire deposit area.

IMPACT:

• Over 200 million people, including a significant proportion of indigenous and local communities, are affected by these expansions.
• There will be fewer but strong tropical storms in the Ganga-Mekong basin.
• One-third Lost or degradation of Amazon Forest.

SPECIFIC INFORMATION:

• Amazon Basin: Almost 13% of undisturbed tropical forests overlap with existing or planned oil and gas blocks, and over 33% overlap with active and inactive mining concessions. More than 70 million hectares overlap with mining concessions, affecting the livelihoods of indigenous communities.
• Congo Basin: Over 39% of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests overlap with oil and gas blocks, and nearly 27% overlap with mining concessions. The expansion of fossil fuels and mining threatens the unique cultures and future of indigenous communities.
• Southeast Asia: Nearly 20% of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests are within oil and gas blocks designated for production or exploration. In Indonesia, 53% of natural forests are vulnerable to extractive concessions, and half of nickel mining concessions overlap with natural forests.

CALLS FOR ACTION:

• The report urges world leaders to prioritize the protection of forests in these basins and emphasizes the crucial role of indigenous peoples and local communities in the proposed solutions.
• It calls for an immediate moratorium on industrial activities in primary and intact forests to create space for sustainable economic development that aligns with planetary boundaries.
• Indigenous countries urgently call for 80 per cent protection by 2025.
•  They also emphasize the need for legal security for indigenous territories to safeguard their rights.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/forests/brazzaville-summit-of-the-three-basins-needs-to-find-ways-to-protect-world-s-tropical-forests-92472

1. THE SIENA GALAXY ATLAS (SGA)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, astronomers have created a stunning atlas of nearly 400,000 galaxies in the cosmic neighbourhood of the Milky Way, aptly named the Siena Galaxy Atlas (SGA).

THE SIENA GALAXY ATLAS (SGA):

• This remarkable feat was achieved using data from three astronomical surveys conducted between 2014 and 2017 at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) and Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO), collectively known as the DESI Legacy Surveys.
• The cosmic atlas is a digital atlas that was created to get to know our universe better through several of the known galaxies.
• NGC 520 is one of the largest and brightest galaxies in the Siena Galaxy Atlas. It is made of two disk galaxies that will eventually merge together to form one massive system.
• A selection of 42 galaxies from the Siena Galaxy Atlas illustrates the tremendous range of galaxy types, sizes, colours and surface brightness profiles, internal structure, and environments of the galaxies in the SGA.
• IC 4212 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Virgo. It is situated close to the celestial equator, meaning it is at least partly visible from both hemispheres in certain times of the year.

HOW IS IT DIFFERENT FROM OTHER ATLASES?

• It is dependent on state-of-the-art digital images captured by advanced technology, unlike previous atlases which relied on antiquated equipment and photographic plates.
• As it is built on the images captured with highly sensitive instruments, it boasts of having the most accurate data.
• It is also the first cosmic atlas to feature the light profiles of galaxies - a curve that describes how the brightness of the galaxy changes from its brightest point to its dimmest.

HOW DOES IT CONTRIBUTE TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE?

• Comprehensive and detailed view of nearby galaxies:
  • The SGA provides a comprehensive and detailed view of nearly 400,000 galaxies in the cosmic neighbourhood of the Milky Way.
  • This is a significant increase over previous atlases, which typically included only a few thousand galaxies.
  • The SGA’s large sample size allows astronomers to study the statistical properties of galaxies in more detail, and to identify rare or unusual objects.

• High-quality data:
  • The SGA is based on high-quality digital images captured with highly sensitive instruments.
  • This results in much higher data quality than previous atlases, which were often based on photographic plates.
  • The SGA’s high-quality data allows astronomers to make more accurate measurements of the sizes, shapes, colours, and luminosities of galaxies.

• Publicly available data:
• • The SGA is freely available to the public online, anyone can access and use the data for their own research or educational purposes.
  • The SGA’s public availability will help to democratize astronomy and encourage more people to participate in the scientific process.

SOURCE: https://www.universetoday.com/163807/astronomers-release-a-cosmic-atlas-of-380000-galaxies-in-our-neighborhood/

2. MANUAL SCAVENGING

TAG: GS 2: GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court has issued a landmark ruling ordering the central and state governments to completely eradicate manual scavenging, a dehumanizing practice that has trapped individuals in inhumane conditions for generations.

EXPLANATION:

• The ruling comes in response to a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) against manual scavenging and underscores the need for a comprehensive effort to eradicate this deplorable practice.
• The petition has highlighted that people were still dying in sewers though the practice was banned with the introduction of the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993 and the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013.
• The court’s decision stipulates significant compensation for the families of those who lose their lives while cleaning sewers.
• Under the new guidelines, the next of kin of individuals who die during sewer cleaning operations will receive Rs 30 lakh in compensation.
• Those who sustain permanent disabilities while engaging in sewer cleaning will be awarded a minimum compensation of Rs 20 lakh, and up to Rs 10 lakh can be provided for other injuries.
• The court has issued a total of 14 directives to both central and state governments, focusing on the effective implementation of the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act of 2013.
• In its ruling, the court emphasized the importance of rehabilitating victims of manual scavenging and their families.
• The court directed the government to provide scholarships and skill development training to help victims transition to new livelihoods.
• The Supreme Court also reminded the Union and State governments of their duty to eliminate manual scavenging, as discrimination based on factors such as caste, race, or religion is strictly prohibited under the Constitution.
• The court asserted that genuine fraternity and dignity are fundamental values crucial to the well-being of society.
• To prevent sewer-related deaths, the government agencies must collaborate and coordinate their efforts.
• The high courts have been encouraged to monitor such cases closely. The Supreme Court has scheduled further monitoring of this matter for February 1, 2024.

PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT AS MANUAL SCAVENGERS AND THEIR REHABILITATION ACT, 2013:

• It is wider in scope and importance, acknowledging the urgency of rehabilitating manual scavengers.
• The act seeks to prohibiting manual scavenging in all forms and ensures the rehabilitation of manual scavengers to be identified through a mandatory survey.

KEY FEATURES OF THE ACT:

• Prohibits the construction or maintenance of insanitary toilets.
• Prohibits the engagement or employment of anyone as a manual scavenger and violations could result in a years’ imprisonment or a fine of INR 50,000 or both.
• Prohibits a person from being engaged or employed for hazardous cleaning of a sewer or a septic tank.
• Offences under the Act are cognizable and non-bailable.
• Calls for a survey of manual scavengers in urban and rural areas within a time-bound framework.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/union-states-duty-bound-to-the-pledge-to-completely-eradicate-manual-scavenging-sc/article67443328.ece

3. SUBSIDIARY BODY ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE (SBSTTA)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the 25th meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA-25) in Nairobi, Kenya came with recommendations that would help Parties move from “agreement to action” after the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) in Dec 2022.

EXPLANATION:

• The outcome is important considering that only six years remain to ensure that the targets of the Framework are achieved.
• The major agenda of the meeting was to develop a monitoring mechanism for progress, and the implication of the recently completed assessments of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES); and the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  • The latest IPBES report pointed out the role invasive species play in extinction of plants and animals.
  • The Methodological Assessment Report on the Diverse Values and Valuation of Nature; and the Thematic Assessment Report on the Sustainable Use of Wild Species by IPBES were also discussed.
  • Findings from IPCC AR6, suggested that climate change is the main driver of the loss of biodiversity.
  • The biodiversity provides capacity to nature to support climate adaptation, resilience, mitigation and disaster risk reduction were discussed too.

FINDINGS OF THE MEETING:

• Need for urgent action to address the biodiversity crisis:
  • The meeting noted that the current rate of biodiversity loss is unprecedented in human history, and that this loss is having a significant impact on human well-being and the economy.

• The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) provides a clear roadmap for action:
  • The meeting welcomed the adoption of the KMGBF and noted that the Framework provides a comprehensive set of goals and targets for addressing the biodiversity crisis.
  • The meeting recommended to develop and implement robust monitoring and reporting systems to track progress towards the goals and targets of the KMGBF.

• Increasing financial and technical support for biodiversity conservation:
  • Current levels of funding for biodiversity conservation are far below what is needed to achieve the goals of the KMGBF.
  • Increasing financial and technical support for biodiversity conservation is recommended by the COP.

• Building the capacity of stakeholders to implement the KMGBF:
  • Many stakeholders, including government officials, local communities, and the private sector, will need support to implement the KMGBF.
  • Mainstreaming biodiversity into all relevant sectors, such as agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and energy.

• Raising public awareness about the importance of biodiversity:
• • Public awareness of the biodiversity crisis is low, and that this needs to be addressed in order to build support for conservation efforts.

SUBSIDIARY BODY ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE (SBSTTA):

• It is established as an open-ended intergovernmental scientific advisory body as per the Article 25 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
• It is a committee of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
• The COP is the highest decision-making body of the CBD, and it is composed of representatives of all Parties to the Convention.
• SBSTTA is responsible for providing scientific and technical advice to the COP on matters relating to the implementation of the CBD.
• In 1994, India along with other countries adopted the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
  • It is an international treaty which focuses on three main goals:
  • conservation of biological diversity,
  • sustainable use of its components, and
  • the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/sbstta-25-delegates-move-forward-on-recommendations-to-implement-kunming-montreal-global-biodiversity-framework-92409

4. INS IMPHAL

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY

THE CONTEXT: Yard 12706 (Imphal), the third Project 15B stealth guided missile destroyer was delivered to the Indian Navy on 20 October, 2023.

INS IMPHAL:

• The Project is a follow-on of the Kolkata class (Project 15A) destroyers commissioned in the last decade.
• It is designed by the Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau (WDB) and built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd, Mumbai.
• This ship is a hallmark of indigenous shipbuilding and is amongst the most technologically advanced warships in the world.
• The ship was constructed using indigenous steel DMR 249A.
• It is a guided missile destroyer with a displacement of 7,400 tons and an overall length of 164 meters.
• Imphal is a potent and versatile platform equipped with state-of-the-art weapons and sensors, including surface-to-air missiles, anti-ship missiles and torpedoes.
• Powered by a Combined Gas and Gas Propulsion Plant (COGAG), comprising four gas turbines, she is capable of achieving speeds in excess of 30 knots (56 km/h).
• The ship boasts of a high indigenous content of approximately 75% that includes Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missiles (BEL, Bangalore), BrahMos Surface-to-Surface Missiles (BrahMos Aerospace, New Delhi), Indigenous Torpedo Tube Launchers (Larsen & Toubro, Mumbai), Anti-Submarine Indigenous Rocket Launchers (Larsen & Toubro, Mumbai) and 76mm Super Rapid Gun Mount (BHEL, Haridwar).
• The delivery of Imphal is an affirmation of the impetus being given by the Government of India and the Indian Navy towards ‘Aatma Nirbhar Bharat’.
• The induction of the destroyer is a tribute to the collaborative efforts of large number of stake holders and would enhance the maritime prowess of the country in the Indian Ocean Region.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-imphal-indias-first-warship-with-accommodation-for-women-staff-delivered-4-months-ahead-of-schedule/article67442738.ece

5. REGIONAL RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM (RRTS)

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Prime Minister recently inaugurated the priority section of the Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS Corridor at Sahibabad RapidX Station in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

EXPLANATION:

REGIONAL RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM (RRTS):

• It will be known as NaMo Bharat.
• It is India’s first semi-high-speed regional rail service project.
• It is constructed by the National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC), which is a joint venture company of the Central government and the governments of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
• It is indigenously manufactured with a designed speed potential of 180 kmph and operational speed potential of 160 kmph.
• It is a new rail-based, semi-high-speed, high-frequency commuter transit system with a design speed of 180 kmph.
• A total of eight RRTS corridors have been identified for development in the National Capital Region, out of which three corridors have been prioritised to be implemented in Phase-I — Delhi Ghaziabad Meerut, Delhi-Gurugram-SNB-Alwar and Delhi-Panipat.
• The priority section of the RRTS Corridor between Sahibabad and Duhai Depot has five stations — Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Guldhar, Duhai and Duhai Depot.
  • The foundation stone for the Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut corridor was laid by Prime Minister Modi on March 8, 2019.
  • The Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS being developed at a cost of more than Rs 30,000 crore.
  • It will connect Delhi to Meerut in less than an hour of travel time going through the urban centres of Ghaziabad, Muradnagar, and Modinagar.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RRTS:

• RRTS being developed in the country, is a state-of-the-art regional mobility solution and is comparable to the best in the world.
• It will provide safe, reliable and modern intercity commuting solutions in the country.
• In line with PM GatiShakti National Master Plan, the RRTS network will have extensive multi-modal integration with Railway stations, Metro stations, Bus services etc.
• Such transformative regional mobility solutions will
  • Boost economic activity in the region;
  • Provide improved access to employment, education &
  • Healthcare opportunities; and
  • Help in the significant reduction of vehicular congestion & air pollution.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-rrts-trains-to-be-known-as-namo-bharat/article67441377.ece

1. PROHIBITION OF CHILD MARRIAGE (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2021

TAG: GS 2: POLITY, GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: The Parliamentary Panel examining the Prohibition of Child Marriage (Amendment) Bill, 2021 gets another extension.

EXPLANATION:

• The Prohibition of Child Marriage (Amendment) Bill, 2021 was introduced in the Lok Sabha in December 2021.
• Later, it was referred to the Standing Committee on Education, Women, Children, Youth and Sports.
• The panel has received multiple extensions since it began its deliberations.
• The last meeting that the panel held on the Bill was on May 17, 2022. The 31-member committee has only three women MPs.
• Three-month extension has been granted to the panel till January 24, 2024 to examine and present its report on the Bill.
• The Bill seeks to bring parity in the minimum age of marriage for men and women overriding all existing laws, including any custom, usage, or practice governing the parties in relation to marriage.

THE PROHIBITION OF CHILD MARRIAGE (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2021:

• The Bill amends the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 to increase the minimum age of marriage of females to 21 years.
• Further, the Bill will override any other law, custom, or practice.
• Under the 2006 Act, a person married below the minimum age may apply for annulment within two years of attaining majority (i.e., before 20 years of age). The Bill increases this to five years (i.e., 23 years of age).

KEY ISSUES AND ANALYSIS:

• The minimum age of marriage at 21 years is higher than the minimum age of majority (18 years). The Supreme Court has ruled that marriage between adults is a fundamental right.
• The question is whether prohibiting marriage for persons between 18 and 21 years is a reasonable restriction on their right to marry.
• About a quarter of 20–24 year-old women are married before the age of 18 years, despite that being the minimum age of marriage since 1978.
• The limited success of the current law raises the question whether an increase in minimum age would have any significant impact on reducing the incidence of child marriage.
• In 2018, the Supreme Court, while reading down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, ruled that consensual sex between consenting adults is a fundamental right under Articles 14, 15, 19 and 21 of the Constitution.
  • If this Bill were passed, it would be legal to have sexual relations but illegal to marry for those between the ages of 18 and 21 years.
• The Bill increases the minimum age of marriage for females to 21 years, bringing it on par with that for males. However, the age of attaining majority is 18 years under the Majority Act, 1875.
  • This difference may have consequences regarding the rights and responsibilities of persons between 18 and 21 years of age.

RECOMMENDATIONS OF VARIOUS COMMITTEES:

• The table below provides recommendations by various national and international Committees and Conventions on age of marriage.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-panel-examining-bill-on-increasing-age-of-marriage-of-women-gets-fresh-extension-to-submit-report/article67433519.ece/amp/

2. MICROALGAE AND GLOBAL WARMING

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per a new study, microalgae, which form the base of the food chain in the ocean and capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, appear to rely on a novel strategy to cope with global warming.

EXPLANATION:

• As climate change reduces the availability of nutrients in the sea, marine microalgae or eukaryotic phytoplankton fire up a protein called rhodopsin.
• It is related to the protein in the human eye responsible for vision in dim light.
• This light-responsive protein is helping the microalgae flourish with the help of sunlight in place of traditional chlorophyll.
• As per the study, Microbial rhodopsins are proposed to be major light capturers in the ocean.
• Estimates suggested they may absorb as much light as chlorophyll-based photosynthesis in the sea, which also captures light to generate energy and food.
• However, their biological role in these organisms was unclear before the study.

DEFICIENCY OF NUTRIENTS IN OCEAN:

• Global warming is increasing drought on land and the same thing happens in the ocean. The warmer the surface water gets, the lower are the nutrients in these surface water layers.
• There is less mixing between the surface waters and nutrient-rich deeper waters as the oceans warm. So, nutrients become scarce at the surface, impacting the primary producers such as microalgae that are present in the top layer.
• Algae starve and, therefore, produce less food and capture less carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
• In these areas, the capacity of algae to make food and take up carbon dioxide reduces further.

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT:

• To understand the role of rhodopsins, researchers cloned them in the lab and confirmed that they capture light to generate energy (ATP).
  • Adenosine triphosphate or ATP is the energy currency of all cells.
• They also tested the abundances of rhodopsin transcripts (a molecule of ribonucleic acid or RNA that contains genetic information copied from deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA).
• Rhodopsins were found to be more concentrated in low latitudes, where there is less mixing of ocean waters and lower concentrations of nutrients, including dissolved iron.
• For algae to produce food and to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, they need sunlight.
• To harness sunlight, the microalgae require a lot of iron. However, 35 per cent of the surface of the ocean does not have enough iron to support the growth of algae, he explained.
• g., Southern Ocean, which is the largest iron-limited aquatic ecosystem. But they are home to the largest populations of consumers such as krill, fish, penguins and whales, which depend on primary producers such as microalgae.

WAY FORWARD:

• These findings have the potential to reduce the negative effects of changing environmental conditions, such as ocean warming and even the reduction in the productivity of crops.
• The same mechanism could be deployed to enhance the activity of microbes that cannot use light, such as yeast.
• We can modify them so that they can use light for growth, which is desirable in biotechnology, such as the production of insulin, antibiotics, enzymes, antivirals and even biofuel.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/microalgae-are-adapting-to-warming-climate-declining-nutrient-levels-in-seas-with-novel-strategy-92379

3. QUANTUM ALGORITHMS

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Research in quantum algorithms is highly interdisciplinary, involving computer science, mathematics, and physics. The field is also still evolving, and there are plenty of opportunities to make significant contributions.

EXPLANATION:

• We often hear that quantum computers efficiently solve problems that are very difficult to solve with a classical computer.
• But even if the hardware is available to build a quantum computer, exploiting its quantum features requires us to write smart algorithms.
  • An algorithm is a sequence of logically connected mathematical steps that solve a problem.
  • For example, an algorithm to add three numbers can have two steps: add the first two numbers in the first step and the result to the third number in the second step.

QUANTUM ALGORITHMS:

• Quantum algorithms solve problems that classical computers can’t by exploiting two unique properties of quantum mechanics: superposition and entanglement.
• Superposition:
  • It allows a quantum bit, or qubit, to be in multiple states at the same time.
  • This is unlike a classical bit, which can only be in one of two states at a time, either 0 or 1.

• Entanglement:
  • It allows two or more qubits to be linked together in such a way that they share the same fate.
  • This means that if you measure the state of one qubit, you will instantly know the state of the other qubits, even if they are physically separated.

• Quantum algorithms use superposition and entanglement to perform calculations that are impossible for classical computers.
• For example, Shor’s algorithm can factor a large number into its prime factors much faster than any known classical algorithm.
  • This could have implications for cryptography, as many encryption algorithms rely on the difficulty of factoring large numbers.
• Another example is Grover’s algorithm, which can search an unsorted database much faster than any known classical algorithm.
  • This could have applications in drug discovery and other fields where it is necessary to search through large databases.
• Quantum algorithms are still in their early stages of development, but they have the potential to solve some of the most challenging problems facing humanity today.
• For example, quantum algorithms could be used to develop new drugs and materials, design more efficient algorithms, and break modern encryption algorithms.

EXAMPLES OF THE QUANTUM ALGORITHMS:

• Shor’s algorithm:
  • One of the earliest quantum algorithms is the factorisation algorithm developed by Peter Shor. It requires fewer steps to factorise a number than one that operates with classical principles.
  • The efficiency of an algorithm is related to the number of steps required as the size of the input increases. An algorithm is more efficient if it requires fewer steps (and thus less time). From this perspective, Shor’s algorithm is far more efficient than any known classical algorithm for factorisation.
  • Modern cryptography – which is used to secure user accounts on the internet, for example – depends on the fact that there are no efficient classical algorithms that can factorise large integers. This is the source of the claim that the availability of quantum computers (with an adequate number of qubits) will challenge the safety of classical cryptography.

• Grover’s and Deutsch-Jozsa algorithms:
  • Another popular quantum algorithm is the quantum search algorithm developed by Lov Grover.
  • It looks for a numerical pattern in a large list of numbers. A deterministic classical algorithm requires almost half the number of steps as there are patterns in the list.
  • That is, to identify a pattern from a list of one-million patterns, the classical approach may need half a million steps. The quantum algorithm will require only a thousand steps.
  • In fact, for every 100x increase in the list’s size, Grover’s algorithm will need only 10x more steps. This is the kind of speed-up this quantum algorithm achieves.
  • Yet another scheme that showcases the exponential speed-up is the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm.
  • Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm can determine the mapping with one computation independent of the size of the input.
  • We just need to make sure there are enough qubits available to represent the number of digits in the input.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/how-quantum-algorithms-solve-intractable-problems-explained/article67417104.ece/amp/

4. RABI CROPS

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved the increase in the Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for all mandated Rabi Crops for Marketing Season 2024-25.

EXPLANATION:

• Government has increased the MSP of Rabi Crops for Marketing Season 2024-25, to ensure remunerative prices to the growers for their produce and incentivise crop diversification.
• The absolute highest increase in MSP has been approved for lentil (masur) at Rs.425 per quintal followed by rapeseed & mustard at Rs.200 per quintal.
• For wheat and safflower, an increase of Rs.150 per quintal each has been approved.
• For barley and gram an increase of Rs.115 per quintal and Rs.105 per quintal respectively, has been approved.
• The increase in MSP is in line with the Union Budget 2018-19 announcement of fixing the MSP at a level of at least 1.5 times of the All-India weighted average Cost of Production.
• The expected margin over All-India weighted average Cost of Production is 102 percent for wheat, followed by 98 percent for rapeseed & mustard; 89 per cent for lentil; 60 per cent for gram; 60 percent for barley; and 52 percent for safflower.

OTHER INITIATIVES OF THE GOVERNMENT:

• The Government is promoting crop diversification towards oilseeds, pulses and shree anna/millets to enhance food security, increase farmers’ income, and reduce dependence on imports.
• Besides the Price Policy, the Government has undertaken various initiatives such as the National Food Security Mission (NFSM), Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), and the National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP).
  • Its objective is to provide financial support, quality seeds to encourage farmers to cultivate oilseeds and pulses.
• To extend the benefits of the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme to every farmer across the nation, Government has launched the Kisan Rin Portal (KRP), KCC Ghar Ghar Abhiyaan, and Weather Information Network Data Systems (WINDS).
  • It aimed to provide timely and accurate weather information to empower farmers in making timely decisions regarding their crops.
• These initiatives aim to revolutionize agriculture, enhance financial inclusion, optimize data utilization, and improve the lives of farmers across the nation.

RABI CROPS:

• Rabi crops are sown in mid-November, preferably after the monsoon rains have ended, and harvested in April or May.
• Rabi crops are sown in the winter and harvested in the spring.
• A good winter rain is helpful for Kharif crops but bad for Rabi crops.
• The crops are grown either with rainwater that has percolated into the ground or using irrigation.
• Major Rabi crops are wheat, gram, peas, barley etc.
• A warm climate is required for seed germination and cold climate for the growth of crops.

CHALLENGES FACED BY RABI CROPS:

• Climate change is leading to more extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods. This can damage rabi crops and reduce yields.
• Rabi crops are susceptible to a number of pests and diseases. This can also reduce yields and increase costs for farmers.
• Farmers often receive low prices for their rabi crops. This can make it difficult for them to make a profit.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1968729

5. DIPHTHERIA

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: According to a recent announcement from the World Health Organisation (WHO), the Guinean Health Ministry has declared a diphtheria outbreak.

EXPLANATION:

• According to the World Health Organisation, from 4 July to 13 October 2023, a total of 538 cases of diphtheria, were reported in the Kankan region, in the east-central part of Guinea.
• The 1-4 years age group accounted for the largest proportion of reported cases.

DIPHTHERIA:

• Diphtheria is a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae that make toxin.
• It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart rhythm problems, and even death.
• CDC recommends vaccines for infants, children, teens, and adults to prevent diphtheria.

TRANSMISSION:

• Diphtheria bacteria spread from person to person, usually through respiratory droplets, like from coughing or sneezing.
• People can also get sick from touching infected open sores or ulcers.
• Those at increased risk of getting sick include:
  • People in the same household
  • People with a history of frequent, close contact with the patient
  • People directly exposed to secretions from the suspected infection site (e.g., mouth, skin) of the patient.

TREATMENT:

• Using diphtheria antitoxin to stop the bacteria toxin from damaging the body.
• This treatment is very important for respiratory diphtheria infections, but it is rarely used for diphtheria skin infections.
• Using antibiotics to kill and get rid of the bacteria. This is important for diphtheria infections in the respiratory system and on the skin and other parts of the body (e.g., eyes, blood).

COMPLICATIONS:

• Complications from respiratory diphtheria may include:
  • Airway blockage
  • Myocarditis (damage to the heart muscle)
  • Polyneuropathy (nerve damage)
  • Kidney failure
• For some people, respiratory diphtheria can lead to death.
• Even with treatment, about 1 in 10 patients with respiratory diphtheria die. Without treatment, up to half of patients can die from the disease.

SOURCE: https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142512

1. GLOBAL MARITIME INDIA SUMMIT 2023

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY, GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Prime Minister has virtually inaugurated the third edition of the Global Maritime India Summit 2023 on 17^th October 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• The summit is the biggest Maritime Event in the country and will witness the participation of Ministers from across the globe representing countries from Europe, Africa, South America, and Asia (including central Asia, Middle East and BIMSTEC region).
• The summit is also to be attended by Global CEOs, Business leaders, Investors, Officials, and other stakeholders worldwide.
• Further, several Indian states will also be represented at the summit by the Ministers and other dignitaries.
• The three-day summit will discuss and deliberate key issues of the maritime sector:
  • Ports of the future
  • Decarbonisation
  • Coastal shipping and inland waterways
  • Shipbuilding, repair, and recycling
  • Finance, insurance, and arbitration
  • Maritime clusters
  • Innovation and technology
  • Maritime safety and security
• The first Maritime India summit was held in 2016 in Mumbai while the Second Maritime Summit was held virtually in 2021.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SUMMIT:

• ‘Amrit Kaal Vision 2047’, a blueprint for the Indian maritime blue economy was unveiled.
• The blueprint outlines strategic initiatives aimed at enhancing port facilities, promoting sustainable practices, and facilitating international collaboration.
• In line with this futuristic plan the foundation stone for projects worth more than Rs 23,000 crores was laid that are aligned with the ‘Amrit Kaal Vision 2047’ for the Indian maritime blue economy.
• The summit provides an excellent platform for attracting investment in the country’s maritime sector.
• The Prime Minister laid the foundation stone of Tuna Tekra all-weather deep draft terminal, to be built at a cost of more than Rs 4,500 crores at Deendayal Port Authority in Gujarat.
• This state-of-the-art greenfield terminal will be developed in Public–Private Partnership (PPP) mode.
• The terminal, which is likely to emerge as an international trade hub, will handle next-gen vessels exceeding 18,000 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs).
• It will act as a gateway for Indian trade via the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC).
• The Prime Minister also dedicated more than 300 Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) worth more than 7 lakh crore for global and national partnerships in the maritime sector.

ABOUT THE SUMMIT:

• Global Maritime India Summit (GMIS) 2023 is a flagship event aimed at propelling the Indian maritime economy by promoting global and regional partnerships and facilitating investments.
• It is an annual meet of the Indian and international maritime community to address key industry issues and exchange ideas to bring the sector forward.
• Driven by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, GMIS 2023 brings together global maritime players, policy makers and regulators, key opinion leaders and industry leaders.
• The event includes an investor summit and an international exhibition to facilitate interaction and collaboration among the Indian and international maritime companies, policy makers, investors, and other stakeholders.
• To encourage dialogue and cooperation among key industry leaders, the event features a Global CEOs’ Forum.
• Further, to recognize partners that have made outstanding contributions to India’s development as a leading maritime center, the event will host Maritime Excellence Achievers’ ceremony.
• The 3-day event will be inaugurated by the Hon’ble Prime Minister of India and expected to be attended by the globally renowned industry players.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1968331

2. SAME SEX MARRIAGE

TAG: GS 2: POLITY, GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court upheld constitutionality of Special Marriage Act in present form and entrusts legislature to debate, decide on providing legal status to same-sex relationships.

