TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The findings from the paper released by the World Inequality Lab shed light on the alarming levels of income and wealth inequality in India.

EXPLANATION:

• The study reveals a historical high in the concentration of wealth and income among the top 1% of earners, surpassing even global benchmarks.
• It emphasizes the need for comprehensive tax reform and broad-based public investments to address this disparity.

Key Insights from the Paper

• Historical Highs in Income and Wealth Shares:
  • By 2022-23, the top 1% income share in India reached 22.6%, while the top 1% wealth share rose to 40.1%, marking historical highs.
  • These levels of inequality place India among the top-ranking countries globally, surpassing even South Africa, Brazil, and the US in income concentration.

• Wealth Concentration within the Top 1%:
  • Wealth concentration within the top 1% is staggering, with 39.5% of the nation’s wealth held by this elite group.
  • Within this top 1%, significant disparities exist, with a substantial portion of wealth (29 percentage points) held by the top 0.1%.

• Decline in Inequality Post-Independence:
  • The paper notes a decline in inequality post-independence until the early 1980s, followed by a steady rise, particularly since the early 2000s.
  • The rise in inequality has been particularly pronounced in terms of wealth concentration since 2014-15.
• Impact on Bottom 50% and Middle 40%:
  • The rise in top-end inequality has come at the expense of the bottom 50% and middle 40%, whose share of national income has dwindled over the years.
  • Despite economic growth, these segments have seen stagnating or declining income shares, reflecting a skewed distribution of economic gains.

• Regressive Tax System:
  • The paper suggests evidence that the Indian tax system may be regressive when viewed from the lens of net wealth, exacerbating income and wealth disparities.
  • It calls for a restructuring of the tax code to address both income and wealth inequality, proposing a “super tax” on the net wealth of the wealthiest families.
• Need for Public Investments:
  • To counteract inequality and ensure broader benefits from globalization, the paper emphasizes the necessity of broad-based public investments in health, education, and nutrition.
  • It argues that such investments not only address inequality but also create valuable fiscal space for social welfare programs.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/business/india-top-income-wealth-shares-reached-historical-high-world-inequality-lab-south-africa-us-brazil-9223950/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The recent notification by the Centre designating the Press Information Bureau (PIB) as the official fact checker for online content pertaining to the government marks a significant development in the realm of fact-checking and online information dissemination.

EXPLANATION:

• This move, made under the IT Rules of 2021 by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, aims to ensure accuracy and combat misinformation related to the central government’s business.

Key Points from the Notification

• Designation of PIB as Fact Check Unit:
  • The central government formally notifies the Fact Check Unit under the Press Information Bureau of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting as the official fact check unit of the Central Government.
  • This unit is tasked with verifying the accuracy of online content related to the government’s business.
  • Under the new rules, if the fact check unit comes across or is informed about any posts that are “fake”, “false” or contain “misleading” facts pertaining to the business of the government, it would flag it to the social media intermediaries.
  • The online intermediaries would then have to take down such content if they wanted to retain their “safe harbour” (legal immunity against third-party content).
  • The fact check unit under PIB was established in November 2019 with a stated objective of acting as a deterrent to creators and disseminators of fake news and misinformation.
  • The unit is mandated to counter misinformation on government policies, initiatives and schemes either suo motu or under a reference via complaints.
• Purpose and Scope:
  • The Fact Check Unit, as the nodal agency, is responsible for monitoring and alerting about fake news or misinformation concerning the central government.
  • Its establishment underscores the government’s commitment to combatting misinformation in online spaces.
• Legal Framework:
  • The notification aligns with the IT Rules of 2021, which empower the fact check unit to flag fake, false, or misleading content related to the government’s business to social media intermediaries.
  • Intermediaries are then required to take down such content to maintain their legal immunity.

Context and Implications

• Legal Challenges:
  • The notification follows the Bombay High Court’s recent decision to decline restraining the Centre from notifying the unit.
  • However, stand-up comedian Kunal Kamra and the Editors Guild of India have petitioned the Supreme Court against this verdict, highlighting the legal debates surrounding online content regulation.
• Enforcement Mechanisms:
  • Under the new rules, the fact check unit plays a pivotal role in ensuring compliance with content regulations by social media intermediaries.
  • Its identification of misinformation prompts intermediaries to take action, contributing to a more accountable online environment.
• Establishment and Objectives:
  • The fact check unit, established in November 2019, aims to deter the spread of fake news and misinformation.
  • It serves as a platform for reporting suspicious information related to the Government of India and actively counters disinformation campaigns targeting government policies and initiatives.

SOURCE: https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/centre-notifies-pib-as-official-fact-checker-for-online-content-5277874

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: In the 2023 World Air Quality Report by IQAir, India emerged as the third most polluted country globally, following Bangladesh and Pakistan.

EXPLANATION:

• The report highlights the severity of India’s air pollution crisis, particularly focusing on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations, which exceed the World Health Organization’s guidelines by over 10 times.

Regional Comparison and Geographic Trends

• Despite geopolitical differences, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh share the common challenge of high levels of air pollution.
• These countries are united in facing significant environmental and public health threats due to poor air quality.
• While India didn’t clinch the top spot in the country-wise pollution ranking, it secured various other alarming distinctions.
• New Delhi emerged as the most polluted capital globally, with PM2.5 concentrations far exceeding WHO limits.
• Additionally, India claimed nine out of the ten most polluted cities worldwide.

Key Findings from the Report

• Begusarai in Bihar, India, stood out as the most polluted metropolitan area globally in 2023, followed closely by Guwahati in northeast India and New Delhi.
• These areas recorded alarming PM2.5 concentrations, posing severe health risks to their populations.
• 5, being the most potent air pollutant, can lead to a range of diseases, including fatal ones, as the particles can travel through the bloodstream to affect various organs.
• Despite the expanding scope of air quality monitoring, Africa remains significantly underrepresented, with one-third of its population lacking access to air quality data.
• This gap hampers decisive action and perpetuates unnecessary human suffering.

Implications for Climate Change and Public Health

• The report emphasizes the link between air pollution and climate change.
• Climate change exacerbates air quality issues, intensifying extreme weather events, wildfires, and allergic airway diseases.
• The pressing environmental challenges highlighted by the report pose significant health risks to India’s vast population, particularly those living in highly polluted areas.
• There’s a need for urgent action to address air pollution and its disproportionate impact on vulnerable communities.

Calls to Action and Recommendations

• Urgent measures are needed to move beyond fossil fuels and invest in clean energy generation.
• The agreement reached during the COP28 to shift away from fossil fuels signals a global recognition of the need for action.
• Cities must prioritize sustainable transport solutions to reduce vehicular emissions, a major contributor to air pollution.
• This includes phasing out diesel, gas, and petrol cars and promoting renewable-energy-powered public transport.
• India’s national ambient air quality standards need updating to align with WHO guidelines.
• Outdated standards delay effective action against air pollution and fail to protect public health adequately.

Swiss organization IQAir and Air Quality Report:

• IQAir is a Swiss air quality technology company, specializing in protection against airborne pollutants, developing air quality monitoring and air cleaning products.
• IQAir also operates AirVisual, a real-time air quality information platform.
• prepares the annual world air quality reports based on data from monitoring stations operated by governments and other institutions and organisations across the world.
• The report includes 7,812 locations in 134 countries, regions and territories.
• India had the third-worst air quality out of 134 countries in 2023 after Bangladesh and Pakistan.
• 5 Concentration – India (54.4 micrograms per cubic metre), Bangladesh (79.9 micrograms per cubic metre) and Pakistan (73.7 micrograms per cubic metre).
• In 2022, India was ranked as the eighth most polluted country with an average PM2.5 concentration of 53.3 micrograms per cubic metre.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/pollution/india-was-third-most-polluted-country-globally-in-2023-right-behind-top-ranking-bangladesh-and-pakistan-95134

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Lianas, woody vining plants that thrive in disturbed forest areas, have emerged as an unexpected menace to Earth’s carbon sinks.

EXPLANATION:

• Their competitive nature for sunlight in the forest canopy suppresses trees, which are major carbon sinks, thereby diminishing the forest’s capacity to sequester carbon.
• The implications of liana dominance for global warming and carbon cycles has been emphasizes.

