THE CONTEXT: There are ongoing proceedings in the International Court of Justice (ICJ), where the Republic of South Africa has instituted proceedings against Israel. South Africa argues that Israel’s military operations in Gaza violate the International Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. The case has generated debate and divided countries, with some supporting South Africa’s application and others opposing it.

ISSUES:

• South Africa’s application against Israel in the ICJ: The Republic of South Africa has brought a case against Israel in the International Court of Justice (ICJ), alleging violations of the Genocide Convention due to Israel’s military operations in Gaza.
• International legal context: Genocide is considered a serious international crime, and every state should prevent genocide from occurring. South Africa argues that it has standing to bring the case to the ICJ based on this obligation.
• Plausibility of genocide: Demonstrating the existence of genocide requires specific intent, which can be challenging. South Africa’s request for provisional measures aims to show a plausible case for genocide by highlighting Palestinian suffering, deaths, destruction, and genocidal statements made by Israeli politicians and soldiers.
• Israel’s defense: Israel argues that there is no dispute between the parties and that the statements made are open to interpretation. It claims its military operation is limited to targeting Hamas in response to their attacks.
• Potential provisional measures: If the ICJ finds South Africa’s case plausible, it may issue provisional measures to protect the parties’ rights. Suggestions for such measures include an immediate cessation of hostilities, allowing the entry of food and resources into Gaza, a humanitarian ceasefire, or directing Israeli leaders to refrain from making genocidal statements.
• The role of the ICC: While the ICJ proceedings focus on Israel, Hamas officials can be proceeded against at the International Criminal Court (ICC), which is a separate body. The ICC’s involvement requires the situation in Palestine/Israel to be referred for investigation, which has already been done.
• International division: The split between countries supporting or opposing South Africa’s application appears to follow a divide between former colonial or imperial powers and other countries, questioning the legitimacy of international law and the rules-based international order.
• Impact on the rules-based international order: The ICJ’s decision in this case will address the situation in Gaza and test the effectiveness and legitimacy of the rules-based international order. How nation-states respond to the ICJ’s actions will determine the strength of this order?

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Addressing the Plausibility of Genocide: The ICJ should carefully evaluate the evidence presented by South Africa and Israel to determine whether a plausible case for genocide exists. Upholding the credibility and integrity of the Genocide Convention is crucial.
• Consideration of Provisional Measures: The ICJ should assess the potential impact of provisional measures on protecting the rights of both parties. While a complete cessation of military hostilities may be challenging to order, alternative measures such as facilitating the entry of humanitarian aid and enforcing a ceasefire can help alleviate the suffering in Gaza.
• Inclusiveness and Accountability: The international community should ensure that both Israeli and Hamas officials are held accountable for any potential violations of international law. The ICC should continue its investigation into the situation in Palestine/Israel, providing an avenue for accountability and justice for all parties involved.
• Addressing the Divide between Nations: Nations with differing perspectives, particularly formerly colonial or imperial powers, should engage in constructive dialogue to bridge the gap and find common ground. Moving beyond historical divisions and working towards a just and inclusive global legal framework is essential.
• Legitimacy of International Law: The outcome of the ICJ proceedings will have far-reaching implications for the legitimacy of international law. The ICJ must uphold the rule of law, ensure fairness, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the international legal system in addressing serious crimes such as genocide.
• Strengthening the Rules-Based International Order: The ICJ’s actions and the response of nation-states will determine the strength of the rules-based international order. Countries must respect and abide by international law, support multilateral institutions, and cooperate to resolve disputes and achieve lasting peace.
• Promoting Dialogue and Diplomacy States should prioritize diplomatic efforts and dialogue to de-escalate tensions and reach a peaceful resolution. International mediation and negotiation processes can provide a platform for constructive discussions, fostering understanding, and finding mutually acceptable solutions.
• Humanitarian Aid and Reconstruction Efforts: The international community should support and actively participate in humanitarian aid and reconstruction efforts in Gaza. This includes providing financial assistance, resources, and expertise to help rebuild infrastructure, facilitate access to necessities, and promote long-term development.
• Promoting Human Rights and Respect for International Law: Nations must uphold their obligations under international human rights law, including protecting civilians and safeguarding fundamental rights. International cooperation and collaboration are vital in promoting and enforcing human rights principles.

THE CONCLUSION:

The focus on the alleged violation of the Genocide Convention in Israel’s military operations in Gaza raises important legal and humanitarian questions. The outcome of this case will not only impact the situation in Gaza but also test the credibility and effectiveness of the international legal system. The ICJ’s ruling on provisional measures and its eventual decision will provide valuable insights into the legitimacy of the rules-based international order and the pursuit of justice on a global scale.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 The Russia and Ukraine war has been going on for the last seven months. Different countries have taken independent stands and actions, keeping in view their own national interests. We are all aware that war has its own impact on the different aspects of society, including human tragedy. What ethical issues are crucial to consider while launching the war and its continuation so far? Illustrate with justification the ethical issues involved in the given situation. (2022)

Q.2 Refugees should not be turned back to the country where they would face prosecution or human rights violation.” Examine the statement about the ethical dimension violated by the nation claiming to be democratic with an open society. (2021)

Q.3 The will to power exits, but it can be tamed and be guided by rationality and principles of moral duty.’ Examine this statement in the context of international relations. (2020)

Q.4 Strength, peace, and security are considered pillars of international relations. Elucidate. (2017)

MAINS QUESTION FRAMED:

Q.1 Does the split between countries, particularly between former colonial powers and non-colonial powers, reflect a disregard for ethical considerations in international relations? Discuss with relevant examples.

THE SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-issue-of-genocide-and-the-world-court/article67773539.ece

THE CONTEXT: Recent tweets by Maldivian Ministers, attacking India’s Prime Minister for promoting the Lakshadweep islands and derogatory remarks about Indians have led to rapid decline in ties between India and the Maldives. This happened just a month after Indian Prime Minister met with the newly elected Maldivian President.

ISSUES:

• Anti India stance: There has been a shift in Maldives’ foreign policy towards India. The current ruling government in Maldives rode to power on the back of the “India Out” campaign. Also, they have chosen Turkey as his first bilateral destination, and is now visiting China becoming the first President not to make India his first priority.
• Concern regarding diplomatic and political relationship: Due to the recent mis happenings the diplomatic and political relationship between the two countries, built over the last six decades has been at stake.
• China’s angle: The most obvious concern is the impact of the developments on the strategic competition with China in the region. The competition is heating up in the Indian Ocean region also with the shift of alliances. The pro-China stance led to a shift in Maldives’ traditional foreign policy, which had typically been closer to India.

MALDIVES’S SIGNIFICANCE FOR INDIA

• Location and maritime security:Maldives proximity to the west coast of India and its location at the hub of commercial sea-lanes running through the Indian Ocean has significant strategic importance to India.
• Defence:The security scenario in India’s periphery in the Indian Ocean is very much linked to the maritime strength of Maldives. This is the reason why India invests In Maldives’ security by training its defence forces.
• Strategic interest: From a strategic perspective, India needs Maldives on its side to secure its maritime periphery to keep an eye on the Indian Ocean, and check the influence of China in its neighbourhood.

INDIA’S SIGNIFICANCE FOR MALDIVES

• Daily needs:India supplies Maldives with its everyday essentials including rice, spices, fruits, vegetables, poultry basically every possible edible item in the country. It supplies medicines not just everyday medicines, but all critical care and life-saving drugs.
• Education:India has been the education provider for Maldivians. Maldivian students flock to Indian higher educational institutions. The government gives out scholarships for Maldivian students to study in India.
• Economic dependence:Maldives is dependent on India for most items, and hence India is among its top trading partners. Of the Rs 50 crore total trade between India and Maldives in 2022, Rs 49 crore was India’s exports to Maldives. India emerged as Maldives’ second largest trade partner in 2022.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Rethink the responses: With the calls for boycotts and rising hyper nationalism, both India and Maldives need to take a step back and reassess their responses. It is in the interest of both the nations to address the current tensions, by cooperating with each other on what matters most for both sides.
• Collaboration: Both the nations need to recognise the importance of regional peace and security and each other’s importance. Maldives needs India’s support given its proximity, economic might and historical position as a net security provider in the Indian Ocean. India too must see the importance of this small and strategic neighbour.
• Transparent funding: New capacities in these areas developed through transparent funding mechanisms should be at the priority leading to investments free of difficult conditionalities. The appeal of the investments would increase if prominent local business groups are also roped in as stakeholders in the projects.
• India’s proactive role: India must play a key role within Indo-Pacific security space to ensure regional security in South Asia and surrounding maritime boundaries. It is time to highlight the SAGAR (security and growth for all in the region) initiative of India as a comprehensive maritime doctrine for regional diplomacy both maritime and conventional.

THE CONCLUSION:

India and the Maldives should see the benefits of closer ties. India should adopt an accommodative stance in keeping with its age-old tradition of promoting multi-polar and rule-based world order with respect to its neighbours.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 What do you understand by ‘The String of Pearls’? How does it impact India? Briefly outline the steps taken by India to counter this. (2013)

Q.2 Discuss the political developments in the Maldives in the last two years. Should they be of any cause for concern to India? (2013)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 Amid hyper-nationalism and religious fervour, our diplomatic approach to Maldives needs scrutiny. Comment.

Q.2 Maldives has become a flashpoint in regional relations and can turn into a perennial source of regional friction with serious implications for the Indian Ocean region’s economic prosperity and political stability. Discuss.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/a-change-for-the-worse-on-the-rapid-decline-in-india-maldives-ties/article67727010.ece

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court of India recently unanimously upheld the actions of the Indian government.  Though, abrogation of Article 370 can be held politically correct, concern arises as it lets the Centre get away with violating the constitution and federal principles.

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• The decision has been upheld, in three judgments, one main and two concurring of the Constitution Bench of five judges of the Supreme Court which has facilitated a complete integration of Jammu and Kashmir into the Union of India.
• The unanimous judgment would have been welcomed but this is not all that happened as is facing criticism because of below mentioned reasons.