EXPLANATION:

• The Constitution Bench ruled that courts cannot intervene in the matter as there is no fundamental right to marry.
• It held that only the legislature can recognise or regulate queer marriage.
• All five judges on the Bench unanimously accepting that laws and society discriminate against same-sex couples.
• But they failed to reach a consensus to provide even long-abiding relationships between queer couples the status of a legally recognised “civil union”.

OPINION OF THE MINORITY OF THE BENCH:

• Minority of the bench hold the view that queer people have a fundamental right to form a relationship, and the state should not fail to give such unions a legal status so that same-sex couples could avail the material benefits provided under the law.
• The right to enter into a union cannot be restricted on the basis of sexual orientation. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is violative of Article 15 of the Constitution.
  • Right to form a union was a feature of the fundamental right to choose partners and lead a dignified, meaningful life.
  • Equality cannot be denied to same-sex couples on the basis of their sexual orientation. Queer persons have a right to form abiding relationships.
• Legal recognition to same-sex relationships was a step forward towards “marriage equality”.
• They held that constitutional authorities should carve out a regulatory framework to recognise the civil union of adults in a same-sex relationship.
• The majority views of Justices disagreed on the point, holding that it was for the legislature, and not the Court, to formally recognise and grant legal status to non-heterosexual relationships.
• But all the five judges on the Bench agreed that the Special Marriage Act of 1954 was not unconstitutional for excluding same-sex marriages.
• They said that tinkering with the Special Marriage Act of 1954 to bring same-sex unions within its ambit would not be advisable. It is Parliament and State legislature to enact laws on marriage.

FORMATION OF THE COMMITTEE:

• The Bench nevertheless unanimously agreed that same sex couples face discrimination and harassment in their daily lives.
• The court urged the government to form a high-powered committee chaired by the Union Cabinet Committee to expeditiously look into genuine human concerns faced by same-sex partners.
• The Chief Justice suggested that the committee should look into whether queer couples could be treated as members of the same family for the purpose of ration card; succession; maintenance; opening of a joint bank account; arrangement of last rites of partners; access benefits of rights and benefits of employment, etc.

LEGAL BATTLE OF THE SAME SEX MARRIAGE:

• The legal battle for same-sex marriage in India began in 2001, when Naz Foundation (India) Trust filed a petition in the Delhi High Court challenging the constitutionality of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which criminalized “carnal intercourse against the order of nature”.
• In 2009, the Delhi High Court ruled that Section 377 was unconstitutional in so far as it applied to consensual sexual activity between adults.
• However, the Supreme Court of India overturned the Delhi High Court’s ruling in 2013 and held that the decision to decriminalise homosexuality could only be made by Parliament and not the Court.
• In 2014, a group of LGBTQ+ activists filed a petition in the Supreme Court challenging the constitutionality of Section 377 once again.
• In 2018, the Supreme Court ruled that Section 377 was unconstitutional in its entirety.
• The Supreme Court’s ruling was a major victory for the LGBTQ+ community in India, and it paved the way for the legalization of same-sex marriage.
• In 2019, a group of LGBTQ+ activists filed a petition in the Supreme Court seeking the legalization of same-sex marriage.
• The legal battle for same-sex marriage in India has been long and arduous However significant progress has been made in recent years.
• The Supreme Court’s ruling decriminalizing homosexuality and the Supreme Court’s recent judgement are both signs of progress.
• It is important to note that the legal battle for same-sex marriage is not just about the right to marry but right to equality and the right to be free from discrimination.
• The LGBTQ+ community in India faces discrimination in many areas of life, including employment, housing, and healthcare. The legalization of same-sex marriage would send a powerful message that the LGBTQ+ community is equal to any other community in India.
• The legal battle for same-sex marriage in India is a complex issue with many different perspectives. It is important to be respectful of all perspectives and to engage in civil discourse.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/sc-declines-to-legalise-same-sex-marriage-says-legislature-to-decide/article67431746.ece

3. LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS (LF)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Lao People’s Democratic Republic has eliminated lymphatic filariasis (LF), a disease that cripples and has significant social and economic impact on the affected communities according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

EXPLANATION:

• This is the country’s second neglected tropical disease (NTD) to be eliminated in six years, following the elimination of trachoma as a public health hazard in 2017.
• The WHO attributed the success to decades of hard effort by the Lao government, health-care workers, communities, and national and international partners.
• Lao PDR is now the second country after Bangladesh to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF) in 2023.
• Nineteen countries have been able to eliminate LF, according to the WHO progress report on the disease released on October 13, 2023.

LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS (LF):

• Lymphatic filariasis, commonly known as elephantiasis, is a neglected tropical disease.
• Over 882 million people in 44 countries worldwide remain threatened by lymphatic filariasis and require preventive chemotherapy to stop the spread of this parasitic infection.

CAUSE, TRANSMISSION AND SYMPTOMS:

• Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with parasites classified as nematodes (roundworms) of the family Filariodidea.
• There are 3 types of these thread-like filarial worms:
  • Wuchereria bancrofti, which is responsible for 90% of the cases.
  • Brugia malayi, which causes most of the remainder of the cases.
  • Brugia timori, which also causes the disease.
• Infection occurs when filarial parasites are transmitted to humans through mosquitoes.
• Infection is usually acquired in childhood and causes hidden damage to the lymphatic system.
• Lymphatic filariasis impairs the lymphatic system and can lead to the abnormal enlargement of body parts, causing pain, severe disability and social stigma.

ELIMINATION:

• Lymphatic filariasis can be eliminated by stopping the spread of infection through preventive chemotherapy with safe medicine combinations repeated annually.
• More than 9 billion cumulative treatments have been delivered to stop the spread of infection since 2000.
• As of 2018, 51 million people were infected – a 74% decline since the start of WHO’s Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis in 2000.
• Due to successful implementation of WHO strategies, 740 million people no longer require preventive chemotherapy.
• An essential, recommended package of care can alleviate suffering and prevent further disability among people living with disease caused by lymphatic filariasis.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/lao-pdr-becomes-second-country-in-2023-after-bangladesh-to-eliminate-lymphatic-filariasis-92355

4. BRIGHT TRANSIENT SURVEY BOT (BTSBOT)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: For the first time, artificial intelligence (AI) has searched for, detected, confirmed, classified, and announced a supernova discovery without any human intervention.

EXPLANATION:

• This new AI tool called Bright Transient Survey Bot (BTSbot) has been developed by an international team of scientists, using over 1.4 million images from nearly 16,000 sources to train its machine-learning algorithm.
• It is reported that the new system allows automation of the entire star explosion discovery process, which not only eliminates human error but also dramatically increases speed.
• Removing humans from the loop provides more time for the research team to analyze their observations and develop new hypotheses to explain the origin of the cosmic explosions that we observe.
• This significantly streamlines large studies of supernovae and help to better understand the life cycles of stars and the origin of elements supernovae create, like carbon, iron and gold.

BRIGHT TRANSIENT SURVEY BOT:

• It is a machine-learning algorithm which has been trained by using over 1.4 million images from nearly 16,000 sources.
• It detected the newly discovered supernova named SN2023tyk in data from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) which is believed to be a Type Ia supernova located around 760 million light-years from Earth.

WORKING MECHANISM:

• It automatically requested the potential supernova’s spectrum from Palomar Observatory – where another robotic telescope, the Spectral Energy Distribution Machine (SEDM) performed an in-depth observation to obtain the source’s spectrum.
• This new system not only allows automation of the entire search for new supernovae across the night sky but also eliminates human error and dramatically increases speed.
• It searched, detected, confirmed, classified, and announced the findings without any human intervention.

WHY IS IT COMPARATIVELY DIFFICULT FOR HUMANS TO DETECT?

• The current process of detecting and analysing supernovae involves humans working hand in hand with robotic systems.
• Though supernovae are bright and energetic events, they are not that common, and certainly not easy to spot.
• The traditional method involves relying on robotic telescopes repeatedly taking images of the same sections of the night sky to detect new sources of light after which humans take over.
• Subsequently, astronomers have to visually inspect large volumes of data.
• This time-consuming process is believed to be the reason why astronomers have only discovered a small fraction of all supernovae that occur in the universe.
• But automated software presents a list of candidate explosions to humans, who spend time verifying the candidates and executing spectroscopic observations.

SOURCE: https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/ai-finds-supernova-the-biggest-explosion-in-universe-first-without-human-help-2450230-2023-10-17

5. RICE FORTIFICATION

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court on October 14, 2023, directed the Centre to respond to concerns regarding the government’s iron fortified rice programme and its indiscriminate distribution to even those suffering from thalassemia and sickle cell disease.

EXPLANATION:

• The Supreme Court asked the government to apprise it in four weeks about the steps taken to comply with a provision of the regulations.
• Provision of the Food Safety and Standards (Fortification of Foods) Regulations, 2018 provides that labels on bags containing fortified rice should carry an advisory that it is harmful for people suffering from thalassemia and sickle cell anaemia.
• The 2018 regulations provided that every package of food fortified with iron shall carry a statement, “People with thalassemia may take under medical supervision and persons with Sickle Cell Anaemia are advised not to consume iron fortified food-products”.
• The directions were given in response to a public interest litigation filed by Rajesh Krishnan and others, challenging the government’s iron fortified rice programme.

ISSUES WITH THE IRON FORTIFIED FOOD:

• Food Safety and Standards Authority of India’s statutory regulations has warned patients with thalassemia and sickle cell anaemia against consuming iron-fortified food or about using it only under strict medical supervision.
• Patients of haemoglobinopathies (a group of blood disorders that affect red blood cells) like thalassemia and sickle cell disease are contraindicated to eat iron, according to clause 7 (4) of the Food Safety and Standards (Fortification of Foods) Regulation, 2018 and also based on global scientific evidence.
• Consuming iron could lead to adverse outcomes like organ failure for people with such conditions.
• This means that giving iron-fortified rice indiscriminately, without any screening for such patients, is a non-compliance of the government with their own warnings.
• A fact-finding visit by Alliance for Sustainable and Holistic Agriculture and Right to Food Campaign in the two states of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
• It revealed that the labelling requirements and the operational guidelines were not being followed; importantly, in food schemes where the food distribution is unpackaged or even cooked, there were no written or verbal warnings.

FOOD FORTIFICATION:

• Food fortification refers to the addition of chemical / synthetic vitamins and minerals (like iron, folic acid, iodine, zinc, vitamins B12, A, D) that are not available naturally in particular foods and is used as a strategy to address malnutrition in India.

HOW IS RICE FORTIFIED WITH IRON?

• Under the fortification scheme, milled broken rice is ground to dust and a premix of vitamins and minerals is added to it.
• Thereafter, an extruder machine is used to produce fortified rice kernels (FRK) resembling rice grains.
• The kernels are then mixed in a 1:100 ratio with regular rice to produce fortified rice.
• The cost to the consumer is estimated to be less than 50 paisa per kg.
• According to the food ministry, the fortification programme aims to cover 291 aspirational and high burden (nutrient deficient) districts across the country by March 2023, for which 9 million tonnes of fortified rice has been produced.

FORTIFIED RICE PROGRAMME:

• Prime Minister in his Independence Day address in 2021, said the government aims to distribute fortified rice via the government schemes by 2024.
• Thereafter, a scheme for the distribution of fortified rice, containing prescribed micronutrients (Iron, Folic Acid, Vitamin B12) was launched in October 2021 in a phased manner in order to address the problem of anaemia in children and women.
• In April 2022, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved the supply of fortified rice throughout the Public Distribution System (PDS), Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman-PM POSHAN (erstwhile Mid-Day Meal Scheme) and other welfare schemes in all states and Union Territories (UTs) by 2024 in a phased manner.
• The entire cost of rice fortification, which is around Rs 2,700 crore per annum, would be borne by the Centre as part of the food subsidy till its full implementation up to June 2024.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/food/no-health-warnings-on-iron-fortified-rice-sc-directs-govt-to-respond-in-4-weeks-92348

1. THE HIGH COST OF CHEAP WATER REPORT

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The report, titled “The High Cost of Cheap Water” was released on the occasion of World Food Day October 16 by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).

EXPLANATION:

• The world has lost a third of its remaining wetlands since 1970, while freshwater wildlife populations have, on average, dropped by 83 per cent.
• This has contributed to growing numbers of people facing water shortages and food insecurity, with rivers and lakes drying up, increasing pollution and food sources such as freshwater fisheries dwindling.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• The Global water crisis has threatened $58 trillion in economic value, food security and sustainability.
• The report elaborated that the amount — $58 trillion — is the first ever annual estimate of economic value of water and freshwater ecosystems.
• It is equivalent to 60 per cent of global gross domestic product.
• Water and freshwater ecosystems offer several direct and indirect benefits.
• Direct economic benefits, such as water consumption for households, irrigated agriculture and industries, amount to a minimum of $7.5 trillion annually.
• Purifying water, enhancing soil health, storing carbon, and protecting communities from extreme floods and droughts are seven times higher at around $50 trillion annually.
• The document gave the example of Europe’s Danube basin.
  • Eighty per cent of the floodplains along the Danube and tributaries — essential for flood and drought risk mitigation, groundwater recharge and water filtration — have been lost.
  • Today, a mere 16 per cent of the rivers in the Danube basin retain their natural or near-natural state and less than 20 per cent are near-natural to slightly altered.
  • The Danube is the second longest river of Europe, after the Volga.

ANTHROPOGENIC REASONS:

• The report noted that unsustainable agricultural practices were among the primary threats to rivers and floodplains.
• Agriculture currently accounts for over 70 per cent of the freshwater used by humanity, according to data from the World Bank.
  • Over-extraction of water for crop irrigation also reduces its availability for other uses, such as natural flows that support fisheries.
  • Agricultural fields now occupy floodplains. This has reduced the purification, flood and drought risk capacities of river systems.
• Excessive fertiliser use creates diffuse pollution affecting surface and groundwater.
• Threats to river systems are threats to food security.
• Our current food production practices are not only harming freshwater ecosystems but are also identified as the primary contributors to biodiversity loss and climate change.
• They are causing land erosion and reducing the capacity of landscapes to deal with water scarcity and droughts.

WAY FORWARD:

• Only by protecting and restoring rivers and their active and former floodplains, keeping water in the landscape with natural water retention measures can we hope to maintain the productivity of agricultural systems into the future.
• Countries must support nature-positive food production and maintain free-flowing rivers for agricultural productivity.
• The world must also apply sustainable land use practices to facilitate natural water retention and adopt diets that reduce demand for products that strain freshwater.
• Food industry can drive a positive change by embracing leading sustainability practices.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/food/world-food-day-2023-water-crisis-threatens-58-trillion-in-economic-value-food-security-says-wwf-report-92326

2. FLIGHT TEST VEHICLE ABORT MISSION-1 (TV-D1)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is about to commence unmanned flight tests for the Gaganyaan mission’s Flight Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1 (TV-D1), in Sriharikota.

EXPLANATION:

• TV-D1 will demonstrate the performance of the Crew Escape System.
• The Department of Space presented a comprehensive overview of the Gaganyaan Mission, including various technologies developed so far such as human-rated launch vehicles and system qualification.
• Around 20 major tests, including 3 uncrewed missions of the Human Rated Launch Vehicle (HLVM3) are planned.
• First demonstration flight of the Crew Escape System Test Vehicle is scheduled on 21 October.
• The meeting evaluated the mission’s readiness, affirming its launch in 2025.

CREW MODULE (CM):

• Crew Module (CM) is where the astronauts are contained in a pressurized earth like atmospheric condition during the Gaganyaan mission.
• The CM for the Gaganyaan mission is in different stages of development.
• For the Test Vehicle Abort mission-1 (TV-D1), the CM is an unpressurised version that has completed its integration and testing and is ready to be shipped to the launch complex.
• This unpressurised CM version has to have an overall size and mass of actual Gaganyaan CM.
• It houses all the systems for the deceleration and recovery.
• With its complete set of parachutes, recovery aids actuation systems and pyros.
• The avionics systems in CM are in a dual redundant mode configuration for navigation, sequencing, telemetry, instrumentation and power.
• The CM in this mission is extensively instrumented to capture the flight data for evaluation of the performance of various systems.
• The Crew Module will be recovered after touchdown in the Bay of Bengal, using a dedicated vessel and diving team from the Indian Navy.

TEST VEHICLE (TV-D1):

• The first development flight Test Vehicle (TV-D1) is in the final stages of preparation.
• The Test Vehicle is a single-stage liquid rocket developed for this abort mission.
• The payloads consist of the Crew Module (CM) and Crew Escape Systems (CES) with their fast-acting solid motors, along with CM fairing (CMF) and Interface Adapters.
• This flight will simulate the abort condition during the ascent trajectory corresponding to a Mach number of 1.2 encountered in the Gaganyaan mission.
• CES with CM will be separated from the Test Vehicle at an altitude of about 17 km.
• Subsequently, the abort sequence will be executed autonomously commencing with the separation of CES and deployment of the series of parachutes, finally culminating in the safe touchdown of CM in the sea, about 10 km from the coast of Sriharikota.

SOURCE: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/gaganyaan-crew-escape-systems-first-test-flight-on-oct-21-isro/articleshow/104476363.cms?from=mdr

3. FAST RADIO BURSTS (FRBS)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: A recent study by the astronomers from the University of Tokyo has bolstered support for a starquake source for fast radio bursts (FRBs).

EXPLANATION:

• The study was published in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
• It found that the patterns of FRBs resemble those of earthquakes on Earth.
• Findings suggest that FRBs are caused by a localized event, such as a starquake.
• Starquakes are thought to occur when the crust of a neutron star ruptures due to the intense gravitational forces inside the star.

An illustration of a neutron star undergoing a “starquake,” a violent event that could cause mysterious fast radio bursts.

FAST RADIO BURSTS:

• A fast radio burst is a bright and brief burst of electromagnetic radiation (light) seen in radio-wave frequencies.
• They usually last for very short period of time.
• Some FRBs repeat, but the vast majority happen once and disappear forever.
• They reach earth from faraway galaxies, emitting as much energy in a millisecond as the sun does over weeks.
• Scientists don’t know for sure what causes fast radio bursts.
• However, the current prevailing theory is that at least some FRBs are emitted by neutron stars.
• These stars form when a supergiant star collapses, going from eight times the mass of our sun (on average) to a superdense core only 20–40 kilometers across.
• Magnetars are neutron stars with extremely strong magnetic fields, and these have been observed to emit FRBs.

SOURCE: https://www.wionews.com/science/fast-radio-bursts-in-space-occur-due-to-starquakes-study-647154

4. TILAPIA PARVOVIRUS (TIPV)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The occurrence of tilapia parvovirus (TiPV) has been reported for the first time in India at ponds in Walajah in Ranipet district of Tamil Nadu.

EXPLANATION:

• Fish samples were collected from 10 ponds in the farm and fish from eight ponds showed TiPV-positive by PCR.
• This DNA virus caused mortality ranging from 30 to 50% in the farm and 100% mortality in the laboratory.

TILAPIA:

• Tilapia is a common name used for certain species of fishes belonging to the family Cich lidae (order Perciformes).
• These are freshwater species native to Africa.
• It is easily raised and harvested food fish.
• Mozambique tilapia was introduced to Indian fresh water bodies in the 1950s and it is called Jilabi in Tamil Nadu.
• Capable of surviving in low-oxygen levels in water, the fish has turned invasive across the country.
• Nile tilapia introduced in the 1970s is a little bigger and is cultured on a large-scale.
• Among the tilapia species, the Indian government had authorized import of only Oreochromis niloticus in 1970 and red hybrids because of their fast growth and market demand.
• In India, tilapia farming is being carried out in different parts of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, and is sold in domestic markets as whole fish.
• In 2022, the tilapia production was estimated at about 70,000 tonnes, of which 30,000 tonnes come from aquaculture.
• While screening the fish for viral pathogens in the months of February and March 2023, the research team reported the occurrence of Tilapia parvovirus.

TILAPIA PARVOVIRUS (TIPV):

• It is a small, nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus.
• It was first reported in China in 2019 and Thailand in 2021. India is the third country to report the occurrence of TiPV.
• This virus was localized in the gills, heart, brain, liver, pancreas, spleen, intestine, kidney, eyes, and muscles of tilapia.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/first-tilapia-parvovirus-reported-in-tamil-nadu/article67423521.ece

5. PALLIKARANAI MARSHLAND

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Despite threats of new infrastructure and encroachments, winged visitors continue to arrive at the Pallikaranai marshland, where 196 species including 72 migratory birds have been documented over two decades.

EXPLANATION:

• With over 150 garganeys, and several other species, including waders and raptors, flocking the Pallikaranai marshland, the curtain for the migratory season has been raised.
• Garganey, northern pintail, northern shoveler, common teal, western yellow wagtail, grey-headed lapwing, common sandpiper, and wood sandpiper have arrived.
• Raptors, such as red-necked falcon, osprey, and greater-spotted eagle were also sighted.
• It has been observed that the western yellow wagtail arrives from northern latitudes at the marshland every first week of September.
• The grey-headed lapwing comes between September 28 and October 2.

Common teal                                                      

Western yellow wagtail

Grey-headed lapwing

PALLIKARANAI MARSHLAND:

• It is a freshwater marsh and partly saline wetland situated about 20 kilometres south of the city of Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
• On its eastern periphery, the Marsh is flanked by the Buckingham Canal.
• The diverse ecosystem of the marshland supports some 115 bird species, ten mammals, 21 reptiles, ten amphibians, 46 fish, nine molluscs, five crustaceans, and seven butterfly species.
• These include notable species such as Russell’s viper (Daboia siamensis) and birds such as the glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), grey-headed lapwings (Vanellus cinereus) and Pheasant-tailed jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus).
• Apart from its biodiversity value, the wetland also plays a vital role in the prevention of flooding for the city of Chennai, soaking up water during wet periods and releasing it during dry spells.
• The site is threatened by invasive and non-native species, household sewage, urban wastewater and droughts.
• It is one of the Ramsar sites from India.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/first-set-of-migratory-birds-flock-pallikaranai/article67424097.ece

1. QUANTUM ENGINE

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT:A team of physicists in Germany has developed a new type of quantum engine that works by flipping the identity of atoms.

EXPLANATION:

• The engine is still in its early stages of development, but it could have far-reaching implications for the future of energy production and computing.
• The new quantum engine is based on a theoretical concept called the Pauli engine, which was first proposed in 2003.
• The Pauli engine is a type of heat engine that converts the energy difference between two quantum states of a group of atoms into work.

HOW IT WORKS:

• The engine works by exploiting a fundamental difference between two types of subatomic particles: fermions and bosons.
• Fermions are particles that obey the Pauli exclusion principle.
  • It means that no two fermions can occupy the same quantum state at the same time.
• Bosons, on the other hand, do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle, which means that they can all occupy the same quantum state.
• The engine works by starting with a group of fermions that are cooled to very low temperatures.
• At these temperatures, the fermions will all occupy the lowest energy level possible.
• However, if the fermions are then exposed to a strong magnetic field, their energy levels will change, and they will be forced to occupy higher energy levels.
• This process is known as a Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC).
• Once the fermions have been converted to bosons, they can be used to power the engine.
• The engine works by exploiting the fact that bosons have a lower energy than fermions.
• By flipping the identity of the atoms back and forth between fermions and bosons, the engine can release energy.

POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS:

• The new quantum engine could have a wide range of potential applications.
• For example, it could be used to develop new types of batteries and fuel cells that are more efficient and have a higher energy density than current technologies.
• It could also be used to develop new types of quantum computers that are more powerful and faster than current computers.

CHALLENGES:

• One of the main challenges facing the development of the new quantum engine is that it is still very inefficient.
• The current prototype engine has an efficiency of only about 25%.
• However, the researchers believe that they can improve the efficiency of the engine significantly in the future.
• Another challenge is that the engine is very sensitive to temperature.
• It only works at very low temperatures, close to absolute zero.
• This means that the engine would need to be cooled using a cryogenic system, which would be expensive and complex.

CONCLUSION:

• The new quantum engine is a promising new technology with the potential to revolutionize energy production and computing.
• However, there are still a number of challenges that need to be overcome before the engine can be commercialized.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pauli-engine-bec-bcs-crossover-quantum-thermodynamics/article67410557.ece/amp/

2. INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOCIATION

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT:The Indian Ocean Rim Association’s (IORA) Council of Ministers (COM) held in Colombo on October 11 was attended by foreign ministers and senior officials of the 23-nation grouping of countries with the theme “Reinforcing Indian Ocean Identity”.

WHAT IS THE IORA AND HOW WAS IT FORMED?

• The Indian Ocean Rim Association includes 23 countries from Africa, West Asia, South Asia, South East Asia, Australia and littoral states situated in and around the Indian Ocean.
• Its apex body is the Council of Foreign Ministers which meet annually.
• The grouping moves by rotation through members every two years.
• Sri Lanka took charge as Chair 2023 from Bangladesh, and India is Vice-Chair, meaning that the troika of IORA is within the South Asian region.
• IORA’s membership includes 23 countries: Australia, Bangladesh, the Comoros, France, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, the Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Seychelles, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, the UAE and Yemen.
• It also has 11 dialogue partners: China, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Russia, Türkiye, the U.K. and the U.S.
• The IORA was formed in 1997 (then called the Indian Ocean Region-Association for Regional Cooperation) in Mauritius.
• Itsgenesis came from a speech Nelson Mandela gave in Delhi in 1995.

IMPORTANCE OF THE INDIAN OCEAN REGION:

• A third of the world’s population (2.6 billion people) live in the region.
• 80% of global oil trade, 50% of the world’s containerised cargo and 33% of its bulk cargo passes through it.
• The region produces a combined total of $1 trillion in goods and services and intra-IORA trade is billed at around $800 billion.
• IORA, remains a “safe space” for India and other countries of the region that wish to keep out the constant challenge of big-power rivalries.
  • India’s other regional organisations, like SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) and BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation), face their own challenges.
  • While the QUAD (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue), has made progress, it remains U.S.-led, along with military allies Australia and Japan.
  • Meanwhile, China is actively trying to rope in India’s neighbours with groupings like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China-Indian Ocean Region Forum on Development Cooperation, China-South Asian Countries Poverty Alleviation and Cooperative Development Centre, which exclude India.
• IORA membership is based on consensus, and Pakistan has not been admitted to the grouping since it first applied in 2001.
  • Because it has not extended MFN (most favoured nation) status to India, making the IORA a less contentious space for India as well, compared to groupings like the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO).

IORA’s FOCUS:

• According to its charter, the IORA’s seven priority areas are
  • Maritimesafety and security;
  • Tradeand investment facilitation;
  • Fisheriesmanagement;
  • Disasterrisk management;
  • Academic;
  • Science and technology;
  • Tourism and cultural exchanges; and
  • Gender empowerment.
• The IORA also runs a special fund in addition, disbursing $80,000-$150,000 for project grants to members, and has a particular focus on climate change.
• Strategic issues and the importance of keeping a free and open sea lane, guarding against piracy, have become an integral part of the discussions.
• Speaking at the conference this year, External Affairs Minister of India stressed the importance of maintaining the Indian Ocean as a “free, open and inclusive space” where there was “respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity”.

SOURCE:https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.thehindu.com/news/national/how-is-the-indian-ocean-rim-association-a-key-bloc-for-india-explained/article67421544.ece/amp/

3. AMUR FALCONS

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT:The Manipur Forest Department will carry out a head count of Amur falcons-the world’s longest travelling raptors- in Tamenglong district.

EXPLANATION:

• The district’s forest unit as well as Tamenglong based Rainforest Club Tamenglong (RCT) are all set to hold a series of programmes jointly to spread awareness among the villages.
• Tamenglong’s district magistrate also released an order, banning on hunting, catching, killing and selling of the birds and using of air guns during the raptors’ roosting period.

IMPORTANCE OF THE HEAD COUNT:

• The head count will provide valuable data on the population of Amur falcons in Manipur, which is essential for developing effective conservation strategies.
• The data will also help to identify any new or emerging threats to the birds.
• The head count is an opportunity to raise awareness about the importance of Amur falcons and the need to protect them.
• The head count is also a sign of the Manipur Forest Department’s commitment to conserving Amur falcons and other wildlife in the state.

THREATS TO THE AMUR FALCON:

• Habitat loss:
  • Amur falcons rely on a variety of habitats during their migration, including grasslands, woodlands, and wetlands.
  • However, these habitats are increasingly being lost to development, agriculture, and other human activities.

• Hunting:
  • Amur falcons are hunted for food and for sport in some parts of their range.
  • This is a major threat to the species, especially in areas where populations are already declining.