Factors Driving Liana Dominance Over Trees

• Lianas exhibit higher competitive success over trees in disturbed forest areas, such as those affected by logging or natural treefalls.
• Forests recovering from disturbances lack structural support for tree growth, favoring liana proliferation.
• Warmer temperatures, lower precipitation, and tropical lowlands provide favorable conditions for lianas.
• They are more resilient to climatic stress and can efficiently utilize water and nutrients, giving them a competitive advantage over trees.
• Topography influences sunlight availability and soil moisture levels, further favoring lianas.

Impacts of Liana Dominance on Forest Ecosystems

• Liana proliferation can lead to decreased tree regeneration, growth, and survival, altering forest structure and ecosystem function.
• This affects the subsequent recovery of forests following disturbances.
• Lianas alter nutrient cycling within forests, decreasing overall ecosystem resilience to environmental changes and making ecosystems more susceptible to further disturbances.

Implications for Carbon Sequestration and Global Warming

• Lianas store less carbon than trees, and their dominance diminishes the forest’s capacity to sequester carbon.
• Slower forest recovery following disturbance, due to liana competition, means less carbon being sequestered by the forest.
• The reduction in the effectiveness of forests as carbon sinks exacerbates global warming, altering global carbon cycles.
• Slower forest recovery contributes to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.

Balancing Lianas and Trees for Ecosystem Health

• The goal should not be to eliminate lianas from forests but to maintain a balance between lianas and trees that allows for both forest recovery and biodiversity conservation.
• Forest managers and conservation agencies can use these findings to prioritize restoration efforts, particularly in regions vulnerable to liana dominance like the Amazon, the Congo Basin, and the Borneo-Mekong Forest Basin.

Liana:

• A liana is a long-stemmed, woody vine that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses trees, as well as other means of vertical support, to climb up to the canopy in search of direct sunlight.
• The word liana does not refer to a taxonomic grouping, but rather a habit of plant growth – much like tree or shrub.
• It comes from standard French liane, itself from an Antilles French dialect word meaning to sheave.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/interviews/forests/-lianas-threaten-earth-s-carbon-sinks–95139

TAG: GS 2: SOCIAL ISSUES

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court of India issued directives to all states and Union Territories to expedite the issuance of ration cards to 80 million migrant and unorganized workers within the next two months.

EXPLANATION:

• This directive addresses the failure of the Centre and states to comply with previous court orders and aims to ensure food security for vulnerable populations.

Directives:

• The Supreme Court emphasized the urgent need to issue ration cards to migrant and unorganized workers, irrespective of the quotas defined in Section 3 of the National Food Security Act (NFSA).
• This directive aims to provide timely access to food grains under the Act to those in need.
• The court expressed concern over the failure of governments to comply with its previous directive issued in April 2023, which mandated the issuance of ration cards to 80 million individuals registered on the eShram portal.
• Delays were attributed to bureaucratic hurdles such as the requirement for eKYC updates for existing ration cardholders.
• The directive highlighted the exclusion of over 100 million people from the food security net due to outdated census data used for determining ration card coverage.
• As a result, states have exhausted their quotas under the NFSA, hindering the issuance of new ration cards.

Implications and Significance:

• By directing the issuance of ration cards irrespective of NFSA quotas, the Supreme Court underscores the importance of inclusive welfare policies that prioritize equitable access to essential commodities for vulnerable populations, such as migrant and unorganized workers.
• The court’s intervention serves as a legal mechanism to ensure the effective implementation of social welfare schemes and holds governments accountable for fulfilling their obligations towards marginalized communities.
• This proactive approach reinforces the judiciary’s role in safeguarding citizens’ rights to food security.
• Legal advocacy by counsels represents the concerted efforts of civil society organizations and activists to address systemic challenges faced by migrant workers.
• Their representation amplifies the voices of marginalized communities and advocates for policy reforms to address their needs.

Challenges and Limitations:

• Bureaucratic hurdles, including delays in updating eKYC data and reliance on outdated census figures, pose challenges to the timely issuance of ration cards.
• Overcoming administrative bottlenecks requires coordinated efforts from multiple stakeholders and streamlined administrative processes.
• The limitations of existing data systems, such as the eShram portal and One Nation, One Ration Card scheme, highlight the need for improved data integration and governance mechanisms to accurately identify and cater to the needs of migrant workers.
• A comprehensive database capturing relevant demographic and socio-economic information is essential for targeted policy interventions.

National Food Security Act (NFSA):

• According to the National Food Security Act- NFSA, up to 75% of the rural and half of the urban populations are entitled to subsidized food grains.
• This is legally provided through the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS).
• The TDPS covers 50% of the urban and 75% of the rural populations, with a uniform entitlement of 5 kg per person per month.
• However, under Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY), the poorest of the poor households will be receiving 35 kg of food grains per household per month. Therefore, almost two-thirds of the population is covered by this act.
• Up to 75% of the rural and 50% of the urban populations are covered by NFSA through the Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) scheme and the priority households. The entitlements under the National Food Security Act include:
  • Priority homes are entitled to 5 kilograms of food per person per month.
  • While AAY households represent the lowest of the poor or are entitled to 35 kilograms per family per month.
  • The former Planning Commission (now Niti Aayog) used the NSS household consumption survey data for 2011-2012 to estimate the state-wise coverage under the NSSA. This corresponded to the coverage rates of all of India, of 75% and 50% in rural and urban regions, respectively.
  • The task of identifying potential households within the scope under TPDS established for each state is to be completed by states/UTs.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/right-to-food-give-ration-cards-to-80-million-unorganised-and-migrant-workers-within-2-months-directs-sc-95113

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Election Commission of India (ECI) plays a pivotal role in organizing and overseeing electoral processes across the country. This includes determining the schedules for elections to legislative bodies such as state assemblies and the Lok Sabha (House of the People).

EXPLANATION:

• Understanding how these schedules are decided and how the terms of legislative bodies are regulated provides insights into the constitutional framework and operational aspects of the electoral process.

Constitutional Framework:

• As per the Constitution of India, both state assemblies and the Lok Sabha have fixed terms of five years from their first sitting.
• Article 172(1) specifies the duration of state legislative assemblies, while Article 83(2) outlines the tenure of the Lok Sabha.
• In exceptional circumstances such as a Proclamation of Emergency, the term of legislative bodies may be extended by Parliament, but such extensions cannot exceed one year at a time and cannot extend beyond six months after the Emergency ceases.

Application to Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim:

• The existing assemblies of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim convened their first sittings on June 3, 2019.
• Therefore, their terms are scheduled to end on June 2, 2024, as per the constitutional provisions.
• The Election Commission adjusted the date of counting for assembly elections in these states from June 4 to June 2 to ensure that the electoral process concludes before the expiry of the assembly terms.
• This adjustment aligns with the constitutional mandate to complete elections before the dissolution of the legislative bodies.

Factors Considered by the ECI in Fixing Election Schedules:

• The primary consideration for the ECI is the date of expiry of the term of the legislature.
• The commission aims to complete the election process at least one day before the term ends, ensuring a smooth transition to the new assembly or parliament.
• The ECI takes into account various logistical factors such as weather conditions, festivals, and the availability of infrastructure (e.g., school buildings for polling stations) and personnel (e.g., teachers for election duty).
• These considerations ensure efficient conduct of elections across diverse geographical and cultural contexts.
• Understanding the historical and geographic landscape of the region is crucial for planning election schedules.
• Factors such as historical voting patterns, regional festivals, and security requirements influence the timing and logistics of elections.

Previous Instances and Flexibility:

• While adjustments to election schedules are uncommon, the ECI has occasionally made changes to accommodate specific circumstances.
• For example, in 2004, the counting date for elections in Andhra Pradesh was rescheduled to May 11 to avoid coinciding with the end of the assembly term on May 13.
• The ECI demonstrates flexibility in addressing local sensitivities and preferences.
• For instance, in Mizoram, the counting date was shifted from December 3 to December 4, respecting the significance of Sundays for the predominantly Christian population.