ISSUES:

• Against constitution and federal principles: Actions taken by the Centre was neither according to the provisions of the Constitution, nor in accordance with well-settled principles of federalism which is a basic feature of the Constitution.
• Diminution without consent of state assembly: Under Article 370 of the Constitution, Article 3 was applied to the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir. It came with a condition that its area would not be diminished by the executive nor by Parliament, without the consent of the J&K State Assembly. However, contrary to this assurance, a very substantial diminution of the area of the State of J&K held without the consent of the inhabitants of Jammu and Kashmir.
• Change of status quo: Recent judgments led not only diminution of the area of the state of Jammu and Kashmir but its status too was unilaterally altered from state to Union Territory a situation not justified by any provision in the Constitution.
• Threat to Federalism: The powers of the Union government with respect to states seem to be enhanced by the verdict, which could be politically unstable. As it could lead to threat to federal principles.
• Concerns of Parliamentary Sovereignty: There are concerns that the  Union can impose the President’s Rule first and then substitute parliamentary approval in place of the Assembly even for highly divisive issues like the splitting of a state.
• Powers of the President under Article 370(1) (d): The President’s power under the Article was not a “constituent power” but merely a power to apply provisions with “modifications and exceptions.”  Thus, abrogation of Article 370 without the consent of State’s Constituent Assembly is not right.
• Violating constituent assembly: Another important safeguard for the state of Jammu & Kashmir had been set out in Article 370 (3) itself as enacted in1950. It states power of the President under Article 370 to declare the entire Article 370 inoperative can come into effect only if the precondition was fulfilled the recommendation of the Constituent Assembly of the state of Jammu & Kashmir. Disregarding this,
• Wrong interpretation by the court: The conclusion of the Court that the recommendation of the Constituent Assembly is not binding on the President was based on the Court’s erroneous interpretation of Article 370 (3) as being in two separate parts. The court wrongly states that the power under Article 370 (3) did not cease to exist upon the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Revisit judgment: SC should act proactively and revisit its judgment of upholding the abrogation of Article 370 by the centre which was done without consulting state legislature.
• Restoring normalcy: There is a need of restoring normalcy in the region for trust-building. It can be done by fostering dialogue and engaging local leaders for peaceful conduction of democratic elections and restoration of the statehood of J&K.
• Ensuring Governance: There is a need for inclusive governance for addressing diverse aspirations of the region.
• Economic development: The imminent focus of the government must be on promoting inclusive economic development of the region by effective implementation of the affirmative policies of the government.
• Establishment of Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Justice Kaul, in his concurring opinion, suggested the establishment of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Jammu and Kashmir. This commission would be tasked with acknowledging and addressing alleged rights violations in the region, indicating a commitment to justice and reconciliation. It should be established as soon as possible.

THE CONCLUSION:

The present decision of the Supreme Court upholding the centre’s decision is not constitutionally correct. It undermines federalism and democratic processes in the region. There should be a collective action to ensure good governance in the region upholding the constitutional provisions.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 To what extent is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, bearing marginal note “Temporary provision with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir”, temporary? Discuss The future prospects of this provision in the context of Indian polity. (2016)

Q.2 The banning of ‘Jamaat-e-islaami’ in Jammu and Kashmir brought into focus the role of over- ground workers (OGWs) in assisting terrorist organizations. Examine the role played by OGWs inassisting terrorist organizations in insurgency affected areas. Discuss measures to neutralize the influence of OGWs. (2019)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.1 Critically examine the constitutional implications of the SC judgement upholding the centre’s decision of abrogation of Article 370 of the Constitution.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/supreme-court-verdict-on-article-370-fali-s-nariman-abbrogation-of-article-370-jammu-and-kashmir-9072109/

 

1. DANCING FROGS OF WESTERN GHAT

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Dancing frogs of Western Ghat are among the most threatened amphibians globally.

EXPLANATION:

• According to the Wildlife Trust of India, Dancing frogs are the most threatened amphibian genus of India.
• The world is facing a critical Amphibian crisis with 41 percent of species on the brink of extinction.
• The Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot spread across Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu is rich in amphibian diversity.
• About Dancing frogs: 
  • Dancing frogs belong to the Micrixalus genus and there are about 24 frog species in this family. It is also known as the Kottigehar dancing frog.
  • The dancing frogs are endemic to the Western Ghats
  • IUCN Status: Critically Endangered
  • Only the males dance.
• Habitats: Their preferred habitats are shola grasslands, myristica swamps and evergreen forests within the Western Ghats, where they mainly reside near slow-moving perennial streams.
• Breeding:
  • The males stretch up their hind legs one at a time and wave their webbed toes in the air in a rapid motion akin to a dance.
  • This is to attract mates as well as ward off competition, probably preferred because their mating calls are drowned out by the gurgling of the streams.
  • This act is called “foot flagging” and gives the species their name.
• Threats: They are threatened by invasive species like the mosquito fish, land use change, variation in temperature and humidity, extreme weather events such as floods and excess rainfall, infectious diseases, water pollution, light pollution, and infrastructure projects such as dams.

Source:(https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/dancing-frogs-of-western-ghats-among-most-threatened-amphibians-globally-92226)

2. ELECTORAL BOND 

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT:  The Supreme Court fixed October 31 for hearing a slew of petitions challenging the electoral bonds scheme.

EXPLANATION:

• A petition filed in the Supreme Court against the legality and transparency of Electoral bonds.
• The petition is filed on the basis of two main issues concerning the electoral bonds scheme:
  • The legalisation of anonymous donations to political parties.
  • The violation of citizens’ right to information about the funding of political parties, promoting corruption.
  • The above two issues are violating Articles 19, 14 and 21 of the Constitution.

Electoral bond: 

• An electoral bond is like a promissory note that can be bought by any Indian citizen or company incorporated in India from select branches of State Bank of India.
• The bonds are similar to bank notes that are payable to the bearer on demand and are free of interest.
• An individual or party will be allowed to purchase these bonds digitally or through cheque.
• The electoral bond will be valid only for fifteen days.

When was the electoral bond introduced?

• The electoral bond scheme was first announced during the 2017 budget session.
• It was notified in January 2018 as a source of political funding by way of money bills introducing amendments in the Finance Act and the Representation of the People Act.

Use of electoral bond: 

• Using electoral bonds is quite simple.
• The bonds will be issued in multiples of Rs 1,000, Rs 10,000, Rs 100,000 and Rs 1 crore (the range of a bond is between Rs 1,000 to Rs 1 crore).
• A donor with a KYC-compliant account can purchase the bonds and can then donate them to the party or individual of their choice.
• Now, the receiver can encash the bonds through the party’s verified account.

Eligibility for foreigners:  

• The Finance Act, 2016 was amended the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act, 2010, to allow foreign companies with subsidiaries in India to fund political parties in India.

Tax exemption: 

• Donations made under an electoral bond scheme by companies and even foreign entities enjoy 100% tax exemption, while identities of the donors are kept confidential both by the bank as well as the recipient political parties.

Benefits:

• Electoral bonds are a more transparent tool than cash because the contributor acquires them after providing the bank with their KYC information.
• The short 15-day life of these bonds limits the potential for abuse.
• Political parties must provide the Election Commission with information about contributions made through electoral bonds. As a result, the bonds contribute to the improvement of India’s electoral financing system.

Challenges: 

• It is an obscure funding system which is unchecked by any authority.
• There is no cap on how much a company or individual can donate to a political party.
• Anonymity of donors under the scheme makes the process opaque instead of meeting its aim of bringing about transparency.
• The bonds are sold via a government-owned bank (SBI), leaving the door open for the government to know exactly who is funding its opponents.
• It violates the Right to Information of Citizens.
• By allowing foreign companies it effectively exposing Indian politics and democracy to international lobbyists.

Source:(https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-to-hear-final-arguments-in-electoral-bonds-case-on-october-31/article67402901.ece)

3. PROMPT CORRECTIVE ACTION FRAMEWORK

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY 

THE CONTEXT: RBI extends prompt corrective action framework to government NBFCs.

EXPLANATION:

• The Reserve Bank of India has decided to extend the ‘prompt corrective action (PCA) framework for non-banking financial companies (NBFCs)‘ to government NBFCs.
• The PCA Framework for NBFCs came into effect from October , 2022.

Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) framework:

Reserve Bank of India had introduced a Prompt Corrective Action Framework (PCA) for Scheduled Commercial Banks in 2002 and the same has been reviewed from time to time based on the experience gained and developments in the banking system.

Objective:

• The objective of the PCA Framework is to enable supervisory intervention at appropriate time and require the supervised entity to initiate and implement remedial measures in a timely manner, so as to restore its financial health.
• The framework is also intended to act as a tool for effective market discipline. It does not preclude the apex bank from taking any other action as it deems fit at any time in addition to the corrective actions prescribed in the Framework.

 PCA framework for NBFCs: 

• NBFCs have been growing in size and have substantial interconnectedness with other segments of the financial system.
• Accordingly, it has now been decided to put in place a PCA Framework for NBFCs to further strengthen the supervisory tools applicable to NBFCs.
• The PCA Framework for NBFCs, as contained in the enclosed Annex, comes into effect from October 1, 2022, based on the financial position of NBFCs.

Actions taken under PCA framework:

source:(https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/pca-regime-to-cover-psu-nbfcs-from-october-2024/articleshow/104324374.cms)

4. PM CARES FUND 

TAG: GS 2: POLITY, GOVERNANCE, SOCIAL JUSTICE.

THE CONTEXT: State of Rajasthan alleged that there is discrimination in the treatment of the CM Relief Fund as compared to the PM CARES Fund in the context of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

EXPLANATION:

• The State of Rajasthan had raised concerns over excluding the CM Cares Fund as a CSR activity under Schedule 7 of the Companies Act, 2013, while the PM Cares Fund enjoys such recognition.
• An original suit filed by the State of Rajasthan under Art 131 of the Constitution challenging the Union of India challenging the exclusion of CM Relief Fund from CSR Activity.
• State of Rajasthan formed a separate Rajasthan CMRF COVID-19 Mitigation Fund (CMRF). This fund functioned as a specialized account within the Chief Minister Relief Fund, with a clear focus on addressing the negative consequences of COVID-19.
• However, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs did not include in Schedule VII of the Companies Act, 2013 and therefore any contribution to such funds shall not qualify as admissible CSR Expenditure.

About PM CARES fund:

• The Prime Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situation (PM-CARES) Fund has been set up to provide relief to those affected by any kind of emergency or distress situation.
• PM CARES Fund has been registered as a Public Charitable Trust. The trust deed of PM CARES Fund has been registered under the Registration Act, 1908 at New Delhi on 27th March, 2020.
• Prime Minister is the ex-officio Chairman of the PM CARES Fund and Minister of Defence, Minister of Home Affairs and Minister of Finance, Government of India are ex-officio Trustees of the Fund.
• The fund consists entirely of voluntary contributions from individuals/organizations and does not get any budgetary support. The fund will be utilized in meeting the objectives as stated above.
• Donations to PM CARES Fund would qualify for 80G benefits for 100% exemption under the Income Tax Act, 1961.
• Donations to PM CARES Fund will also qualify to be counted as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) expenditure under the Companies Act, 2013
• PM CARES Fund has also got exemption under the FCRA and a separate account for receiving foreign donations has been opened. This enables PM CARES Fund to accept donations and contributions from individuals and organizations based in foreign countries.

Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR):

• Corporate Social Responsibility is a management concept whereby  companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business  operations and interactions with their stakeholders.
• All businesses that have a net worth of at least Rs 500 crore, a revenue of at least Rs 1 billion, or a net profit of at least Rs 5 crore are expected to devote 2% of their annual profits, on average, to CSR initiatives.
• According to the updated CSR regulations, businesses may put aside CSR expenses that exceed the minimum 2% requirement in any fiscal year against mandatory expenses for up to three financial years.