• Pesticide poisoning:
  • Amur falcons can be poisoned by pesticides that are used in agriculture.
  • This is a particular threat to the birds during their wintering grounds in Africa, where pesticides are often used intensively.

• Climate change:
• • Climate change is also a threat to Amur falcons.
  • As the climate warms, the birds are forced to change their migration patterns and habitats.
  • This can make it more difficult for them to find food and nesting sites.

AMUR FALCONS:

• The Amur falcons are locally known as Akhuaipuina.
• They usually arrive in Manipur in thousands, mostly in Tamenglong in mid-October from their breeding grounds in South Eastern Siberia and Northern China.
• Feeds on dragonflies that follow a similar migration path over Arabian Sea.
• These pigeon-sized birds undertake a yearly journey covering up to 22,000 km(longest sea crossing of any raptor).
• They leave the region at November-end after having enough food for their non-stop flight to Africa, where they spend their winters.
• They also cross over the Indian Ocean between Western India and tropical East Africa, a journey of more than 4,000 km, which also includes nocturnal flight.
• This bird is protected under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972.
• Migrates west through India and across the Arabian Sea to Southern Africa
• Flyway: East-Asian Australasian and African Eurasian
• Population of more than 1,000,000 breeding individuals.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/manipur-to-conduct-census-of-amur-falcon-world-s-longest-travelling-raptors-101697291617259.html

4. DECLINE IN POLLINATION IN TROPICAL AREAS

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT:According to a new study led by researchers from the University College London and the Natural History Museum, tropical crops like coffee, cocoa, watermelon and mango, face a potential crisis due to the loss of insect pollinators.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE STUDY:

• According to the United States Department of Agriculture, three-fourths of the world’s flowering plants and about 35 per cent of the world’s food crops depended on animal pollinators to reproduce.
• Using a dataset containing 2,673 sites and 3,080 insect pollinator species, the researchers showed that the combined pressures of climate change and agricultural activities have led to large reductions in insect pollinators.
• The researchers looked at which pollination-dependent crops were most at threat till 2050.
• The number of insects that pollinate those plants declined by 61 per cent.
• The highest risk to crop production from pollinator losses will be in the tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa, South America and Southeast Asia.
• In terms of total production potentially at risk, China, India, Indonesia, Brazil and the Philippines emerged as being most at risk.
• Among crops, cocoa was estimated to be at the highest risk, by a large margin, especially in Africa, followed by mango, particularly in India, and watermelon in China.
• The main factors driving this decline were identified to be destruction of habitat, improper land-use such as grazing, fertilisers and crop monoculture of farming, along with high pesticide use.

FACTORS DRIVING THE DECLINE OF INSECTS POLLINATION:

• Altered climate and change in land-use have reduced the number of insects pollinating key tropical crops.
• Destruction of habitat,
• Improper land-use such as grazing
• Fertilisers
• Crop monoculture of farming, along with high pesticide use.

WAYS TO PROTECT INSECT POLLINATORS:

• Protect and restore natural habitats, such as forests, grasslands, and wetlands.
• Reduce the use of pesticides, especially systemic pesticides, which can harm insect pollinators even at low doses.
• Plant pollinator-friendly plants in gardens and other urban areas.
• Support sustainable agricultural practices that promote biodiversity.
• Educate the public about the importance of insect pollinators and how to protect them.

POLLINATION:

• Pollination is the process of transferring pollen from the male part of a flower to the female part of a flower.
• This is essential for the reproduction of many plants, including many of the crops that we rely on for food.

POLLINATION PROCESS:

• There are two main types of pollination: self-pollination and cross-pollination.
• Self-pollination:
• • This is when pollen from the male part of a flower is transferred to the female part of the same flower. Self-pollination is common in some plants, such as beans and peas.

• Cross-pollination:
• • This is when pollen from the male part of one flower is transferred to the female part of another flower. Cross-pollination is common in many plants, such as fruits, vegetables, and nuts.

IMPORTANCE OF POLLINATION:

• Cross-pollination is important for crop production because it can lead to higher yields and better-quality crops.
• For example, cross-pollinated tomato plants produce more fruit and larger fruit than self-pollinated tomato plants.
• Insect pollinators, such as bees, butterflies, and moths, play a vital role in the cross-pollination of crops.
• When insects visit flowers to feed on nectar, they pick up pollen on their bodies.
• When they visit another flower, they transfer the pollen to the female part of that flower.
• The loss of insect pollinators is a serious threat to global food security.
• It is estimated that insect pollination contributes over €153 billion to the global economy each year.
• The loss of insect pollinators could lead to higher food prices and reduced food availability, especially for poor and vulnerable populations.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/tropical-crops-at-risk-from-pollinator-loss-due-to-climate-change-shift-in-land-use-finds-study-92306

5. INDIAN RAILWAYS UNLIKELY TO MEET ASSET MONETISATION TARGET

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: As per reports, the Indian Railways is unlikely to meet the asset monetisation targets given to it for the four-year period ending 2024-25.

EXPLANATION:

The National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP), proposed a monetisation target of Rs 1.52 lakh crore for the railways till FY25 but it has been able to achieve only a lower single-digit percentage of this goal.

Figures:

• During the FY22- FY25 period Indian Railways had the second largest target under the NMP which is 26% of the total value over 4 year period.
• It has managed to achieve asset monetisation of around Rs 30,000 crore against the target of Rs 57,222 crore in FY23.

Reasons for the skewed response to NMP in Indian Railways:

• The station redevelopment projects which were initially proposed in a public-private partnership (PPP) mode are now implemented under engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) mode.
• Attempts to privatise train operations have also not seen the success as envisaged owing to the pandemic and also due to risky nature of contracts skewed towards the interest of
• Higher premiums being the deciding factor for the winning bid and restrictions on routes and train timings etc are some reasons
• Indian Railways is a monopsony which also enhances the risk perception.

National Monetisation Pipeline:

• Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs in August 2021 launched the asset monetisation pipeline of Central ministries and public sector entities as ‘National Monetisation Pipeline’.
• Under the ambitious NMP, the government identified 13 sectors – including airports, railways, roads, shipping, gas pipeline among others to be privatised as the government aims to monetise its brown-field infrastructure assets.
• It is considered as one of the key factors in fulfilling the government’s goal of providing universal access to high-quality and affordable infrastructure to its citizens.
• The NMP estimated aggregate monetisation potential of Rs 6 lakh crores through core assets of the Central Government, over a four-year period, from FY 2022 to FY 2025.

SOURCE: https://www.deccanherald.com/business/indian-railways-unlikely-to-meet-rs-1-52-lcr-asset-monetisation-target-2727924

1. GREEN CREDIT PROGRAM (GCP) AND THE ECOMARK SCHEME INITIATIVES

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Green Credit Program (GCP) and the Ecomark Scheme initiatives have been introduced by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

EXPLANATION:

• It seeks to encourage environmentally friendly practices rooted in tradition and conservation, reflecting the ideas of LiFE concept.
• These two pioneering initiatives indicates the country’s pro-active approach to climate change, sustainability and promotion eco-conscious practices.

GREEN CREDIT PROGRAM (GCP): INCENTIVIZING ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONS:

• Green Credit Program (GCP) has been notified on 13th October, 2023.
• It is an innovative market-based mechanism designed to incentivize voluntary environmental actions across diverse sectors, by various stakeholders like individuals, communities, companies etc.
• The GCP’s governance framework is supported by an inter-ministerial Steering Committee.
• The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) serves as the GCP Administrator, responsible for program implementation, management, monitoring, and operation.
• In its initial phase, the GCP focuses on two key activities:
  • Water conservation and
  • Afforestation
• Draft methodologies for awarding Green Credits have been developed and will be notified for stakeholder consultation.
• These methodologies set benchmarks for each activity/process, to ensure environmental impact and fungibility across sectors.
• The Green Credit Registry and trading platform, being developed by ICFRE along with experts, would facilitate the registration and thereafter, the buying and selling of Green Credits.
• The Administrator will grant a Green Credit certificate which will be tradable on the green credit platform.

ECOMARK SCHEME: PROMOTING ECO-FRIENDLY PRODUCTS:

• The philosophy behind LiFE, (Lifestyle for Environment) is nudging individual choices and behaviour towards sustainability.
• In line with this approach, the MoEF&CC has released its Ecomark notification on 13th October 2023 replaces the previous Notification.
• It will help consumers to make choices among products that are eco-friendly in their design, process etc.
• It provides accreditation and labelling for household and consumer products that meet specific environmental criteria while maintaining quality standards as per Indian norms.
• Products accredited under the Ecomark Scheme will adhere to specific environmental criteria, ensuring minimal environmental impact.
• It will build consumer awareness of environmental issues and encourage eco-conscious choices.
• It will also motivate manufacturers to shift towards environmentally friendly production.
• The scheme seeks to ensure accurate labelling and prevent misleading information about products.
• The Central Pollution Control Board administers the Ecomark Scheme in partnership with Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), which is the national body for standards and certification.

FOR MORE INFORMATION ON LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment), PLEASE REFER TO THE SEPTEMBER CURRENT AFFAIRS MAGAZINE.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1967476

2. STATE INFORMATION COMMISSIONS

TAG: GS 2: POLITY 

THE CONTEXT: Recently, a report is released by Satark Nagrik Sangathan (SNS) regarding the performance of Information Commissions in India.

EXPLANATION:

• According to the report released by the SNS (an organisation trying to hold the government accountable vis-a-vis the Right to Information Act, 2005), 29 information commissions in India are completely defunct.
• Jharkhand, Telangana, Mizoram and Tripura have had no information commission with the incumbents retiring.
• Manipur has been functioning without a chief for more than 2 years and another officer has been made acting commissioner, though no such provision exists in the act or law.
• There are now vacant leadership positions in six information commissions, including the Central Information Commission and those of Manipur, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Bihar, and Punjab.
• The 2022 assessment has found that more than 3 lakhs appeals and complaints are pending in the 26 information commissions.
• The report found that the commissions did not impose penalties in 91% of the cases where penalties were potentially imposable.

STATE INFORMATION COMMISSION:

• The State Information Commission was constituted under the Right to Information Act of 2005.
• The State Information Commission is a high-powered independent body which interalia looks into the complaints made to it and decides the appeals.
• It entertains complaints and appeals pertaining to offices, financial institutions, public sector undertakings, etc
• The Commission consists of a State Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten State Information Commissioners.
• They are appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of a committee consisting of the Chief Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of Opposition in the Legislative Assembly and a State Cabinet Minister nominated by the Chief Minister.
• The State Chief Information Commissioner and a State Information Commissioner shall hold office for such term as prescribed by the Central Government or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.

CHALLENGES FACED BY STATE INFORMATION COMMISSION: 

• High Appeal and Complaint Pendency: Hearings are delayed and commissioners are overworked when seats go vacant. A slow resolution process is frequently the result of insufficient staffing and resources.
• Delay in Commissioner Appointment: Political influences in the appointment process can hamper impartial appointments. The commission’s operation is hampered by failure to make appointments on schedule.
• Decrease in autonomy and independence: The independence of information commissions may be threatened by efforts to weaken the Act. The independence and effectiveness of commissioners are compromised when their status or authority are reduced.

ACTIONS TAKEN TO IMPROVE THE FUNCTIONING OF INFORMATION COMMISSIONS:

• Giving the commissions a sufficient amount of financial resources and infrastructure support.
• Appointing commissioners with diversity, and filling vacancies as soon as possible.
• Streamlining the processes for submitting and resolving complaints and appeals.
• Establishing online platforms where people may submit applications, appeals, complaints, and check on the progress of those submissions.
• Providing staff and commissioners with frequent training and capacity-building programs.

SOURCE: https://m.thewire.in/article/government/satark-nagrik-sangathan-report-card-information-commission-rti/amp

3. CHERIYAPANI

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, an international, high-speed passenger ferry service Cheriyapani between Nagapattinam on the eastern coast of Tamil Nadu and Kankesanthurai in the northern province of Sri Lanka, has been resumed after a gap of nearly four decades.

EXPLANATION:

• The high-speed craft (HSC) Cheriyapani, embarked on its journey around 8.15 a.m. with 50 passengers and 12 crew members.
• Ferry service will help strengthen cultural, commercial, and civilisational ties between the two nations.

CHERIYAPANI:

• The high-speed ferry operated by the Shipping Corporation of India has a capacity of 150 pax.
• The distance of about 60 nm (110 Km) between Nagapattinam and KKS will be covered in approx. 3.5 hours depending on sea conditions.
• To commence the service, the Government of India supported the Tamil Nadu Maritime Board in upgrading facilities at the Nagapattinam port.
• Similarly, the Government of Sri Lanka has created necessary infrastructure at the port of KKS.
• The Government of India’s efforts to start the ferry service are in line with the Government’s priority to enhance connectivity with neighbours and in the wider Indian Ocean Region.

IMPORTANCE OF THE FERRY SERVICES:

• A direct passenger ferry between Sri Lanka and India will provide an efficient and cost-effective means of travel for the people of the two countries, boost tourism and trade links and strengthen ties.
• The ferry will also enhance economic activity around the two ports and invigorate local economies.
• It may be recalled that direct air connectivity between Chennai and Jaffna, which was suspended during the Covid pandemic, was resumed in December 2022.
• Enhancing direct connectivity with the Northern Province of Sri Lanka complements Government of India’s other ongoing development initiatives in the region.
• The Governments of India and Sri Lanka will continue to work towards commencement of ferry services between other ports, including the traditional route between Rameswaram- Talaimannar.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-sri-lanka-ferry-service-set-to-begin-tuesday-8972757/

4. NexCAR19

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Mumbai-based Immunoadoptive Cell Therapy Private Limited (ImmunoACT) announced the approval of India’s first chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy Called NexCAR19 by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO).

EXPLANATION:

• ImmunoACT is an IIT Bombay-incubated company founded in 2018 and works on converting research into pharmaceutical products.
• CAR-T cell therapy cost around $400,000 or over Rs 3.3 crore and patients could avail of it in the United States.
• With this development, the therapy will be accessible at 20 Indian government and private hospitals treating cancer across major cities at around Rs 30-35 lakh per patient,

NexCAR19:

• It is an indigenously developed CD19-targeted CAR-T cell therapy.
  • CD-19 is biomarker for B lymphocytes and can be utilised as a target for leukaemia immunotherapies.
• It will be used for treating relapsed-refractory B-cell lymphoma and leukaemia.

HOW DOES IT WORK?

• For CAR-T-cell therapy, a type of cancer immunotherapy treatment, blood is first drawn from the patient.
• Then, immune cells called T-cells are genetically modified in a laboratory and are injected back into the patient to enable the cells to locate and destroy cancer cells more effectively.
• Investigations were led by Dr Hasmukh Jain and Dr Gaurav Narula and their teams at Tata Memorial Hospital in Mumbai.
• It is a major breakthrough as the therapy is not available in India outside of clinical trials.
• The multi-centre Phase I and II clinical trials were conducted with 60 patients with r / r B-cell lymphomas and leukemia.
• The clinical data indicated a 70 per cent overall response rate.

SIDE EFFECTS:

• CAR T-cell therapy is generally accompanied by some side effects.
• One of them, according to the American Cancer Society, is cytokine release syndrome (CRS).
• It is when CAR T-cells multiply, they can release large amounts of chemicals called cytokines into the blood, which can ramp up the immune system.
• In comparison to other CAR T-cell therapies, the safety profile of CRS and the absence of neurotoxicity indicates a significant improvement.
• NexCAR19 has shown an excellent balance of efficacy and low toxicity, which is a significant advantage in clinical management (post-infusion) of the patients in our resource-constrained settings.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/cancer-treatment-breakthrough-india-s-homegrown-car-t-cell-therapy-a-form-of-immunotherapy-gets-market-authorisation-92302

5. ASTEROID BENNU SAMPLE

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: According to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Samples collected from 4.5-billion-year-old asteroid Bennu could indicate the building blocks of life on Earth.

EXPLANATION:

• Initial studies on the samples collected in space and recently brought back on earth have shown evidence of high-carbon content and water-bearing clay minerals.

BENNU:

• Bennu is a small near-Earth asteroid that passes close to Earth every six years.
• It is 4.5 billion-year-old relic of our solar system.
• Bennu’s current composition was established within 10 million years of the formation of our solar system.
• The material collected from the asteroid acts as a time capsule from the earliest days of our solar system and can help us answer big questions about the origins of life and the nature of asteroids.
• The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer, better known as OSIRIS-REx, is the first United States mission to collect a sample from an asteroid.
• The spacecraft was launched on September 8, 2016 and the sample was collected three years ago.
• OSIRIS-REx returned to Earth on September 24, 2023 to drop off material from asteroid Bennu.
  • The mission has provided an “abundance” of samples.
  • The goal of the OSIRIS-REx sample collection was to collect 60 grams of asteroid material.
  • But scientists disassembling the sample return hardware found bonus particles covering the outside of the collector head, canister lid and base. The total sample weight has been estimated at around 250 gms.
• After dropping off the sample, it continued on to a new mission to explore the asteroid Apophis.

FOR MORE INFORMATION ON BENNU AND OSIRIS-Rex, PLEASE REFER TO THE SEPTEMBER CURRENT AFFAIRS MAGAZINE.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/water/nasa-finds-proof-of-carbon-water-in-asteroid-bennu-samples-92276

1. HABITAT RIGHTS

TAG: GS 2: POLITY, GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Baiga tribe, a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) in Chhattisgarh, was awarded habitat rights under the Forest Rights Act 2006.

EXPLANATION:

• The Baiga Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) became the second to get habitat rights in Chhattisgarh, after the Kamar PVTG.
• There are seven PVTGs in Chhattisgarh, who live in 17 of the state’s 33 districts.
• These are Kamar, Baiga, Pahadi Korba, Abujhmadiya, Birhor, Pando and Bhujia.
• A total of 19 Baiga villages with a population of 6,483 people (2,085 families) have been given the habitat rights.

WHAT ARE HABITAT RIGHTS?

• Habitat rights recognition provides the community concerned rights over their customary territory of habitation, economic and livelihood means, intellectual knowledge of biodiversity and ecology etc.
• Habitat rights safeguard and promote traditional livelihood and ecological knowledge passed down through generations.
• They also help converge different government schemes and initiatives from various departments to empower PVTG communities to develop their habitats.

LEGAL STATUS OF THE HABITAT RIGHTS:

• Habitat rights are given to PVTGs under section 3(1) (e) of The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 also known as the Forest Rights Act (FRA).
• According to Section 2(h) of FRA, “Habitat includes the area comprising the customary habitat and such other habitats in reserved forests.
  • It also includes protected forests of primitive tribal groups and pre-agricultural communities and other forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes.”

CAN HABITAT RIGHTS BE USED TO STOP ACTIVITIES LIKE MINING?

• The habitat rights will help the PVTG protect their habitat from developmental activities harmful to them.
• Forest Rights have legal protection under the Forest Conservation Act, the Land Acquisition law of 2013, and even the SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities.
• If any kind of development activity is hampering their habitat rights, the tribal group concerned can take up the matter with the administration under the Forest Rights Act, and if not resolved, the matter can be taken to court.

WHICH TRIBES ARE TERMED PVTGs?

• According to the ministry of tribal affairs (MoTA), the following tribals will be declared as PVTG:
  • tribal communities who are technologically backward,
  • who have stagnant or declining population growth,
  • extremely low level of literacy, and
  • a subsistence level of economy.
• PVTGs have low health indices and largely reside in isolated, remote, and difficult areas in small and scattered hamlets/habitats.
• The ministry has identified 75 PVGTs in 18 states and one Union Territory.
• In 2019, the MoTA started a scheme for their protection and improvement in terms of social indicators like livelihood, health, nutrition and education to decrease their vulnerability.
• Out of 75 PVTG in India, only three have habitat rights.
• The Bharia PVTG in Madhya Pradesh was the first, followed by the Kamar tribe and now the Baiga tribe in Chhattisgarh.

GOVERNMENT SCHEME(S) FOR PVTGs:

• Ministry of Tribal Affairs implements a scheme in the name of ‘Development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)’.
• It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme having a provision of 100% Central assistance to 18 states and Union territory of Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
• The scheme of Development of PVTGs aims at socio-economic development of PVTGs in a comprehensive manner, while retaining their culture and heritage.
• As a part of the scheme, State Governments undertakes projects that are tailored to cater to sectors like education, health and livelihood schemes for the PVTGs.

SOURCE: https://m.timesofindia.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarh-baiga-tribe-gets-habitat-rights-under-fra/articleshow/104349103.cms

2. GI TAG FOR GOA CASHEW

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Goa cashew has been granted the Geographical Indication (GI) tag, ensuring recognition and safeguarding for local cashew farmers.

EXPLANATION:

• The GI tag is a positive development for the local cashew industry in Goa.
• It will help to protect the interests of local farmers and promote the unique identity of Goa cashew.
• It will also help to promote Goa cashew in new markets and increase demand for the product.
• The GI tag is a boon for local cashew farmers, who will now be able to get a better price for their produce.
• It will also help to preserve the traditional cashew farming practices of Goa.

Here are some of the specific benefits that the GI tag will bring to local cashew farmers in Goa:

• Higher prices:
  • The GI tag will help to increase the demand for Goa cashew, which will lead to higher prices for farmers.

• Improved market access:
  • The GI tag will help to promote Goa cashew in new markets, which will give farmers a wider reach for their produce.

• Preservation of traditional practices:
  • The GI tag will help to preserve the traditional cashew farming practices of Goa, which are unique to the region.

• Increased employment opportunities:
• • The cashew industry in Goa is a major source of employment for local people.
  • The GI tag is expected to boost the cashew industry, which will lead to increased employment opportunities for farmers and other workers in the sector.

DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF CASHEW GROWN IN GOA:

• Balli-2:
  • It is a variety developed and released in 1999 from the ICAR Research Complex in Goa.
  • This is the first cashew variety released from Goa.
  • The average yield of Balli-2 is 7.0 kg/tree with a nut weight of about 7.6 g and the shelling percentage of 30.0%.

• Goa-1:
  • This is a high-yielding variety that was developed by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
  • It is one of the most popular varieties grown in Goa today.

• B-7:
  • This is another high-yielding variety that was developed by the ICAR.
  • It is known for its large nuts and good taste.

• Vengurla-4:
  • This variety is known for its early ripening and high yield. It is also a good source of vitamins and minerals.

• Vengurla-7:
• • This variety is known for its large nuts and good taste. It is also resistant to pests and diseases.

CLIMATE AND SOIL:

• It is hardy tropical plant and does not exact a very specific climate.
• It can come up in places situated within 35° latitude on either side of the equator and also in the hill ranges up to 700 m MSL.
• It can grow well in places receiving rainfall from 50 cm to 250cm and tolerates a temperature range of 25°-49°c .
• It requires a bright weather and does not tolerate excessive shade.
• Cashew is cultivated on a wide variety of soils in India like laterite, red and coastal sandy soil.
• To a limited extent, it is also grown on black soils.
• It can be also grown in hill slopes in virgin organic matter rich soils.
• They do not prefer waterlogged or saline soils.

UNIQUE QUALITIES OF GOA CASHEW:

• Taste:
  • Goa cashew is known for its sweet, buttery flavours.
  • The nuts are also slightly crunchy and have a pleasant, nutty aroma.

• Texture:
  • Goa cashew is large, plump, and has a creamy white colour.
  • The nuts have a slightly crunchy texture.

• Aroma:
  • Goa cashew has a pleasant, nutty aroma.

• Nutritional value:
• • Goa cashew is a good source of vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats.
  • The nuts are a good source of fiber, protein, and iron.
  • The nuts also contain essential vitamins such as vitamin E, vitamin B6, and vitamin K.
  • The nuts are also a good source of healthy fats such as monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.

GI TAG:

• The Geographical Indication (GI) tag is a special sign that is granted to products that have a specific geographical origin and possess distinct qualities or characteristics that are attributable to that origin.
• The GI tag is a valuable form of intellectual property protection that can help to promote and preserve the unique identity of a product.

SOURCE: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goan-cashew-with-unique-taste-identity-gets-gi-tag/articleshow/104148345.cms?from=mdr

3. ROYALTY RATES FOR THE STRATEGICALLY SIGNIFICANT MINERALS

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Centre has specified competitive royalty rates for the mining of three strategically significant minerals lithium, niobium, and rare earth elements (REEs).

EXPLANATION:

• The approval of the Union Cabinet of specification of rate of royalty will enable the Central Government to auction blocks for Lithium, Niobium and REEs for the first time in the country.
• Royalty rate on minerals is an important financial consideration for the bidders in auction of blocks.
• Further, manner for calculation of Average Sale Price (ASP) of these minerals has also been prepared by the Ministry of Mines which will enable determination of bid parameters.
• The Union Cabinet approved amendment of Second Schedule of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (‘MMDR Act’).

Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) (MMDR) Amendment act, 2023:

• It was passed by the Parliament, which has come into force from 17th August, 2023.
• The Amendment, among other things, delisted six minerals, including Lithium and Niobium, from the list of atomic minerals.
• It will allow grant of concessions for these minerals to private sector through auction.
• Further, the amendment provided that mining lease and composite license of 24 critical and strategic minerals shall be auctioned by the Central Government.
  • It is listed in Part D of the First Schedule of the Act, including Lithium, Niobium and REEs (not containing Uranium and Thorium).

ROYALTY RATES:

• The Second Schedule of the MMDR Act provides royalty rates for various minerals.
• Item No.55 of the Second Schedule provides that royalty rate for the minerals whose royalty rate is not specifically provided therein shall be 12% of the Average Sale Price (ASP).
• Thus, if the royalty rate for Lithium, Niobium and REE is not specifically provided, then their default royalty rate would be 12% of ASP, which is considerably high as compared to other critical and strategic minerals.
• Also, this royalty rate of 12% is not comparable with other mineral producing countries.
• Thus, it is decided to specify a reasonable royalty rate of Lithium, Niobium and REE as below:

1. 1. Lithium – 3% of London Metal Exchange price,
   2. Niobium –3% of Average Sale Price (both for primary and secondary sources),
   3. REE- 1% of Average Sale Price of Rare Earth Oxide

IMPORTANCE OF CRITICAL MINERALS:

• Critical minerals have become essential for economic development and national security in the country.
• Critical minerals such as Lithium and REEs have gained significance in view of India’s commitment towards energy transition and achieving net-zero emission by 2070.
• Lithium, Niobium and REEs have also emerged as strategic elements due their usages and geo-political scenario.
• Encouraging indigenous mining would lead to reduction in imports and setting up of related industries and infrastructure projects.
• The proposal is also expected to increase generation of employment in the mining sector.

WAY FORWARD:

• Geological Survey of India (GSI) has recently handed over the exploration report of REE and Lithium blocks.
• Further, GSI and other exploration agencies are conducting exploration for critical and strategic minerals in the country.
• The Central Government is working to launch the first tranche of the auction of critical and strategic minerals such as Lithium, REE, Nickel, Platinum Group of Elements, Potash, Glauconite, Phosphorite, Graphite, Molybdenum, etc. shortly.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/how-new-royalty-rates-for-strategic-minerals-lithium-rees-can-help-cut-their-imports-8978912/

4. THE CONSTITUTION BENCH HEARINGS

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: A Bench led by Chief Justice of India (CJI) will hear four long-standing nine-judge Constitution Bench matters on October 12, for issuing procedural directions like the appointment of a nodal counsel and allocation of time for the compilation of written submissions before the onset of final hearings.

EXPLANATION:

• Some of these cases have been pending for more than two decades now and involve crucial questions of law.
• Let’s discuss all the four cases one by one:

PROPERTY OWNERS’ ASSOCIATION V. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA:

• Issue:
  • Whether the phrase ‘material resources of the community’ under Article 39(b) of the Constitution includes privately owned resources?

• Background:
• • Taking note of the crumbling residential structures in the city of Bombay, the State government in 1986 amended the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Act, 1976.
  • It included Chapter VIII-A, which empowered the Mumbai Building Repair and Reconstruction Board (MBRRB) to acquire cessed properties with the consent of 70% of the residents for restoration purposes.
  • Section 1A of the Act stipulated that the legislation aimed to give effect to the policy of the State towards securing the Directive Principle of State Policy specified in Article 39(b) of the Constitution.
  • Aggrieved by the power conferred upon the MBRRB to forcibly take possession of such residential complexes, the Property Owners’ Association, a body representing over 20,000 landowners in Mumbai, filed this lawsuit.

MINERAL AREA DEVELOPMENT V. M/S STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA & ORS 1999:

• Issue:
  • It questions whether ‘royalty’ under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 is in the nature of a ‘tax’?