Model Code of Conduct:

• The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is a set of guidelines established by the Election Commission of India (ECI) to regulate the behavior of political parties and candidates during elections.
• It serves to ensure fair and ethical practices in electoral processes and prevent the misuse of government resources for partisan gains.
• The MCC comprises a comprehensive set of provisions covering various aspects of electioneering:
  • General Conduct: Political parties and candidates are expected to conduct themselves in a manner that upholds the integrity of the electoral process and fosters a fair and level playing field.
  • Campaign Activities: Restrictions are imposed on activities such as rallies, processions, and public meetings to maintain order and prevent disruptions.
  • Use of Government Resources: The MCC prohibits the use of official government machinery, resources, and media for election campaigning to prevent undue advantage to the ruling party.
  • Advertisement and Publicity: Parties are barred from advertising at the expense of public funds and using government-sponsored advertisements to influence voter behavior.
  • Equitable Treatment: The MCC mandates equitable treatment of political parties in terms of access to public facilities and resources for campaign purposes.
  • Content of Campaigns: Campaigns should focus on the performance and record of political parties and candidates, without resorting to divisive tactics based on caste, religion, or other communal sentiments.
  • Election Silence: A 48-hour ‘election silence’ period is enforced before polling day to allow voters a campaign-free environment for reflection.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-house-terms-and-poll-schedules-are-decided-9223451/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has achieved a significant milestone by raising over ₹16,000 crore in its largest-ever InvIT (Infrastructure Investment Trust) monetisation round.

EXPLANATION:

• This substantial fundraising effort underscores NHAI’s commitment to leveraging private investment to fund the development and maintenance of national highway infrastructure.

Monetisation:

• NHAI’s Infrastructure Investment Trust, NHIT, has successfully raised funds in its third round of monetisation, securing a total of ₹16,000 crore.
• This round represents one of the largest transactions in the history of Indian roads, highlighting the scale and significance of NHAI’s fundraising efforts.
• NHIT raised ₹7,272 crore through unit capital from domestic and international investors, and an additional ₹9,000 crore in debt from Indian lenders.
• These funds will be utilized to acquire 889 kilometers of national highway stretches, demonstrating NHAI’s strategic approach to financing infrastructure development through a mix of equity and debt.

Investor Participation:

• The success of NHAI’s InvIT monetisation round is attributed to the participation of a diverse investor base, including both domestic and international investors.
• Marquee investors from various sectors, such as pension funds, insurance companies, mutual funds, and banks, demonstrated confidence in NHIT’s investment potential by subscribing to its units.
• Foreign pension funds, including the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board and the Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan Board, showcased strong interest in NHIT’s offering, subscribing to the upper limit of 25% each.
• This international participation reflects the attractiveness of Indian infrastructure assets to global investors.

Realised Value and Portfolio Composition:

• With the completion of the third monetisation round, NHAI’s total realised value from all three rounds stands at ₹26,125 crore.
• This significant sum underscores the success of NHAI’s monetisation strategy in unlocking value from its portfolio of operating toll roads.
• NHIT’s portfolio comprises 15 operating toll roads with a combined length of approximately 1,525 kilometers.
• These toll roads are spread across multiple states in India, including Assam, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.
• The diversified nature of the portfolio enhances risk mitigation and investment attractiveness.

Government Support and Role of NHIT:

• Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Model:
  • NHIT exemplifies a successful public-private partnership model, playing a crucial role in supporting the National Monetisation Pipeline.
  • By channelizing private investment into the development of national highway infrastructure, NHIT contributes to the government’s broader objectives of enhancing infrastructure quality and connectivity.
• Ministry’s Acknowledgment:
  • Secretary at the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways lauds NHIT’s contribution to the National Monetisation Pipeline and its establishment as a leading player in the InvIT space.
  • This recognition highlights the significance of NHIT’s role in mobilizing financial capital for infrastructure development.

InvIT (Infrastructure Investment Trust:

• Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) are mutual fund like institutions that enable investments into the infrastructure sector by pooling small sums of money from multitude of individual investors for directly investing in infrastructure so as to return a portion of the income (after deducting expenditures) to unit holders of InvITs, who pooled in the money.
• For these purposes, Infrastructure is as defined by Ministry of Finance vide its notification dated October 07, 2013 and would include any amendments/additions made thereof.
• InvITs can invest in infrastructure projects, either directly or through a special purpose vehicle (SPV). In case of Public Private Partnership (PPP) projects, such investments can only be through SPV.
• InvITs are regulated by the securities market regulator in India- Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/industry/infrastructure/nhai-raises-more-than-16-000-crore-in-its-largest-invit-monetisation-round/amp-11710854193042.html

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) State of the Global Climate 2023 report reveals a disturbing trend of multiple climate records being shattered in the year.

EXPLANATION:

• From greenhouse gas levels to ocean heat content, various indicators have reached alarming highs, signaling the accelerating pace of climate change.

Temperature Records:

• Global Mean Temperature:
  • 2023 marked the warmest year on record, with the global mean near-surface temperature surpassing the previous record holders by a significant margin.
  • The temperature anomaly of 1.45 ± 0.12°C above the 1850-1900 average underscores the urgency of addressing climate change.
• La Nina to El Nino Transition:
  • The rapid temperature rise from 2022 to 2023 can be attributed in part to the transition from La Nina to El Nino conditions.
  • This shift in the Pacific climate pattern influenced global temperature dynamics, contributing to the record warmth observed in 2023.

Greenhouse Gas Levels:

• Record High Concentrations:
  • Greenhouse gas concentrations, including carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, reached unprecedented levels in 2022.
  • The concentrations of these gases exceeded pre-industrial levels by significant margins, with methane and nitrous oxide experiencing notable increases, highlighting the intensification of anthropogenic activities contributing to climate change.

Oceanic Changes:

• Ocean Heat Content:
  • The total amount of heat stored by the oceans reached record levels in 2023.
  • Ocean warming trends, particularly in the top 2000 m layer, have accelerated over the past two decades, emphasizing the profound impact of climate change on marine ecosystems and global weather patterns.
• Sea Level Rise:
  • The rate of sea-level rise surged to a record high since 1993, attributed to ongoing ocean warming and melting glaciers and ice sheets.
  • Satellite observations reveal a doubling of the sea-level rise rate, underscoring the urgent need for mitigative measures to address the impacts of rising sea levels on coastal communities and ecosystems.
• Marine Heatwaves:
  • Marine heatwaves, characterized by persistently warm ocean temperatures, affected a significant portion of the global ocean in 2023.
  • The increased frequency and intensity of these events pose serious threats to marine biodiversity, fisheries, and ecosystem health.
• Ocean Acidification:
  • The acidification of the ocean, driven by the absorption of anthropogenic carbon dioxide, has reached alarming levels.
  • The decrease in pH levels poses risks to marine organisms and ecosystem services, highlighting the interconnectedness of climate change impacts across various domains.

Polar Ice Dynamics:

• Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice:
  • Both the Arctic and Antarctic regions experienced notable changes in sea ice extent in 2023.
  • The Arctic Sea ice extent remained below normal, while the Antarctic sea ice extent reached a record low.
  • These trends underscore the vulnerability of polar regions to the impacts of climate change.

Glacier Retreat:

• Global Glacier Mass Balance:
  • Preliminary data indicate a significant loss in glacier mass in 2023, with negative mass balances observed across various regions.
  • Glaciers in western North America and Europe experienced particularly severe losses, highlighting the accelerating pace of glacier retreat and its implications for water resources and sea-level rise.

World Meteorological Organization (WMO):

• It is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN).
• It is the UN system’s authoritative voice on the state and behavior of the Earth’s atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, the climate it produces, and the resulting distribution of water resources.
• It originated from the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was founded in 1873.
• Established in 1950, WMO became the specialized agency of the UN for meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences.
• Its headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland.

Greenhouse gas:

• A greenhouse gas (GHG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy at thermal infrared wavelengths, causing the greenhouse effect.
• The primary GHGs in Earth’s atmosphere are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/the-year-2023-smashed-several-climate-records-with-some-being-chart-busting-wmo-report-95115

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: NVIDIA, a leader in AI computing, has introduced Project GR00T, aimed at revolutionizing humanoid robotics through advanced AI technologies.

EXPLANATION:

• This initiative encompasses the development of a comprehensive foundation model, Jetson Thor computing system, and enhancements to the Isaac robotics platform.

Project Generalist Robot 00 Technology (GR00T):

• This initiative is centered around creating a versatile foundation model for humanoid robots.
• Named GR00T, this platform is envisioned to empower robots with the ability to comprehend natural language and replicate human movements through observational learning.
• Robots built on the GR00T platform are expected to rapidly acquire skills such as coordination, dexterity, and adaptability, enabling them to effectively navigate, interact, and operate in real-world scenarios.
• NVIDIA has collaborated with leading humanoid robot companies including Agility Robotics, Apptronik, Boston Dynamics, Figure AI, Fourier Intelligence, Sanctuary AI, Unitree Robotics, and XPENG Robotics to co-develop this AI platform.
• These partnerships aim to leverage expertise across various domains to accelerate the integration of AI into humanoid robots.