Chief Minister’s relief fund: 

• The Chief Minister’s relief fund aims at providing immediate relief to the people in distress in the State as well as in the country.
• The Chief Minister Relief fund provides financial assistance to the people affected by the major natural calamities like flood, drought, fire accident etc.
• It also provides financial assistance to the economically weaker citizens for treatment of some of the major diseases.
• This fund was specifically designed to counter the adverse impacts of COVID-19 and had a separate account for funds.

Source:(https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-cm-relief-fund-vs-pm-cares-fund-csr-discrimination-rajasthan-government-plea-article-131-constitution-239799?infinitescroll=1)

5. MULTINATIONAL SECURITY MISSION OF UNITED NATION

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATION

Context:  Haiti approached the United Nations seeking urgent help to combat deadly gang violence.

Explanation:

• Haiti has experienced a surge in violence over the past year as armed groups (G-9) took control of large parts of the country, including the capital Port-au-Prince.
• Haiti has approached the United Nations seeking urgent help to combat deadly gang violence in the country.
• The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has approved international intervention in the form of multi-national security mission (MSS) to restore security, protect critical infrastructure and control spiralling violence in the country.
• The multi-national security mission (MSS) will not be operated by the United Nations.
• However, Kenya has volunteered to lead the force. Other countries like the Bahamas, Jamaica and Antigua and Barbuda have also offered support.

Multinational security mission:

• A multinational security mission is a military or police operation that is conducted by two or more countries.
• Multinational security missions are often carried out under the auspices of an international organization, such as the United Nations or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
• Multinational security missions can be used for a variety of purposes:
  • Maintaining or restoring peace and security in a conflict zone.
  • Protecting civilians from harm.
  • Promoting democracy and human rights.
  • Combating terrorism and other transnational crimes.
  • Providing humanitarian assistance.
• Multinational security missions can be complex and challenging. Multinational missions must coordinate the efforts of different countries, which can be a challenge.
• However, multinational security missions can be an effective way to address global security challenges. By working together, countries can bring more resources and expertise to bear on a problem.

Examples of multinational security missions:

• The United Nations peacekeeping mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO)
• The NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan
• The European Union-led Operation Atalanta to combat piracy off the coast of Somalia
• The African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM)

About “G9 and Family”:

• The “G9 and Family” (G9 fanmi e alye) is a criminal federation of over a dozen gangs based in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
• It was founded in June 2020 by former police officer turned gang leader Jimmy Chérizier, alias “Barbecue.”
• The G9 has emerged as one of the most powerful gangs in Haiti, and controls large swaths of territory in the capital city.
• The group has been accused of a wide range of crimes, including murder, kidnapping, extortion, and drug trafficking.
• The G9 has also been linked to Haitian politics and has been accused of carrying out assassinations and other attacks on behalf of politicians. The group has also been accused of manipulating elections.

What is the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH)?

• The United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) was a peacekeeping operation established by the United Nations Security Council on April 30, 2004, to help Haiti recover from a rebellion and coup that had ousted President Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
• The mission was authorized to use all necessary means to protect civilians and promote political stability.
• MINUSTAH was deployed to Haiti on June 1, 2004, and remained in the country for over 13 years. During its time in Haiti, MINUSTAH played a significant role in helping to stabilize the country and support the democratic process.
• The mission also helped to improve security conditions and provide humanitarian assistance to the Haitian people.

Source: (https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/haiti-crisis-explain-kenya-united-nations-international-mission-security-force-support-international-affairs/article67388970.ece)

1. SOUTH CHINA SEA

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATION

THE CONTEXT: China-Philippines tensions in the South China Sea

EXPLANATION:

Issues between China and Philippines: 

• China claims the entire South China Sea, including areas away from its coast, and is more assertive to Philippines.
• China installed a barricade near the South China Sea’s Scarborough Shoal.
• Both countries have been embroiled in a tussle over the shoal’s territorial claim since 2012.
• Manila has also accused Beijing of blocking its shipping vessels in and around the Scarborough Shoal
• Scarborough Shoal is a triangular reef encircling a resource-rich lagoon that China seized from the Philippines in 2012.

What is the South China Sea dispute?

• The South China Sea is situated just south of the Chinese mainland and is bordered by the countries of Brunei, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam.
• The countries have bickered over territorial control in the sea for centuries, but in recent years tensions have soared to new heights.

Importance of the South China Sea:

• The South China Sea has huge deposits of natural resources, for example it has 11 billion barrels of oil and 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.
• It is home to rich fishing grounds. For example, according to the BBC  report more than half of the world’s fishing vessels operate in this area.
• It is a crucial trade route. For example, According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development estimates that over 21% of global trade transited through these waters.

Way forward:

• The claimants in the area must be willing to give up their combative approach and agree to find a middle ground.
• According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), all claimants may be able to restrict their claims to a 200 nautical mile area of the Special Economic Zone.
• Another option would be for the parties involved to establish common ownership of the disputed areas, whereby all South China Sea-related profits would be fairly distributed among the littoral nations.

Source:(https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/troubled-waters-the-hindu-editorial-on-the-china-philippines-tensions-in-the-south-china-sea/article67362393.ece)

2. POCSO ACT 

TAG: GS 3: SOCIAL JUSTICE 

THE CONTEXT:  22nd law commission recommended the union government to retain the existing age of consent under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act.

EXPLANATION:

• The Law Commission of India has advised the government against lowering the age of consent under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act.
• The Commission suggested introducing guided judicial discretion in the matter of sentencing in cases involving tacit approval of children in the 16-18 age bracket.(Tacit approval: Agreeing to something or approving it without actually saying so.)
• The Law Commission said that lowering the age of consent would have a number of negative consequences:
  • It would make it easier for adults to have sex with minors, even if the minors are willing participants.
  • It would increase the risk of child marriage and child trafficking.
  • It would make it more difficult for authorities to investigate and prosecute cases of child sexual abuse.

POCSO Act:

• In order to give child legal protection from sexual abuse, exploitation, and pornography, the Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses (POCSO) Act was passed in 2012.
• It identifies many types of sexual offenses against children and imposes severe penalties on offenders.
• It requires the reporting of such cases, the child’s medical assessment and counseling, financial compensation and victim rehabilitation, and protection of the child’s name and privacy.

Objectives:

• To protect the rights and dignity of children who are the targets of sexual exploitation and abuse.
• To provide a quick and kid-friendly justice delivery system, special courts, public prosecutors, juvenile police units, and child welfare committees have been established.

Challenges: 

• Lack of knowledge and sensitivity regarding this Act’s contents and processes among many stakeholders, including parents, teachers, police officers, judges, lawyers, and medical experts, etc.
• The special courts, police units, and child welfare committees do not have the necessary infrastructure, personnel, or resources to function effectively.
• Lack of sufficient infrastructure and resources, including qualified staff, kid-friendly settings, forensic labs, etc., to conduct effective investigations and bring cases under this Act to justice.
• The judicial officials, prosecutors, police officers, and medical experts involved in addressing such instances lack sufficient training and orientation.
• The victim’s and their families’ social stigma and pressure to keep quiet or make a deal with the offenders.

In order to safeguard children from sexual offenses and uphold their best interests, the POCSO Act is a necessary tool. However, having solid legislation on paper is not enough; it is also crucial to have a strong dedication and determination to put the law into practice. In order to create a favorable environment for the prevention, detection, reporting, and prosecution of such incidents, all parties involved must work together in concert. Only then can we ensure that every child has access to their constitutional right to a childhood that is safe, secure, and dignified.

Source:(https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/law-commission-against-lowering-age-of-consent-under-pocso-act-suggests-guided-judicial-discretion/article67361714.ece)

3. PINK BOLLWORM(PBW)

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: From Rajasthan to Haryana, a pest is wreaking havoc on cotton fields.

EXPLANATION:

Cotton pink bollworm scientifically known as Pectinophora gossypiella. It is among the most harmful bugs to cotton.

Distribution: Originally from India, it is now found in almost every country that produces cotton.For example  Pakistan, Africa, Australia,  etc.

Host range: Cotton, bhendi, holly hock and other malvaceous plants.

Description:

• The adults are tiny moths with forewing patterns that are about 3/8 inch long and dark brown in color.
• The damaging and recognizable stage is the larval stage.
• Before they pupate, the larvae can grow to a length of half an inch and have recognizable pink bands.

Ecological damage:

• Adults lay their eggs on cotton balls; when the eggs hatch, the larvae consume the cotton seeds and wreak havoc on the fibers, lowering the yield and quality.
• When the larvae are fully developed, they remove the boll, drop to the ground, and spin a cocoon close to the soil’s surface.
• Additionally, it has been seen to attack hollyhock, okra, and hibiscus plants.
• The damage caused by the PBW larvae tunneling into cotton plant developing fruits (bolls) affects both the weight and quality of the harvested bolls that contain the lint fiber and seeds.

Suggestions:

• The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program, which includes crop rotation of cotton with other crops,
• Biological insect control with the aid of insects and parasites that eat pink bollworms.
• Remove the crop residue and garbage in the field.
• The return of the government to Bollgard has also been suggested by NSAI.
• Farmers should switch quickly to crop kinds that can be harvested quickly.

Source:(https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pocso-report-to-law-minister-law-panel-says-keep-consent-age-18-but-take-less-severe-look-when-kids-in-16-18-8962232/)

4. ARMAGEDDON REEDTAIL

TAG GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

CONTEXT: A new damselfly species has been discovered in Kerala’s southern Western Ghats.

EXPLANATION:

• The insect was named as ‘Armageddon reedtail’ or protosticta armageddonia, to draw attention to the global decline of insect populations due to rampant habitat loss and climate change.

ARMAGEDDON REEDTAIL:

• The Armageddon reEdtail (Protosticta armageddonia) is a damselfly species that is endemic to the Western Ghats of India.
• It is a small and slender damselfly, with a body length of about 30 mm and a wingspan of about 40 mm.
• The males are black with bright red markings on their wings and abdomen.
• The females are brown with yellow markings on their wings and abdomen.
• The Armageddon reedtail is also a reminder of the importance of protecting our natural resources.

Here are some of the reasons why the Armageddon reedtail is declining:

• Habitat loss:
  • The Armageddon reedtail is a habitat specialist, and it is only found in areas with clean water and abundant vegetation.
  • The loss of habitat due to deforestation, development, and agricultural practices is a major threat to the Armageddon reedtail.
• Pollution:
  • The Armageddon reedtail is sensitive to pollution.
  • It is particularly vulnerable to water pollution caused by pesticides and fertilizers.
• Climate change:
  • Climate change is also a threat to the Armageddon reedtail.
  • Climate change is leading to more extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods.
  • These events can destroy the habitat of the Armageddon reedtail and make it difficult for the species to survive.