• Background:
• • The case pertains to a challenge to the Bihar Coal Mining Area Development Authority (Amendment) Act, 1992 and the rules framed thereunder.
  • The rules led to the imposition of additional taxes on land revenue incurred from mineral-bearing lands leased out to mining industries.
  • The mining industries argued that the State legislature was not competent to impose such taxes exercising their powers under Article 246 of the Constitution.

STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH V. JAI BIR SINGH 2002:

• Issue:
  • What is the definition of the term ‘industry’ under Section 2(j) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947?

• Background:
• • In this case, the question under consideration was whether the ‘social forestry’ department of a State would be covered by the definition of ‘Industry’ under Section 2(j) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947.
  • The definition of the term ‘industry’ holds great significance, since any person who works in such an establishment is entitled to various protections under the Act.
  • Protections such as a mandatory notice period before dismissal from service, maximum hours of work, provisions for leave, and fixed compensation.
  • In 1978, a seven-judge Bench in Bangalore Water Supply v. R. Rajappa accorded a very broad definition to the term ‘industry,’ including even establishments functioning without a profit motive such as universities and charitable organizations within its ambit.
  • Such an expansive definition and the stringent labour standards that this entailed were subsequently opposed by various industry bodies.
  • In 1982, the Parliament passed an amendment to the Act creating several exceptions to the definition; however, the amendment never came into force.

STATE OF UP & ORS. V. M/S LALTA PRASAD VAISH 2007:

• Issue:
  • Interpretation of Section 18-G of the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951.

• Background:
• • In 1999, a notification was issued under the U.P. Licences for the Possession of Denatured Spirit and Specially Denatured Spirit Rules, 1976.
  • It imposed a licence fee at 15% ad valorem on the sale made by any wholesale vendor to holders of licence under the U.P. Excise Act, 1910.
  • Subsequently, the petitioner challenged the imposed license fee alleging that the State had no power to regulate the manufacture and sale of denatured spirits in view of Section 18-G of the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951.
  • Section 18-G permits the Union government to regulate certain products related to scheduled industries to ensure that they are distributed fairly and are available at reasonable prices.
  • At the same time, Entry 33 of List III of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution confers concurrent powers on both the State and the Union governments to legislate with regard to the product of any industry.
  • The Parliament declares that control of such industry by the Union is expedient in the public interest.

CONSTITUTION BENCH:

• A Constitution Bench is constituted whenever a case requires the interpretation of key constitutional provisions or if there is a significant legal question to be decided.
• Article 145(3) of the Constitution, which deals with the rules of the Court, provides for the setting up of Constitution Benches.
• It stipulates that a minimum of five judges need to sit to decide a case involving:
  • substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution, or
  • hearing any reference under Article 143, which deals with the power of the President to consult the Supreme Court.
• Constitution Benches wield great power in shaping India’s rule of law framework.
• There is also a great deal of finality attached to the verdicts since the only way to get such a verdict overruled is to:
  • first convince a subsequent five-judge bench that the view previously taken was wrong,
  • have the matter referred to a larger bench of seven or nine judges, and
  • convince the larger bench to overrule the previous judgment of the Constitution Bench.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-cases-before-the-new-cji-led-nine-judge-constitution-bench-explained/article67402840.ece

5. OPERATION AJAY

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Operation Ajay has been launched to facilitate the return of Indian citizens from Israel as the conflict escalated with Israel retaliating against Hamas’s attack.

EXPLANATION:

• The first batch of registered Indians in Israel were sent emails informing about India’s Operation Ajay which will repatriate Indians willing to be back home.

OPERATION AJAY:

• Operation Ajay is an evacuation (some reports say repatriation) operation.
• Indian Navy ships will be deployed if the need arises.
• There are around 18,000 Indians in Israel including students, professionals and traders.
• Special charter flights and other arrangements are being put in place.
• A 24-hour control room in New Delhi is monitoring the situation in Israel and Palestine.
• The first batch of Indians is expected to be brought back from Israel in a special flight.
• This will be the second evacuation this year, after Operation Kaverithat brought back several thousand Indian citizens from conflict-torn Sudan in April-May.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-launch-operation-ajay-to-evacuate-nationals-from-israel/article67409408.ece

1. MULTIMODAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Artificial intelligence models have evolved with the passage of time and changed all the dimensions of growth in each and every sector. For the next possible frontier of AI models, ideas are pointing towards multimodal systems.

EXPLANATION:

• ChatGPT-maker OpenAI announced on September 25, 2023, that it had enabled its GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 models to study images and analyse them in words.
• Its mobile apps will have speech synthesis so that people can have full-fledged conversations with the chatbot.
• The Microsoft-backed company had promised multimodality in March, during the release of GPT-4.
• A report by “The Information” revealed that Google’s new yet-to-be-released multimodal large language model called Gemini, was already being tested in a bunch of companies.
• The report also stated that Google had an easy advantage over competitors in the multimodal world because of its readily available bank of images and videos via its search engine and YouTube.
• But OpenAI is moving fast to make inroads.
• The company is actively hiring multimodal experts with pay packages up to a hefty $3,70,000 per year.
• It is also reportedly working on a new project called Gobi which is expected to be a multimodal AI system from scratch, unlike the GPT models.

WHAT IS MULTIMODAL AI?

• Multimodal AI is artificial intelligence that combines multiple types, or modes, of data to create more accurate determinations, draw insightful conclusions or make more precise predictions about real-world problems.
• Multimodal AI systems train with and use video, audio, speech, images, text and a range of traditional numerical data sets.
• Most importantly, multimodal AI means numerous data types are used in tandem to help AI establish content and better interpret context, something missing in earlier AI.

HOW DOES MULTIMODEL AI WORK?

• Multimodal AI systems are trained on large datasets of multimodal data.
• This training data allows the system to learn how to combine the different modalities in a way that produces accurate and meaningful outputs.
• For e.g. OpenAI’s text-to-image model, DALL.E, upon which ChatGPT’s vision capabilities are based, is a multimodal AI model that was released in 2021.
• E is built on another multimodal text-to-image model called CLIP that OpenAI released the same year.
• E is underpinned with the same concept that runs other popular AI image generators like Stable Diffusion and Midjourney, linking together text and images in the training stage.
• The system looks for patterns in visual data that can connect with data of the image descriptions.
• GPT’s voice processing capabilities are based on its own open-source speech-to-text translation model, called Whisper, which was released in September last year.
• Whisper can recognise speech in audio and translate it into simple language text.

APPLICATIONS OF AI:

• Image captioning:
  • Multimodal AI can be used to generate text descriptions of images.
  • This is useful for applications such as accessibility for the blind and visually impaired, and for improving the accuracy of image search.
• Video summarization:
  • Multimodal AI can be used to summarize videos into shorter, more concise versions.
  • This is useful for applications such as video surveillance and social media.
• Machine translation:
  • Multimodal AI can be used to improve the quality of machine translation by incorporating information from multiple modalities, such as images, audio, and video.
• Medical diagnosis:
  • Multimodal AI can be used to help doctors diagnose diseases by combining information from medical images, patient records, and other sources.
• Robotics:
  • Multimodal AI is essential for robots to be able to interact with the real world in a meaningful way.
  • Robots need to be able to perceive their surroundings and respond to stimuli from multiple modalities, such as vision, audio, and touch.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/what-is-multimodal-artificial-intelligence-and-why-is-it-important/article67401139.ece

2. THE PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION ACT, 1988

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court will hear a plea challenging Section 17A Prevention of Corruption (PC) Act & 2018 PC Act Amendments on Nov 20, 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• The petition was filed by the Centre for Public Interest Litigation.
• The constitutionality of Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Act, 2018 has been challenged on the ground that it violates fundamental rights guaranteed under the Article 14 (Equality before law) and 21 (Protection of life and personal liberty) of the Indian Constitution.

WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES?

• Primarily, the challenge is two-fold.
• The petition stated that the amendments have rendered the Act almost ineffective by dilluting some of the original provisions, by deleting some of the earlier offences and also by introducing new provision.
  • Its effect would protect corrupt officials and exponentially increase level of corruption.
• Inter-alia, the petitioner has also assailed Section 12 of the Amendment Act that had introduced Section 17A (1) under the Act.
  • It provides that no investigation/inquiry/enquiry can be initiated against any public servant in relation to the offences under the Act without prior approval from the appointing government.
• Section 7 of the Amendment Act, 2018 has also been challenged.
• This provision substituted sub-section (1) of Section 13 and thereby, deleted old provision under Section 13 (1) (d) (ii) of the Act.
• It has been contended that the deletion of Section 13 (i) (d) (ii) of the Act has substantially diluted the scope of the Act and would make it a very weak law.
  • Section 13(1)(d)(ii) of the unamended Act made it an offence if a public servant abused his position to obtain for himself or for any other person any valuable thing or pecuniary advantage.
  • This was irrespective of whether the public servant obtained or attempted to obtain a bribe/gratification or undue advantage.
  • As per the petition: It is the provision of section 13 (1)(d)(ii) that is the very essence of saving the country from the evil of corruption and realization of Preambular ideals on equality and economic justice.
  • It is the heart of the Prevention of Corruption Act.
• Although abuse of position has now been included in the amended section 7 of the Act.
• The marginal heading of section 7 states ‘Offence relating to public servant being bribed’.
  • It makes clear that abuse of position by a public servant resulting in pecuniary advantage for any Person (including himself), would not by itself constitute an offence under the Act unless the element of bribery is necessarily established.

PREVIOUS SUPREME COURT RULINGS:

• The Supreme Court, in Vineet Narain’s case, has already had struck down the validity of a Single Directive issued by the Government which required prior sanction of the designated authority to initiate the investigation against officers of the Government and the Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs), nationalised banks above a certain level.
• The Central Vigilance Commissioner Act, 2003, reinstated this requirement.
• However, this directive was again struck down by the Supreme Court in the course of another judgment in 2014 on the basis that it violated the right to equality guaranteed by the Constitution.

THE PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION ACT, 1988:

• It came into force on 9th September, 1988.
• It was aimed at making anti-corruption laws more effective by widening their coverage and by strengthening the provisions to make the overall statute more effective.
• It incorporates the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947, the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1952, and Sec. 161 to 165-A of the Indian Penal Code with certain tweaks in the original provisions.
• It has enlarged the scope of the definition such as Public Duty and Public Servant.
• It has shifted the burden of proof from the prosecution as mentioned in the CrPC to the accused who is charged with the offense.
• The provisions of the Act clearly state that the investigation is to be made by an officer, not below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police.
• The Act covers corrupt acts as bribe, misappropriation, obtaining a pecuniary advantage, possessing assets disproportionate to income and the like.

SOURCE: https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-prevention-of-corruption-act-constitutional-validity-centre-for-public-interest-litigation-v-union-of-india-239712?infinitescroll=1

3. NOBEL PRIZE IN ECONOMICS FOR 2023

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Nobel Prize in Economics for 2023 was awarded to Claudia Goldin, a Harvard University professor, for “having advanced our understanding of women’s labour market outcomes”.

EXPLANATION:

• Goldin is only the third woman to win this honour.
• In 2009, Elinor Ostrom got the award along with Oliver E Williamson, while in 2019, Esther Duflo shared it with Abhijit Banerjee and Michael Kremer.

KEY FINDINGS OF HER RESEARCH:

• OLDER DATA GAVE MORE PERSPECTIVE:
  • Researchers believed that as the economy grew, so did women’s labour force participation.
  • Goldin reached back to older data to reveal that before industrialisation, more women were likely to have been involved in economic activity related to agriculture and various cottage industries.
  • With greater industrialisation, work was concentrated in factories, and women found it difficult to leave their homes and travel to work.
  • This trend reversed in the early 20th century, with the growth of the services sector.
  • Two other factors played a crucial role in women’s access to higher education and employment marriage and the contraceptive pill.

• THE LIMITATIONS OF MARRIAGE:
  • Goldin’s work found that by the beginning of the 20th century, while around 20 per cent of women were gainfully employed, the share of married women was only five per cent.
  • Marriage bars prevented married women from continuing their employment as teachers or office workers.
  • Despite an increasing demand for labour, married women were excluded from parts of the labour market.
  • This type of legislation peaked during the 1930s’ Great Depression and the years following it but was not the only reason.
  • Women’s expectations were based on the experience of their mothers, and thus their educational and professional decisions were not taken with the expectation of having a long, uninterrupted, and fruitful career.

• CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS:
  • By the end of the 1960s, as easy-to-use contraceptive pills became more popular, women could exercise greater control over childbirth and actually plan careers and motherhood.
  • Women also ventured beyond the services sector, studying subjects like law, economics, and medicine.
  • Now, women were catching up in terms of education and fields of employment.

• PAY GAP AND PARENTHOOD:
• • Till the time men and women worked in factories, where the pay depended on the day’s countable output, the pay gap was not too high.
  • It became wider when monthly pay contracts came into the picture.
  • One factor significantly impacted how men were paid versus women childbirth.
  • As women had to shoulder more of the parenting responsibilities once a child was born, they were also punished for this at the work front in terms of a slower rise on the pay scale.

NOBEL PRIZE:

• Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honouring men and women from around the world for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for work in peace.
• The prizes consist of a gold medal, a diploma, and a monetary award.
• In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden’s central bank) established the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize.
• The prize is based on a donation received by the Nobel Foundation in 1968 from Sveriges Riksbank on the occasion of the bank’s 300th anniversary.
• The first prize in economic sciences was awarded to Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen in 1969.
• The prize in economic sciences is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden, according to the same principles as for the Nobel Prizes that have been awarded since 1901.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/economics-nobel-2023-claudia-goldin-explained-8975198/

4. INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOCIATION (IORA)

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Sri Lanka is set to take over the chairmanship of the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) succeeding Bangladesh during the 23rd Council of Ministers’ Meeting scheduled for October 11, 2023, in Colombo.

EXPLANATION:

• The Council of Ministers meeting in Colombo will see the participation of 16 Ministers including those of India, Bangladesh, Mauritius, Iran, Malaysia and South Africa.
• Sri Lanka will hold the chairmanship of the association from 2023 to 2025, with the Foreign Minister of Bangladesh ceremoniously handing over the chairmanship to Sri Lanka’s Foreign Minister.
• The Ministers will deliberate on ways to cooperate on six priority areas identified by the IORA which are:
  • Trade and Investment,
  • Maritime Safety and Security,
  • Fisheries Management,
  • Strengthening Regional Ties,
  • Disaster Risk Management and
  • Blue Economy.

STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE FOR SRI LANKA:

• Navigating Geopolitical Dynamics:
  • Sri Lanka often finds itself managing complex strategic interests involving India and China within the Indian Ocean Region, positioning it as a crucial player in the IORA.

• Regional Inclusivity:
• • Sri Lanka’s active participation in the forum aligns it with neighbouring nations, fostering regional inclusivity and cooperation.
  • This engagement extends to countries such as Pakistan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Afghanistan.

INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOCIATION (IORA):

• It is an inter-governmental organisation which was established on 7 March 1997.
• It aims at strengthening regional cooperation and sustainable development within the Indian Ocean region through its 23 Member States and 11 Dialogue Partners.
• The association’s Secretariat is based in Cyber City, Ebene, Mauritius, responsible for managing, coordinating, servicing, and monitoring policy decisions, work programs, and projects adopted by member states.

IORA CHAIR:

• The Council of Ministers, on voluntary offer by Member States, elects a Chair of the Association for a period of two years.
• If there is no voluntary offer, the Chair is elected on the basis of geographical consideration.
• The incoming Chair is the Member State that served as the Vice-Chair of the Association during the term of office of the incumbent Chair.

STRUCTURE:

• IORA’s apex body is the Council of Foreign Ministers (COM) which meets annually.
• The United Arab Emirates (UAE) assumed the role of Chair since November 2019 November 2021, followed by the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
• A committee of Senior Officials (CSO) meets twice a year to progress IORA’s agenda.
• CSO consider recommendations by Working Groups and forums of officials, business and academics to implement policies and projects to improve the lives of people within the Indian Ocean Member States.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/sri-lanka-to-take-over-as-chair-of-indian-ocean-rim-association/article67398819.ece

5. COLLAPSE OF CHUNGTHANG DAM

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the abrupt eruption of South Lhonak Lake, led to the collapse of the Chungthang dam situated in northern Sikkim.

EXPLANATION:

• The dam’s collapse triggered a staggering surge in water levels, elevating them by an alarming 15-20 metres within the Teesta River.
• The resultant flash flood wreaked havoc across numerous districts. On October 9, the death toll was at 74.
• Moreover, approximately 100 individuals, encompassing civilians and army personnel, are still reported as missing.
• The ongoing scientific investigations over Chungthang dam bursting are trying to unravel the exact cause of the abrupt eruption.

CHUNGTHANG DAM:

• The Chungthang dam was a part of the 1,200-megawatt (MW) Teesta Stage III Hydro Electric Project.
• It was constructed along the Teesta River and became operational in 2017, primarily for hydroelectric power generation.
• The dam stood at 817 metres and had a net head of 778 metres.
• This hydroelectric project was established to generate revenue for the Sikkim government.
• The project was designed to generate electricity at a scale nearly twelve times greater than the state’s demand, surpassing the typical requirement of approximately 100 MW.
• The primary objective was to export surplus power to neighbouring states, including West Bengal.
• Chungthang is situated at 1,700 metres above mean sea level and is the confluence point for the Lachen River, originating from South Lhonak Lake and the Lachung River, together forming the Teesta River.

For more information, please refer to the 5^th September 2023 DNA.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/natural-disasters/sikkim-s-chungthang-dam-collapse-signals-the-need-for-dam-safety-emissions-reduction-92192

1. THE NATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR CLIMATE SERVICES

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: India is embarking on a major programme to launch the National Framework for Climate Services (NFCS).

EXPLANATION:

• It will be Spearheaded by the India Meteorological Department (IMD).
• It envisions to bring a seamless working platform for users of climate information and services, and help decide and mitigate climate risks for key sectors like agriculture, energy, disaster management, etc.

WHAT THE NFCS IS BASED ON?

• The NFCS is based on the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS).
• The Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) is a partnership of governments and organisations at a global level, for the production and better usage of climate information and services.
• The GFCS aims to facilitate researchers and users of climate information and services to join hands to make informed and actionable decisions for the long-term betterment.
• The announcement to establish a GFCS was made during the third World Climate Conference held in Geneva in 2009.
• This framework, led by National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS) in their respective nations, includes active participation of policymakers, investors, vulnerable sectors etc.
• The five major components under GFCS are:
  • Observations and Monitoring,
  • Research, Modelling and Prediction,
  • Climate Services Information System,
  • User Interface Platform and
  • Capacity Building.
• At present, the priority sectors where the GFCS focuses upon are agriculture and food security, energy, health, water and disaster risk reduction.

WHAT THE NFCS WILL DO?

• In lines with the global framework, the national framework will be based on country-specific weather and stakeholder needs.
• Unlike the GFCS, the nodal agency for the formulation and implementation of the national framework in India will be the IMD.
• Along with the identified sectors of focus, India could add other relevant sectors like transport, tourism and other emerging sectors from time to time.
• Initially, the NFCS will work in bridging functioning gaps between the various agencies who require climate services.
• These include the hydrological, power, renewable energy, transport, dams and irrigation, health agencies are central, state and other levels.

WHY THE NFCS IS NEEDED?

• The IMD makes daily weather forecasts and season predictions for the winter, summer and the monsoon seasons.
• There remain many gap areas across terrains and the seas, wherein no weather data is available.
• It results in the lack of long-term (100 years or more) climatological data from the Himalayan regions, the oceans, besides inexistence of radar and satellite-based climatology.
• This is one of the major reasons why the IMD could make limited in providing climate predictions.
• To have a complete composite of climatological information of all the weather parameters, in order to make climate predictions. There is a need to integrate the weather and climate services.
• With NFCS, the Meteorological department aims to strengthen the observational network on land and the seas, improve the data inflow and eventually use it to run weather and climate models for deriving climate predictions.
• Suitable to the user’s needs, the climate data and information products will be tailored and help identify agricultural production, health trends, population distribution in high-risk areas etc.
• The framework aims to support efforts to prepare for new climate conditions and adapt to their impacts on water supplies, health risks, extreme events, farm productivity etc.

HOW THE NFCS WILL BE IMPLEMENTED?

• Switzerland, China, Germany and the United Kingdom have launched the NFCS, since the 2009 declaration of frameworks for climate services.
• Countries where the NFCS implementation is in the advanced stages include Benin, Madagascar, Moldova, Niger, and South Africa etc.
• With the first workshop organised recently in Pune, India has joined Cuba, Ghana, Liberia, Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Democratic Republic of Congo, Congo Brazzaville and Ethiopia, where the NFCS-related national consultation workshops are being planned.
• India will be soon releasing the statement of NFCS after consensus received from the key partnering stakeholders.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/national-framework-for-climate-services-nfcs-8972568/

2. ASIATIC WILD DOGS

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per a new study, overlapping prey availability or habitat suitability could dictate a positive association between dholes or Asiatic wild dogs and tigers, facilitating co-existence or even cooperative behaviours between the two species of carnivores.

EXPLANATION:

• The activity of the Asiatic wild dog in Assam’s Manas National Park showed the highest temporal overlap with the leopard and the lowest with the clouded leopard.

An Asiatic wild dog at Manas National Park, Assam.

FRAGMENTATION OF THE DHOLE POPULATION AS PER THE STUDY:

• Operating in packs of 5-10 individual larger groups of more than 30 were observed in 2004.
• Dholes were once widespread across southern and eastern Asia.
• Factors such as habitat loss, declining prey availability, persecution, disease, and interspecific competition have contributed to the ongoing fragmentation of its populations.
• The global population of adult dholes are classified as endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List.
• It is estimated to be between 949 and 2,215 individuals, scattered in localised areas of India and Thailand.
• Study findings revealed a surprising positive relationship between dhole habitat use and tiger, rejecting the habitat exclusivity hypothesis.
• This unexpected result challenges the assumption of antagonistic interactions between these two species and suggests a more complex ecological dynamic.

DHOLE OR ASIATIC WILD DOG:

• Appearance:
  • Depending on their habitat, these wild dogs vary in colour from charcoal grey to rust red to sandy beige. They have a long, brushy, fox-like tail that often has a black tip. They usually have a white belly, chest, and feet. Adults have rounded ears and a pointed snout.

• Habitat:
  • Dholes occupy a wide variety of climates and habitats, such as dense forests, scrub, steppes, and alpine regions.

• Geography:
  • Dholes are found in Central, South, East and Southeast Asia.

• Lifespan:
  • Dholes live about 10 years in the wild and up to 16 years in captivity.

• Threats:
  • The greatest threat to dholes is habitat loss and fragmentation.
  • As human activity expands, dholes are losing their places to live, reproduce and feed.
  • Not only are dhole at risk, but so is their prey.
  • In 2008, there were estimated to be less than 2,500 adult dholes in the wild.
  • Other threats include disease and human conflict. These wild dogs can easily catch diseases like distemper and rabies from domestic dogs brought by humans moving into the wild dogs’ habitat.
  • Dholes are viewed as dangerous pests in some areas and are trapped and poisoned as a result.

• Conservation Status:
  • As of 2015, the IUCN has classified the dhole as Endangered on its Red List of Threatened Species.

• Conservation Efforts:
• • Scientists and conservationists are working to better understand dholes.
  • For example, scientists at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute’s Center for Species Survival (CSS) are working to study and save dholes by tracking animals with satellite collars, monitoring human-dhole conflict, and doing community outreach.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/prey-habitat-dictate-dhole-tiger-coexistence-study/article67395637.ece/amp/

3. 52^ND GST COUNCIL MEETING

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The 52nd GST Council met under the Chairpersonship of Union Minister for Finance & Corporate Affairs in New Delhi on 7^th October 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• The meeting was also attended by Union Minister of State for Finance, Chief Ministers of Goa and Meghalaya holding finance portfolio.
• The GST Council inter-alia made the recommendations relating to changes in GST tax rates, measures for facilitation of trade and measures for streamlining compliances in GST.

RECOMMENDATIONS RELATING TO GST RATES ON GOODS AND SERVICES:

• CHANGES IN GST RATES OF GOODS
  • GST rates on “Food preparation of millet flour in powder form, containing at least 70% millets by weight”, falling under HS 1901, with effect from date of notification, have been prescribed as:

1. 1. 0% if sold in other than pre-packaged and labelled form
   2. 5% if sold in pre-packaged and labelled form

• • Foreign going vessels are liable to pay 5% IGST on the value of the vessel if it converts to coastal run.

• OTHER CHANGES RELATING TO GOODS
• • GST Council recommended to keep Extra Neutral Alcohol (ENA) used for manufacture of alcoholic liquor for human consumption outside GST.
  • To reduce GST on molasses from 28% to 5%. This step will increase liquidity with mills and enable faster clearance of cane dues to sugarcane farmers.
  • A separate tariff HS code has been created at 8 digit level in the Customs Tariff Act to cover rectified spirit for industrial use.

• CHANGES IN GST RATES OF SERVICES
• • The GST Council has also recommended to exempt services of water supply, public health, sanitation conservancy, solid waste management and slum improvement and upgradation supplied to Governmental Authorities.

• OTHER CHANGES RELATING TO SERVICES
• • To clarify that job work services for processing of barley into malt attracts GST @ 5% as applicable to “job work in relation to food and food products” and not 18%.
  • To clarify that District Mineral Foundations Trusts (DMFT) set up by the State Governments across the country in mineral mining areas are Governmental Authorities.
  • Thus eligible for the same exemptions from GST as available to any other Governmental Authority.

MEASURES FOR FACILITATION OF TRADE:

• Amnesty Scheme for filing of appeals against demand orders in cases where appeal could not be filed within the allowable time period.
• Clarifications regarding taxability of personal guarantee offered by directors to the bank against the credit limits/loans being sanctioned to the company.
• Taxability of corporate guarantee provided for related persons including corporate guarantee provided by holding company to its subsidiary company.
• Provision for automatic restoration of provisionally attached property after completion of one year.
• The Council has recommended to issue a Circular to clarify the place of supply in respect of the supply of services.
• Issuance of clarification relating to export of services.

OTHER MEASURES PERTAINING TO LAW AND PROCEDURES:

• The Council has recommended amendments in section 110 of the CGST Act, 2017 to provide that:
  • an advocate for ten years with substantial experience in litigation under indirect tax laws for the appointment as judicial member;
  • the minimum age for eligibility for appointment as President and Member to be 50 years;
  • President and Members shall have tenure up to a maximum age of 70 years and 67 years respectively.

GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST):

• The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value-added tax levied on most goods and services sold for domestic consumption.
• The GST is paid by consumers, but it is remitted to the government by the businesses selling the goods and services.
• The GST (122nd Constitutional Amendment) Bill, 2014 was passed in May 2015.
• It was enacted as Constitution (101st Amendment) Act, 2016, with effect from, 16th September, 2016.

GST COUNCIL:

• Article 279A – GST Council to be formed by the President to administer & govern GST. It’s Chairman is Union Finance Minister of India with ministers nominated by the state governments as its members.
• The council is devised in such a way that the centre will have 1/3rd voting power and the states have 2/3rd.
• The decisions are taken by 3/4th majority.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1965431

4. PACIFIC ASIA TRAVEL ASSOCIATION (PATA)

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) has committed to work with India to expand Travel for LiFE initiative across Asia Pacific region.

EXPLANATION:

• India hosted 46th edition of Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) Travel Mart 2023 from Oct 4 to Oct 6 at the International Exhibition-cum-Convention Centre (IECC), Pragati Maidan, in New Delhi.
• PATA Mart saw the participation of around 1000 delegates, is one of the major international trade exhibitions catering to the tourism sector.
• It serves as a platform for trade interactions between global buyers and sellers.

PACIFIC ASIA TRAVEL ASSOCIATION (PATA):

• It was founded in 1951.
• The Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) is a not-for-profit membership-based association that acts as a catalyst for the responsible development of travel and tourism to, from and within the Asia Pacific region.
• By bringing together private and public sector members, PATA facilitates meaningful partnerships to enhance the value, quality and sustainable growth of travel and tourism to, from and within the Asia Pacific region.
• It serves as a platform for trade interactions between global buyers and sellers.
• Besides facilitating trade interactions between Buyer Sellers meet, the PATA Travel Mart (PTM) 2023 also included thought provoking knowledge sessions at PATA Forum and youth engagement at PATA Youth Symposium.
• Travel for LiFE initiative was showcased by the Ministry across all the events and it generated huge interest from international travel trade community.