Examples of Humanoid Robots:

• AMECA (ENGINEERED ARTS): Engineered Arts’ latest and most advanced humanoid robot is Ameca, which the company bills as a development platform where AI and machine learning systems can be tested.
• ALTER 3 (OSAKA UNIVERSITY AND MIXI): Dubbed Alter 3, the latest humanoid robot from Osaka University and mixi is powered by an artificial neural network and has an ear for music. Earlier iterations of Alter sang in an opera.

Jetson Thor Computing System:

• NVIDIA has introduced the Jetson Thor, a specialized computing system designed specifically for humanoid robots.
• It is based on the Thor system-on-a-chip architecture, offering optimized performance, power efficiency, and compact form factor.
• Jetson Thor is engineered to execute complex tasks while ensuring safe and natural interactions with both humans and other machines.
• Its modular architecture facilitates seamless integration into diverse robotic applications, enhancing overall performance and usability.

Upgrades to Isaac Robotics Platform:

• Isaac Platform Enhancements:
  • NVIDIA has announced significant enhancements to its Isaac robotics platform, which serves as the backbone for Project GR00T.
• Toolset:
  • The Isaac platform offers a suite of tools including Isaac Lab for reinforcement learning and OSMO, an orchestration service, enabling developers to create new foundation models tailored to specific robotic applications.
• Pretrained Models:
  • NVIDIA has introduced Isaac Manipulator and Isaac Perceptor, which are pretrained models, libraries, and reference hardware aimed at enhancing robotic manipulation and perception capabilities.
  • These resources provide a foundation for robots to perform tasks with greater efficiency and accuracy.

Industry Perspectives:

• Jonathan Hurst, co-founder and chief robot officer at Agility Robotics, emphasizes the transformative potential of humanoid robots in revolutionizing labor practices.
• He acknowledges NVIDIA’s role in providing essential computing infrastructure to accelerate the development and deployment of human-centric robots like Digit.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/nvidia-project-gr00t-humanoid-robot-9222206/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Ranthambore National Park has witnessed significant fluctuations in its tiger population over the past decades, from the brink of extinction to gradual recovery under Project Tiger.

EXPLANATION:

• However, despite the visible success in population growth, genetic studies reveal underlying threats posed by inbreeding due to geographic isolation.

Genetic Isolation and Inbreeding

• Genetic studies indicate that Ranthambore tigers, with a population size of 69 individuals, exhibit signs of inbreeding, posing risks to their long-term viability.
• Fragmentation of habitats and isolation from larger tiger landscapes have contributed to genetic isolation, exacerbating the effects of inbreeding.

Potential Implications of Inbreeding Depression

• Inbreeding depression, characterized by reduced fitness and increased susceptibility to genetic disorders, poses a significant concern for the Ranthambore tiger population.
• While no conclusive evidence of inbreeding depression has been observed yet, genetic studies highlight the need for proactive measures to mitigate potential risks.

Importance of Genetic Rescue

• To counteract the effects of inbreeding and enhance genetic diversity, genetic rescue through facilitated gene flow is proposed.
• Genetic rescue involves introducing individuals from external populations to introduce new genes and increase genetic diversity within the Ranthambore tiger population.

Challenges and Considerations

• While genetic rescue offers a potential solution, it also entails risks such as outbreeding depression, necessitating careful planning and evaluation.
• The urgency of genetic rescue must be weighed against on-ground challenges, including habitat fragmentation, anthropogenic pressures, and political constraints.

Strategies for Genetic Rescue

• Proposed strategies for genetic rescue include translocation of tigers from different landscapes to establish new gene pools within Ranthambore and neighboring tiger reserves.
• Maximizing connectivity and facilitating natural dispersal between satellite populations are also recommended to promote gene flow and minimize extinction risks.

Collaborative Efforts and Policy Considerations

• Effective genetic rescue requires collaboration between scientists, conservationists, and policymakers to develop and implement strategies.
• The involvement of government agencies such as the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is essential in coordinating conservation efforts and facilitating proactive measures.

Urgency and Mitigation

• While natural dispersal and habitat restoration efforts may contribute to genetic vitality over time, the urgency of the situation necessitates active mitigation measures.
• Pragmatic approaches must be adopted to address genetic challenges promptly and ensure the long-term survival of the Ranthambore tiger population.

Ranthambore National Park:

• Ranthambore National Park was established initially as Sawai Madhopur Game Sanctuary in 1955 by the Government of India.
• In 1973, it was declared as one of the Project Tiger reserves in India.
• It was on 1st November, 1980 that Ranthambore was declared a national park, while the forests located beside it were named Sawai Man Singh Sanctuary & Keladevi Sanctuary.
• Ranthambore National Park is located in Rajasthan.
• It is located at the junction of the Aravali and Vindhya hill ranges.
• It is the natural habitat to the significant number of Royal Bengal tigers.
• Apart from tigers, the major wild animals include Leopard, Nilgai, Wild boar, Sambar, Hyena, Sloth bear and Chital.
• The number of tigers and their cubs in the adjoining areas of Ranthambore has gone up from 66 in 2019 to 81 in 2021.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/wildlife-biodiversity/conservation-not-enough-for-the-highly-inbred-ranthambore-tigers-they-require-genetic-rescue-95077

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Deep tech, encompassing advanced technologies with disruptive potential, has emerged as a key focus area for India’s startup ecosystem.

EXPLANATION:

• At the Startup Mahakumbh event, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) highlighted the imminent release of a policy tailored for startups in the deep tech space.
• This policy, currently in the final stages of inter-ministerial consultations, aims to provide a conducive environment for the growth and innovation of deep tech startups.

Scope of Startup Mahakumbh and Industry Participation

• The Startup Mahakumbh event serves as a platform for thousands of startups and investors across various sectors, including artificial intelligence, agritech, fintech, and gaming, to converge and collaborate.
• it is organized jointly by industry bodies such as Assocham, Nasscom, and TiE, with support from government agencies like DPIIT and Invest India.
• The event underscores the collaborative efforts to foster entrepreneurship and innovation in India’s startup ecosystem.

Government Support and Financial Initiatives

• The Indian government has demonstrated its commitment to bolstering deep tech capabilities through financial incentives and schemes.
• In her Interim Budget speech, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a Rs 1 lakh crore fund to provide long-term, low-cost or zero-interest loans for research and development.
• Additionally, a new scheme to enhance deep-tech capabilities in the defense sector was promised, highlighting the strategic importance of technological innovation in national security.

Nurturing a Culture of Innovation

• Industry leaders and former Niti Aayog CEO Amitabh Kant emphasized the need for India to embrace the opportunities presented by artificial intelligence and other emerging technologies.
• President of IT industry lobby group Nasscom advocated for an “opportunity narrative” surrounding AI, emphasizing the importance of balanced oversight to maximize its potential benefits.
• India’s startups are seen as a national asset, underscoring their significant contribution to the economy and innovation landscape.

Challenges and Opportunities for Startups

• Despite India’s burgeoning startup ecosystem, challenges persist, particularly in funding and sustainability.
• The decline in funding and the decrease in the number of unicorns in 2023 signal a need for startups to prioritize profitability and operational efficiency.
• However, investors remain optimistic about India’s startup journey, with significant uninvested capital earmarked for the sector.
• Encouraging greater participation from established corporates and conglomerates in funding startups could further catalyze growth and innovation.

Deep Tech:

• Deep tech or deep technology refers to a class of startup businesses that develop new offerings based on tangible engineering innovation or scientific discoveries and advances.
• Usually, such startups operate on, but are not limited to, agriculture, life sciences, chemistry, aerospace and green energy.
• Deep tech fields like Artificial Intelligence, advanced materials, blockchain, biotechnology, robotics, drones, photonics, and quantum computing are moving more and more quickly from early research to market applications.
• Deep tech often requires a lot of early-stage funding for research and development, prototyping, validating hypothesis, and technology development.