Damselfly:

• Damselflies are delicate and beautiful insects that are closely related to dragonflies.
• They are found all over the world, and there are over 3,000 known species.
• They are typically smaller and more slender than dragonflies.
• They have two pairs of delicate wings that are held together over their bodies when they are resting.
• They spend most of their lives in the water, where they lay their eggs and develop into nymphs.
• The nymphs are aquatic predators, and they feed on small insects and other invertebrates.
• After several months, the nymphs emerge from the water as adults.
• Adult damselflies are also predators, and they feed on small insects, such as mosquitoes and flies.
• Damselflies are important members of the ecosystem, and they help to control populations of insect pests.
• Damselflies are also known for their beautiful colors and patterns. Some damselflies are bright blue or green, while others are more subdued in color. Damselflies often have intricate patterns on their wings and bodies.

WAY FORWARD:

• We can all help to protect the Armageddon reedtail by reducing our impact on the environment.
• We can do this by planting trees, reducing our use of pesticides and fertilizers.
• It is important to reduce pollution from sources such as agriculture, industry, and sewage.
• The most important way to protect the Armageddon reedtail is to protect its habitat. This can be done by creating and managing protected areas, such as wildlife sanctuaries and national parks.
• It is important to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to adapt to the effects of climate change.

SOURCE:https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlifebiodiversity/damselfly-species-found-in-western-ghats-named-after-climate-impact-on-insects-92040

5. SASTRA RAMANUJAN PRIZE

TAG: GS 3:  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

CONTEXT: Ruixiang Zhang, Assistant Professor, University of California, Berkeley, USA will be awarded with the 2023 SASTRA Ramanujan Prize for his outstanding contributions in mathematics.

DR ZHANG CONTRIBUTION TO MATHEMATICS:

• Zhang is a young mathematician whose fundamental work spans from analytic number theory, combinatorics, Euclidean harmonic analysis to geometry.
• His major achievement is considered to be in Inventiones Mathematicae in 2019.
• He contributed to solving two long-standing problems in restriction theory:

1. Carleson’s problem on pointwise convergence of solutions to the Schr¨odinger equation, and
2. the two-dimensional case of Sogge’s local smoothing conjecture for wave equations.

• The highly skilled mathematician has had a major impact in a wide range of areas like harmonic analysis and its striking applications.
• Zhang received his PhD in mathematics at Princeton University in 2017.
• After holding various positions at different institutions, he is now at the University of California since 2021.
• Besides many awards, Dr. Zhang currently holds a Sloan Fellowship (2022-24) and an NSF CAREER award (2022-27).

SASTRA RAMANUJAN PRIZE:

• The award was instituted by the Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy (SASTRA) in 2005.
• The SASTRA Ramanujan Prize is a $10,000 annual award given to mathematicians not exceeding the age of 32 years.
• It is awarded for path-breaking contributions in areas influenced by the Indian mathematical genius Srinivasa Ramanujan.
• The prize has been unusually effective in recognising extremely gifted mathematicians at an early stage in their careers who have gone on to accomplish even greater things in mathematics.
• This is due to the enthusiastic support from leading mathematicians around the world and the calibre of the winners.
• The age limit of 32 is because Ramanujan lived only for 32 years, and in that brief life span made revolutionary contributions.
• The challenge for the prize candidates is to show what they have achieved in that same time frame.
• The notable recipients of the SASTRA Ramanujan Prize include:
  • Manjul Bhargava (2005)
  • Kannan Soundararajan (2006)
  • Terence Tao (2007)
  • Ben Green (2008)
  • Peter Scholze (2012)
  • Akshay Venkatesh (2013)
  • James Maynard (2014)
  • Maryna Viazovska (2017)
  • Jakob Ellenberg (2018)
  • Adam Harper (2019)
  • Yunqing Tang (2022)
  • Ruixiang Zhang (2023)

RAMANUJAN:

• Ramanujan was born on 22^nd December 1887 in the village Erode (400 km from Chennai, then known as Madras).
• The famous British mathematician Godfrey Harold Hardy recognised his talent in 1913.
• He went to Cambridge, on Godfrey Harold Hardy’s invitation.
• Ramanujam made substantial contributions to the analytical theory of numbers and worked on elliptic functions.
• He also worked on the partition of the whole number, hypergeometric series and Euler’s constant.
• His papers were published in English and European journals, and in 1918 he was elected to the Royal Society of London.
• He died on April 26^th, 1920, at the age of 32, just after returning to India after a long illness.
• In India, 22^nd December is celebrated as National Mathematics Day in the memory of Srinivasa Ramanujan.

SOURCE:https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamilnadu/mathematician-ruixiang-zhang-to-receive-2023-sastra-ramanujan-prize/article67360339.ece

1. APPOINTMENT OF JUDGES

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: According to the Supreme Court the judiciary is losing fresh talent like never before as prospective candidates shortlisted for judgeships in High Courts give up as months tick by without a decision from the government.

EXPLANATION: 

• The Supreme Court of India has set a deadline for the government to take action on pending recommendations for judgeships, transfers of high court judges, and the appointment of a chief justice.
• The recommendation for judgeships was made by the High Court Collegiums, which have been pending with the government for over 10 months, since November 2022.

What is the Collegium system?

• It is a system under which appointments and transfers of judges are decided by a forum of the Chief Justice of India and the four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court. It has no place in the Indian Constitution.
• The word Collegium is nowhere mentioned in the Constitution, it has come in force as per Judicial Pronouncement.
• The origin of the concept for establishment of the system may be traced by the recommendations of the Bar Council of India made on 17 October 1981, during a national seminar of the lawyers at Ahmedabad.

• The Collegium consists of:
  • The Chief Justice of India
  • Four senior Judges of the Supreme Court
  • Two representatives who would be representing the Bar Council of India and the Supreme Court Bar Association.

• The collegium recommendations to the President regarding appointment of a Supreme Court or High Court Judge.

Criticism of Collegium system:

• The Collegium System has been criticized for its opacity and lack of openness.
• There is scope of nepotism in collegium system.
• The judiciary has total authority over the nomination process under the collegium system, which functions without any external checks and balances.
• The collegium system has also come under criticism for being ineffective at handling transfers and appointments, which causes vacancies in the judiciary and delays in the administration of justice.

Strength and Composition of the Supreme Court: 

• The Supreme Court was initially composed of eight justices, including one chief justice.
• The number of judges has grown throughout time due to the Parliament.
• Currently, there are 34 judges on the Supreme Court, including the Chief Justice.

Constitutional provision regarding appointment of Judges:

• Article 124 deals with the appointment of Supreme Court judges. It says the appointment should be made by the President after consultation with such judges of the High Courts and the Supreme Court as the President may deem necessary. The CJI is to be consulted in all appointments, except his or her own.
• Article 217 deals with the appointment of High Court judges. It says a judge should be appointed by the President after consultation with the CJI and the Governor of the state. The Chief Justice of the High Court concerned too should be consulted.

Source:(https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/judiciary-losing-fresh-talent-to-govts-silence-segregation-of-names-sc-tells-centre/article67347939.ece)

2. BLACK SEA GRAIN INITIATIVE

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATION

THE CONTEXT: Disruption in Black Sea Grain Initiative can worsen food security across the Middle East, North Africa.

EXPLANATION: 

• Many countries in the Middle East and North Africa regions are experiencing severe food crises due to inability to afford food and exposure to the negative effects of conflict and trade dynamics in the Black Sea.
• The expanding population and growing demand for important food items, these countries were faced with food insecurity for decades.
• India also banned rice export to protect local supply.
• The combined shocks of above issues may result in the beginning of an era of unprecedented food inflation in the Middle East and North Africa region.

Black Sea Grain initiative:

• The Black Sea Grain initiative aims to address rising food costs brought on by supply chain interruptions as a result of Russian actions in the “breadbasket” of the globe.
• The agreement, which was mediated by the UN and Turkey, was signed in Istanbul in July 2022.

Objective:

• The agreement, which was initially set up for a duration of 120 days, was intended to give Ukrainian exports (especially those of food grains) a secure maritime humanitarian corridor.
• The main goal was to control market volatility by assuring a sufficient supply of grains and preventing an increase in food prices.

Why is the Black Sea Grain Initiative Important?

• Ukraine is one of the world’s top exporters of rapeseed, sunflower oil, sunflower seeds, and wheat.
• It may directly contact grain importers from the Middle East and North Africa, as well as Russia and Europe, due to its access to the deep-sea ports in the Black Sea.
• The initiave has also been praised for making a significant difference in the world’s affordability dilemma.
• Since the initiative started, almost 9.8 million tonnes of grains have been transported.
• The occupied Palestinian Territories, Tunisia and Egypt have a historical dependence on grain exports from Russia and Ukraine.
• Due to the shortage of supplies, those who had been stockpiling grain in the hopes of selling it for a significant profit were suddenly forced to do so.

Source:(https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/food/disruption-in-black-sea-grain-initiative-can-worsen-food-security-across-middle-east-north-africa-report-91981)

3. ANGEL TAX

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT:  The Income Tax Department has notified new angel tax rules that comprise a mechanism to evaluate the shares issued by unlisted startups to investors. Rule 11UA for valuation of shares for the purposes of section 56 of the Act has been modified via a notification.

THE KEY HIGHLIGHTS OF THE CHANGES IN RULE 11 UA ARE:

• The Finance Act, 2023 amended the Income Tax Act 1961 which provided for payment of income tax by unlisted companies.
• The tax needs to be paid on the difference between the fair market value(FMV) of shares and the consideration received for shares.
• The notification adds that the tax needs to be paid only when the consideration exceeds the fair market value.
• The introduction of five alternative valuation methods for equity shares will give merchant bankers more flexibility to value a company.
• Under Rule 11UA, five more valuation methods have been made available for non-resident investors, namely;

a) Comparable Company Multiple Method,

b) Probability Weighted Expected Return Method,

c) Option Pricing Method,

d) Milestone Analysis Method,

e) Replacement Cost Method.

• FMV of the equity shares for resident and non-resident investors, subject to the following:

(i) To the extent the consideration from such FMV does not exceed the aggregate consideration that is received from the notified entity, and

(ii) The consideration has been received by the company from the notified entity within a period of ninety days before or after the date of issue of shares which are the subject matter of valuation.

• The government has also offered a 10% tolerance for deviations from the accepted share valuations. This means that a startup can be valued at up to 10% more than its fair market value without being liable for angel tax.

Angel tax:

• Angel tax, introduced in 2012, refers to tax levied on capital raised by unlisted companies.
• Objective was to deter generation and use of unaccounted money through subscription of shares of a closely held company, at a value which is higher than fair market value.
• Prior to 2023 Budget proposal, angel tax provisions were applicable only for investments received from resident investors.
• However, Finance Bill 2023 has now extended its applicability to non-resident investors as well.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/amid-startups-funding-winter-centre-seeks-to-soften-angel-tax/article67349609.ece

4. WELFARE OF TRANSGENDER PERSONS

TAG: GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) on September 26. 2023 issued an advisory to the Centre, State governments and Union Territory Administrations to ensure the welfare of transgender persons.