LiFE (LIFESTYLE FOR ENVIRONMENT):

• Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) was formally launched by Hon’ble Prime Minister on 19th October 2022, in the presence of the UN Secretary General António Guterres, at the Statue of Unity, Ekta Nagar, Gujarat.
• It is a global mass movement led by India urging individuals and communities to act for protection of the environment against the effects of the climate change.
• Ministry of Tourism will set up a PATA desk to strengthen engagement with PATA on Travel for LiFE and other areas of cooperation in tourism sector.
• This is the first major international partnership for Travel for Life (TFL) program after its global launch on September 27, 2023, world tourism day.
• Ministry of Tourism is already working with UNEP and UNWTO on strengthening the TFL program.
• Travel for LiFE embodies the spirit of the Pro Planet People and functions on the basic principles of “Lifestyle of the planet, for the planet and by the planet”.
• It aspires to bring large-scale behavioral change amongst tourists and tourism businesses, which will have a significant impact on environment protection while ensuring socio-cultural sustainability.
• The Travel for LiFE program has identified an illustrative list of actions that are designed in line with the eight themes of Travel for LiFE
  • Save Energy,
  • Save Water,
  • Say No to Single Use Plastic,
  • Reduce Waste,
  • Empower Local Businesses and Communities,
  • Respect Local Culture and Heritage,
  • Consume Local Foods and
  • Conserve Nature
• Travel for LiFE Program will position India as leader in promoting sustainable and responsible tourism and using tourism as a vehicle for achieving Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1965805

5. ATTACK ON ISRAEL

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Israel witnessed the largest attack from the Palestinian enclave and perhaps the worst security crisis in 50 years.

EXPLANATION:

• Dozens of Hamas militants, using motorcycles, pickup trucks, boats, paragliders and mid-range rockets, launched a highly coordinated attack.
• They infiltrated Israeli cities, hitting military bases and killing and taking hostage soldiers and civilians.
• Israeli officials say at least 200 people were killed and hundreds of others injured.
• The attacks, reminiscent of the 1973 Yom Kippur holiday attack by Egyptian and Syrian troops, took Israel by surprise.
• Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, whose right-religious government’s key promise is Israel’s security, has declared war on Hamas, the Palestinian militant group that runs the Gaza strip.

PALESTINE-ISRAEL RELATIONS:

• The Palestine-Israel relations have steadily deteriorated in recent years.
• Israel has been carrying out military raids in the occupied West Bank almost on a daily basis, besides tightening the screws of the occupation.
• At least 200 Palestinians and some 30 Israelis have been killed so far in 2023.
• In April 2023, Israeli police raided Jerusalem’s Al Aqsa Mosque compound, Islam’s third holiest place of worship, triggering rocket attacks from Gaza, which were followed by Israeli air strikes.
• In May 2023, Israel and the Palestine Islamic Jihad, which is based in Gaza, fought a short battle.
• In July 2023, Israel carried out a major raid in the West Bank town of Jenin, which has emerged as a hotbed of militancy in the West Bank.
• Currently, there is no peace process. Violence is perverse. And anger has been building up among Palestinians against both the Israeli occupiers as well as the Palestinian Authority.
• By launching such a massive attack from Gaza (which is controlled by Hamas) and asking “all Arabs of Palestine”, including the Israeli Arab citizens to take up arms against the state of Israel.
  • Israeli Arab make up some 20% of the Israel’s population.
• Hamas is both trying to cash in on the public anger against occupation and emerge as the sole pole of the Palestinian cause.

DIVISIONS IN ISRAELI SOCIETY:

• Israel is also going through a difficult phase.
• The country is ruled by its most right-wing government whose key domestic agenda is to overhaul the structures of power so that the elected government would be more powerful than other institutions.
• The government has already pushed one part of its ambitious legislative agenda seeking to curtail the powers of the judiciary through Parliament, which triggered massive protests.
• Thousands of military reservists had joined the sit-ins and threatened to resign in protest against the Netanyahu government’s judicial overhaul plan.
• So, the government’s focus was on its legislative agenda; rights groups are up in arms showing deep divisions in society; and there were resenting voices even within the military.
• Hamas might have thought that Israel was at a weak moment internally, which provides an opportunity for it to launch an unprecedented attack from Gaza and trigger more resistance violence in the occupied West Bank.

GEOPOLITICAL ANGLE:

• It is unlikely to be a coincidence that the Hamas attack came when Israel and Saudi Arabia are in an advanced stage of normalisation talks.
• Recently, Saudi Crown Prince said in an interview that both countries were making progress every day.
• If Saudi Arabia, the custodian of the two holiest mosques of Islam and arguably the most influential Arab country, normalises ties with Israel, it would not only reset West Asian geopolitical dynamics but also put Hamas at a further disadvantageous position.
• Such a realignment is also not in the interests of Iran (which backs the Islamic Jihad and Hamas) and Lebanon’s Hezbollah, which has its own problems with Israel.
• Iran and Hezbollah were quick to welcome the Hamas operation, describing it as “heroic”.
• As Gaza is set to witness massive Israeli retaliation in the coming days, if not weeks, the prospects for an immediate normalisation deal between Saudi Arabia and Israel would be further complicated.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/why-did-hamas-launch-a-surprise-attack-on-israel-analysis/article67393000.ece/amp/

1. MONEY BILL

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Chief Justice of India orally remarked for the constitution of a seven-judge bench to hear the constitutional issue regarding money bills.

EXPLANATION:

• The CJI’s observation about setting up a seven-judge bench came during the hearing challenging set of amendments to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).
• In July 2022, a three-judge bench had upheld the PMLA and the vast powers of the ED.
• However, the bench had left the validity of amendments to the PMLA through the Money Bill route open for a larger Constitution bench to hear.
• The Finance Acts passed in 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019 brought in crucial amendments to the PMLA.
• Finance Bills passed during the budget are introduced as money bills under Article 110 of the Constitution.

OTHER CHALLENGES:

AADHAAR CASE:

• The first major challenge on whether a bill qualified to be a money bill under the Constitution was in the Aadhaar case.
• In a 4:1 majority, the Supreme Court in 2018, had ruled in favour of the government and had cleared the Aadhaar Act as a valid money bill under Article 110 of the Constitution.
• Justice Chandrachud in the Aadhaar ruling of 2018, criticised the government for passing the Aadhaar Act as a money Bill.
• He had called it a “fraud on the Constitution” and “subterfuge”.

TRIBUNAL REFORM:

• In November 2019, in Roger Matthew vs Union of India, the Supreme Court heard the challenge against tweaks in the service conditions of tribunal members which was also introduced as a money bill in the Finance Act, 2017.
• While a five-judge bench of the court struck down the law as unconstitutional for interfering with judicial independence, it referred the money bill aspect to a larger constitution bench.
• The court also expressed doubts over the correctness of a five-judge Constitution Bench’s 2018 verdict upholding the Aadhaar Act which had been passed as a money Bill.

MONEY BILL:

• A money bill is a piece of legislation that deals with the raising of taxes, the appropriation of funds from the Consolidated Fund of India, or the borrowing of money by the government.
• Article 110 of Part V the Constitution deals with the Money Bills.
• Money bills have special status under the Indian Constitution, as they can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and do not require the Rajya Sabha’s consent.
• Money Bill can be introduced only on the recommendation of the President.
• If any question arises whether a bill is a money bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is final (Article 110(3)).

Article 110(1) of the Constitution defines a money bill as a bill that contains only the following provisions:

1. The imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax;
2. The regulation of the borrowing of money or the giving of any guarantee by the Government of India, or the amendment of the law with respect to any financial obligations undertaken or to be undertaken by the Government of India;
3. The custody of the consolidated Fund or the Contingency Fund of India, the payment of moneys into or the withdrawal of moneys from any such Fund;
4. The appropriation of moneys out of the consolidated Fund of India;
5. The declaring of any expenditure to be expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India or the increasing of the amount of any such expenditure;
6. The receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund of India or the public account of India or the custody or issue of such money or the audit of the accounts of the Union or of a State; or
7. Any matter incidental to any of the matters specified in sub clause (a) to (f).

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/sc-challenge-centre-money-bill-key-legislation-8970978/

2. DANDELI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: In recent years, rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns are impacting the Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary ecosystem and the people living around them and dependent on them.

EXPLANATION:

• The Dandeli forest in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka is known for its forest grasses, birds and cattle herders.

DANDELI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY:

• Located in Karnataka, it is the second largest wildlife sanctuary of the state.
• It is home to a rich diversity of flora and fauna.
• It is known for its lush green forests, grasslands, rivers, and streams.
• The sanctuary is home to a variety of plants and animals, including many endangered species, such as the Indian gaur, the tiger, and the Asian elephant.
• With more than 300 species of birds nesting amidst the forest, the Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary is also a bird lover’s paradise.
• It is well connected with rail and road networks, which makes it accessible to travellers coming from different corners.

IMPACT ON THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM:

Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns are causing a number of changes in the Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary, including:

• Changes in the distribution of plant and animal species:
  • Some plants and animals are more tolerant of heat and drought than others.
  • As temperatures rise and rainfall patterns become more erratic, some species are shifting their ranges to cooler and wetter areas.
  • This is disrupting the food chain and other ecological relationships.
• Increased risk of wildfires:
  • Wildfires are a natural part of the Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary ecosystem.
  • However, rising temperatures and drought conditions are making wildfires more frequent and severe.
  • This is damaging forests and grasslands, and displacing wildlife.
• Increased pest and disease outbreaks:
  • Pests and diseases thrive in warm and humid conditions.
  • Rising temperatures are creating ideal conditions for the spread of pests and diseases, which can damage forests and crops.

IMPACT ON PEOPLE:

• The people living around the Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary are dependent on the forest ecosystem for their livelihoods.
• The forest provides them with food, fuel, and income from tourism and other activities.
• The changes in the forest ecosystem due to climate change are having a negative impact on the livelihoods of the people living around the Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary.
• For example, the decline in forest grasses is making it difficult for cattle herders to feed their animals.
• The increased risk of wildfires is destroying homes and crops.
• And the increased pest and disease outbreaks are damaging crops and reducing crop yields.

WAY FORWARD:

There are a number of things that can be done to mitigate the impact of climate change on the Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary and the people living around it. These include:

• Reducing greenhouse gas emissions:
  • Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is the most important thing that can be done to mitigate climate change.
  • This can be done by switching to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and reducing our reliance on fossil fuels.
• Protecting and restoring forests:
  • Forests play an important role in absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
  • Protecting and restoring forests can help to mitigate climate change.
  • It provides benefits such as improving water quality and reducing soil erosion.
• Supporting sustainable livelihoods for people living around the Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary:
  • It is important to support the sustainable livelihoods of the people living around the Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary.
  • This can be done through programs that promote sustainable agriculture, ecotourism, and other activities that do not harm the forest ecosystem.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/climate-crisis-in-forests-dandeli-losing-its-distinctive-grasses-hornbills-to-erratic-weather-92127

3. STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL INTERVENTION (SAI)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A new study published in the journal Nature Food has warned about implementing a controversial climate intervention technology called stratospheric aerosol intervention (SAI).

EXPLANATION:

• It could create inequities in food production, benefitting some and harming others.

STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL INTERVENTION (SAI):

• SAI mimics volcanic eruptions by injecting sulphur dioxide into the stratosphere where it oxidises to form sulphuric acid, which then forms reflective aerosol particles.
• For example, Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted in 2001 and injected about 15 million tonnes of sulphur dioxide into the stratosphere, which then formed aerosol particles.
• It caused a drop in the average global temperature of about 0.6 degrees Celsius over the next 15 months.
• It is a proposed strategy to reduce the effects of anthropogenic climate change.
• There are many temperature targets that could be chosen for a SAI implementation, which would regionally modify climatically relevant variables such as:
  • surface temperature,
  • precipitation,
  • humidity,
  • total solar radiation and
  • diffuse radiation.
• Higher-latitude nations tend to produce the most calories under unabated climate change.
• Midlatitude nations maximize calories under moderate SAI implementation.
• Equatorial nations produce the most calories from crops under high levels of SAI.

POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF SAI FOR FOOD PRODUCTION:

• Increased crop yields in high-latitude regions such as Canada and Russia.
• Reduced crop losses due to extreme weather events such as droughts and floods
• Extended growing seasons in some regions

POTENTIAL RISKS OF SAI FOR FOOD PRODUCTION:

• Decreased crop yields in low-latitude regions such as Africa and Southeast Asia.
• Changes in rainfall patterns that could disrupt agricultural production.
• Depletion of the ozone layer, which could lead to increased UV radiation and damage to crops.

IMPACT OF SAI ON SMALL-SCALE FARMERS:

• Small-scale farmers are often more dependent on rain-fed agriculture than large-scale farmers.
• This makes them more vulnerable to the changes in rainfall patterns that are expected to occur under SAI.
• Small-scale farmers also have fewer resources to invest in irrigation and other technologies that can help to reduce their vulnerability to changes in rainfall patterns.

WAY FORWARD:

• The potential impact of SAI on agriculture is a major concern, as it could exacerbate existing inequalities in food production and access.
• It is important to consider the needs of vulnerable populations, such as small-scale farmers in developing countries, when making decisions about the deployment of SAI.
• It is also important to note that SAI is a temporary solution to the problem of climate change.
• It would not address the underlying causes of climate change, such as the burning of fossil fuels.
• It is important to focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and investing in renewable energy to address the root cause of climate change.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/modelling-study-shows-how-controversial-geoengineering-may-affect-global-food-production-92138

4. COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY (CTBT)

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Russian president stated that Russia might revoke its ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) to be on level terms with the United States, and not to resume nuclear testing.

WHAT IS CTBT?

• The CTBT is a multilateral treaty that bans all nuclear explosions, whether for military or peaceful purposes.
• Although it was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1996, it’s still in the ratification stage, 18 countries are yet to ratify.
• While Russia ratified the agreement in 2000, the US is still to do so.
• Although India initially participated in negotiating the CTBT, it subsequently walked out of the negotiations and has never signed the treaty.

HOW DID CTBT COME INTO BEING?

• Between 1945 and 1996, more than 2,000 nuclear tests were carried out by the United States, Soviet Union, Britain, France and China.
• The radioactive fallout from those tests drew criticism from around the globe.
• After then, the 1963 Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (LTBT) prohibited nuclear testing in the atmosphere, outer space, and underwater, but underground tests were still permitted.
• To tackle the limitations of LTBT, a comprehensive test ban was discussed during the negotiation of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty in 1968. However, no agreement was reached on the issue.
• Six years later, the US and Soviet Union agreed to sign the Threshold Test Ban Treaty (TTBT).
• A major breakthrough came after the Cold War ended around 1990 and the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
• As the geopolitical tensions simmered down, the UN took advantage of the situation and adopted the CTBT.
• It put a blanket ban on the explosive testing of nuclear weapons, on September 10, 1996, and it opened for signature on September 24, 1996.

DID THE CTBT STOP NUCLEAR TESTING?

• Since the CTBT, 10 nuclear tests have taken place.
• India conducted two in 1998, Pakistan also two in 1998, and North Korea conducted tests in 2006, 2009, 2013, 2016 (twice) and 2017, according to the United Nations, Reuters reported.
• The United States last tested in 1992, China and France in 1996 and the Soviet Union in 1990.
• Russia, which inherited most of the Soviet nuclear arsenal, has never conducted a nuclear test.

WHICH KEY COUNTRIES HAVEN’T RATIFIED CTBT?

• Notably, for the treaty to enter into force, it must be signed and ratified by 44 specific nuclear technology holder countries.
• China, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, North Korea, Pakistan and the United States are yet to ratify the agreement, according to the UN.
• In 2021, UN Secretary-General António Guterres urged these countries to ratify CTBT.
  • He said, “Given its necessity and readiness, it is both disappointing and frustrating that the Treaty has not yet entered into force.”
  • The eight remaining Annex II States ratifications are required for the Treaty’s entry-into-force.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/nuclear-test-ban-treaty-ctbt-8971599/

5. AMPHIBIANS

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, a new study based on the second global amphibian assessment, revealed that climate change posed the greatest threat to the existence of amphibian life.

EXPLANATION:

• The assessment evaluated the extinction risk of more than 8,000 amphibian species from all over the world, including 2,286 species evaluated for the first time.
• More than 1,000 experts across the globe, including scientists and researchers from Assam-based biodiversity conservation organisation, Aaranyak, and other Indian institutions, contributed their data and expertise.
• These data will be published on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE STUDY:

• Two out of every five amphibians are threatened with extinction.
• Between 2004 and 2022, a few critical threats have pushed more than 300 amphibians closer to extinction.
• Climate change was the primary threat for 39% of these species.
• This number is expected to rise as better data and projections on species’ responses to climate change become available.
  • Climate change is especially concerning for amphibians in large part because they are particularly sensitive to changes in their environment.
• Climate change is emerging as one of the biggest threats to frogs, salamanders, and caecilians.
• As per the study, climate change is already having a significant impact on amphibians, and this impact is expected to worsen in the coming years.

Rhacophorus rhodopus from Assam

Icthyophis garoensis from Meghalaya

FACTORS AFFECTING AMPHIBIANS:

• Amphibians are particularly vulnerable to climate change because they are ectotherms, meaning that their body temperature is regulated by the environment.
• As temperatures rise, amphibians are more likely to overheat, which can lead to death.
• Climate change is disrupting amphibians’ breeding cycles and making it more difficult for them to find food and water.
• In addition to climate change, amphibians are also facing a number of other threats, including habitat loss, pollution, and invasive species.
• However, the study found that climate change is the most serious threat to amphibians, and that it is likely to be the primary driver of amphibian extinctions in the coming decades.
• The study’s findings are a stark reminder of the urgent need to take action on climate change.
• Amphibians are important members of ecosystems, and their decline could have a significant impact on food security and human health.
• It is essential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to mitigate the impacts of climate change on amphibians and other vulnerable species.

AMPHIBIANS:

• Amphibians are a class of vertebrates that can live in both water and on land.
• They are ectotherms.
• Amphibians have a moist, permeable skin that allows them to breathe oxygen and absorb water.
• They also have long, sticky tongues that they use to catch prey.
• Amphibians go through a process called metamorphosis, which is a transformation from a larva to an adult.
• The larvae are typically aquatic and have gills for breathing.

WHAT CAN YOU DO TO CONSERVE AMPHIBIANS?

• Support policies that address climate change and protect biodiversity.
• Reduce our own carbon footprint by driving less, using less energy at home, and eating less meat.
• Support conservation organizations that are working to protect amphibians and their habitats.
• Volunteer your time to help with amphibian surveys and habitat restoration projects.
• Educate others about the importance of amphibians and the threats they face.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/two-of-every-five-amphibians-threatened-with-extinction-reveals-study/article67383443.ece

1. BAN ON THE CULTIVATION OF PUSA-44

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Punjab Chief Minister announced on October 4, 2023 that the state will ban the cultivation of the PUSA-44 paddy variety from next year onwards.

PUSA-44:

• PUSA-44 was developed in 1993 by the Delhi-based Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
• Punjab’s farmers started increasing the area under PUSA-44 by multiplying the seed, after getting a high yield from the crops.
• By the end of 2010, it had gained widespread popularity among farmers across the Punjab, covering approximately 70 to 80% of the area under paddy cultivation.
• However, the Agriculture Department and Punjab Agricultural University have never promoted it from the beginning and discouraged farmers due to declining groundwater levels.
• By 2018, the Punjab government reduced the area under PUSA-44 to 18 per cent of the total area under paddy, but it rebounded to 22 per cent last year.
• According to the Agriculture Department, in the previous year, 7.74 lakh hectares (19.12 lakh acres) of paddy were under Pusa-44, out of a total non-Basmati paddy area of 26.61 lakh hectares.

PUSA-44 YIELD AS COMPARED TO OTHER VARIETIES:

• PUSA-44 yields nearly 85 to 100 mann (34 to 40 quintals) per acre, while other varieties’ yield average is 28 to 30 quintals per acre.
• Many farmers are able to get a yield of 36 to 40 quintals per acre with PUSA-44 if the weather is favourable.
• Currently, the Minimum Support Prince (MSP) offered for paddy is Rs 2,205 per quintal, so if it yields farmers 7-10 quintals more than the other varieties, then it will add to their income by Rs 15,000 to 22,000 per acre.

Punjab wants to ban the cultivation of PUSA-44 paddy variety for the following reasons:

• It is a water-intensive crop.
  • PUSA-44 takes around 152 days to mature, which is about 35 to 40 days more than other varieties.
  • This requires 5-6 extra cycles of irrigation, which puts a strain on Punjab’s already depleting groundwater resources.
• It produces a lot of stubble.
  • PUSA-44 is a long-duration variety, which means that its straw is also longer and more difficult to manage.
  • This contributes to the problem of stubble burning in Punjab, which causes severe air pollution in the region during the winter months.
• It is susceptible to pests and diseases.
  • PUSA-44 is more susceptible to pests and diseases than other varieties, which requires farmers to use more pesticides.
  • This can increase the cost of cultivation and reduce the profitability of the crop.
• Despite its high yield, PUSA-44 is no longer considered a sustainable crop for Punjab.
  • The state government is encouraging farmers to switch to shorter-duration, less water-intensive varieties, such as PR-126.
  • These varieties produce less stubble and are less susceptible to pests and diseases.
• It contributes to climate change.
  • Stubble burning releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which contribute to climate change.
  • By banning PUSA-44, the Punjab government is hoping to reduce stubble burning and its associated environmental impacts.
• It is harmful to human health.
  • Air pollution from stubble burning can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory infections, heart disease, and cancer.
  • By banning PUSA-44, the Punjab government is hoping to improve the health of its citizens.

WAY FORWARD:

• The Punjab government is facing some resistance from farmers who are reluctant to switch to other varieties.
• Farmers argue that PUSA-44 gives them a higher yield, which is essential for their livelihood.
• However, the government is providing incentives to farmers to switch to other varieties, such as higher subsidies and guaranteed procurement of their produce.
• The ban on PUSA-44 is a step in the right direction for Punjab.
• It will help to conserve water, reduce stubble burning, and improve the environment and human health.
• However, the government needs to ensure that farmers are adequately compensated for switching to other varieties.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/punjab-ban-pusa-44-paddy-explained-8969472/

2. MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT (MGNREGA)

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE, GS:2 SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: According to government data, the demand for work under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) has surged to its highest in a decade in 2023-2024.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE DATA:

• The programme is reeling under a severe budget crisis due to the lowest budget assigned during the current financial year.
• While nearly 54 million people demanded work in 2023-2024, only 48 million workers could access it.
• The scheme has over 150 million registered workers. However, almost 52 million workers lost their job cards in 2022-2023.
• Only 40 per cent of the registered workers are eligible for payments under the Aadhar-based payment system (ABPS) mandated by the government.
• The Centre, in its 2023-24 fiscal budget, allotted Rs 60,000 crore for the programme against the pre-budget estimates of Rs 89,400 crore.
• The allocation of 0.198 per cent of the gross domestic product is the lowest in the history of the programme which started in 2005.
• West Bengal, one of the major contributors to the scheme, has witnessed no payment of wages for the past 18 months.

The surge in demand for work under MGNREGS in 2023-2024 is likely due to a number of factors, including:

• The ongoing economic slowdown.
  • The Indian economy has been slowing down in recent years, and the COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the situation.
  • This has led to job losses and reduced incomes in rural areas, which has pushed more people towards MGNREGS for work.
• The impact of climate change.
  • Climate change is having a significant impact on rural India, with more frequent and severe droughts, floods, and other extreme weather events.
  • These events can damage crops and livestock, and lead to food insecurity and loss of income.
  • This can also push people towards MGNREGS for work.
• The high cost of living.
  • The cost of living, especially the cost of food and fuel, has been rising steadily in recent years.
  • This has made it difficult for many rural households to make ends meet, and has increased their reliance on MGNREGS.
• The budget crisis facing MGNREGS is a major concern.
  • The government has allocated the lowest budget for MGNREGS in the current financial year since the scheme was launched in 2006.
  • This is likely to lead to a shortage of funds and make it difficult to meet the demand for work.

The following are some of the consequences of the budget crisis facing MGNREGS:

• Reduced employment opportunities.
  • The shortage of funds will likely lead to a reduction in the number of workdays available under MGNREGS.
  • This will make it difficult for rural households to earn a decent living.
• Increased distress and migration.
  • If rural households are unable to find work under MGNREGS, they may be forced to migrate to urban areas in search of work.
  • This can lead to social problems such as family separation and urban poverty.
• Impact on rural development.
  • MGNREGS has played a significant role in rural development in India.
  • It has helped to create infrastructure, such as roads, canals, and ponds, and has improved the quality of life in rural areas.
  • The budget crisis facing MGNREGS could jeopardize this progress.

MGNREGA:

• It is also known as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS), is a legislation enacted on 25th August, 2005.
• It provides a legal guarantee for one hundred days of employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural household willing to do public work-related unskilled manual work at the statutory minimum wage.
• According to the act, the workers should receive work within 15 days of demanding work.
• The worker becomes eligible for unemployment allowance if the work is not given.
• After receiving and completing work, the worker must get wages within 15 days or compensation for each day of delayed payment.
• The Ministry of Rural Development (MRD) is monitoring the entire implementation of this scheme in association with state governments.
• This act was introduced with an aim of improving the purchasing power of the rural people, primarily semi or unskilled work to people living below poverty line in rural India.
• It attempts to bridge the gap between the rich and poor in the country.
• According to the law roughly one-third of the stipulated work force must be women.
• The registered person can submit an application for work in writing (for at least fourteen days of continuous work) either to Panchayat or to Programme Officer.

WAY FORWARD:

• The government needs to take urgent steps to address the budget crisis facing MGNREGS.
• This could involve increasing the budget for the scheme or finding other sources of funding.
• Need to leverage technology to tackle corruption and reduce the issue of late payments through efficient management of resources.
• The government should also work to create more employment opportunities in rural areas, so that people are less reliant on MGNREGS.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/lack-of-budget-high-demand-slow-mgnregs-92144

3. NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The recent developments in the South Caucasus region (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan) have implications for India, in connectivity and ties with the region.

EXPLANATION:

• The conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh is called one of the “frozen conflicts” of the world.
• This conflict erupted on September 19, 2023, when Azerbaijan launched an offensive and within 24 hours, declared victory over the separatist province of Nagorno-Karabakh.
• Authorities of the province have said the ethnic Armenian enclave would dissolve on January 1, 2024.

THE CONFLICT OVER THE DECADES OF THE NAGORNO-KARABAKH:

• The conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh is a decades-long dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the control of the Nagorno-Karabakh region.
• It is de facto controlled by the self-declared Republic of Artsakh.
• The region is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan.
• The conflict has its roots in the early 20th century, when the region was part of the Russian Empire.
• After the Russian Revolution, Nagorno-Karabakh was disputed between Armenia and Azerbaijan.
• In 1921, the Soviet Union awarded the region to Azerbaijan, but granted it an autonomous status.
• In the late 1980s, tensions between Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Nagorno-Karabakh increased.
• In 1991, Nagorno-Karabakh declared its independence from Azerbaijan.
• This led to a full-scale war between Armenia and Azerbaijan, which lasted from 1992 to 1994.
• The war resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of people and the displacement of millions more.
• A ceasefire was signed in 1994, but the conflict remained unresolved.
• The two sides have negotiated a number of peace agreements over the years, but none of them have been successful.
• In 2020, the conflict erupted again. The war lasted for six weeks and resulted in the deaths of thousands of people on both sides.
• The war ended with a ceasefire that resulted in Azerbaijan regaining control of most of the territory it had lost in the 1990s war.
• The conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh is a complex and difficult one.
• There is no easy solution. Both Armenia and Azerbaijan have legitimate claims to the region, and neither side is willing to give up its claims.
• The conflict has had a devastating impact on the people of the region. Millions of people have been displaced, and the economy of the region has been severely damaged.
• The conflict has also destabilized the region and increased tensions between Armenia and Azerbaijan’s neighbors, including Turkey and Russia.
• The international community has been unable to resolve the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh.
• The United Nations Security Council has passed four resolutions demanding that Armenia withdraw its forces from Nagorno-Karabakh, but Armenia has refused to comply.
• The conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh is a complex and difficult one, and it is likely to remain unresolved for the foreseeable future.

WHAT IS THE STANCE OF INDIA?

• India has a neutral stance on the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh.
• India has close ties with both Armenia and Azerbaijan.
• Importantly, the region is central to its plans of connectivity through the south Caucasus region.
• India has called for a peaceful resolution to the conflict, and it has supported the efforts of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) to mediate a settlement.
• India has also provided humanitarian assistance to the people of Nagorno-Karabakh.
• India’s neutral stance on the conflict is in line with its foreign policy of non-alignment.
• However, India’s neutral stance on the conflict has been criticized by some who argue that India should support Armenia’s right to self-determination.
• Others argue that India should support Azerbaijan’s territorial integrity.
• India is in a difficult position on the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-history-indias-response-8970391/

4. CABLE TELEVISION NETWORKS (REGULATION) ACT, 1995

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The punishments specified under Section 16 of the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 were decriminalized through the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provision) Act, 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• Recently, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting has notified amendments in the Cable Television Networks Rules, 1994.