National Deep Tech Startup Policy (NDTSP):

• The Draft National Deep Tech Startup Policy (NDTSP) is strategically formulated to stimulate innovation, spur economic growth, and promote societal development through the effective utilization of deep tech research-driven innovations.
• This initiative centralizes on bolstering deep tech startups, thereby solidifying India’s financial stability and stimulating the transition towards a knowledge-centric economy, consequently augmenting India’s overall productivity.
• NDTSP aims to harness the transformative potential of technological advancement across diverse sectors, serving as a catalyst to stimulate ripple effects throughout the economy and laying the groundwork for new industry creation.
• This policy aims to significantly strengthen India’s capabilities and enhance global competitiveness.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/business/startup-mahakumbh-deep-tech-policy-in-final-stages-dpiit-secretary-rk-singh-amitabh-kant-starup-9220599/

TAG: GS 1: ART AND CULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Madhya Pradesh rejoices as six heritage sites earn a spot on UNESCO’s tentative list, marking a proud moment for the state’s cultural heritage.

EXPLANATION:

UNESCO’s Tentative List:

• UNESCO’s tentative list is an inventory of properties which each state party intends to consider for nomination.
• As per Operational Guidelines, 2019 of UNESCO, it is mandatory to put any monument/site on the tentative list for one year before it is considered for the final nomination dossier.
• Once the nomination is done, it is sent to the World Heritage Centre (WHC).

Sites that has been added to the UNESCO’s Tentative List:

• Gwalior Fort: Completed in 8th century AD by Raja Surya Sena, consisting of Man Mandir Palace, Gujari Mahal, Sas Bahu temples etc.
• Khooni Bhandara, Burhanpur: Underground water management system, built by Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan during Jahangir’s reign. Based on Persian qanat approach.
• Rock Art Sites of Chambal Valley: Rock art in hilly areas of Vindhyan, Satpura, and Kaimur ranges.
• Bhojeshwar Mahadev Temple, Bhojpur: Lord Shiva temple, built during 11th century under Raja Bhoj. Built in Bhumija style (evolved form of Nagara style during Paramara period).
• Gond Monuments of Ramnagar, Mandla: Architectural complexes built by Gond rulers consisting of Moti Mahal, Raibhagat ki Kothi, Begum Mahal etc.
• The Historical Ensemble of Dhamnar: Rock cut site consisting of 51 monolithic Buddhist caves (5th-7th century CE) and hindu temple complex (Dharmarajeshwara temple).

World heritage site and UNESCO:

• A World Heritage site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO).
• World Heritage sites are designated by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, scientific or other forms of significance.
• The sites are judged to contain “cultural and natural heritage around the world considered being of outstanding value to humanity.”
• The concept of World Heritage emerged after WWII amid concerns over the widespread destruction of cultural sites and nature.
• Efforts to remedy this led to the drafting of the 1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, commonly known as the World Heritage Convention.
• It established the framework to preserve the world’s outstanding heritage.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/burhanpurs-khooni-bhandara-among-six-madhya-pradesh-heritage-sites-included-in-tentative-unesco-list-101710667457374.html

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Begusarai, a city in Bihar, has garnered global attention as the world’s most polluted metropolitan area, according to the World Air Quality Report 2023 by the Swiss organization IQAir.

EXPLANATION:                    

• With an average annual PM2.5 concentration of 118.9 micrograms per cubic meter, Begusarai surpassed all other cities in terms of air pollution.
• This stark statistic highlights the pressing need for immediate action to address air quality issues in the region.

Delhi: Persistently Poor Air Quality

• Delhi, the capital city of India, once again found itself in the spotlight for having the poorest air quality among capital cities globally.
• Despite efforts to curb pollution levels, Delhi’s PM2.5 levels worsened from 89.1 micrograms per cubic meter in 2022 to 92.7 micrograms per cubic meter in 2023.
• This unfortunate trend marks the fourth consecutive year that Delhi has been ranked as the most polluted capital city in the world, underscoring the persistent challenges faced by authorities in tackling air pollution.

National Air Quality Overview

• India, as a whole, faced significant challenges regarding air quality, ranking third-worst out of 134 countries in 2023.
• With an average annual PM2.5 concentration of 54.4 micrograms per cubic meter, India trailed behind only Bangladesh and Pakistan in terms of air pollution levels.
• This data reflects a concerning deterioration from the previous year, where India was ranked eighth most polluted globally with an average PM2.5 concentration of 53.3 micrograms per cubic meter.

Magnitude of the Issue

• The scale of air pollution in India is staggering, with an estimated 1.36 billion people experiencing PM2.5 concentrations exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended annual guideline level of 5 micrograms per cubic meter.
• Furthermore, a staggering 1.33 billion people, equivalent to 96% of the Indian population, are exposed to PM2.5 levels exceeding seven times the WHO annual guideline.
• This widespread exposure to hazardous air pollutants poses a grave risk to public health across the nation.

Data Collection and Reporting

• The World Air Quality Report 2023 utilized data from over 7,800 locations across 134 countries, regions, and territories, gathered from regulatory air quality monitoring stations and low-cost air quality sensors.
• This comprehensive approach ensures that the report provides an accurate and detailed assessment of global air quality trends.

Health Implications

• Air pollution is recognized as the greatest environmental threat to human health, contributing to an estimated one in every nine deaths worldwide.
• Exposure to PM2.5 air pollution is associated with a myriad of health conditions, including asthma, cancer, stroke, lung disease, and impaired cognitive development in children.
• Additionally, elevated levels of fine particles can exacerbate existing illnesses such as diabetes and lead to mental health issues.

Swiss organization IQAir and Air Quality Report:

• IQAir is a Swiss air quality technology company, specializing in protection against airborne pollutants, developing air quality monitoring and air cleaning products.
• IQAir also operates AirVisual, a real-time air quality information platform.
• prepares the annual world air quality reports based on data from monitoring stations operated by governments and other institutions and organisations across the world.
• The report includes 7,812 locations in 134 countries, regions and territories.
• India had the third-worst air quality out of 134 countries in 2023 after Bangladesh and Pakistan.
• 5 Concentration – India (54.4 micrograms per cubic metre), Bangladesh (79.9 micrograms per cubic metre) and Pakistan (73.7 micrograms per cubic metre).
• In 2022, India was ranked as the eighth most polluted country with an average PM2.5 concentration of 53.3 micrograms per cubic metre.

SOURCE: https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bihars-begusarai-worlds-most-polluted-metropolitan-area-delhi-most-polluted-capital-again-report-2942405

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court recently agreed to hear a plea by Tamil Nadu seeking its intervention in reinstating K Ponmudy, a senior leader of the ruling Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), as a minister.

EXPLANATION:                                                           

Background and Disqualification of K Ponmudy

• In December last year, K Ponmudy, a senior leader of the ruling Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in Tamil Nadu, was disqualified as a minister after the Madras High Court convicted him in a disproportionate assets case.
• The case stemmed from allegations of amassing assets during his tenure as the Minister for Mines and Minerals in the 2006–2011 DMK government.
• The Madras High Court’s decision triggered Section 8(3) of The Representation of the People Act, 1951, which mandates disqualification of individuals convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for not less than two years.
• The minister was disqualified under this provision, rendering him ineligible to hold ministerial office.

Supreme Court Stay and Reinstatement Plea

• Ponmudy challenged the High Court’s ruling in the Supreme Court, which subsequently stayed his conviction and sentence on March 11.
• The stay effectively suspended Ponmudy’s disqualification from the legislature until a final decision on his appeal is reached.
• This legal precedent was followed to ensure that irreversible consequences did not arise from the conviction pending appeal.
• The stay on Ponmudy’s conviction created grounds for his potential reinstatement as a minister, as the basis of his disqualification no longer existed.
• This situation mirrors previous instances, such as the case of Rahul Gandhi and Mohammad Faizal, where individuals were reinstated following stays on their convictions by the Supreme Court.

Governor’s Refusal to Reinstate Ponmudy

• Despite the Supreme Court’s stay on Ponmudy’s conviction, Tamil Nadu Governor RN Ravi refused to reinstate him as a minister.
• The Governor cited Ponmudy’s ongoing corruption cases as grounds for his objection, highlighting the seriousness of the offences and their implications for constitutional morality.
• In his letter to the Chief Minister, Governor Ravi emphasized that the suspension of Ponmudy’s conviction did not nullify its existence, but merely rendered it non-operative.
• He argued against Ponmudy’s re-induction into the Council of Ministers while tainted by corruption, asserting that it would contravene constitutional morality.