EXPLANATION:

• The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has issued an advisory on the welfare of transgender persons, calling for a number of measures to protect their rights and ensure their welfare.
• Some of the key recommendations of the NHRC include:
  • Separate toilets: Provision of separate toilets for transgender persons in all public places.
  • Free sex reassignment surgery: Ensuring that transgender persons have access to free sex reassignment surgery.
  • Pension rights and Inheritance rights: Granting transgender persons pension rights. Allowing transgender persons to inherit ancestral agricultural land.
  • Multi-purpose identity card and Insurance: Providing a multi-purpose identity card to transgender persons to help them access government schemes and other benefits. Advising insurance companies to consider and accept the Transgender Certificate issued by the appropriate authority for document verification purposes.
  • Transgender Welfare Board and Transgender Protection Cell: Setting up a Transgender Welfare Board under Section 10(1) of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020. Establishing a Transgender Protection Cell under the Director General of Police or his/ her nominee in the State to monitor cases of offences against transpersons.
  • Respect and dignity: Ensuring that transpersons are treated with respect and dignity so that they do not face hurdles in education and growth. Taking steps to tackle the sexual harassment of transgender persons and prevent violence or discrimination.
  • Medical boards: Setting up medical boards at the district level to assist transpersons in medical consultation, besides making provisions in every district civil hospital for consultation, treatment and counselling for sex reassignment surgery.
  • Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Advising the Ministry of Corporate Affairs to consider incorporating welfare activities of Transgender Persons explicitly in Schedule VII of the Companies Act, 2013, which provides the list of activities that can be included for making expenditures for CSR activities.
• These recommendations are a welcome step towards ensuring the welfare of transgender persons in India.
• Transgender persons are often marginalized and discriminated against, and these measures will help to protect their rights and ensure that they have access to the same opportunities as everyone else.
• The NHRC’s advisory is a significant step in raising awareness of the challenges faced by transgender persons and promoting their rights.

Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019:

• The Act calls for establishing a National Council for Transgender persons (NCT).
• No transgender person shall be separated from parents or immediate family on the ground of being a transgender.
• The Act also seeks to provide rights of health facilities to transgender persons including separate HIV surveillance centres, and sex reassignment surgeries.
• The Bill prohibits discrimination of transgenders in relation to opportunities for education, job, health care services, and access to services etc.
• Every person has a right to be recognized as a transgender.
• A certificate of identity has to be obtained from the District Magistrate, who will issue the certificate based on the District Screening Committee.
• Penal Provisions: it criminalizes: (i) begging, forced or bonded labor (ii) denial of use of a public place; (iii) denial of residence in the household, village, etc.; (iv) physical, sexual, verbal, emotional and economic abuse.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nhrc-advisory-for-transpersons-pushes-for-separate-toilets-pension-rights-free-sex-reassignment-surgery/article67349098.ece

5. “ciTRAN” A SPECIFIC CIRCULAR RNA

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, researchers from the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal (IISER Bhopal) identified a specific circular RNA (circRNA) called ‘ciTRAN’, which plays a crucial role in the multiplication of the AIDS-causing HIV-1 virus within the human body.

EXPLANATION:

• The research shows how ciTRAN helps the process of copying genetic information from the virus, essentially helping the virus multiply more efficiently.
• HIV-1 infects human cells by binding to a protein called CD4.
• Once the virus has entered the cell, it releases its genetic material, which is RNA.
• The virus then uses the cell’s machinery to copy its RNA and produce new viruses.
• ciTRAN helps HIV-1 to copy its RNA by stabilizing a protein called Rev.
  • Rev is a protein that is essential for the transport of HIV-1 RNA from the nucleus of the cell to the cytoplasm, where the virus assembles and buds from the cell membrane.
• ciTRAN binds to Rev and prevents it from being degraded. This helps to ensure that Rev is available to transport HIV-1 RNA to the cytoplasm, which is essential for the virus to multiply.

CIRCULAR RNA:

• Ribonucleic acid is a molecule in living cells that carries genetic information and helps in the production of proteins.
• RNAs are in general straight-chain, free-end structures but these circular RNA (‘circRNA’) forms a closed-loop.
• The circRNA plays a pivotal role in regulating gene expression and is essential for various biological processes.
• Its role in HIV-1 replication has remained unclear for a long time.
• Characterizing circular RNA can be tricky because it usually is less abundant, making it further challenging to detect in the native form.
• During viral infections, there’s so much information from the virus that it can make it hard to find the less common ones like circular RNA.

HIV AND AIDS:

• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an infection that attacks the body’s immune system.
• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the most advanced stage of the disease.
• HIV targets the body’s white blood cells, weakening the immune system. This makes it easier to get sick with diseases like tuberculosis, infections and some cancers.
• HIV is spread from the body fluids of an infected person, including blood, breast milk, semen and vaginal fluids. It can also spread from a mother to her baby.
• HIV can be treated and prevented with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Untreated HIV can progress to AIDS, often after many years.
• WHO now defines Advanced HIV Disease (AHD) as CD4 cell count less than 200cells/mm3 or WHO stage 3 or 4 in adults and adolescents. All children with HIV younger than 5 years of age are considered to have advanced HIV disease.

PRESENT SITUATION REGARDING HIV AND AIDS:

• The present situation on HIV is that it is a global pandemic that continues to affect millions of people around the world.
• In 2022, there were an estimated 39.0 million people living with HIV, and 1.5 million new HIV infections.
• However, there has been significant progress in the fight against HIV in recent years.
• The number of new HIV infections has declined by 59% since 2001, and the number of AIDS-related deaths has declined by 69% since 2004.
• This progress is due in part to the widespread availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART), which can suppress HIV replication and allow people with HIV to live long and healthy lives.
• However, there are still significant challenges to overcome in the fight against HIV.

SOURCE: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/indian-researchers-identify-circular-rna-that-can-lead-to-treatment-strategies-against-aids/articleshow/103928375.cms?from=mdr

1. INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION ON VAQUITA PORPOISE

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATION; GS 3: ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The International Whaling Commission (IWC) issued its first ‘extinction alert’ on the vaquita porpoise, of which only 10 individuals survive in the Gulf of California or Sea of Cortez in Mexico.

EXPLANATION:

• Numbers of vaquita porpoise have fallen from a population of approximately 570 in 1997 to around 10 animals in 2018.
• There are about 10 surviving animals and the IWC is speaking out now because it believes extinction is not yet inevitable.
• The IWC said the first extinction alert had been issued “to encourage wider recognition of the warning signs of impending extinctions, and to generate support and encouragement at every level for the actions needed now to save the vaquita”.
• The decline of the vaquita has continued despite a very clear understanding of both the cause i.e bycatch in gillnets and the solution i.e replacement of gillnets with safe alternatives in the vaquita habitat.
• The vaquita is caught as bycatch in gillnets meant for totoaba, a fish the swimbladders of which are prized in Chinese cuisine.
• Despite the very low number of surviving animals, 100 per cent enforcement of a ban on gillnets in their core habitat would still give this small but resilient porpoise a chance of recovery.

VAQUITA PORPOISE

• The vaquita is the world’s smallest cetacean and is only found in the northern-most part of the Gulf of California, Mexico.
• It is listed on Appendix I of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).
• It is unique among the porpoises as it is the only species of that family found in warm waters, and the size of the dorsal fin is believed to be an adaptation to that, allowing for extra body heat to dissipate.
• Like many other species of porpoise, vaquita tend to be shy and elusive, avoiding boats when approached. They are most commonly sighted in shallow waters up to 50 metres deep.
• They tend to prefer turbid, nutrient-rich coastal waters which attract their preferred prey: small fish, cephalopods and crustaceans.

Threat:

• The decrease in the vaquita population is related to the totoaba, a large fish that also only lives in the Gulf of California.
• The totoaba is listed as endangered in Mexico and the United States and is protected by the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species.
• Because totoaba and vaquita are similar in size, gillnets illegally set for totoaba are the deadliest for vaquitas.

Appearance

• The vaquita is about 5 feet long and is one of the smallest members of the dolphin, whale, and porpoise family. Females are longer than males, but males have larger fins.
• Vaquitas have small, strong bodies with a rounded head and no beak. They have black patches around their eyes and lips and small, spade-shaped teeth.
• Vaquitas also have triangle-shaped dorsal fins in the middle of their backs, which are taller and wider than in other porpoises.
• These fins might allow vaquitas to reduce their body temperatures in warm water. Vaquita backs are dark gray, while their bellies are a lighter gray.

Behavior and Diet

• Vaquitas are often found alone or in pairs. These shy animals usually avoid boats with active engines. They are difficult to observe because of their small size, inconspicuous and slow surface rolls, small group size, and avoidance of motorized vessels.
• Vaquitas feed on small fish, crustaceans (such as shrimp), and cephalopods (such as squid and octopuses).

Where They Live

• The vaquita has the smallest geographical range of any marine mammal. It only lives in the northern part of the Gulf of California in Mexico. Most vaquitas live east of the town of San Felipe, Baja California, within a 1,519-square-mile area that is less than one-fourth the size of metropolitan Los Angeles.
• This area also includes the Delta of the Colorado River Biosphere Reserve, one of the earth’s most diverse marine habitats. The delta includes many types of fish, birds, marine reptiles, and marine mammals.

International Whaling Commission

• The International Whaling Commission was established under the 1946 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling to provide for the proper conservation of whale stocks and orderly development of the whaling industry.
• The Commission meets this mandate in part by reviewing and, as necessary, revising the measures outlined in the legally binding Schedule included in the Convention.
• The Commission also conducts activities related to cetacean (e.g., whale, dolphin) conservation.
• The Commission normally meets every other year to review the condition of whale stocks and to modify conservation measures, as appropriate.
• Currently, there are 88 contracting governments. The United States has been an active member of the Commission and has served as its depositary government since the Commission’s establishment.

Regulation of Whaling under the IWC

• There are generally three types of whaling that the Commission regulates: commercial, scientific research, and aboriginal subsistence whaling.

Commercial Whaling

• In 1986, a global moratorium, or a temporary ban, on commercial whaling was adopted due to the overexploitation of whale stocks.
• The Commission has also designated sanctuary areas in the Indian and Southern Oceans where commercial whaling is not allowed.
• Although the moratorium is still in place, some countries, such as Norway and Iceland, continue to engage in commercial whaling activities.
• Norway objects to the moratorium, and Iceland has a reservation to the moratorium that allows it to continue commercial whaling.

Scientific Research Whaling

• Article VIII of the Convention allows contracting governments to issue special permits authorizing the taking of whales for purposes of scientific research.
• Japan’s lethal scientific research in the North Pacific and Southern Oceans under such special permit ended in 2019 with their withdrawal from the Convention.

Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling

• The Commission also regulates aboriginal subsistence whaling i.e whaling by native people to sustain themselves.
• Currently, the Commission permits indigenous communities in Denmark (Greenland), the Russian Federation, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and the United States to engage in this type of whaling on certain whale stocks.
• The United States is subject to domestic legal requirements and works with the indigenous communities in Alaska and Washington states to ensure that the catch limits established through the Commission meet their cultural and subsistence needs.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/world/plight-of-the-vaquita-forces-international-whaling-commission-to-issue-first-extinction-alert-91057

2. INDRADHANUSH 5.0

TAG: GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: Indradhanush 5.0 vaccine campaign launched to ensure that children aged between 0-5 years and pregnant women do not miss out on any vaccinations. During the campaign, vaccination against 12 vaccine-preventable diseases will be provided.

EXPLANATION:

• Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 5.0, the nationwide vaccine catch-up campaign, focusses on reaching zero-dose children aged between 0-5 years and pregnant women was launched in the Kerala.
• IMI 5.0 initiative is also intended to be the big leap for eliminating measles and rubella in the country by ensuring that every child under 5 years of age has completed the two-dose schedule of Measles and Rubella Containing Vaccine (MRCV).
• IMI 5.0 will be implemented in three phases, from August 7-11, September 11 to 16 and from October 9 to 14, when all children who might have missed out any vaccines under the Universal Immunisation Programme will have an opportunity to receive those vaccines.

Mission Indradhanush (MI)

• Mission Indradhanush (MI) was launched by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) on 25th December 2014.
• It is a special catch-up campaign under the Universal Immunization Program (UIP), conducted in the areas of low immunization coverage to vaccinate all the children and pregnant women left out or dropped out from Routine Immunization.

Objectives

• The Mission Indradhanush aims to cover all those children who are either unvaccinated, or are partially vaccinated against vaccine preventable diseases.
• India’s Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) provide free vaccines against 12 life threatening diseases, to 26 million children annually.
• The Universal Immunization Programme provides life-saving vaccines to all children across the country free of cost to protect them against 12 Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (VPD) Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Polio, Hepatitis B, Pneumonia and Meningitis due to Haemophilus Influenzae type b (Hib), Measles, Rubella, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) and Rotavirus diarrhoea. (Rubella, JE and Rotavirus vaccine in select states and districts).

The following areas are targeted through special immunization campaigns:

1. High risk areas identified by the polio eradication programme. These include populations living in areas such as:

• Urban slums with migration
• Nomads
• Brick kilns
• Construction sites
• Other migrants (fisherman villages, riverine areas with shifting populations etc.) and
• Underserved and hard to reach populations (forested and tribal populations etc.)

2. Areas with low routine immunization (RI) coverage (pockets with Measles/vaccine preventable disease (VPD) outbreaks).
3. Areas with vacant sub-centers: No ANM posted for more than three months.
4. Areas with missed Routine Immunisation (RI) sessions: ANMs on long leave and similar reasons
5. Small villages, hamlets, dhanis or purbas clubbed with another village for RI sessions and not having independent RI sessions.

Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI)

• The Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) has been launched by the Government of India to reach each and every child under two years of age and all those pregnant women who have been left uncovered under the routine immunisation programme.
• Intensified Mission Indradhanush covers low performing areas in the selected districts and urban areas.
• These areas have been selected through triangulation of data available under national surveys, Health Management Information System data and World Health Organization concurrent monitoring data.
• Special attention will be given to unserved/low coverage pockets in sub-centre and urban slums with migratory population. The focus is also on the urban settlements and cities identified under National Urban Health Mission (NUHM).
• IMI is supported by 11 other ministries and departments, such as Ministry of Women and Child Development, Panchayati Raj, Ministry of Urban Development, Ministry of Youth Affairs among others.
• The convergence of ground level workers of various departments like ASHA, ANMs, Anganwadi workers, Zila preraks under National Urban Livelihood Mission (NULM), self-help groups is ensured for better coordination and effective implementation of the programme.
• Intensified Mission Indradhanush is closely monitored at the district, state and central level at regular intervals. Further, it is reviewed by the Cabinet Secretary at the National level and continued to be monitored at the highest level under a special initiative ‘Proactive Governance and Timely Implementation (PRAGATI)’.

Intensified Mission Indradhanush 2.0

• Intensified Mission Indradhanush 2.0 was to ensure reaching the unreached with all available vaccines and accelerate the coverage of children and pregnant women in the identified districts and blocks from December 2019-March 2020.

Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0

• Intensified Mission Indradhanush 3.0 was to ensure reaching the unreached with all available vaccines and accelerate the coverage of children and pregnant women in the identified districts and blocks from February 2021-March 2021.
• The Intensified Mission Indradhanush 3.0 will have two rounds starting from February 22 and March 22, 2021 and will be conducted in pre-identified 250 districts/urban areas across 29 States/UTs in the country. As per the Guidelines released for IMI 3.0, the districts have been classified to reflect 313 low risk; 152 as medium risk; and 250 as high risk districts.

Intensified Mission Indradhanush 4.0

• Intensified Mission Indradhanush 4.0 launched during Febraury 2022 had three rounds and was conducted in 416 districts (including 75 districts identified for Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav) across 33 States/UTs in the country.
• In the first round (Feb-April 2022), 11 states conducted IMI 4.0. These are Assam, Uttarakhand, Gujarat, Jammu & Kashmir, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura and Chhattisgarh.
• The others (22 states) conducted the rounds from April to May 2022. These states/UTs include Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha, Bihar, Puducherry, Delhi, Punjab, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Telangana, Jharkhand, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, A & N Islands.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/indradhanush-vaccine-campaign-launched-in-state/article67169280.ece

3. HAVANA SYNDROME

TAGS: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Central government has told the Karnataka High Court that it will look into the matter of the ‘Havana Syndrome’ in India in response to a Bengaluru resident’s recent petition.

EXPLANATION:

• A petitioner had approached the Karnataka High court requesting a writ of mandamus for an enquiry on Havana Syndrome in India and the prevention of high-frequency microwave transmission in India.
• A single-judge bench of High Court disposed of the petition after the Centre’s counsel agreed to examine the case. It directed the Centre to do so within three months.

What is Havana Syndrome?

• Havana Syndrome refers to a set of mental health symptoms that are said to be experienced by United States intelligence and embassy officials in various countries.
• It does not mean a unique medical condition, but rather a set of symptoms that are usually experienced together whose origins may be difficult to confirm.
• It typically involves symptoms such as hearing certain sounds without any outside noise, nausea, vertigo and headaches, memory loss and balance issues.

Background:

• It traces its roots to Cuba in late 2016. This was about a year after the US opened its embassy in the capital city of Havana after ties between the two countries were normalised in 2015.
• Some US intelligence officials and members of the staff at the embassy began experiencing sudden bursts of pressure in their brains followed by persistent headaches, feelings of disorientation and insomnia.

Where else has Havana syndrome been reported?

• Since the Cuban incident, American intelligence and foreign affairs officials posted in various countries have reported symptoms of the syndrome.
• In early 2018, similar accusations began to be made by US diplomats in China. The first such report was in April 2018 at the Guangzhou consulate.
• An American employee reported that he had been experiencing symptoms since late 2017. Another incident had previously been reported by a USAID employee at the US Embassy in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, in September 2017.
• According to US media reports, in the past few years, its officials have reported more than 130 such experiences across the world including at Moscow in Russia, Poland, Georgia, Taiwan, Colombia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Austria, among others.
• In India, the first such case was reported in the same year, when a US intelligence officer travelling to New Delhi with CIA director William Burns reported symptoms of Havana Syndrome.

What are the causes of Havana Syndrome?

• Initially during the Cuban experience, the suspicion was on Cuban intelligence and it was then speculated to be a “sonic attack”.
• However, further study by scientists in the US and medical examination of the victims began to suggest that they may have been subjected to high-powered microwaves that either damaged or interfered with the nervous system.
• It was said to have built pressure inside the brain that generated the feeling of a sound being heard.
• Greater exposure to high-powered microwaves is said not only to interfere with the body’s sense of balance but also to impact memory and cause permanent brain damage.
• It was suspected that beams of high-powered microwaves were sent through a special gadget that Americans then called a “microwave weapon”.
• The use of microwaves as a counter-intelligence tactic has been experimented with since the Cold War and both Russia and the US have made attempts to weaponise it.
• There have been reports of US embassy officials in Moscow experiencing mental health issues due to the suspected use of microwaves in the 1970s.

Havana Syndrome in India:

• As of July 2023, the 2021 incident was the only reported occurrence of the syndrome in India. Sources in the Indian security establishment said in 2021 that they were not aware of any weapon with such capacities being in the possession of an Indian agency.

Microwave radiation:

• Microwaves are a form of “electromagnetic” radiation, that is, they are waves of electrical and magnetic energy moving together through space.
• Electromagnetic radiation spans a broad spectrum from very long radio waves to very short gamma rays.
• The human eye can only detect a small portion of this spectrum called visible light. A radio detects a different portion of the spectrum, and an X-ray machine uses yet another portion.
• Visible light, microwaves, and radio frequency (RF) radiation are forms of non-ionizing radiation.  Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to knock electrons out of atoms. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation. Exposure to ionizing radiation can alter atoms and molecules and cause damage to cells in organic matter.
• Microwaves are used to detect speeding cars and to send telephone and television communications.
• Industry uses microwaves to dry and cure plywood, to cure rubber and resins, to raise bread and doughnuts, and to cook potato chips. But the most common consumer use of microwave energy is in microwave ovens.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/havana-syndrome-meaning-explained-8880773/

4. TIDAL POWER DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Standing Committee on Energy submitted its report on the subject “Tidal Power Development in India”.

EXPLANATION:

• The report was tabled in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha
• It urged the Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) to provide updates on initiatives related to assessing the country’s tidal energy potential.
• KEY OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE
• ASSESSING THE POTENTIAL OF TIDAL ENERGY
• The Committee noted that there are three main types of ocean energy: (i) wave, (ii) tidal, and (iii) ocean thermal.
• The theoretical potential of tidal and wave energy is 12.5 gigawatts and 41.3 gigawatts, respectively.
• The potential for ocean-thermal has not been estimated till date.
• The committee noted that the above potential does not necessarily constitute practically exploitable potential.
• Hence, the Committee recommended that the central government should reassess the exploitable potential tidal, wave, and ocean energy.
• COST OF TIDAL POWER PLANT
• The Committee noted that two tidal power plants were shut down in the past because of high cost. These are:

(i) 3.75 megawatt (MW) plant in West Bengal.

(ii) 50 MW plant in Gujarat.