WHAT DOES SECTION 16 DEAL WITH?

• Section 16 of the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 dealt with the punishment for contraventions under any of its provisions.
• This section had provision for imprisonment which might extend upto 2 years, in case of first instance and 5 years for every subsequent offence.
• Punishments specified under Section 16 were re-examined and were decriminalized through the Jan Viswas (Amendment of Provision) Act, 2023.
• With an aim to make the Act more business-friendly and to boost the investor confidence in the sector, Section 16 has been decriminalised.
• The imprisonment provisions have been now replaced with monetary penalty and other non-monetary measures like Advisory, Warning and Censure.
• These measures will be enforced through the “designated officer” defined in the rules notified.
• Moreover, Section 16 now introduces an appeal mechanism against the order made by designated officer.
• Sections 17 and 18 were omitted for being redundant.

CABLE TELEVISION NETWORKS (REGULATION) ACT, 1995:

• The Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to regulate the operation of cable television networks in the country.
• The Act was passed in the wake of the rapid growth of cable television in India in the early 1990s.
• The Act has been amended several times since it was passed.
• The most recent amendment was in 2011.
• The 2011 amendment introduced a number of new provisions, including a requirement for cable television operators to provide set-top boxes to their subscribers and a requirement for cable television channels to be uplinked only from India.
• It has played an important role in regulating the cable television industry in India.
• The Act has helped to ensure that the industry is orderly and that consumers are protected from harmful content.

Here are some of the key features of the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995:

• It requires all cable television operators to register with the government.
• It empowers the government to regulate the content that is broadcast on cable television networks.
• It establishes a Cable Television Authority of India to oversee the implementation of the Act.
• It requires cable television operators to provide set-top boxes to their subscribers.
• It requires cable television channels to be uplinked only from India.
• The Act has been criticized by some for being too restrictive. However, the government has defended the Act, arguing that it is necessary to protect consumers and to ensure that the cable television industry is orderly.

Some of the benefits of decriminalization of provisions under the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 are:

• The amendments are likely to encourage compliance with the Act without resorting to harsh punishments and sensitive to minor or unintended contraventions.
• The amended provision allows for the use of a range of penalties, which provides flexibility in addressing different types of contraventions.
• The amendment in the rules defines a “designated officer” for imposing penalties.
• The amended provision explicitly addresses subsequent contraventions and in addition to the provision for higher penalties, includes the provisions for suspension or cancellation of registration.
• The inclusion of an appeal mechanism provides individuals or entities the opportunity to challenge penalties or decisions.
• This ensures a fair and transparent process and safeguards against potential abuse of power.
• The definition of common terms in cable industry like “platform services” and “local cable operator” have been defined in the rules for the first time to bring about uniformity in their usages.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1964677

5. DOMESTIC CARD SCHEME (DCS)

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY, GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: NPCI International Payments Limited (NIPL) has entered into a strategic partnership agreement with Al Etihad Payments (AEP) for Domestic Card Scheme (DCS) Implementation in UAE.

ABOUT THE AGREEMENT:

• As per the agreement, NIPL and AEP will work together to build, implement, and operationalize UAE’s national domestic card scheme.
  • NIPL is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).
  • AEP is an indirect subsidiary of the Central Bank of UAE (CBUAE).
• The DCS will aim to facilitate:
  • the growth of e-commerce;
  • digital transactions in the UAE;
  • bolster financial inclusion;
  • support the UAE’s digitization agenda;
  • increase alternate payment options;
  • reduce the cost of payments;
  • enhance the UAE’s competitiveness and
  • position as a global payments leader.
• The partnership aligns perfectly with NIPL’s mission to offer its knowledge and expertise to assist other countries in establishing their own cost-efficient, and secure payment systems.
• The DCS solution is based on the principles of:
  • Sovereignty;
  • speed to market;
  • innovation;
  • digitization, and
  • strategic independence.
• The DCS solution provided by NIPL consists of a RuPay stack and value-added services like fraud monitoring services and analytics.
  • RuPay is an indigenous, highly secure, and widely accepted card payment network in India.
  • RuPay cards have debit, credit, and prepaid propositions.
  • More than 750 Million RuPay cards are in circulation as of date.
  • RuPay cards make up more than 60% of total cards issued in India, with every second Indian having a RuPay card now.
  • These cards are issued through the entire banking spectrum, including public sector, private, and small banks.
• NIPL will also assist AEP in formulating the operating regulations for their domestic card scheme.

DOMESTIC CARD SCHEME (DCS):

• It is a payment card system that is operated and managed by a domestic entity.
• It is independent of international card networks such as Visa and Mastercard.

DCSs offer a number of benefits, including:

• Lower transaction fees:
  • DCSs typically charge lower transaction fees than international card networks.
  • This is because DCSs do not have to pay royalties to international card networks.
• Greater control over the payment system:
  • DCSs give domestic governments and central banks greater control over the payment system.
  • This can be important for managing the economy and financial stability.
• Increased innovation:
  • DCSs can foster innovation in the payments industry, as they are not bound by the rules and regulations of international card networks.

Here are some examples of DCSs around the world:

• RuPay (India)
• UnionPay (China)
• MIR (Russia)
• Elo (Brazil)
• Troy (Turkey)
• Interac (Canada)

BENEFITS OF THE DCSs:

• DCSs are becoming increasingly popular, as they offer a number of advantages over international card networks.
• DCSs are also seen as a way to reduce reliance on foreign payment systems and to promote financial sovereignty.
• DCSs are typically used for domestic transactions, but they can also be used for international transactions.
• For example, RuPay cards can be used in over 100 countries around the world.
• DCSs are a growing trend in the payments industry, and they are expected to play an increasingly important role in the future.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1964712

1. DIRECTORATE OF ENFORCEMENT (ED)

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: In Pankaj Bansal v. Union of India Case 2023, the Supreme Court has held that the Directorate of Enforcement (ED) must furnish the reasons of arrest to the accused.

EXPLANATION:

• The judgement came on a plea by Pankaj Bansal and Basant Bansal, Directors of M3M real estate group.
• They challenged an order of the Punjab and Haryana High Court which declined to set aside their arrest by the ED under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).
• the Supreme Court ruled on 3^rd October 2023 that it is necessary a copy of the grounds of arrest to the arrested person as a matter of course and without exception.
• The arrest was held illegal by the bench, as arrest does not fulfil the mandate of Article 22 (1) of Constitution and Section 19 (1) of the PMLA.
• It underlined that the Enforcement Directorate (ED) is not expected to be vindictive in its conduct.

SUPREME COURT RULINGS:

• In recent years, the ED has been under increasing scrutiny from the Supreme Court.
• The court has issued a number of rulings that have limited the ED’s powers and strengthened the rights of the accused.

Vijay Madanlal Choudhary & Ors v. Union of India 2022:

• • The Supreme Court court dealt with confiscation proceedings under Section 8 of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 [PMLA].
  • It limited the application of Section 8(4) of PMLA concerning interim possession by authorities before conclusion of the final trial to exceptional cases.
  • The Supreme Court in 2022 upheld the Enforcement Directorate’s (ED) right to make arrests and seize assets, while rejecting multiple challenges to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).
  • A bench led by Justice A.M. Khanwilkar said ED should put more information in the public domain.
  • It said the lack of judicial officers dealing with PMLA cases is a serious issue, asking the government to address the problem.
  • Confiscation of the property based on the provisional order as mentioned under Section 8(4) should be an exception and not a rule.

In Pankaj Bansal v. Union of India Case 2023:

• The Supreme Court has held that the Directorate of Enforcement (ED) must furnish the reasons of arrest to the accused.
• Mere non-cooperation of a witness in response to the summons issued under Section 50 of the (PMLA) Act of 2002 would not be enough to render him/her liable to be arrested under Section 19.

ENFORCEMENT DIRECTORATE (ED):

• ED is a Multi-Disciplinary Organisation under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance.
• It is mandated with the task of enforcing the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA) and Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA).
• The ED headquartered in New Delhi is headed by the Director of Enforcement.
• There are five Regional offices and other such zonal and subzonal offices in various parts of the country.
• It was formed in 1956 in the Department of Economic Affairs, to investigate cases of foreign exchange-related violations, a civil provision.
• But in 2002, after the introduction of the PMLA, it started taking up cases of financial fraud and money laundering, which were of criminal nature.
• Recently, its functioning has been under a cloud of suspicion as they are alleged to be used against the opposition leaders, the media and the critics of the Central Government.
• The state governments also allege that the agency violates the federal principles enshrined in the Constitution.

CRITICISM OF THE FUNCTIONING OF THE ENFORCEMENT DIRECTORATE:

• The PMLA has been misused for targeting dissident voices and thereby preventing free speech and expression.
• This has become a routine affair especially in the case of NGOs.
• For instance, all bank accounts of Amnesty International India were completely frozen by the Enforcement Directorate in September 2020 on the charge of the alleged violation of PMLA.
• The division of power under the Schedule 7 of the Constitution places the responsibility for police and public order in the State List.
• But the power of ED to investigate cases without states consent especially in ordinary crimes is against federal principles.
• The ED has been accused of selective application of the PMLA provisions and the major money laundering scams are either not investigated or not followed up by ED.
• For instance, The Rose Valley Chit Fund Scam in Odisha, the NARADA scam in West Bengal etc.
• Unlike the CrPC which provides for a proper procedure to commence an investigation, in the PMLA there is no procedure prescribed.
• This is a direct violation of Art 20(3) which protects individuals from self-incrimination.
• Section 120 B dealing with criminal conspiracy is part of PMLA. The section can be applied to any offence and requires only a mere allegation.

SOURCE: https://www.livelaw.in/supreme-court/why-ed-must-furnish-grounds-of-arrest-to-accused-in-writing-supreme-court-explains-239308

2. PM STREET VENDOR’S ATMANIRBHAR NIDHI (PM SVANidhi) SCHEME

TAG: GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE, GS 1: SOCIETY

THE CONTEXT: Onboarding of 50 lakh beneficiaries of PM SVANidhi Scheme.

EXPLANATION:

• As per Govt. of India PM SVANidhi has not only made the lives of street vendors easier but has also given them an opportunity to live with dignity.

PM STREET VENDOR’S ATMANIRBHAR NIDHI (PM SVANidhi) SCHEME:

• The PM Street Vendor’s AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) was launched by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs on June 01, 2020.
• It aims to for provide affordable Working Capital loan to street vendors to resume their livelihoods that have been adversely affected due to Covid-19 lockdown.
• The duration of the scheme initially was until March 2022.
• It has been extended till December 2024.
• It has enhanced the focus on collateral free affordable loan corpus, increased adoption of digital transactions and holistic socio-economic development of the Street Vendors and their families.
• Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) is the implementing agency of the scheme.

TARGET BENEFICIARIES:

• This scheme targets to benefit over 50 lakh Street Vendors.
• A vendor, according to the scheme guidelines is any person engaged in vending of articles, goods, wares, food items or merchandise of daily use or offering services to the public in a street, footpath, pavement etc., from a temporary built-up structure or by moving from place to place.
• The goods supplied by them include vegetables, fruits, ready-to-eat street food, tea, pakodas, breads, eggs, textile, apparel, artisan products, books/ stationary etc.
• The services include barber shops, cobblers, pan shops, laundry services etc.

SCHEME BENEFITS:

• Vendors can avail a working capital loan of up to Rs. 10,000, which is repayable in monthly instalments in the tenure of one year.
• On timely/ early repayment of the loan, an interest subsidy @ 7% per annum will be credited to the bank accounts of beneficiaries through Direct Benefit Transfer on quarterly basis.
• There will be no penalty on early repayment of loan.
• The scheme promotes digital transactions through cash back incentives up to an amount of Rs. 100 per month.
• The vendors can avail the facility of escalation of the credit limit on timely/ early repayment of loan.

SOURCE: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1964005

3. NOBEL PRIZE 2023 IN CHEMISTRY

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus and Alexei I. Ekimov for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots.

BACKGROUND:

• Physicists had long known that in theory size-dependent quantum effects could arise in nanoparticles.
• But at that time it was almost impossible to sculpt in nanodimensions.
• Few people believed that this knowledge would be put to practical use.
• In the early 1980s, Alexei Ekimov succeeded in creating size-dependent quantum effects in coloured glass.
• The colour came from nanoparticles of copper chloride and Ekimov demonstrated that the particle size affected the colour of the glass via quantum effects.
• A few years later, Louis Brus was the first scientist in the world to prove size-dependent quantum effects in particles floating freely in a fluid.
• In 1993, Moungi Bawendi revolutionised the chemical production of quantum dots, resulting in almost perfect particles.
• This high quality was necessary for them to be utilised in applications.

QUANTUM DOTS AND ITS APPLICATIONS:

• Quantum dots have unique properties and spread their light from television screens and LED lamps.
• They catalyse chemical reactions, and their clear light can illuminate tumour tissue for a surgeon.
• Quantum dots have primarily been utilised to create coloured light.
• It is believed that in the future quantum dots can contribute to flexible electronics, miniscule sensors, slimmer solar cells and perhaps encrypted quantum communication.
• Today quantum dots are an important part of nanotechnology’s toolbox. The 2023 Nobel Prize laureates in chemistry have all been pioneers in the exploration of the nanoworld.
• Quantum dots now illuminate computer monitors and television screens based on QLED technology.
• They also add nuance to the light of some LED lamps, and biochemists and doctors use them to map biological tissue.
• Quantum dots are thus bringing the greatest benefit to humankind.
• Researchers believe that in the future they could contribute to flexible electronics, tiny sensors, thinner solar cells and encrypted quantum communication – so we have just started exploring the potential of these tiny particles.

NOBEL PRIZES:

• Alfred Nobel was an inventor, entrepreneur, scientist and businessman who also wrote poetry and drama.
• His varied interests are reflected in the prize he established and which he lay the foundation for in 1895 when he wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the prize.
• Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from around the world for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for work in peace.
• The prizes consist of a gold medal, a diploma, and a monetary award.
• In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden’s central bank) established the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize.
• The prize is based on a donation received by the Nobel Foundation in 1968 from Sveriges Riksbank on the occasion of the bank’s 300th anniversary.
• The first prize in economic sciences was awarded to Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen in 1969.
• The prize in economic sciences is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden, according to the same principles as for the Nobel Prizes that have been awarded since 1901.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/2023-nobel-prize-chemistry/article67377618.ece

4. GLACIAL LAKE OUTBURST FLOOD (GLOF)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The South Lhonak Lake burst, causing recent flash floods in north Sikkim.

EXPLANATION:

• Ten casualties have been confirmed, and many more are missing due to the Teesta River’s rising flood level and nonstop rain.
• The South Lhonak Lake had drawn criticism for its quick growth and vulnerability to GLOFs (Glacial Lake Outburst Floods).

WHAT IS GLACIAL LAKE OUTBURST FLOOD (GLOF)?

• Glacial lakes, like South Lhonak Lake, form in front of, on, or beneath melting glaciers.
• As they grow, they become more dangerous, often dammed by unstable ice or sediment.
• If the dam breaks, massive volumes of water rush downstream, causing floods known as GLOF.
• GLOF can be triggered by earthquakes, heavy rains, ice avalanches, or landslides.

HOW DID SOUTH LHONAK LAKE BECOME SUSCEPTIBLE TO GLOF?

• Glacial lakes are common in steep, mountainous regions, making them vulnerable to landslides or ice avalanches that displace water.
• The impact of climate change leads to rapid glacier melting, resulting in the formation and expansion of glacial lakes.
• In Sikkim Himalayan, rising temperatures have caused glacier melt, leading to the proliferation of glacial lakes, including the South Lhonak Lake.
• There are over 300 glacial lakes in Sikkim Himalayan, with 10 identified as vulnerable to GLOF.
• South Lhonak Lake had shown significant growth over the past five decades.
• An earthquake in 1991 and another in 2011, along with future seismic events, were identified as potential triggers for GLOF.
• Government authorities had been monitoring the lake’s expansion and susceptibility to GLOF.

WHAT ARE THE STEPS TAKEN BY THE SIKKIM GOVERNMENT TO TACKLE THE EXPANDING SOUTH LHONAK LAKE?

• In 2016, authorities, including the Sikkim State Disaster Management Authority and Sikkim’s Department of Science and Technology and Climate Change, initiated measures to address the expanding South Lhonak Lake.
• Innovator Sonam Wangchuk supervised the implementation of a technique involving the syphoning off of lake water.
• Three eight-inch wide and 130-140 meters long High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipes were installed in the lake to remove water at a rate of 150 liters per second.

LHONAK LAKE:

• Lhonak Lake is a glacial lake situated in the pristine landscapes of North Sikkim, at a staggering altitude of approximately 17,000 feet above sea level.
• Its formation is attributed to the melting glaciers of the region, a process accelerated by rising global temperatures.
• South Lhonak Lake is a glacial-moraine-dammed lake, located in Sikkim’s far northwestern region.
• It is one of the fastest expanding lakes in the Sikkim Himalaya region, and one of the 14 potentially dangerous lakes susceptible to Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOFs).
• It plays a role in the hydrological cycle, releasing water downstream, ultimately benefiting the Teesta River basin.

WAY FORWARD: MITIGATION

• Regular lake monitoring is necessary to evaluate changes in water levels and the strength of natural dams in glacial lakes.
• Implementing early warning systems that can identify and alert areas downstream of potential GLOFs.
• Building protective infrastructure to control floodwaters, such as dams or diversion channels.
• Implementing zoning and land-use planning to prevent construction in high-risk locations.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/glacial-lake-outburst-flood-glof-sikkim-8968562/

5. DYNAMIC INJUNCTION

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Delhi HC has passed dynamic injunction against illegal ICC World Cup broadcasting.

EXPLANATION:

• A plea has been filed by Star India which stated that given the exclusive rights they had acquired from ICC, they enjoyed broadcast reproduction rights.
• But these rights are contemplated under Section 37 of the 1957 Copyright Act.
• Recently, the Delhi High Court restrained nine websites from illegally broadcasting the ICC Men’s Cricket World Cup 2023 matches.

WHAT IS SECTION 37 OF THE COPYRIGHT ACT?

• Section 37 deals with a “special right” extended to every broadcasting organisation.
• Section 37 (2) proceeds to enlist what constitutes an infringement of this right.
• It states that “during the continuance of a broadcast reproduction right” any person who:
  • without the licence of the right’s owner engages in re-broadcasting the broadcast; or
  • causes the broadcast to be heard or seen by the public on payment of charges; or
  • makes any sound or visual recording of the broadcast; or
  • makes any reproduction of such sound or visual recording where the initial recording was done without licence or was licensed, for any purpose not envisaged by the licence; or
  • sells or hires to the public, or
  • offers for such sale or hire, any such sound recording or visual recording,

will be deemed to have infringed this right, subject to the provisions of Section 39.

• Section 39 provides exceptions when the reproduction of such content can be considered as ‘fair dealing; and not copyright infringement.

WHAT IS A DYNAMIC INJUNCTION?

• A dynamic injunction is passed to protect copyrighted works even before they are publicly released, distributed, or created.
  • An injunction is an official order given by a law court, usually to stop someone from doing something.
• It ensures that no irreparable loss is caused to its authors and owner.
• It restricts the imminent possibility of works being uploaded on rogue websites or their newer versions immediately after their creation or release, given the challenges posed by online piracy.
• In August, the court has observed that given the nature of the illegalities that rogue websites indulge in.
• It concluded that there is a need to pass injunctions which are also dynamic as once a film or series is released, it might be immediately uploaded on the rogue websites, causing severe and instant monetary loss to its creators.

What are the other cases where such injunctions have been passed?

• Star India Pvt. Ltd. said that since 2021, the Delhi HC had granted similar dynamic injunctions against several such rogue websites in Star India’s favour, which led to them ultimately being taken down.
• The Delhi HC in its 2019 ruling in “UTV vs. 1337x.to” introduced the concept of dynamic injunctions for the first time.
• Star India had come across almost all major sporting events being illegally communicated and disseminated on the internet, Star approached the court seeking an injunction restraining the defendant websites.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/delhi-hc-what-is-dynamic-injunction-8968692/

1. UDBHAV PROJECT

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY

THE CONTEXT: The Indian Army has started an initiative, named Project Udbhav, to rediscover the “profound Indic heritage of statecraft and strategic thoughts”.

UDBHAV PROJECT:

• It is an initiative of Indian Armyin collaboration with the United Service Institution of India, a defence think-tank.
• This initiative is set in motion by the Indian Army to rediscover the profound Indic heritage of statecraft and strategic thoughts derived from ancient Indian texts of statecraft, warcraft, diplomacy and grand strategy.

BRIDGING PAST AND PRESENT:

• The project endeavours to explore India’s rich historical narratives in the realms of statecraft and strategic thoughts.
• It focuses on a broad spectrum including Indigenous Military Systems, Historical Texts, Regional Texts and Kingdoms, Thematic Studies, and intricate Kautilya Studies.
• This pioneering initiative stands testimony to the Indian Army’s recognition of India’s age-old wisdom in statecraft, strategy, diplomacy, and warfare.
• At its core, Project Udbhav seeks to bridge the historical and the contemporary.
• The goal is to understand the profound depths of indigenous military systems, their evolution, strategies that have been passed down through the ages, and the strategic thought processes that have governed the land for millennia.

INDIGENOUS VOCABULARY:

• The aim of Project Udbhav is not limited to just rediscovering these narratives but also to also develop an indigenous strategic vocabulary.
• It is deeply rooted in India’s multifaceted philosophical and cultural tapestry.
• Overall aim is to integrate age-old wisdom with modern military pedagogy.
• Since 2021, under the aegis of the Indian Army, there has been a project in progress on the compilation of Indian stratagems based on ancient texts.
• A book has been released under this project which lists 75 aphorisms selected from ancient texts.
• However, the first scholarly outcome of the initiative is the 2022 publication titled “Paramparik Bhartiya Darshan… Ranniti aur Netriyta ke Shashwat Niyam” meant to be read by all ranks of the Indian Army.
• English translation of the title being “Traditional Indian Philosophy…Eternal Rules of Warfare and Leadership”.
• It is an ambitious step to revitalize the knowledge creation from India’s rich classical heritage.
• The scope of this encompassed ancient texts from the 4th century BCE to the 8th century CE, with a focus on Kautilya, Kamandaka, and The Kural.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-project-to-rediscover-indic-heritage-of-statecraft-from-ancient-texts-develop-indigenous-strategic-vocabulary/article67365776.ece

2. THE PYGMY HOG

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

Context: Recently, 18 rare pygmy hogs were reintroduced in their historical home in Assam.

Explanation:

About the pygmy hog (Porcula salvania):

• The pygmy hog (Porcula salvania) is the smallest and rarest species of pig in the world. It is endemic to the tall grasslands of Assam in India and is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
• The pygmy hog is a shy and secretive animal and is difficult to spot in the wild.
• It is about the size of a cat, with a dark brown coat and a short tail.
• Pygmy hogs are omnivores, and their diet consists mainly of insects, roots, and tubers.
• Pygmy hogs are important members of the grassland ecosystem.
• They help to control populations of insects and other small animals, and they also disperse seeds of plants.
• The pygmy hog is a critically endangered species, with only around 200 individuals remaining in the wild. It is found only in the tall grasslands of Assam in India.
• The release of the 18 pygmy hogs is a significant step towards the conservation of this species. The hogs were bred in captivity at the Assam State Zoo and the Orang National Park. They were carefully selected for release to ensure that they were healthy and had a good chance of survival in the wild.
• The main threats to the pygmy hog are habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting, and disease.
• Conservation efforts for the pygmy hog are underway, including captive breeding programs and reintroductions to the wild.
• The pygmy hogs were released in a suitable habitat in Manas National Park, with plenty of food and water available. They will be monitored by park rangers to ensure that they are doing well.

What are Wild-born hogs?

• Wild-born hogs are pigs that have been born and raised in the wild. They are typically found in forests, woodlands, and grasslands. Wild-born hogs are larger and stronger than domestic pigs, and they have a longer lifespan. They are also more intelligent and resourceful than domestic pigs.
• Wild-born hogs are an important part of the ecosystem. They help to control populations of insects and other small animals, and they also disperse seeds of plants.
• However, wild-born hogs can also be a nuisance to humans. They can damage crops and livestock, and they can carry diseases that can harm humans.

Source: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/18-rare-pygmy-hogs-reintroduced-in-their-historical-home-in-assam/article67365483.ece

3. BONN DECLARATION

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

CONTEXT: The Fifth International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM5) concluded in Bonn, Germany on September 30, 2023, with the adoption of a comprehensive global framework.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE DECLARATION

• It sets concrete targets and guidelines for key sectors across the entire lifecycle of chemicals.
• The Declaration aims to prevent exposure to harmful chemicals, and phase out the most harmful ones and enhance the safe management of such chemicals where they are needed.
• The framework is based around 28 targets, designed to improve responsible management of chemicals and waste.
• These targets also aim to establish stronger connections with other important global agendas, including climate change, biodiversity, human rights and health.
• National governments committed to formulating policies and regulations in order to reduce chemical pollution by 2030 as well as promoting safer alternatives.
• Industries also pledged to manage chemicals in order to reduce pollution and its adverse impacts.
• The aim of the framework is to phase out lethal agricultural pesticides by 2035.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT (ICCM):

• It is a periodic meeting of governments, industry, academia, and civil society to discuss the challenges and opportunities of sound management of chemicals and waste.
• The ICCM is organized by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals.
• The ICCM is the highest-level forum for international cooperation on chemicals management.
• The conference provides a platform for governments to share their experiences and best practices, and to develop new strategies and policies for chemicals management.
• The ICCM also serves as a forum for industry to commit to new initiatives and to develop new technologies for safer chemicals management.
• The ICCM has been held every four years since 2006.
• It provides a unique opportunity to bring together stakeholders from all sectors to discuss the most pressing issues facing the field and to develop solutions that benefit everyone.

Source: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/delegates-at-un-bonn-summit-adopt-new-framework-to-reduce-risks-from-hazardous-chemicals-92055

4. AYYAMAPALAYAM NETTAI COCONUT VARIETY

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 

Context: The agriculture department and the farmers in the Tamil Nadu are striving for the GI label for the Ayyampalayam Nettai variety of coconut.

Explanation:

About Ayyamapalayam Nettai’ coconut variety:

• Ayyampalayam Nettai is a variety of coconut grown in the Ayyampalayam region of Tamil Nadu, India.
• It is a tall, slender coconut tree that is known for its high yield and sweet kernel.
• The coconuts are also drought- and disease-resistant, making them a valuable crop for farmers in the Ayyampalayam region.

Characteristics:

• Height: Ayyampalayam Nettai trees can grow up to 20 feet tall.
• Kernel: The kernel of Ayyampalayam Nettai coconuts is sweet and has a high oil content.
• Drought and disease resistance: Ayyampalayam Nettai coconuts are drought- and disease-resistant.
• Origin: Ayyampalayam Nettai coconuts are grown in the Ayyampalayam region of Tamil Nadu, India.

Uses:

Ayyamapalayam Nettai coconuts are used for a variety of purposes, including:

• Food: The coconut meat is used in a variety of dishes, including curries, sweets, and desserts.
• Oil: The coconut oil is used for cooking, hair care, and skin care.
• Other: The coconut husks are used for making rope and mats.

GI tag:

• In 2023, Ayyampalayam Nettai was granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag by the Government of India.
• The GI tag is a certification that identifies a product as originating from a specific region and having certain qualities or characteristics that are unique to that region.
• The GI tag is expected to help to protect and promote Ayyampalayam Nettai. It will also help to ensure that farmers in the region receive a fair price for their crop.
• Ayyamapalayam Nettai is a valuable crop for the Ayyampalayam region. The GI tag is a significant achievement for the Ayyampalayam coconut growers. It is a recognition of the quality and uniqueness of Ayyampalayam Nettai.

Source:https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/farmers-eager-to-get-gi-tag-for-ayyamapalayam-nettai-coconut-variety/article67366212.ece#:~:text=This%20region%20is%20home%20to,to%20get%20the%20GI%20tag.&text=Surprisingly%2C%20these%20century%2Dold%20trees,lost%20their%20crop%20yielding%20ability.

5. E-FIR

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY

Context: The Law Commission of India recently has favoured enabling the online first information reports (FIRs) saying this would tackle of delay in registration of FIR, allowing citizens to report crimes in real time and would provide transparency.