Larger Tussle between Tamil Nadu Government and Governor

• The dispute over Ponmudy’s reinstatement reflects a broader conflict between the Tamil Nadu government and the Governor, particularly regarding the Governor’s role in matters such as granting assent to Bills.
• Article 164(1) of the Constitution outlines the appointment of the Chief Minister and other Ministers by the Governor, upon the advice of the Chief Minister.
• However, Supreme Court rulings have interpreted the Governor’s power as flowing primarily from the “aid and advice” of the Council of Ministers.
• In November 2023, the Supreme Court expressed concern over Governors’ reluctance to act on Bills, prompting Governor Ravi to return 10 pending Bills to the state government.
• It emphasises the ongoing power struggle between the state government and the Governor over constitutional prerogatives.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/disqualification-over-graft-ravi-vs-tn-govt-again-9221516/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The recent Supreme Court ruling pertains to the consultation process for the appointment of District Judges in Haryana, highlighting the constitutional provisions and the role of the High Court and the State Government in such appointments.

EXPLANATION:

Governor’s Consultation with High Court:

• The Supreme Court emphasized that as per Article 233 of the Constitution, the Governor of a State is mandated to consult only the High Court concerning appointments of District Judges.
• The Court underscored that the State Government’s role is limited to consulting the High Court in this regard.
• In this case, the Haryana Government sought legal opinion from the Union Government regarding recommendations made by the Punjab and Haryana High Court for District Judiciary appointments.
• The Supreme Court found fault with this action, stating that it infringed upon the independence of the High Court’s functioning.

Importance of High Court’s Opinion:

• The Court emphasized that the High Court’s opinion on District Judges’ appointments is crucial as it is best positioned to assess the suitability of candidates.
• Referring to precedents, the Court highlighted that the Governor should engage in constructive dialogue with the High Court before making appointments.

High Court’s Role and Criteria:

• In this case, the High Court had set a criterion of candidates securing a minimum of 50% marks in the viva-voce for District Judge appointments.
• The State Government challenged this condition, but the Supreme Court upheld the High Court’s decision, stressing the importance of interviews in evaluating candidates’ suitability.

Scope of Consultation under Article 233:

• The Court discussed Article 233’s provision, emphasizing its alignment with constitutional safeguards for judicial independence and separation of powers.
• It reiterated that the Governor’s consultation with the High Court should not involve third parties, as per constitutional mandates.

Constitutional Safeguards and Precedents:

• Citing past judgments, the Court emphasized that any consultation other than with the High Court would violate the constitutional mandate of Article 233.
• It highlighted the need for adherence to constitutional principles in the appointment process.

Faulting State Government’s Action:

• The Supreme Court faulted the State Government for seeking the Union Government’s opinion, stating that such consultation should have been confined to the High Court.
• It emphasized that issues between the High Court and the State Government should be resolved through the consultative process between the two entities.

Article 233:

• Article 233 deals with the appointment of district judges. Appointments of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in any State shall be made by the Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction over such State.

District judges:

• Qualification:
  • He should have been an advocate or pleader for 7 years.
  • He should be recommended by high court.
  • He shouldn’t already be in service of center or state
• Appointment
  • The appointment, posting, promotion is made by Governor after consultation with High court. Other appointments of judicial service are made by Governor after consulting high court and state public service commission. Appointments of judicial service below district judge are made by high court.
  • District judge (Civil cases) / Sessions judge (Criminal cases) has highest judicial position in district. He has original and appellate jurisdiction over civil and criminal cases.
• Functions and powers
  • The Court of the District Judge (Called the District Courts) hears not only appeals against the decisions of the Courts of Sub Judges, but also some of the Cases begin directly in the Court of District Judge itself, Appealing against the decisions of this Court may be heard by the High Court of the State.
  • Civil Courts deal with Cases pertaining to disputes between two or more persons regarding property, divorce, Contract and Contract and breach of agreement or landlord-tenant disputes.

SOURCE: https://livelaw.in/top-stories/governor-can-consult-only-high-court-on-district-judges-appointment-supreme-court-faults-haryana-govt-for-seeking-unions-opinion-252567?infinitescroll=1

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: Chief Election Commissioner asked all political parties to strictly adhere to the Mode Code of Conduct (MCC), which lays down a list of dos and don’ts for leaders and parties ahead of elections.

EXPLANATION:

• The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is a set of guidelines established by the Election Commission of India (ECI) to regulate the behavior of political parties and candidates during elections.
• It serves to ensure fair and ethical practices in electoral processes and prevent the misuse of government resources for partisan gains.

Activation of MCC:

• The MCC becomes operational from the moment the election schedule is announced and remains in force until the declaration of election results.
• This period marks a crucial phase in the electoral cycle, where political parties and candidates are bound by the provisions outlined in the MCC.

Provisions of the MCC:

• The MCC comprises a comprehensive set of provisions covering various aspects of electioneering:
  • General Conduct: Political parties and candidates are expected to conduct themselves in a manner that upholds the integrity of the electoral process and fosters a fair and level playing field.
  • Campaign Activities: Restrictions are imposed on activities such as rallies, processions, and public meetings to maintain order and prevent disruptions.
  • Use of Government Resources: The MCC prohibits the use of official government machinery, resources, and media for election campaigning to prevent undue advantage to the ruling party.
  • Advertisement and Publicity: Parties are barred from advertising at the expense of public funds and using government-sponsored advertisements to influence voter behavior.
  • Equitable Treatment: The MCC mandates equitable treatment of political parties in terms of access to public facilities and resources for campaign purposes.
  • Content of Campaigns: Campaigns should focus on the performance and record of political parties and candidates, without resorting to divisive tactics based on caste, religion, or other communal sentiments.
  • Election Silence: A 48-hour ‘election silence’ period is enforced before polling day to allow voters a campaign-free environment for reflection.

Legal Standing of the MCC:

• While the MCC lacks statutory backing, it holds significant moral authority and serves as a cornerstone of India’s electoral process.
• Violations of the MCC are addressed through moral sanctions and censure by the Election Commission rather than legal penalties.
• However, the EC can issue notices to individuals or parties for alleged breaches and seek explanations or apologies.

Enforcement of the MCC:

• The Election Commission monitors adherence to the MCC closely and takes action against violations.
• Notices may be issued to parties or candidates based on complaints or observations by election observers.
• Enforcement mechanisms include written censures and advisories, although punitive actions are rare.

Previous Instances of MCC Violations:

• Several instances of alleged MCC violations have occurred in past elections, leading to notices being issued by the Election Commission.
• Examples include accusations against political leaders for making inflammatory statements or using government resources for campaign purposes.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/model-code-of-conduct-meaning-9217638/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY, GS 3: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: A recent study scrutinized more than 500 future emissions scenarios assessed by the IPCC, revealing persistent disparities in income, energy use, and emissions between developed and developing nations until 2050.

EXPLANATION:

• These scenarios project lower per-capita GDP and higher carbon sequestration requirements for developing countries, indicating an unequal burden of mitigation action and carbon dioxide removal.
• The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) conducts thorough assessments of scientific literature related to climate change.
• These assessments include reports from Working Groups covering physical science, climate adaptation, and mitigation actions, along with a synthesis report consolidating key findings.
• Additionally, thematic special reports provide focused insights on specific climate-related issues.

Assessment of Future Scenarios:

• The IPCC employs ‘modelled pathways’ to forecast strategies for limiting global warming. These pathways rely on Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), which integrate various human and earth system components.
• IAMs encompass macroeconomic models projecting GDP growth, energy models predicting future consumption patterns, vegetation models assessing land-use changes, and earth-system models simulating climate evolution.
• Despite their complexity, IAMs aim to offer policy-relevant guidance on climate action.

Issues with IAMs:

• IAMs primarily prioritize least-cost assessments, which often overlook principles of equity.
• While IAMs provide valuable insights into technical and economic feasibility, they tend to neglect historical responsibility and differentiated capacities among nations.
• This oversight leads to inequitable distribution of mitigation burdens, particularly between developed and developing countries.

Equity Principles and UNFCCC:

• Equity principles, embedded in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), emphasize common but differentiated responsibilities.
• Developed countries are urged to lead climate action, considering their historical emissions and economic capabilities.
• However, IAMs often disregard these principles, resulting in inequitable mitigation pathways that fail to address the needs of vulnerable nations.

Importance of Equity:

• Equity is pivotal for ensuring fairness and efficacy in climate action.
• By overlooking equity considerations, IAMs risk exacerbating global disparities and undermining the objectives of the UNFCCC.
• Incorporating equity principles into scenario construction is crucial for advancing climate justice and meeting the diverse needs of nations at different stages of development.