• It recommended that the central government should reassess the current cost of tidal power to determine its economic viability and benefits in long term.
• SETTING UP A PILOT TIDAL POWER PROJECT
• The Committee noted the submission by the MNRE that all renewable sources of energy will be eligible for the 2030 target.
• The Committee recommended that the central government should set up a pilot tidal power project.
• The project should be set up at a cost-effective location such as the Gulf of Kutch.
• ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF TIDAL POWER PLANT
• The Committee observed that there is no study on the assessment of the environmental and ecological impact of a tidal power plant.
• The power plants may environmentally impact a large area upstream and downstream.
• It recommended that the central government should assess the environmental impact and ecological sustainability of a tidal power plant.
• RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
• The Committee noted that no funds have been spent by the central government on the development of tidal power.
• It observed that the fund allocated to the MNRE, or research and development have been reduced significantly at the revised stage in the last few years.
• It recommended that the central government should not reduce the funds for research.

MNRE RESPONSE TO THE RECOMMENDATIONS

• A call for proposals has been issued under the Renewable Energy Research and Technology Development Programme (RE-RTD) which will include tidal power.
• The research and development and pilot projects proposals received in tidal power will be examined.
• However, the committee pointed out that merely issuing a call for proposals is not enough.
• The ministry should actively engage in preparing the groundwork for a demonstration/pilot tidal power project so that the feasibility of commercial generation of tidal power can be explored.

TIDAL POWER IN INDIA

• The ocean tides and currents are natural phenomena that can be harnessed to produce electricity is called tidal power.
• It is a renewable energy source that does not emit greenhouse gases or depend on weather conditions.
• Tidal power works by capturing the energy of the changing water levels and flows caused by the moon and the sun’s gravitational pull.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/renewable-energy/standing-committee-asks-mnre-to-apprise-it-of-efforts-to-assess-tidal-energy-potential-91055

5. SMALL MODULAR REACTORS (SMRS)

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Harnessing of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) will be helpful in realising India’s Sustainable Development Goals and Net-Zero Energy Future.

EXPLANATION:

• N. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 is to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.
• World still depends on fossil fuels for 82% of its energy supply, So, decarbonising the power sector is critical.
• Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) emerge as a promising solution for India, offering a pathway to enhance energy efficiency, and expedite the transition to a net-zero carbon economy.

INDIA’S NET ZERO TARGET

• To avert the worst impacts of climate change global temperature increase needs to be limited to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
• Currently, the Earth is already about 1.1°C warmer than it was in the late 1800s, and emissions continue to rise.
• To keep global warming to no more than 1.5°C as called for in the Paris Agreement – emissions need to be reduced by 45% by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050.
• At COP-26, India announced an ambitious target for achieving net zero GHG-emission by 2070 in 2021.
• What is net zero?
• Net zero refers to the balance between the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) that is produced and the amount that is removed from the atmosphere.
• It can be achieved through a combination of emission reduction and emission removal.

INDIA’S OTHER TARGETS REGARDING CLEAN AND EFFICIENT ENERGY

• Under Paris Agreement, India has updated its Nationally Determined Contribution, increasing its goal to reduce emissions intensity to 45% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels, and committing to achieving 50% cumulative installed power capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.
• India has announced the target of 50% installed power generation capacity from non-fossil energy sources by 2030, raising the existing target of 40%, which has already been almost achieved.
• Under Sustainable Developmental Goal 7, India aims to ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services by 2030.

HOW SMRs ADDRESS THE CHALLENGES RELATED TO ENERGY?

• SMRs offer many advantages owing to their small size, flexibility, and complementarity to renewables.
• SMRs and other advanced reactor technologies, including Generation IV designs, will help India achieve net zero by 2050.
• Addressing the challenge of nuclear power:
• Conventional Nuclear power plants (NPPs) have generally suffered from time and cost overruns.
• As an alternative, several countries are developing SMRs nuclear reactors with a maximum capacity of 300 MW to complement conventional NPPs.
• SMRs can be installed in decommissioned thermal power plant sites by repurposing existing infrastructure, thus sparing the host country from having to acquire more land and/or displace people beyond the existing site boundary.
• Addressing the Challenges of Decarbonization:
• According to the International Energy Agency, the demand for critical minerals like lithium, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth elements, required for clean-energy production technologies, is likely to increase by up to 3.5 times by 2030.
• This jump poses several global challenges, including large capital investments to develop new mines and processing facilities.
• SMRs can be scaled to meet the grid size and have benefits in terms of safety, affordability, and capacity to partner with other clean power sources.

ADVANTAGES OF SMRs

• SMR enhance seismic isolation for more safety.
• Their designs are also simpler than those of conventional NPPs and include several passive safety features, resulting in a lower potential for the uncontrolled release of radioactive materials into the environment.

• SMRs are designed with a smaller core damage compared to conventional NPPs.

• The amount of spent nuclear fuel stored in an SMR project will also be lower than that in a conventional NPP.

• SMRs can reduce costs by simplifying plant design to facilitate more efficient regulatory approvals.
• SMRs are designed to operate for more than 40 years, the levelized cost of electricity is very low.
• SMRs possess transformative capabilities that can reshape India’s energy landscape.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/small-modular-reactors-india-nuclear-power-net-zero/article67175626.ece

1. SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT WORKPLACE (PREVENTION, PROHIBITION AND REDRESSAL) ACT, 2013 (POSH)

TAGS: GS 1: SOCIETY

THE CONTEXT: Ten years after the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (PoSH) came into force, the Supreme Court Bench of India has said there are “serious lapses” and “uncertainty” regarding its implementation, issuing directions to the Union, States, and Union Territories to verify if all government bodies had formed Internal Complaint Committees and to ensure that the composition of such panels is in strict adherence with the Act.

EXPLANATION:

How was the PoSH Act formed?

• Supreme Court noting the absence of any law “enacted to provide for effective enforcement of the basic human right of gender equality” guarantee against “sexual harassment at workplaces”, laid down a set of guidelines in 1997, christened the Vishakha Guidelines, to fill the statutory vacuum till a law could be enacted.
• These were to be “strictly observed in all workplaces” and were binding and enforceable in law.
• The Court drew its strength from several provisions of the Constitution including Article 15 (against discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, and place of birth), also drawing from relevant International Conventions and norms such as the General Recommendations of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), which India ratified in 1993.
• National Commission for Women submitted drafts of a Code of Conduct for the Workplace in 2000, 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2010.
• After this, the Protection of Women against Sexual Harassment at Workplace Bill was introduced by then Women and Child Development Minister in 2007. The amended Bill came into force on December 9, 2013, as the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) or PoSh Act.

How are sexual harassment, the workplace, and an employee defined under the PoSh Act?

• The PoSH Act defines sexual harassment to include unwelcome acts such as physical contact and sexual advances, a demand or request for sexual favours, making sexually coloured remarks, showing pornography, and any other unwelcome physical, verbal, or non-verbal conduct of a sexual nature.
• It also lists down five circumstances that would constitute sexual harassment if they are connected to the above-mentioned acts- (i) Implied or explicit promise of preferential treatment in employment (ii) Implied or explicit threat of detrimental treatment in employment (iii) Implied or explicit threat about present or future employment status (iv) Interference with work or creating an intimidating or offensive or hostile work environment and (v) Humiliating treatment likely to affect health or safety.
• Under the Act, an employee is defined not just in accordance with the company law. All women employees, whether employed regularly, temporarily, contractually, on an ad hoc or daily wage basis, as apprentices or interns or even employed without the knowledge of the principal employer, can seek redressal to sexual harassment in the workplace.
• The law expands the definition of ‘workplace’ beyond traditional offices to include all kinds of organisations across sectors, even non-traditional workplaces (for example those that involve telecommuting) and places visited by employees for work. It applies to all public and private sector organisations throughout India.

Internal Complaints Committee (ICC):

• The law requires any employer with more than 10 employees to form an Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) which can be approached by any woman employee to file a formal sexual harassment complaint.
• It has to be headed by a woman, have at least two women employees, another employee, and, to pre-empt any undue pressure from senior levels, to include a third party such as an NGO worker with five years of experience, familiar with the challenges of sexual harassment.
• Besides, the Act mandates every district in the country to create a local committee (LC) to receive complaints from women working in firms with less than 10 employees and from the informal sector, including domestic workers, home-based workers, voluntary government social workers and so on.
• These two bodies have to conduct inquiries in line with the POSH Act and comply with the “principles of natural justice” stated in the Rules of the Act.
• A woman can file a written complaint either to the internal or local complaints committee within three to six months of the sexual harassment incident.
• There are two ways to resolve the issue by the committee- “through conciliation” between the complainant and the respondent (which cannot be a financial settlement), or committees could initiate an inquiry, taking appropriate action based on what it finds.
• The employer has to file an annual audit report with the district officer about the number of sexual harassment complaints filed and actions taken at the end of the year. It also makes the employer duty-bound to organise regular workshops and awareness programmes to educate employees about the Act, and conduct orientation and programmes for ICC members. If the employer fails to constitute an ICC or does not abide by any other provision, they must pay a fine of up to ₹50,000, which increases for a repeat offence.

2. INDO-PACIFIC ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR PROSPERITY (IPEF)

TAGS: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATION

THE CONTEXT: In November 2019, India walked out from the trade pact called the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Fast forward to 2023, and now India along with many of the same countries, but with China replaced by the United States, is getting into the U.S.-driven Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF).

EXPLANATION:

Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF):

• It is launched by United States in May 2022.
• IPEF is about developing a strategic-economic bloc an integrated economic system centered on the U.S., and, as importantly, excluding China.
• Members: India, USA, Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Fiji, Indonesia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
• This framework will offer tangible benefits that fuel economic activity and investment, promote sustainable and inclusive economic growth, and benefit workers and consumers across the region.
• The 14 IPEF partners represent 40 percent of global GDP and 28 percent of global goods and services trade.
• The IPEF is designed to be flexible, meaning that IPEF partners are not required to join all four pillars.
• Aim: Its purpose is to “advance resilience, sustainability, inclusiveness, economic growth, fairness, and competitiveness for our economies. Through this initiative, we aim to contribute to cooperation, stability, prosperity, development, and peace within the region”.

What is different in IPEF from other trade deals?

• Traditionally, trade deals used to be mostly about tariffs. The U.S.’s IPEF completely removes the tariff element of typical trade deals.
• IPEF is not a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) like the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and Comprehensive and Progressive Transpacific Partnership (CPTPP).
• IPEF as “a 21st century economic arrangement designed to tackle 21st century economic challenges, ranging from setting the rules of the road for the digital economy; to ensuring secure and resilient supply chains; to helping make the kind of major investments necessary in clean energy infrastructure and the clean energy transition; to raising standards for transparency, fair taxation, and anti-corruption”.
• It also seeks commitments to labour and environmental standards, which are highly unpopular in the region.
• Unlike other regional FTAs such as the RCEP or CPTPP, the IPEF does not offer increased market access (especially to the US market) through tariff liberalisation and non-tariff concessions.