Explanation:

Key Points:

• The commission headed by former Karnataka High Court Chief Justice Ritu Raj Awasthi, in its 292nd report, recommended that “in cases where the accused is not known, registration of e-FIR should be allowed for all cognizable offences”.
• To avoid false registration of e-Complaints/e-FIR and for the constructive use of the facility, it suggested verifications using e-authentication through OTP and mandating the uploading of valid ID proof, alongside a minimum punishment for such false e-complaints or e-FIRs.

About e- first information reports (FIRs):

• Electronic first information reports (e-FIRs) are online versions of traditional FIRs. They allow people to report crimes to the police without having to go to a police station.
• e-FIRs are typically filed through a web portal or mobile app. The person reporting the crime will need to provide information such as their name, contact information, and the nature of the crime. They may also need to provide supporting documentation, such as photographs or videos.
• Once the e-FIR is filed, the police will review it and determine whether to investigate the crime. If they decide to investigate, they will contact the person who filed the e-FIR to gather more information.
• e-FIRs have a number of advantages over traditional FIRs. They are more convenient, as people can file them from anywhere with an internet connection. They are also faster, as the police can start reviewing e-FIRs immediately.
• e-FIRs are also more transparent, as people can track the status of their complaint online. This can help to reduce corruption and ensure that all complaints are investigated fairly.
• e-FIRs are becoming increasingly popular in India. Several states and union territories have already implemented e-FIR systems. The central government is also working to develop a national e-FIR system.

The significance of e-FIRs:

• Convenience: e-FIRs can be filed from anywhere with an internet connection, at any time of day or night.
• Speed: The police can start reviewing e-FIRs immediately, which can lead to faster investigations.
• Transparency: People can track the status of their complaint online, which can help to reduce corruption and ensure that all complaints are investigated fairly.
• Accessibility: e-FIRs can make it easier for people to report crimes, especially for those who may have difficulty going to a police station, such as women, children, and people with disabilities.

e-FIRs are a valuable tool for improving the efficiency and transparency of the criminal justice system.

Source: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/law-commission-backs-phased-e-fir-rollout-101696013747721.html

1. CARBON BORDER ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM (CBAM)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT:  Union Commerce and Industry Minister said that Central government will protect Indian industry from EU’s carbon law.

EXPLANATION:

• Minister of Commerce and Industry assured that the government will take all necessary steps to protect Indian industry from any adverse impact of the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) which mandates reporting of carbon emissions for certain exports to Europe.

What is the CBAM?

• • Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is an Initiative of the European Union(EU).It refers to a phenomenon where a EU manufacturer moves carbon-intensive production to countries outside the region with less stringent climate policies. In other words, replace EU-manufactured products with more carbon-intensive imports.
  • CBAM involves imposing tariffs on imports from other countries that are seen to be using carbon-intensive methods of production.
• Its primary objective is to avert ‘carbon leakage’. However, the CBAM is expected to achieve three objectives. First, reduce the EU’s emissions; second, for the EU not to lose competitiveness in carbon-intensive goods; and third, to make the targeted countries reduce the carbon intensity of their exports.
• The CBAM system will work as follows: EU importers will buy carbon certificates corresponding to the carbon price that would have been paid, had the goods been produced under the EU’s carbon pricing rules. Conversely, once a non-EU producer can show that they have already paid a price for the carbon used in the production of the imported goods in a third country, the corresponding cost can be fully deducted for the EU importer.”
• This mechanism, starting in 2026, will cover products such as cement, steel, aluminum, oil refinery, paper, glass, chemicals and electricity generation. The countries most affected will be Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, India and China (the UK, though outside the EU, has regulations similar to the EU’s). Only three of the 12 exporters to the EU have a mechanism for “pricing carbon”.

Problem in this mechanism:

• • The CBAM is a unilateral move, against the spirit of multilateralism.
  • The problems of measurement means that it could be used for protectionism.
  • There is a strong risk of so-called ‘carbon leakage’ – i.e. Companies based in the EU could move carbon-intensive production abroad to take advantage of lax standards, or EU products could be replaced by more carbon-intensive imports.”

Effect on other countries:

• • The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) had concluded that Russia, China and Turkey were most exposed to the mechanism.
  • Considering the level of exports to the union in these sectors, it stated India, Brazil and South Africa would be most affected among the developing countries.
  • Mozambique would be the most exposed least-developing country. Important to note, countries in the EU combined represent about 14% of India’s export mix for all products, steel and aluminum included.

India’s position: India has maintained that developed countries cannot push the burden of doing more to tackle climate change while they evade responsibilities themselves. At COP27, India said all fossil fuels needed to be phased down and not just coal, which has been targeted by the developed countries and which India is heavily reliant on.

Source:(https://www.thehindu.com/business/govt-will-protect-industry-from-eus-carbon-tax-says-piyush-goyal/article67303888.ece#:~:text=The%20government%20will%20take%20all,Piyush%20Goyal%20assured%20on%20Wednesday.)

2. BANDIPUR TIGER RESERVE’S ECO-SENSITIVE ZONE.

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT:  Forest Department directs ESZ monitoring committee to take action against illegal cottages in Bandipur Tiger Reserve.

EXPLANATION: 

• The Karnataka Forest Department has directed the Mysuru Regional Commissioner, who heads the Bandipur Tiger Reserve’s eco-sensitive zone (ESZ) monitoring panel, to act against illegal cottages built within the reserve’s ESZ.

What is an eco-sensitive zone?

• • The National Environment Policy, 2006 defines eco-sensitive zones as areas/zones, ‘with identified environmental resources having incomparable values which require special attention for their conservation’.
  • The purpose of declaring an eco-sensitive zone (ESZ) is to create some kind of “shock absorber” for specialised ecosystems such as protected areas which include national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
  • The ESZs act as transition zones for areas requiring high protection to areas where development may be permitted.
  • The 2002 Wildlife Conservation Strategy envisaged lands within 10 km of the boundaries of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries to be notified as ecologically fragile zones under Section 3(2)(v) of the Environment Protection Act 1986.
  • The MoEFCC was to take steps to protect the environment by regulating and (if required) prohibiting industries, operations and processes.

How are ESZs notified?

• • Notifying ESZs around the protected areas is an important objective of MoEF&CC for sustainable development and for conservation of Wildlife and Biodiversity around Protected Areas. The statutory provisions for declaring ESZ include:
  • Section 5(1) of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986.
  • A multi-disciplinary expert committee with tenure of five years considers ESZ proposals.
  • Considering the above provisions, the ESZ notifications are published by the ESZ division of the ministry.

Significance of eco-sensitive zone:

• • The major objective is to regulate some activities around National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in order to lessen their damaging effects on the delicate ecology that surrounds the protected areas.
  • As “shock absorbers” for the ecosystem, these places regulate and monitor activity in and around protected zones.
  • These areas act as a crossing point between areas with strong security and those with less robust security.
  • These areas help to lessen conflict between animals and people.
  • The protected areas are managed using the core and buffer management paradigm, which also benefits and protects communities.

Bandipur Tiger Reserve:

• It was founded in the 1930s as a wildlife refuge, and Project Tiger transformed it into a tiger reserve in 1973.
• It is located in the tri-junction of the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala in two adjacent districts of Karnataka (Mysore and Chamarajanagar).
• Nagarahole Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu is located to the northwest of Bandipur Tiger Reserve; Kabini Reservoir divides the two.
• Tamil Nadu’s Mudumalai Tiger Reserve is in the south.
• Kerala’s Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, in the southwest.
• Rivers Moyar and Kabini flow through this region to the north and south, respectively.
• Climate: Three seasons are markedly noticed in the Reserve, the dry, the wet and the cold.
• Vegetation Types: Principal Forest Types- The forests of the Tiger Reserve are varied and rich. To the east most portions lie in the scrub forests of Moyar. While the vegetation in the central portion of the Tiger Reserve viz., Kaniyanapura, Bandipur part of Beerambadi is dry deciduous, the vegetation in the western part of the reserve viz., Ainurmarigudi, Begur and Beerambadi is moist deciduous. The vegetation, therefore, changes from scrub type to moist deciduous type from east to west.

Source:(https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bandipur-tiger-reserve-esz-illegal-cottages-8936878/)

3. EXERCISE BRIGHT STAR-23

TAG: GS 3: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT:  Indian Air Force refuels Egyptian Rafale fighter aircraft.

EXPLANATION: 

• An IL-78 tanker of the Indian Air Force refuelled Mig 29 M and Rafale fighter aircraft of the Egyptian Air Force as part of Exercise Bright Star-23.
• The Indian Navy Ship (INS) Sumedha arrived at Port Alexandria, Egypt to participate in ‘Exercise Bright Star-23. This multinational Tri-Services military exercise will see participation from 34 countries.
• For the first time, IAF is participating in Exercise BRIGHT STAR-23 which will also see participation of contingents from the United States of America, Saudi Arabia, Greece and Qatar.

What is Exercise Bright Star-23?

• • Exercise Bright Star-23 was conceptualized as a training exercise between the US and Egypt during the Camp David Accord of 1977. The first edition of the exercise was conducted in Egypt in 1980 and it was expanded to include more nations in the year 1995.
  • Exercise Bright Star-23 is a tri-services joint military exercise that is led by US CENTCOM and the Egyptian Army. “Exercise BRIGHT STAR- 23 will provide a unique opportunity to the Indian Army to share best practices and experiences with other armies besides enhancing the defense cooperation. Indian Army looks forward to an enriching professional experience from the Exercise.”
  • The objective of the exercise is to practice planning and execution of joint operations. Besides leading to the formation of bonding across borders, such interactions also provide a means to further strategic relations between participating nations. IAF contingents to flying exercises abroad are thus no less than Diplomats in Flight Suits.

source:(https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/exercise-bright-star-23-indian-air-force-refuels-egyptian-rafale fighters/articleshow/103603060.cms?from=mdr)

4. THE PLANETARY BOUNDARIES

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per a new study, the world has breached six of the nine planetary boundaries necessary to maintain Earth’s stability and resilience.

WHAT ARE PLANETARY BOUNDARIES?

• The planetary boundaries concept presents a set of nine planetary boundaries within which humanity can continue to develop and thrive for generations to come.
• These nine planetary boundaries were first proposed by former centre director Johan Rockström and a group of 28 internationally renowned scientists in 2009.
• Since then, their framework has been revised several times.

Nine planetary boundaries beyond which we can’t push Earth Systems without putting our societies at risk are:

• climate change,
• biodiversity loss,
• ocean acidification,
• ozone depletion,
• atmospheric aerosol pollution,
• freshwater use,
• biogeochemical flows of nitrogen and phosphorus,
• land-system change, and
• Release of novel chemicals.
• The breaching of individual boundaries does not imply immediate disaster but raises the risk of setting processes in motion that are likely to change the overall environmental conditions dramatically and irreversibly on Earth to one that no longer supports civilisation.

EVOLUTION PLANETARY BOUNDARIES FRAMEWORK:

• In 2009, three planetary boundaries were crossed namely climate change, biosphere integrity and biogeochemical flows.
• In 2015, land-system change planetary boundary was added making the total of 4.
• In 2023, six of the nine planetary boundaries has been breached.
• This is the third iteration of the framework carried out by 29 scientists from eight different countries.

The six boundaries include:

• climate change,
• biosphere integrity (genetic diversity and energy available to ecosystems),
• land system change,
• freshwater change (changes across the entire water cycle over land),
• biogeochemical flows (nutrient cycles),
• novel entities (microplastics, endocrine disruptors, and organic pollutants)

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/six-of-9-planetary-boundaries-have-been-breached-because-of-human-activities-study-91733

5. THE GLOBAL STOCKTAKE SYNTHESIS REPORT

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The United Nations climate secretariat made public a ‘synthesis report’ to discuss progress achieved by countries in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement of 2015.

EXPLANATION:

• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) released the Global Stocktake synthesis report, which offers the most comprehensive overview of climate action since the Paris Agreement was adopted in 2015.

WHY IS IT CALLED THE ‘GLOBAL STOCKTAKE’ REPORT?

• The synthesis report ties into a larger exercise called the ‘global stocktake, which is expected to take place once in five years.
• The global stocktake (GST) has prepared the synthesis reports for the technical assessment component of the GST.
• In 2015, countries committed in Paris to keep global temperatures from rising beyond 2 degrees Celsius by the end of the century and as far as possible below 1.5 degrees Celsius.
• They also agreed to periodically review, or take stock of efforts, made by individual countries in containing greenhouse gases and transitioning their fossil-fuel dependent energy systems to renewable sources.
• The first report this year is expected to significantly influence discussions in November when country representatives converge in Dubai for the 28th edition of the UN climate Conference of Parties (COP) in November.

KEY FINDINGS OF THE REPORT:

• The report lays out 17 ‘key findings’ that overall suggests that the world is not on track to achieve Paris Agreement targets.
• It stated that much more ambition is needed to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by 43% by 2030 and further by 60% in 2035 and reach net zero CO2 emissions by 2050 globally.
• Governments need to support ways to transition their economies away from fossil fuel businesses and that states and communities must strengthen efforts with the progressive changes ensuring equitable and inclusive economic transition.
• Renewable energy has to be scaled up and all ‘unabated fossil fuels’ were to be rapidly eliminated.
• Deforestation and land-degradation have to be halted and reversed and agricultural practices critical to reducing emissions and conserving and enhancing carbon sinks have to be encouraged.
• Support for adaptation and funding arrangements for averting, minimising and addressing loss and damage, from the impact of climate change, needed to be rapidly scaled up from expanded and innovative sources.
• Financial flows needed to be made consistent with climate-resilient development to meet urgent and increasing needs.
• Access to climate finance in developing countries needed to be enhanced.
• It is essential to unlock and redeploy trillions of dollars to meet global investment needs, including by rapidly shifting finance flows globally to support a pathway towards low GHG emissions and climate-resilient development.

WHAT IMPACT DID THE GLOBAL STOCKTAKE REPORT HAVE?

• The report is expected to set the template for the conference, and it did resonate in the G20 Leaders Declaration contributing to some of the most significant outcomes of the summit.
• This document for the first time formally recognises the massive jump in finance necessary for the world to transition to a renewable energy economy.
• The Declaration noted the need for USD 5.8-5.9 trillion in the pre-2030 period required for developing countries as well as USD 4 trillion per year for clean energy technologies by 2030 to reach net zero by 2050.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/explained-analysing-the-global-stocktake-report/article67304632.ece

1. INDIA – MIDDLE EAST – EUROPE ECONOMIC CORRIDOR (IMEC)

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: On the sidelines of the G20 Summit in New Delhi, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between the Governments of India, the US, Saudi Arabia, the European Union, the UAE, France, Germany and Italy to establish the India – Middle East – Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).

EXPLANATION:

• The new project is a part of the Partnership for Global Infrastructure Investment (PGII) – a West-led initiative for funding infrastructure projects across the world, seen as a counter to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
• The IMEC is being envisioned as a network of transport corridors, including railway lines and sea lanes, that is expected to aid economic growth through integration between Asia, the Arabian Gulf, and Europe.

What is the Partnership for Global Infrastructure Investment (PGII)?

• The infrastructure plan was first announced in June 2021 during the G7 (or Group of Seven) summit in the UK.
• US President had called it the Build Back Better World (B3W) framework. However, it did not register much progress.
• In 2022, during the G7 summit in Germany, the PGII was officially launched as a joint initiative to help fund infrastructure projects in developing countries through public and private investments.
• The stated purpose of both the PGII and the BRI is to help secure funding for countries to build critical infrastructure such as roads, ports, bridges, communication setups, etc. to enhance global trade and cooperation.

What was the need for an alternative?

• China began the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013. It aims to revive the ancient trade routes crossing to and from China–from Rome in Europe to East Asia.
• Under this, the Chinese government helped in providing loans for infrastructure projects to various countries, and in many cases, Chinese companies were awarded contracts for carrying out the work. This helped China mark its footprints at a global level.
• However, China was criticised in the West and by some other countries for providing unsustainable debts to countries that will be unable to repay them. According to a 2019 World Bank report, among the 43 corridor economies for which detailed data was available, 12 could face a situation where debts were not sustainable, which could lead to public assets being handed over to foreign contractors or China itself.
• India, however, opposed the BRI as it included the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, which connected Kashgar in China with the Gwadar port in Pakistan via Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.

What has been announced so far as part of PGII initiatives?

• European Commission (the executive arm of the European Union) chief said the IMEC is a further step in the PGII process that was launched last year during the G20 summit in Bali.
• It announced several projects in Indonesia, among other countries, on clean energy, telecommunications, etc.
• India was also a part of this meet, where one of the outcomes for funding was investments in its health infrastructure.
• The US government’s agency, its International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) would invest over $15 million in India’s health infrastructure, including support for the expansion of a chain of eye clinics for conducting corrective surgery for underserved individuals, and an India-based social enterprise that manufactures safe and affordable women’s hygiene products for underserved women in non-metro areas.
• The EU, through its Global Gateway programme, has now said it will “activate 300 billion of investments in critical connectivity projects during the period 2021-2027, half of which is destined for Africa.” Over 90 projects have been identified in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia and the Pacific, and in the Western Balkans.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/india-europe-economic-corridor-pgii-explained-8933335/

2. GLOBAL BIOFUELS ALLIANCE

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; GS 3: ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Indian Prime Minister launched the global biofuel alliance on the sidelines of the G 20 summit. It marked a watershed moment in our quest towards sustainability and clean energy.

EXPLANATION:

• With an eye on the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (Opec)-plus grouping this alliance is being positioned as a global forum to help boost demand and technology transfer for the production of biofuels and enhance trade.
• Recently released G20 Leaders’ Declaration said that the member countries “recognize the importance of sustainable biofuels in our zero and low- emission development strategies, and note the setting up of a Global Biofuels Alliance”.
• China and oil producers Saudi Arabia and Russia have however decided not to be part of the alliance.

Global Biofuel Alliance:

• The Global Biofuel Alliance is an India-led Initiative to develop an alliance of Governments, International organizations, and Industry to facilitate the adoption of biofuels.
• The initiative aims to position biofuels as a key to energy transition and contribute to jobs and economic growth.
• The Alliance which will help strengthen India’s position globally and will focus on collaboration. It will provide additional opportunities to Indian industries in the form of exporting technology and equipment.
• GBA will support worldwide development and deployment of sustainable biofuels by offering capacity-building exercises across the value chain, technical support for national programs and promoting policy lessons-sharing.
• It will facilitate mobilizing a virtual marketplace to assist industries, countries, ecosystem players and key stakeholders in mapping demand and supply, as well as connecting technology providers to end users.
• It will also facilitate development, adoption and implementation of internationally recognized standards, codes, sustainability principles and regulations to incentivize biofuels adoption and trade

GBA members:

• The GBA members include 19 countries and 12 international organizations have so far agreed to join the alliance, including both G20 members and non-member countries.
• GBA founding members constitute major producers and consumers of biofuels. USA (52 per cent), Brazil (30 per cent) and India (3 per cent), and contribute about 85 per cent share in production and about 81 per cent in consumption of ethanol.
• While the four G20 Invitee countries supporting GBA are Bangladesh, Singapore, Mauritius and the UAE. Similarly, the eight non-G20 countries are Iceland, Kenya, Guyana, Paraguay, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Uganda and Finland.
• International organisations include the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, World Economic Forum, World LPG Organisation, International Energy Agency, International Energy Forum, International Renewable Energy Agency and World Biogas Association.
• The global ethanol market was valued at $99.06 billion in 2022 and is predicted to grow at a CAGR of 5.1% by 2032 and surpass $162.12 billion by 2032.

Status of Biofuel energy:

• According to estimates from the International Energy Agency (IEA), global biofuel production would need to triple by 2030 to put the world’s energy systems on track toward net zero emissions by 2050.
• In its ambitious energy transition journey, India has committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2070.
• India also has an ambitious biofuel roadmap. The government has advanced its target to achieve 20% ethanol blending in petrol by 2025-26 from an earlier target of 2030.
• The target of petrol supplies with 10% ethanol blending was achieved in June 2022, ahead of the original schedule of November 2022.
• Being set up at par with the International Solar Alliance, the biofuel alliance’s focus is on accelerated adoption of biofuels, creating new biofuels, setting globally recognized standards, identifying global best practices, and ensuring industry participation.
• The global ethanol market was valued at $99.06 billion in 2022 and is predicted to grow at a CAGR of 5.1% by 2032 and surpass $162.12 billion by 2032.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/industry/energy/pm-modi-launches-global-biofuels-alliance-11694267712942.html

3. G20 DECLARATION ON HEALTH

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Recently released G20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration mentions three health priorities of India’s G20 presidency.

EXPLANATION:

• The G-20 declaration stressed the importance of one health approach where diseases in animals, plants, and humans are tracked by the same mechanism with focus on tackling antimicrobial resistance.
• The declaration spoke of strengthening primary healthcare, health workforce, and essential health services to better-than-pre-pandemic levels, ideally within the next two to three years.
• In addition to focusing on epidemics such as tuberculosis and AIDS, the G20 recognised the importance of research on long COVID.

The priorities included:

1. Building resilient systems for health emergency prevention, preparedness, and response.
2. Strengthening cooperation in the pharmaceutical sector with focus on ensuring equitable availability and access to vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics during a pandemic.
3. Creating a platform for sharing digital health innovations and solutions to ensure better and universal health coverage, like CoWIN and e-Sanjeevani.

What is this digital health programme?

• With the pandemic highlighting the importance of digital health innovation, India committed to develop a platform for sharing scalable solutions under the World Health Organisation (WHO) that can be utilised by its member states.
• This culminated in the launch of Global Initiative on Digital Health (GIDH), with four main pillars

1. An investment tracker
2. A repository of existing digital health solutions
3. Knowledge sharing for implementation and country-specific adaptation of these solutions
4. An Ask tracker to monitor the needs of different countries

• While a $200-million fund proposed by India did not find consensus among countries, several non-profits have committed to the fund.
• India has committed to offering its vaccine management platform CoWIN, its tele-medicine platform e-Sanjeevani, and its Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission platform as digital public goods to others.

The Global Initiative on Digital Health (GIDH)

• The Global Initiative on Digital Health (GIDH) is a WHO managed network of stakeholders organized to facilitate the implementation of the Global Strategy on Digital Health 2020-2025 and other WHO norms and standards for Digital Health System Transformation.
• The Initiative will serve as a platform to enable a wide global ecosystem to work collectively to promote country capacity and strengthen international cooperation in digital health.
• The Initiative will work to address variability in the quality of digital solutions and emerging technologies related to standards, data privacy, security, and interoperability, etc.
• Digital health is a proven accelerator to advance health outcomes and achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and health-related Sustainable Development Goals.
• The Initiative will strive to help Member States to advance their national digital health transformation by strengthening collaboration among partners and existing networks and amplify current multi-national and regional activities.
• The key components of the GIDH will leverage existing evidence, tools and learnings and will be co-created through a transparent and inclusive process. Through this evidence-based and comprehensive co-creation process, GIDH will ultimately aim to:

ALIGN efforts to support of the Global Strategy on Digital Health 2020–2025;
SUPPORT quality-assured technical assistance to develop and strengthen standards-based and interoperable systems aligned to global best practices, norms, and standards;
FACILITATE the deliberate use of quality assured digital transformation tools that enable governments to manage their digital health transformation journey.

GIDH: a network of networks

• As a WHO Managed Network (“Network of Networks”), GIDH will address challenges such as duplication of efforts and “products-focused” digital health transformation through a focus on four foundational pillars:

1. Country Needs Tracker – facilitating digital health investments to be informed by country priorities;
2. Country Resource Portal – identifying traditional as well as innovative resource opportunities, and promoting transparency, while reducing the risk of duplication for enabling a standards-based prospective and retrospective analysis of resourcing gaps in digital health.
3. Transformation Toolbox – advocating for quality-assured tools and resources that strengthen country capacity and autonomy to manage the national digital health transformation.
4. Convening and Knowledge Exchange – promoting strengthened collaboration and knowledge exchange across global, regional, and national networks in digital health.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-health/g20-declaration-on-health-mention-of-indias-3-priorities-digital-push-8933900/

4. GLOBAL STOCKTAKE

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

CONTEXT: The United Nations’ Global Stocktake, a report that was released just ahead of the G-20 meet, set out the scope of challenges. This stocktake is to serve as a template to guide discussion ahead of the 28th Conference of Parties scheduled in Dubai in November 2023.

THE GLOBAL STOCKTAKE REPORT:

• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) released the Global Stocktake synthesis report, which offers the most comprehensive overview of climate action since the Paris Agreement was adopted in 2015.
• The Paris Agreement’s Global Stocktake process is designed to assess the global response to the climate crisis every five years.
• It also provides a roadmap for governments moving forward.
• It evaluates the world’s progress on slashing greenhouse gas emissions, building resilience to climate impacts, and securing finance and support to address the climate crisis.
• The COP28 summit in Dubai, UAE, will center around how countries leverage the findings of the Global Stocktake report to keep the global goal of limiting temperature rise to 1.5 degrees C alive and address the impacts of climate change.

Key findings of the report:

• It lays how far the world is from achieving the Paris Agreement’s goals and emphasize the closing window of opportunity.
• It underscores that if we don’t take stronger action before the second Global Stocktake in 2028, we may witness the devastating reality of global temperatures soaring beyond 1.5 degrees C.
• The report also illuminates a path forward that governments will need to follow to combat the climate crisis.
• It pinpoints key areas where immediate action must happen and provides a roadmap for the systems transformations needed to dramatically reduce emissions, build resilience and safeguard our future.

The Global Stocktake would address climate progress in three key areas:

• Mitigation: Evaluating global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and keep global temperature rise below 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees F) and ideally 1.5 degrees C (2.7 degrees F) and identifying opportunities for additional emissions cuts.
• Adaptation: Measuring progress in countries’ abilities to enhance their resilience and reduce vulnerability to climate impacts.
• Means of implementation, including finance, technology transfer and capacity building: Assessing progress on aligning financial flows with emissions-reduction goals and climate-resilient development, and providing support to developing nations to address the climate crisis.

The above diagram depicts the Global Stocktake Process.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/stocktaking-the-calamity-the-hindu-editorial-on-climate-crisis-and-the-un-global-stocktake-report/article67292060.ece

5. G20 SUMMIT ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Group of Twenty (G20) has adopted the G20 New Delhi Leader’s Declaration on September 9, 2023, with consensus on several issues. These include sustainable development goals (SDG), climate finance, energy transitions, using and restoring natural ecosystems, harnessing, and preserving ocean-based economy, plastic pollution, reducing disaster risk and building resilient infrastructure.

NEW DELHI LEADER’S DECLARATION ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS:

GREEN DEVELOPMENT PACT FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE:

• The countries have committed to urgently accelerate actions to address environmental crises and challenges including climate change.
• It reaffirmed the objective of UNFCCC, to tackle climate change by strengthening the full and effective implementation of the Paris Agreement and its temperature goal, reflecting equity and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in light of different national circumstances.

√ Macroeconomic risks stemming from climate change and transition pathways:

• It critically assesses and account for the short, medium and long-term macroeconomic impact of both the physical impact of climate change and transition policies, including on growth, inflation, and unemployment.

√ It committed to implement the G20 High-Level Principles on Lifestyles for Sustainable Development (LiFE).

√ It acknowledged the critical role played by circular economy, extended producer responsibility and resource efficiency in achieving sustainable development.

√ Conserving, Protecting, Sustainably Using and Restoring Ecosystems

• It committed to restore by 2030 at least 30% of all degraded ecosystems and scaling up efforts to achieve land degradation neutrality with the following goals:
• For the restoration of natural ecosystems, the G20 countries committed to the full and effective implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) and encouraged other countries to do the same.
• It supported the ambition to reduce land degradation by 50% by 2040 on a voluntary basis, as committed under the G20 Global Land Initiative (GLI) and note the discussions on the Gandhinagar Implementation Roadmap and the Gandhinagar Information Platform.
• It called for enhancing global cooperation and sharing of best practices on water, and welcome the deliberations at the UN 2023 Water Conference and G20 Dialogue on Water.

√ Harnessing and Preserving the Ocean-based Economy

• It welcomed the Chennai High Level Principles for a Sustainable and Resilient Blue / Ocean based economy.
• The adoption of “the new international legally binding instrument under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine Biological diversity of areas Beyond National Jurisdiction”.

√ It is determined to end plastic pollution and it will also build on the G20 Marine Litter Action Plan as elucidated in the Osaka Blue Ocean Vision.