IPCC:

• The IPCC is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change.
• It was established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1988.
• IPCC Secretariat is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
• It has 195 Member countries.
• Its objective is to assess scientific, technical, and socio-economic information relevant to the understanding of human-induced climate change, potential impacts of climate change, and options for mitigation and adaptation.
• The main activity of the IPCC is the preparation of reports assessing the state of knowledge of climate change. These include assessment reports, special reports and methodology reports.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/the-problem-of-equity-in-ipcc-reports-explained/article67962175.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The recent test of Agni V ballistic missile with MIRV technology by India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) under ‘Mission Divyastra’ places India among a select group of nations possessing this advanced technology.

EXPLANATION:

• Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology signifies a significant leap in missile capability, enabling a single missile to carry multiple nuclear warheads capable of hitting different targets.
• The United States pioneered MIRV technology in the 1970s with deployments of MIRV-ed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) like Minuteman III and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) like Poseidon.
• The Soviet Union followed suit, developing its own MIRV-ed missiles. Presently, countries like Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and China also possess MIRV technology, with China expanding and modernizing its nuclear arsenal rapidly.

Significance of MIRVs

• MIRVs serve as force multipliers, enabling a single missile to strike multiple targets, which is particularly crucial for submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs).
• This technology enhances the redundancy of nuclear forces and aids in saturating and penetrating ballistic missile defenses, providing strategic advantages in deterrence and defense capabilities.

Mission Divyastra Test

• India’s successful test of Agni V with MIRV technology signifies a significant milestone in its defense capabilities.
• The test launch was conducted under the banner of Mission Divyastra, aptly named the “divine weapon.”
• This mission underscores the technological prowess and scientific achievement of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
• Mission Divyastra refers to the first flight test of the indigenously developed Agni-5 missile with Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology.
• This achievement marks a significant step forward in India’s strategic punitive capability, as a single missile can now deploy multiple warheads at different locations or at the same location with a time gap.
• The Agni-5 missile, which can carry nuclear warheads and hit targets over 5,000 km away, is aimed at bolstering deterrence against countries like China.
• The MIRV technology is complex, requiring a delicate combination of large missiles, small warheads, accurate guidance, and a complex mechanism for releasing warheads sequentially during flight.
• India’s successful development of MIRV technology positions the country among a select group of nations with this capability.

Strategic Implications

• India’s ‘Agni’ series of missiles, particularly Agni V, forms the cornerstone of its nuclear weapons delivery system.
• With a range exceeding 5,000 km, Agni V can target most regions of China, bolstering India’s deterrence posture.
• MIRV technology enhances India’s strategic flexibility and capability to counter evolving threats, including sophisticated air defenses deployed by adversaries.

Policy Context and Future Outlook

• The successful test of MIRV technology comes against the backdrop of India’s nuclear doctrine, emphasizing ‘no first use’ (NFU) policy and maintaining a minimum credible deterrence.
• India’s completion of the nuclear triad, comprising aircraft, missiles, and submarines, further strengthens its deterrence capabilities.
• However, additional tests are required to validate various components and processes before MIRV-ed Agni V can enter serial production.

Regional Dynamics

• The development of MIRV technology is likely to impact regional dynamics, particularly with regards to India’s relationships with China and Pakistan.
• India’s strategic advancements are expected to prompt reactions from its neighbors, with implications for regional stability and security.

Agni-5 Ballistic Missile:

• Agni-5 is an ingeniously built advanced surface-to-surface ballistic missile developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).
• It is a fire-and-forget missile, which cannot be stopped without an interceptor missile.
• The missile has the capability of hitting targets beyond the range of 5000 km and is crucial for India’s self-defense systems.

Agni Missiles:

• The Agni missile class is the backbone of India’s nuclear launch capability, as are Prithvi short-range ballistic missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles, and fighter aircraft.
• Agni-1 to 5 missiles are designed & developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
• Other Ranges of Agni Missiles:
  • Agni I: Range of 700-800 km.
  • Agni II: Range more than 2000 km.
  • Agni III: Range of more than 2,500 Km
  • Agni IV: Range is more than 3,500 km and can fire from a road mobile launcher.
  • Agni-V: The longest of the Agni series, an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range of over 5,000 km.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/with-agni-v-test-india-makes-the-mirv-leap/article67958035.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Buguns, one of the major tribes, mainly living adjacent to Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary in Singchung sub-division of Arunachal Pradesh’s West Kameng district have set an example by donating 1,470 hectares of forest land to the state forest forest department, giving a push to efforts for protection of Bugun Liocichla, a critically endangered songbird.

EXPLANATION:

• The Bugun Liocichla is a critically endangered songbird.
• It was discovered in 2006 by Ramana Athreya, an astrophysicist and birder from Pune.
• This small babbler, measuring only 20 cm, boasts olive-grey plumage and a distinctive black cap.
• With just 14 individual birds spotted so far in the Braiduah village within the Singchung sub-division, it faces severe threats from tree felling, timber trade, and hunting by villagers.
• The bird has been named in honour of the efforts of the Bugun community of Singchung village in West Kameng district in conserving the wildlife and forest of the area.
• The bird occupies a 3-4 square kilometre area in the temperate forest within the traditional lands of Singchung village in Arunachal Pradesh.

Community Ownership and Conservation

• Community ownership of forest land, particularly in tribal-dominated areas, has historically posed challenges to conservation efforts in the Northeastern region of India.
• However, the Bugun tribe’s initiative showcases a departure from this trend, providing a beacon of hope for biodiversity conservation.
• In a significant step towards conservation, the Arunachal Pradesh government officially notified the Braiduah Community Reserve under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
• This reserve, situated adjacent to the Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, serves as a crucial habitat for the Bugun Liocichla, found exclusively within this landscape.

Community Engagement and Education

• Efforts to conserve the Bugun Liocichla extend beyond land donation and government intervention.
• More than 400 students from 12 local schools surrounding the Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary have received education and sensitization on biodiversity conservation over the past five years.
• Additionally, over 50 teachers have been trained to incorporate conservation principles into their school curriculum, fostering a culture of environmental stewardship among future generations.

Local Youth Participation

• Local youth have been actively engaged in patrolling efforts to curb illegal activities threatening the Bugun Liocichla’s habitat.
• Their involvement not only helps in enforcement but also empowers them as stakeholders in conservation initiatives.

SOURCE: https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-tribe-donates-land-for-critically-endangered-songbird-bugun-liocichla-2940635

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: The Ministry of Earth Sciences has established the Atmospheric Research Testbed (ART) near Bhopal to delve deeper into the intricacies of monsoon processes.

EXPLANATION:

• India’s monsoon season is a critical phenomenon, especially for the agricultural sector, which heavily relies on rainfall for cultivation.
• Understanding the complex dynamics of monsoons, particularly over central India, has been a longstanding challenge.
• We will comprehensively explores the significance of ART and its potential impact on enhancing our understanding of the Indian monsoon.

The Purpose of Atmospheric Research Testbed (ART)

• ART serves as an advanced research facility dedicated to studying crucial cloud processes associated with the monsoon season over central India’s Monsoon Core Zone (MCZ).
• Equipped with state-of-the-art meteorological instruments, ART aims to unravel the mysteries of monsoon dynamics, particularly focusing on transient synoptic systems and their impact on rainfall patterns.

Importance of Studying Monsoons over Central India

• Central India plays a pivotal role in the Indian monsoon system, serving as a natural laboratory for scientists to investigate monsoon phenomena.
• The region’s significance lies in its correlation with the overall rainfall performance of the country.
• By gaining insights into synoptic systems, cloud physics, and atmospheric parameters, researchers can enhance the accuracy of monsoon forecasts, crucial for agricultural planning and water resource management.

Addressing Data Gaps and Climate Change Challenges

• Despite advancements in meteorological forecasting, there are still significant gaps in understanding the role of synoptic systems and associated cloud properties in modulating monsoon rainfall.
• Climate change further complicates rainfall patterns, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of monsoon dynamics.
• ART’s ability to generate long-term observations on cloud microphysics, precipitation, and atmospheric variabilities is instrumental in addressing these challenges.

Location Selection and Instrumentation

• The selection of Silkheda near Bhopal as the ART site is strategic, aligning with the path of major rain-bearing synoptic systems.
• This pristine location offers an ideal setting for deploying sensitive meteorological instruments, free from anthropogenic pollutants.
• ART boasts a diverse array of instruments, including radars, aethalometers, and ceilometers, enabling continuous monitoring of cloud dynamics and precipitation patterns.