The IPEF consists of the following four negotiating pillars:

1. Trade: The IPEF seeks to build “high-standard, inclusive, free, and fair trade commitments and develop new and creative approaches in trade and technology policy that advance a broad set of objectives that fuels economic activity and investment, promotes sustainable and inclusive economic growth, and benefits workers and consumers”.
2. Supply Chains:The IPEF will seek “first-of-their-kind supply chain commitments that better anticipate and prevent disruptions in supply chains to create a more resilient economy”. It also intends to establish an early warning system and coordinate crisis response actions.
3. Clean Energy, Decarbonisation, and Infrastructure: The framework will seek first-of-their-kind commitments on clean energy, decarbonisation, and infrastructure that promote good-paying jobs.
4. Tax and Anti-Corruption:The IPEF will seek new commitments to enact and enforce effective and robust tax, anti-money laundering, and anti-bribery regimes in line with existing multilateral obligations, standards, and agreements to curb tax evasion and corruption in the Indo-Pacific region.

India’s Stand:

• India has joined the other three pillars of supply chains, clean economy, and fair economy but not trade. But there is great pressure on it to join trade too. Joining the trade pillar is the worst, but the other pillars too contribute to developing hard new economic architectures and structures that are not tariff-based.

The rise of the ‘Indo-Pacific’:

• With the shift of the centre of gravity from the Atlantic to Asia, the new concept of the ‘Indo-Pacific’ has entered the geopolitical discourse, replacing the hitherto dominant ‘Asia-Pacific’ construct, even though its geographic boundaries are not well defined.
• Based on maritime geography, the Indo-Pacific refers to a contiguous zone encompassing the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The geographic boundaries of the Indo-Pacific could stretch from East Africa to the west coast of the US and encompass a large number of countries at varying stages of development, with distinct policy agendas and divergent interests.
• Bringing together highly heterogeneous countries with high-standard commitments on the digital economy, green infrastructure, clean energy, and social and environmental standards under the rubric of IPEF is a herculean effort.
• In the economic realm, the Indo-Pacific is one of the world’s most dynamic regions. The region accounts for more than 60% of the global GDP, and almost 50% of the global merchandise trade passes through its waters.
• The region includes the world’s four big economies: the USA, China, Japan, and India. With the engine of global economic growth shifting eastwards, the Indo-Pacific region will gain greater importance in coming years.

3. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND FACIAL RECOGNITION POWERED SOLUTION FOR TELECOM SIM SUBSCRIBER VERIFICATION (ASTR)

TAGS: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has developed an artificial-intelligence-based facial recognition tool that it claims has the capability of running checks on subscriber databases of telecom operators to deduce whether it contains multiple connections associated with the same person.

EXPLANATION:

Origin of ASTR:

• In 2012, DoT had issued an order to all telecom operators that they would have to share their subscriber database including users’ pictures with the department.
• These images constitute the core database on which authorities are running their facial recognition algorithm using ASTR.
• The ASTR project was conceptualised and designed between April 2021 and July 2021 by the DoT’s unit in Haryana.

How ASTR works:

• Human faces in subscribers’ images are encoded using convolutional neural network (CNN) models in order to account for the tilt and angle of the face, opaqueness and dark colour of the images.
• After that, a face comparison is carried out for each face against all faces in the database, and similar faces are grouped under one directory. Two faces are concluded to be identical by ASTR if they match to the extent of at least 97.5 per cent.
• Once the faces are matched, ASTR’s algorithm uses what it describes as “fuzzy logic” to find similarity or approximate matches for the subscriber names.

Benefits of ASTR:

• It can potentially bring down cyber frauds by detecting and blocking possible fraudulent mobile connections.
• ASTR is capable of detecting all SIMs against a suspected face in less than 10 seconds from a database of 1 crore images.
• It also accounts for any typographical errors that might have occurred while the subscriber acquisition form was being filled.

Convolutional neural network (CNN) model:

• It is a type of Deep Learning neural network architecture commonly used in Computer Vision. Computer vision is a field of Artificial Intelligence that enables a computer to understand and interpret the image or visual data.

In a regular Neural Network there are three types of layers:

1. Input Layers: It’s the layer in which we give input to our model. The number of neurons in this layer is equal to the total number of features in our data (number of pixels in the case of an image).
2. Hidden Layer: The input from the Input layer is then feed into the hidden layer. There can be many hidden layers depending upon our model and data size.
3. Output Layer: The output from the hidden layer is then fed into a logistic function like sigmoid or softmax which converts the output of each class into the probability score of each class.

Artificial Intelligence (AI):

• Artificial Intelligence(AI) is a vast subset of computer science revolving around the development of smart machines that can perform tasks that typically need some semblance of human intelligence.
• It is a multi-faceted, interdisciplinary science, but modern advancements in deep learning and machine learning are bringing it into nearly every area of the tech industry.

Facial recognition:

• Facial recognition is a category of biometricsoftware that maps an individual’s facial features mathematically and stores the data as a faceprint. The software uses deep learning algorithms to compare a live capture or digital image to the stored faceprint in order to verify an individual’s identity.

AI face recognition software has the following advantages:

• Real-time identification
• Anti-spoofing measures
• Lessened racial or gender bias due to model training across millions of faces
• Can be used across multiple cameras.

4. 4^th POSITIVE INDIGENISATION LIST

TAGS: GS 3: SECURITY

THE CONTEXT: Defence Ministry Releases Fourth Positive Indigenisation List under make in India to reduce dependence on foreign weapon suppliers.

EXPLANATION:

Positive Indigenisation List:

• In pursuit of atmanirbhartain defence, the Ministry of Defence has approved a “positive-indigenisation list” (PIL) of 928 items which will reduce imports worth Rs 715 crore.
• The list ranges from line replacement units (LRUs) and subsystems to components, high-end materials, and spares.
• The aim of the move is in sync with the government’s overall aim to promote ‘Aatmanirbharta’ (self-reliance) in defence production and to minimise imports by the defence public sector undertakings (DPSUs).
• Gaining self-sufficiency in Defence production would not only guarantee long-term security of our country but also give significant boost to the domestic industry engaged in design, development and manufacturing of weapons and platforms.
• This will also augment the design capabilities of the domestic defence industry by involving academia and research institutions.

4th Positive Indigenisation List:

• It is the fourth such “positive indigenisation list (PIL)” comprising line replacement units, sub-systems and components used for various military platforms, equipment and weapons.
• 4th Positive Indigenisation List released during Def Expo 2022 and This list is in continuation to the three similar PILs that were brought out in December 2021, March 2022 and August 2022.
• 101 more Defence Items will now be procured from indigenous sources. Highly complex systems, sensors, weapons and ammunitions have been included in this list.
• As per preliminary estimates, more than 1,75,000 Cr worth orders would be placed on Indian Industry in the next 5-10 years.
• This would further stimulate the potential of Domestic Research & Development by attracting fresh investment into technology and manufacturing capabilities.
• The items which were already indigenised comprised 262 from the first PIL, 11 from the second list and 37 from the third PIL.
• The ministry said DPSUs will soon initiate procurement action for these notified items.

How will this take place?

• The defence ministry has set specific timelines for import ban of the items, spanning the period from December 2023 to December 2028.
• The DPSUs will undertake indigenisation of these items through different routes under ‘Make’ category and in-house development through the capabilities of MSMEs and private Indian industry, thereby providing impetus to the growth in economy, enhanced investment in defence and reduction in import dependence of DPSUs.
• In addition, this will augment the design capabilities of the domestic defence industry by involving academia and research institutions.
• These lists contain 2,500 items which are already indigenised and 1,238 (351+107+780) items which will be indigenised within the given timelines.

Reasons for the move:

• India is one of the largest importers of arms globally.
• According to estimates, Indian armed forces are projected to spend around USD 130 billion in capital procurement over the next five years.
• This will reduce dependence on imported military platforms and has decided to support domestic defence manufacturing.

5. DATA GOVERNANCE QUALITY INDEX (DGQI)

TAGS: PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE

THE CONTEXT: The Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW) has been ranked second among 66 ministries in the Data Governance Quality Index (DGQI) assessment for the December quarter (Q3) of FY23.

EXPLANATION:

• It is conducted by the Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office (DMEO), NITI Aayog
• It aims to measure the maturity level of administrative data systems and their use in decision-making of various ministries and departments on the implementation of central sector schemes and centrally-sponsored schemes.
• It also identifies reforms to reach the frontier of seamless data exchange and its synergistic use within the ministry, while defining clear pathways to achieve these goals.

Under the realm of the overall approach, six key themes have been identified under data systems pillar covered by the Data Governance Quality Index:

• Data Generation: Data generation measures the ability of the respective ministries/departments to efficiently generate useful data in the course of their programme implementation. It covers areas related to the level of digitization, frequency and granularity of data generation. It also assesses if mobile phones, location tracking and GIS mapping is used to authenticate the generated data.
• Data Quality:Data Quality covers processes of scientifically and statistically evaluating data in order to determine whether they meet quality benchmarks. The key areas covered under this theme relate to profiling of data, data quality assessment processes (for e.g. data pipeline design, well defined data schema etc.), data cleaning, use of latest technologies and mobile phones in the process.
• Use of Technology:This theme assesses if emerging technologies are being utilized to improve data robustness. It assesses if MIS of ministries/departments have linkages with PFMS for ensuring transparency and Jan-Dhan, Aadhar and Mobile [JAM-trinity (if applicable)] for delivering last mile services. It also measures if emerging technologies like block chain, big data analytics, machine learning, artificial intelligence, IoT are being used to collect data or to draw analytical insights from it.
• Data Analysis, Use and Dissemination:One of the core themes, it covers if the collected data is being analyzed and used for evidence creation and decision making. It gauges whether ministries/departments are undertaking basic cross-sectional analyses only or regression and predictive analysis as well.
• Data Security and HR Capacity:While data security requires an in-depth analysis in itself, the same is briefly captured in the index also to reflect its importance. These were identified to be the minimum requirements expected to be met and are not meant to be exhaustive in nature.

Several existing data maturity models were studied to develop DGQI’s methodology. Three key steps of data preparedness were identified:

(a)Data Strategy to lay down systemic guidelines

(b) Data Systems to ensure smooth processes of data generation, management and its use

(c) Data driven Outcomes where data is utilized and widely shared by institutions to drive decision making.

The objectives are as follows:

• To enable review and assessment of data preparedness of the data/ MIS systems of the Ministries/Departments on objective parameters of a standardized framework.
• To prepare a self-assessment diagnostic tool that will enable the M/Ds to internally contemplate the need for improving data systems.
• To enable the commissioning agencies to conduct a comparative assessment of data preparedness and source best practices in IT systems which can enable improved cross-learning between the participating agencies.
• It iwill help in laying the foundation of more integrated monitoring systems, for e.g., a single, online, API-integrable ‘Overarching Dashboard’ kind of monitoring system of all the CS/ CSS schemes of all M/Ds, ultimately leading to a state-of-the-art data-driven decision making.