√ Reducing Disaster Risk and Building Resilient Infrastructure:

• It noted the institutionalisation of the Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group under the presidency of India, which catalysed efforts towards disaster risk reduction.
• The document also talks about accelerating progress on early warning and early action through strengthening national and local capacities, innovative financing tools, private sector investments and knowledge sharing.
• The members supported the United Nations’ initiatives such as the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure in “furtherance of such collaboration and sharing”.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/g20-summit-new-delhi-leaders-declaration-adopted-with-consensus-on-various-environmental-goals-91658

1. UPI QR CODE-CENTRAL BANK DIGITAL CURRENCY INTEROPERABILITY

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: A few banks, including State Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Kotak Mahindra Bank, Yes Bank, Axis Bank, HDFC Bank and IDFC First Bank, have introduced UPI interoperability on their digital rupee application.

EXPLANATION:

• Banks enabled the interoperability of Unified Payments Interface’s (UPI) Quick Response (QR) code with their central bank digital currency (CBDC) or e₹ application.
• Users of retail digital rupee will now be able to make transactions by scanning any UPI QR at a merchant outlet. Merchants can also accept digital rupee payments through their existing UPI QR codes.
• This integration of UPI and CBDC is part of the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) ongoing pilot project on pushing the retail digital rupee (e₹-R).

What is interoperability?

• According to RBI, Interoperability is the technical compatibility that enables a payment system to be used in conjunction with other payment systems.
• Interoperability allows system providers and participants in different systems to undertake, clear and settle payment transactions across systems without participating in multiple systems.

And what is UPI QR code-CBDC interoperability?

• Interoperability of UPI with the digital rupee means all UPI QR codes are compatible with CBDC apps. Initially, when the pilot for the retail digital rupee was launched, the e₹-R users had to scan a specific QR code to undertake transactions.However, with the interoperability of the two, payments can be made using a single QR code.
• The digital rupee issued by the RBI, or the CBDC, is a tokenised digital version of the rupee. The e₹ is held in a digital wallet, which is linked to a customer’s existing savings bank account. UPI is directly linked to a customer’s account.

How will it benefit customers and merchants?

• The interoperability of UPI and CBDC will ensure seamless transactions between a customer and merchant without having the need to switch between multiple digital platforms.
• Even merchants are not required to keep a separate QR code to accept the digital rupee payments. They can accept CBDC payments on their existing QR code.
• The seamless integration of CBDC with UPI will enhance the acceptance and utilization of digital currencies in everyday transactions.

What is a QR code?

• A Quick Response (QR) code consists of black squares arranged in a square grid on a white background, which can be read by an imaging device such as a camera.
• It contains information about the item to which it is attached, according to the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).
• QR code is an alternate contactless channel of payments. It allows merchants or businesses to accept payments from their customers directly into their bank accounts.

Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs)

• Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) are a form of digital currency issued by a country’s central bank. They are similar to cryptocurrencies, except that their value is fixed by the central bank and equivalent to the country’s fiat currency.
• The main goal of CBDCs is to provide businesses and consumers with privacy, transferability, convenience, accessibility, and financial security.
• CBDCs also decrease the cost of maintenance that a complex financial system requires, reduce cross-border transaction costs, and provide those who currently use alternative money-transfer methods with lower-cost options.
• CBDCs also reduce the risks associated with using digital currencies, or cryptocurrencies, in their current form.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/upi-qr-code-cdbc-banks-explained-e-rupee-8925038/

2. DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE FOR KNOWLEDGE SHARING (DIKSHA) PLATFORM

TAG: GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: The National eGovernance Division (NeGD) under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) is set to integrate Personalised Adaptive Learning (PAL) into its existing Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing (DIKSHA) platform.

EXPLANATION:

• PAL’s software-based approach will allow each student to have an individualised learning experience over the course of the curriculum based on their unique needs and abilities.
• The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) has sought the MeitY’s expertise in facilitating PAL for DIKSHA.
• In an example of how PAL works, if a student of Class 9 is learning the Pythagoras theorem and makes a calculation mistake, the AI learning system flags it and loops the student back to a basic video of how to make the calculation.
• In some States, private players are already administering PAL, which works on AI or Artificial Intelligence, but budget constraints have been an obstacle.
• The NeGD will float an Expression of Interest to assess the market for edtech companies that can help launch PAL and possibly integrate it with DIKSHA 2.0.

Personalized adaptive learning

• Personalized adaptive learning is a software platform approach that provides each student with an individualized learning experience by allowing them to progress along their unique learning path through the course content.
• Adaptive learning systems customize the presentation of the content or present new concepts to the student based on their individual activities and responses.

DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE FOR KNOWLEDGE SHARING (DIKSHA) PLATFORM

• DIKSHA portal comes under the Ministry of Education and provides e-content for schools via an online portal and a mobile application.
• DIKSHA portal serves as National Digital Infrastructure for teachers and enable, accelerate and amplify solutions in realm of teacher education.
• It aids teachers to learn and train themselves for available assessment resources. It helps teachers to create training content, profile, in-class resources, assessment aids, news and announcement and connect with teacher community.
• It is built considering the whole teacher’s life cycle – from the time student teachers enroll in Teacher Education Institutes (TEIs) to after they retire as teachers.
• States, government bodies and even private organisations, can integrate DIKSHA into their respective teacher initiatives based on their goals, needs and capabilities.
• It also has embedded assistive technologies for learners with visual or hearing impairments.
• DIKSHA features digitised National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) textbooks used national and State Boards.
• Apart from this, DIKSHA hosts 2.43 lakh contributions by 11,624 academicians by way of teaching videos, explainers, and practice questions. Currently, all these contributions are scattered across the platform.

They can use DIKSHA’s features to create:

• In-class resources
• Teacher training content
• Assessment aids
• Teacher profile
• News and announcement
• Teacher community

It envisages to provide:

• Teacher training courses (example – training on learning outcomes, CCE, etc.)
• Teaching resources such as lesson plans, concept videos, worksheets, mapped to curriculum
• Assessments for teachers, to find out their strengths and areas of improvement

It contains the following features:

• Courses for teachers to enable continuous learning
• Resources for use in classroom
• Dashboards for progress and assessment
• Communities for collaboration and discussions
• Announcements, notifications and circulars

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/education/centres-digital-infrastructure-for-knowledge-sharing-education-platform-to-offer-ai-help/article67263862.ece

3. GREEN RATING FOR INTEGRATED HABITAT ASSESSMENT (GRIHA)

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Indian Army’s new Thal Sena Bhawan (TSB), coming up on a sprawling 39 acre site with a built-up area of 143,450 sq. m., boasts of several green measures conforming with GRIHA-IV (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) norms.

EXPLANATION:

• The top soil of the entire 39 acre site will be preserved; the plan includes transplantation of 476 trees and compensatory planting of over 5,000 trees. It has been designed for a building life of about 100 years, and is earthquake-resistant.
• Some of the measures would include grid interactive solar photo-voltaic system, sensor-based LED lighting, and chargers for electric vehicles in parking areas.
• A building management system will be in place for energy monitoring, temperature control and ventilation, with high efficiency chillers.

Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)

• Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment also known as GRIHA was jointly established as an autonomous, not-for-profit organization by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
• It is a rating tool that evaluates the environmental performance of a building holistically over its entire life cycle, thereby providing a definitive standard for what constitutes a ‘green building’.
• The rating system, based on accepted energy and environmental principles, will seek to strike a balance between the established practices and emerging concepts, both national and international.
• Human Habitats (buildings) interact with the environment in various ways. Throughout their life cycles, from construction to demolition, they consume resources in the form of energy, water, materials, etc. and emit wastes either directly in the form of municipal wastes or indirectly as emissions from electricity generation.
• GRIHA attempts to minimize a building’s resource consumption, waste generation, and overall ecological impact to within certain nationally acceptable limits / benchmarks.
• The GRIHA rating system consists of 34 criteria divided into four categories. They are:

1. Site selection and planning
2. Resource conservation and efficient utilisation
3. Building operation and maintenance
4. Innovation points

The basic features of GRIHA

• Pre-construction stage: (intra- and inter-site issues like proximity to public transport, type of soil, kind of land, where the property is located, the flora and fauna on the land before construction activity starts, the natural landscape and land features).
• Building planning and construction stages: (issues of resource conservation and reduction in resource demand, resource utilization efficiency, resource recovery and reuse, and provisions for occupant health and well-being). The prime resources that are considered in this section are land, water, energy, air, and green cover.
• Building operation and maintenance stage: (issues of operation and maintenance of building systems and processes, monitoring and recording of energy consumption, and occupant health and well-being, and also issues that affect the global and local environment).

The benefits

• Reduced energy consumption without sacrificing the comfort levels
• Reduced destruction of natural areas, habitats, and biodiversity, and reduced soil loss from erosion etc.
• Reduced air and water pollution (with direct health benefits)
• Reduced water consumption
• Limited waste generation due to recycling and reuse
• Reduced pollution loads
• Increased user productivity
• Enhanced image and marketability

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-armys-new-thal-sena-bhawan-will-conform-to-griha-iv-green-norms/article67266990.ece

4. ALIEN SPECIES

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) has released its new publication named “Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their Control”.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• The report has found that there are 37,000 alien species including plants and animals that have been introduced in the regions and biomes around the world.
• These invasive alien species have played a key role in 60% of global plant and animal extinctions.
• It is reported that invasive alien species are one of the five major direct drivers of biodiversity loss globally, climate change etc.
• About 6% of alien plants, 22% of alien invertebrates, 14% of alien vertebrates, and 11% of alien microbes are found to be invasive, posing major risks to nature and to people.
• 85% of the impacts of biological invasions on native species are negative.
• The annual costs of invasive alien species have at least quadrupled every decade since 1970, as global trade and human travel increased.
• The report has warned that warming temperatures and climate change could favour the expansion of invasive species.
• Invasive alien species can also amplify the impacts of climate change.

EXAMPLES AND IMPACTS OF THE INVASIVE SPECIES:

• The water hyacinth is the world’s most widespread invasive alien species on land. Lantana, a flowering shrub, and the black rat are the second and third most widespread globally.
• The brown rat and the house mouse are also widespread invasive alien species.
• The reduction of food supply has been cited by the report as the most common impact of alien invasive species.
• For example, the European shore crab impacting commercial shellfish beds in New England.
• The Caribbean false mussel damaging locally important fishery resources in Kerala, by wiping out native clams and oysters.
• Invasive alien species like Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegyptii spread diseases such as malaria, Zika and West Nile Fever.
• The water hyacinth in Lake Victoria in East Africa led to the depletion of tilapia, impacting local fisheries.
• Invasive alien plants especially trees and grasses can sometimes be highly flammable and promote more intense fires.

Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES):

• It is established in 2012.
• It is an independent intergovernmental body established to strengthen the science-policy interface for biodiversity and ecosystem services, working in a similar way to the IPCC, which is the UN’s climate science body.
• India is a member of the IPBES.

Functions of IPBES is to:

• respond to government requests for information on biodiversity and ecosystem services.
• identify and prioritize key scientific information needed for policymakers.
• perform regular and timely, scientifically credible, independent, and peer-reviewed assessments of knowledge on biodiversity etc.
• support policy formation and implementation by identifying relevant tools and methodologies.
• identify and create key capacity-building tools to support the use of science in policy.

Projects Status

• IPBES projects fall under four main objectives.
• Capacity and Knowledge Foundations
• Regional and Global Assessments
• Thematic and Methodological Issues
• Communication and Evaluation

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/biodiversity-loss-37000-alien-species-introduced-by-human-activities-says-report-8924756/

5. DYNAMICS OF THE SUN

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Studying deeper into the variability, functioning and purpose with reference to the sun with the launch of the Aditya L 1 mission by ISRO.

EXPLANATION:

• Aditya L1 will function as a space weather station. Understanding space weather is an international issue, and the data from the spacecraft will help in making models and predicting storms in advance.
• Observations from Adtiya L1 will help us understand the dynamics of the Sun and how solar variability impacts the climate on Earth and affects the space weather.
• It becomes important to develop an understanding about sun, space weather and related phenomenon.

How are Lagrange Points beneficial for the Aditya L1 mission?

• Aditya L1 mission will be placed at lagrangian point 1. Let’s understand what are lagrangian points.
• Lagrange points are positions in space where objects sent there tend to stay put. At Lagrange points, the gravitational pull of two large masses precisely equals the centripetal force required for a small object to move with them.
• These points in space can be used by spacecraft to reduce fuel consumption needed to remain in position.
• There are five special points where a small mass can orbit in a constant pattern with two larger masses.
• Of the five Lagrange points, three are unstable and two are stable.
• The unstable Lagrange points are L1, L2 and L3, lie along the line connecting the two large masses.
• The stable Lagrange points are L4 and L5 form the apex of two equilateral triangles that have the large masses at their vertices.
• L4 leads the orbit of earth and L5 follows.
• The L1 point of the Earth-Sun system affords an uninterrupted view of the sun and is currently home to the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Satellite SOHO.

Understanding the climate variability of the sun:

Solar activity is measured in terms of the number of sunspots.

Sunspots:

• Sunspots are areas that appear dark on the surface of the Sun. They appear dark because they are cooler than other parts of the Sun’s surface. The temperature of a sunspot is still very hot though—around 6,500 degrees Fahrenheit.
• Why are sunspots relatively cool? It’s because they form at areas where magnetic fields are particularly strong. These magnetic fields are so strong that they keep some of the heat within the Sun from reaching the surface.

• Every 11 years or so, the Sun’s magnetic field completely flips switching the Sun’s north and south poles. Then it takes about another 11 years for the Sun’s north and south poles to flip back again.
• When the Sun is active, the number of sunspots is in the hundreds, and at solar minimum, the numbers are nearly zero.

Solar flares:

• The magnetic field lines near sunspots often tangle, cross, and reorganize. This can cause a sudden explosion of energy called a solar flare.
• Solar flares release a lot of radiation into space. If a solar flare is very intense, the radiation it releases can interfere with our radio communications here on Earth.
• Solar flares are sometimes accompanied by a coronal mass ejection (CME for short). CMEs are huge bubbles of radiation and particles from the Sun.
• They explode into space at very high speed when the Sun’s magnetic field lines suddenly reorganize.

Effects of Solar Activity on Earth:

• When charged particles from a CME reach areas near Earth, they can trigger intense lights in the sky, called auroras.
• When particularly strong, a CME can also interfere in power utility grids, which at their worst can cause electricity shortages and power outages.
• Solar flares and CMEs are the most powerful explosions in our solar system.

Features of the payloads of the Aditya L1:

• The Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) of the Aditya L1 will observe the UV radiation from different zones of the solar atmosphere.
• The onboard intelligence system will detect any sudden appearance of bright spots, such as solar flares (a sudden burst of high energy visible light, UV rays, X rays and Gamma rays) on the disc.
• The automated system will trigger the rapid imaging of different layers, and thus, we will obtain a 3D tomographic view of the Sun.
• With this system in place, the event’s progression through the layers of the solar atmosphere can be imaged.
• Combining the data from the Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS) and the High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS) will help us gain insights into the emergence, progression, and energetics of transient events on the surface of the Sun in the UV region”.
• Observing the Sun using the SUIT will enable us to better understand climate variation on Earth.
• Earth’s climate has changed. Global warming is real. The data from SUIT and other papers of Aditya L1 will help us resolve the contribution of natural and anthropogenic factors driving climate change.

THE SPACE WEATHER:

• The solar wind along with other explosive/ eruptive solar events like Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) affects the nature of space. During such events, the nature of magnetic field and charge particle environment near to the planet change.
• In case of the Earth, the interaction of Earth magnetic field with the field carried by CME can trigger a magnetic disturbance near the Earth. Such events can affect the functioning of space assets.
• Space weather refers to changing environmental conditions in space in the vicinity of Earth and other planets. We use more and more technology in space, as understanding space weather is very important.
• Also, understanding near Earth space weather sheds light on the behaviour of space weather of other planets.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/aditya-l1-its-functioning-and-purpose/article67269560.ece

1. THE FIN WHALES

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Iceland’s government in September 2023 said it would resume hunting fin whales after a two-month halt but with new guidelines which aims at killing them as quickly as possible to reduce suffering.

The Fin Whales:

• After blue whale, the fin whale is the second largest mammal in the world.
• It is the fastest swimming of the large whales, known as the greyhound of the seas.
• They are given the conservation status of vulnerable as per IUCN Red List.
• They are streamlined in shape but rather “fuller” than the blue whale, although it isn’t as long.
• They grow to 20 meters in length and weigh approximately 70,000 kilograms.
• They are dark grey to brownish-black in colour along the top of the body, with an asymmetrically pigmented head.
• Fin whales have a very unusual feature: the lower right jaw is bright white, and the lower left jaw is black.
• Lifespan: They can live for 80 to 90 years.
• Females are slightly longer than males.

Distribution:

• They inhabit the temperate and polar zones of all major oceans and open seas and, less commonly, in tropical oceans and seas.
• Some populations are migratory, moving into colder waters during the spring and summer months to feed. In autumn, they return to temperate or tropical oceans.

THE INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION (IWC):

• The IWC was established in 1946 as the global body responsible for management of whaling and conservation of whales.
• It is an inter-governmental organisation with a current membership of 88 governments from all over the world.
• The IWC work programme also includes bycatch & entanglement, ship strikes, ocean noise, pollution and debris, and sustainable whale watching.
• The Commission’s work is divided into five main areas: Science, Conservation, Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling, Whale Killing & Welfare Issues, Infractions and Finance & Administration Committee.
• India is a member of this commission and it joined in 1981.

Whaling:

• The Convention recognises three different types of whaling: commercial, aboriginal subsistence and special permit (also known as scientific) whaling.
• A Commercial whaling moratorium was adopted in 1982 and came into full force in 1986.
• The Commission continues to regulate Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling, which is conducted by indigenous communities, often in remote parts of the world.
• Regulation of aboriginal whaling has always been a core responsibility of the Commission and remains so today.
• It recognises nutritional and cultural needs and is underpinned by a rigorous scientific process.
• The Convention contains a separate category of special permit whaling for scientific research purposes.
• Special permit whaling is not regulated by the Commission but by national governments, although none currently undertake this type of whaling.

SOURCE: https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/iceland-resumes-fin-whale-hunting-killing-needs-be-faster-2023-08-31/

2. THE FIRST AI SCHOOL OF INDIA

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Kerala introduced the first AI school of India.

EXPLANATION:

• This pioneering development was launched by Santhigiri Vidhyabhavan in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
• It is the result of a collaboration between iLearning Engines (ILE) USA and Vedhik eSchool.
• The school’s curriculum aligns with the National School Accreditation Standards, which are based on the New National Education Policy (NEP 2020).
• The school predominantly teaches its students deep on Artificial Intelligence and other advanced technologies to boost the learning experiences of students.
• It includes the integration of AI technologies like machine learning, natural language processing and data analysis, into several aspects of education.
• For e.g., school curriculum design, personalised assessment, learning and student support.

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES OF THE AI SCHOOL:

• Personalised support service
• It caters to students from 8 to 12 grade with various multifaceted support services.
• They will get many benefits like support from multitude of teachers, different test levels, aptitude tests, career planning, memory techniques and counselling.
• The holistic skill development
• The AI system offered by the Vedhik eSchool nurtures the skills like interview techniques, group discussion aptitude, emotional well-being as well etc.
• Competitive exam preparations
• It equips its students to prepare for competitive exams like JEE, NEET, CUET, CLAT GMAT and IELTS, for a better higher education.
• Better guidance for future
• The guidance on scholarship opportunities is another significant feature of this AI school.
• It helps students get opportunities for esteemed foreign universities and paves the way for students to pursue their higher studies in foreign countries.
• Advanced technology in low cost
• Even though the AI school uses cutting-edge technology, it is inexpensive. The online resources that are made using AI are available in the school website which makes students use them at any time without spending too much on them.

Various Initiatives/Programmes for AI

• The Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF) launched the US-India Artificial Intelligence Initiative in March 2021 to foster AI innovation by sharing ideas and experiences, identifying new opportunities in research and development and bilateral collaboration.
• Responsible AI for Youth is a national programme for government schools to empower the young generation to become AI-ready and reduce the skill gap in India.
• The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) launched a new version of its portal, version 3.0, MCA 21, which will leverage data analytics, AI, and ML, to simplify regulatory filings for companies.
• The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) is preparing a new National Curriculum Framework for School Education in pursuance of the National Education Policy 2020. This will also aim at introducing a basic course on AI at the secondary level.

SOURCE: https://indiaai.gov.in/news/india-s-first-ai-school-launched-in-kerala

3. ADITYA L1 MISSION

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Indian Space & Research Organization (ISRO) has launched the Aditya L1 on 2^nd September 2023 after the successful landing of Chandrayaan 3.

WHAT IS ADITYA L1 MISSION?

• Aditya L1 is the first space based Indian mission to study the Sun.
• The spacecraft shall be placed in a halo orbit around the Lagrange point 1 (L1) of the Sun-Earth system, which is about 1.5 million km from the Earth.
• A satellite placed in the halo orbit around the L1 point has the major advantage of continuously viewing the Sun without any occultation/eclipses.
• This will provide a greater advantage of observing the solar activities and its effect on space weather in real time.
• The spacecraft carries seven payloads to observe the photosphere, chromosphere, and the outermost layers of the Sun (the corona) using electromagnetic and particle and magnetic field detectors.
• Using the special vantage point L1, four payloads directly view the Sun, and the remaining three payloads carry out in-situ studies of particles and fields at the Lagrange point L1.
• It will provide important scientific studies of the propagatory effect of solar dynamics in the interplanetary medium.

Layers of the sun

PHASES OF THE MISSION:

• Following its scheduled launch on September 2, 2023, Aditya-L1 stays Earth-bound orbits for 16 days, during which it undergoes 5 maneuvres to gain the necessary velocity for its journey.
• Subsequently, Aditya-L1 undergoes a Trans-Lagrangian1 insertion maneuvre, marking the beginning of its 110-day trajectory to the destination around the L1 Lagrange point.
• Upon arrival at the L1 point, another maneuvre binds Aditya-L1 to an orbit around L1, a balanced gravitational location between the Earth and the Sun.
• The satellite spends its whole mission life orbiting around L1 in an irregularly shaped orbit in a plane roughly perpendicular to the line joining the Earth and the Sun.

WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF ADITYA-L1 MISSION?

The major objectives of Aditya-L1 mission are:

• Study of Solar upper atmospheric (chromosphere and corona) dynamics.
• Study of chromospheric and coronal heating, physics of the partially ionized plasma, initiation of the coronal mass ejections, and flares.
• Observe the in-situ particle and plasma environment providing data for the study of particle dynamics from the Sun.
• Physics of solar corona and its heating mechanism.
• Diagnostics of the coronal and coronal loops plasma’s temperature, velocity, and density.
• Development, dynamics, and origin of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).
• Identify the sequence of processes that occur at multiple layers (chromosphere, base, and extended corona) which eventually leads to solar eruptive events.
• Magnetic field topology and magnetic field measurements in the solar corona.
• Drivers for space weather (origin, composition, and dynamics of solar wind.

ADITYA-L1 PAYLOADS:

• The instruments of Aditya-L1 are tuned to observe the solar atmosphere mainly the chromosphere and corona.
• In-situ instruments will observe the local environment at L1.
• There are total seven payloads on-board with four of them carrying out remote sensing of the Sun and three of them carrying in-situ observation.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aditya-l1-launch-live-updates-sept-2/article67262515.ece

4. THE RAMON MAGSAYSAY AWARD

TAG: PRELIMS SPECIFIC

THE CONTEXT: Oncologist Ravi Kannan has been named one of the four winners of the 2023 Ramon Magsaysay Award.

EXPLANATION:

• Ravi Kannan serves as the Director of the Cachar Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (CCHRC) located in Assam.
• Transformation of Cancer Treatment: He is credited with revolutionizing cancer treatment in Assam through a people-centric and pro-poor healthcare approach. He hails from Chennai and had previously worked at the Cancer Institute, Adyar, before relocating to Silchar in 2007.

Ramon Magsaysay:

• Ramon Magsaysay born on 31 August 1907 and passed away on 17 March 1957, was the 7th President of the Philippines.
• His tenure as the president was from 30th December 1953 – to 17th March 1957.
• He has done outstanding service as a guerrilla leader during the Pacific War.
• The Ramon Magsaysay Award is presented in formal ceremonies in Manila, Philippines on August 31st, the birth anniversary of the much-esteemed Philippine President whose ideals inspired the Award’s creation in 1957.

Indian winners in the past:

• Prominent Indians who have won the award include Vinoba Bhave in 1958, Mother Teresa in 1962, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay in 1966, Satyajit Ray in 1967, and Mahasweta Devi in 1997.
• In recent years, Arvind Kejriwal (2006), Anshu Gupta of Goonj (2015), human rights activist Bezwada Wilson (2016), and journalist Ravish Kumar (2019) have won the award.

Ramon Magsaysay Award:

• The Ramon Magsaysay Award, Asia’s premier prize and highest honour, recognizes greatness of spirit shown in selfless service to the peoples of Asia.
• The Ramon Magsaysay Awardees, annually selected by the RMAF board of trustees, are presented with a certificate and a medallion with an embossed image of Ramon Magsaysay facing right in profile.

From 1958 to 2008, the Award was given in six categories annually:

• Government Service: to recognize outstanding service in the public interest in any branch of government, including the executive, judicial, legislative, or military.
• Public Service: to recognize outstanding service for the public good by a private citizen.
• Community Leadership: to recognize leadership of a community toward helping the disadvantaged have fuller opportunities and a better life.
• Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts: to recognize effective writing, publishing, or photography or the use of radio, television, cinema, or the performing arts as a power for the public good.
• Peace and International Understanding: to recognize contributions to the advancement of friendship, tolerance, peace, and solidarity as the foundations for sustainable development within and across countries; and
• Emergent Leadership: to recognize an individual, forty years of age or younger, for outstanding work on issues of social change in his or her community, but whose leadership may not yet be broadly recognized outside of this community.

SOURCE: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/magsaysay-for-oncologist/articleshow/103265296.cms?from=mdrv

5. ONE NATION, ONE ELECTION

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The government has constituted a committee headed by the former President of India Ram Nath Kovind to explore the possibility of “one nation, one election”.

EXPLANATION:

• In line with the government’s commitment for “One nation One election”, on 1^st September 2023 the government reportedly announced a committee to look into this issue. Although official notification has not been released. The ex-president Mr Kovind will be heading the committee on “One nation One election”.
• The composition, term of reference and other details will be available once the notification is issued.
• “One Nation, One Election” concept envisions a system in which all state and Lok Sabha elections must be held simultaneously.
• This will require changing the Indian election cycle such that the national and state elections take place at the same time.
• This would suggest that voters will elect members of the LS and state assemblies simultaneously (or in a phased manner, as the case may be).
• Assembly polls are due in five states in November-December of 2023, and they will be followed by the Lok Sabha elections in May-June next year.
• However, the recent moves by the government have thrown open the possibility of advancing the general elections and some state polls, which are scheduled after and with the Lok Sabha contest.

Reintroduction of simultaneous elections as a possibility:

• The Election Commission’s 1983 annual report mentioned the possibility of holding simultaneous elections once more. Additionally, it was also mentioned in the Law Commission’s 1999 Report.
• The NITI Aayog prepared a working paper on the subject in 2017, following the Prime Minister of India’s reintroduction of the idea in 2016.
• The Law Commission stated in its 2018 working paper that at least “five Constitutional recommendations” would be required to make simultaneous elections a reality in India again.
• The prime minister announced in June 2019 that a committee would be formed to examine the matter and a meeting with party leaders would be scheduled.
• The issue of holding simultaneous Parliamentary and Assembly elections in July 2022, has been referred to the Law Commission in order to develop a workable roadmap and framework.

Benefits of simultaneous elections:

• The massive expenditure that is currently incurred for the conduct of separate elections, simultaneous polls will reduce enormous costs involved in separate elections.
• Simultaneous Election would mean saving on transport, accommodation, storage arrangements, training, remuneration, and so on.
• This will also mean saving in terms of human resources. Another area of saving would be in the deployment of the Central Police Force.
• The policy paralysis that results from the imposition of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) during election time.
• Burden on crucial manpower that is deployed during election time.

Constitutional Challenges:

• The Indian Constitution provides for the dissolution of the legislature if the ruling party loses majority by passing a vote of no confidence.
• Article 83, Article 172(1) of Indian constitution deals with the term of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies respectively.
• These Houses can be dissolved ahead of the scheduled expiry of the term of five years [Articles 85(2)(b) and 174(2)(b)].
• However, there is no provision for extension of the term unless a proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
• Simultaneous elections could be held together through amendments to the Constitution. Since it will affect federal character, at least 50% of the states will require to ratify the constitutional amendments.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-forms-one-nation-one-poll-committee-ex-prez-kovind-to-head-report-101693541071281.html