Future Implications and Collaborative Efforts

• ART’s establishment marks a significant milestone in India’s meteorological research landscape, promising groundbreaking insights into monsoon processes.
• Collaboration with institutions like the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) ensures the seamless operation and analysis of ART data.
• Moreover, the integration of ART findings into numerical weather models holds immense potential for improving monsoon forecasts and mitigating the impact of climate change on agriculture and water resources.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/india-atmospheric-testbed-bhopal-significance-9215690/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Bengaluru, a city known for its burgeoning population and rapid urbanization, grapples with a persistent water crisis exacerbated by deficit rains and depleting groundwater levels. However, amidst this dire situation, the Bannerghatta Biological Park (BBP) emerges as a beacon of resilience, with its innovative water management strategies ensuring uninterrupted water supply for its diverse flora and fauna.

EXPLANATION:

Unaffected by City’s Water Woes

• Situated on the outskirts of Bengaluru, BBP remains largely unaffected by the city’s water scarcity woes.
• Despite facing seasonal shortages during the summer months, BBP leverages its internal water resources to mitigate the impact of the crisis.

Utilization of Internal Water Sources

• BBP boasts eight lakes within its premises, serving as invaluable reservoirs during times of water scarcity.
• To address seasonal shortages, the park employs tankers to distribute water sourced from these lakes across various areas within the park.
• Furthermore, the utilization of borewells ensures a supplementary water supply, bolstering BBP’s self-sufficiency in water management.

Sustainable Water Conservation Measures

• In alignment with its commitment to sustainability, BBP implements water conservation initiatives to optimize resource utilization.
• Through the adoption of water recycling techniques, the park minimizes wastage and maximizes efficiency.
• Specific areas, such as the hippopotamus enclosure and aviary, benefit from recycled water, showcasing BBP’s dedication to responsible water stewardship.

Future Preparedness and Collaboration

• Looking ahead, BBP remains proactive in its approach to water management, seeking collaboration with external agencies to enhance its water supply infrastructure.
• The park’s initiative to secure a dedicated supply line for potable Cauvery water, in partnership with the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB), underscores its commitment to ensuring long-term sustainability and resilience.

Bannerghatta Biological Park (BBP):

• In 2004, BBBP was carved out of the Bannerghatta National Park (BNP) and brought under the Zoo Authority of Karnataka (ZAK).
• BNP which was declared a national park in 1974.
• BBBP has four divisions: the zoo, the safari, the butterfly park and the rescue centre.
• It is one of the few places in the world where wilderness is preserved so close to a big city.
• The valley of Champakadhama hills is inside the park.
• Vegetation: There are three types of vegetation that can be found: Dry Deciduous Scrub Forests, Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests and Southern Tropical Moist Mixed Forests.
• Flora: Include Narcissus latifolia, Schleichera oleosa, Sandalwood, Neem, Tamarind, Bamboo, Eucalyptus etc.
• Fauna: Prime habitat for several species, including the endangered Asian Elephant, Indian gaur, Tiger, Sambar deer, Spotted deer, Leopard, Wild dog, Wild pig, Sloth bear, Common mongoose, Pangolin, Slender loris, Black-naped hare, etc.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/water-woes-bannerghatta-biological-park-unaffected-by-water-crisis-in-bengaluru/article67943147.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY  

THE CONTEXT: A breakthrough in astrophysics has been achieved with the potential detection of astrophysical tau neutrinos, often referred to as “ghost particles.”

EXPLANATION:

• These elusive particles, believed to originate from the distant universe, have long evaded detection due to their minimal interaction with matter.
• Scientists, utilizing data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory in Antarctica, have made significant strides in unraveling the secrets of these mysterious particles.

Neutrinos

• Neutrinos, subatomic particles of minuscule size, possess extraordinary properties.
• Their negligible interaction with matter enables them to traverse vast distances across the universe without disruption.
• This unique characteristic facilitates their traceability back to their cosmic sources, offering invaluable insights into the distant cosmos.

Discovery of Tau Neutrinos

• Researchers at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory have announced the detection of seven candidate tau neutrino events, marking a potential milestone in astrophysical research.
• These findings, derived from meticulous analysis of data spanning a decade (2011-2020), provide compelling evidence for the existence of astrophysical tau neutrinos.

Significance of the Discovery

• The identification of astrophysical tau neutrinos not only expands our understanding of fundamental particle physics but also confirms previous observations of a diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux.
• This discovery sheds light on the high-energy phenomena occurring in the farthest reaches of the universe, offering valuable clues about cosmic processes and structures.

IceCube Neutrino Observatory: A Gateway to the Cosmos

• Situated in the pristine environs of Antarctica, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory employs advanced technology to capture and analyze neutrino interactions.
• With over 5,150 digital optical modules (DOMs) strategically positioned within Antarctic ice, the observatory serves as a sentinel for detecting elusive neutrino signals.

Methodology: Unveiling the Ghostly Traces

• To distinguish tau neutrino events from background noise, scientists utilized convolutional neural networks (CNNs) tailored for image classification.
• By scrutinizing three-dimensional images rendered from neutrino interactions, researchers identified distinct signatures associated with tau neutrinos, thus unveiling their presence amidst the cosmic backdrop.

Implications and Future Prospects

• The discovery of astrophysical tau neutrinos not only validates the capabilities of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory but also opens avenues for further exploration.
• Future studies aimed at elucidating the origins and properties of these ghostly particles promise to revolutionize our understanding of the universe’s most enigmatic phenomena.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/ghost-particles-astronomers-neutrinos-9216444/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in India is alarmingly high, contributing significantly to the nation’s healthcare burden.

EXPLANATION:

• In addressing this issue, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) guidelines recommend regular screening for diabetes, particularly in individuals aged 30 and above.
• With over 10.13 crore diagnosed cases and 13.6 crore pre-diabetic individuals, the urgency for preventive measures and early detection is evident.

HbA1C Test:

• The HbA1C test, also known as the glycated hemoglobin or glycosylated hemoglobin test, plays a pivotal role in diagnosing pre-diabetes and diabetes, including both type 1 and type 2.
• This test measures the percentage of red blood cells coated with sugar, reflecting average blood glucose levels over the past two to three months.

Working of the test:

• As sugar from food enters the bloodstream, it attaches to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
• While everyone has some level of sugar-coated hemoglobin, individuals with pre-diabetes or diabetes exhibit higher levels.
• The HbA1C test quantifies the extent of glycated hemoglobin, providing insights into long-term blood glucose control.

Evolution and Acceptance of the HbA1C Test

• Initially discovered in 1955, the clinical utility of HbA1C became apparent over subsequent years.
• Despite early inconsistencies in measurements, advancements in standardization and calibration, particularly between 1993 and 2012, significantly improved test accuracy.
• Subsequently, the American Diabetes Association endorsed HbA1C as a diagnostic tool in 2009, with the World Health Organization concurring in 2011, provided stringent quality assurance measures are in place.

Interpreting HbA1C Test Results

• HbA1C levels are typically expressed as a percentage or in mmol/mol, with higher values indicating elevated blood glucose levels.
• Normal levels fall below 5.7%, while readings between 5.7% and 6.4% suggest pre-diabetes, and values of 6.5% or higher indicate diabetes.
• These values translate to mmol/mol ranges for easier interpretation.

Considerations and Limitations

• While the HbA1C test offers valuable insights into long-term blood glucose control, certain conditions and medications may affect its accuracy.
• Conditions such as kidney or liver failure, anemia, blood disorders, and specific drug therapies can influence test results.
• Additionally, variability in hemoglobin types across populations, prevalent in India, underscores the importance of comprehensive evaluation in interpreting results accurately.

Implementation and Follow-Up

• The ICMR recommends screening all individuals aged 30 and above for diabetes, with earlier screening for those exhibiting risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, or a history of heart disease.
• Retesting intervals vary based on initial results, with annual retests for pre-diabetic individuals and more frequent monitoring for diagnosed diabetes patients.

Distinct Advantages Over Traditional Tests

• Compared to fasting or post-meal blood sugar tests, the HbA1C test provides a comprehensive assessment of average blood glucose levels over several months, unaffected by recent meals.
• Its independence from meal timing enhances reliability, making it a preferred diagnostic tool for diabetes and pre-diabetes.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/hba1c-test-blood-sugar-levels-india-diabetes-explained/article67949552.ece