TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Summit held in New Delhi has concluded with the adoption of the ‘New Delhi Declaration. It  reflected the commitment of 28 countries and the European Union to principles that align with democratic values and human rights in the development, and use of artificial intelligence. India hosted the annual GPAI Summit for the first time.

EXPLANATION:

• This declaration reflects a recognition of the importance of ethical considerations and accountability in AI technologies.
• This indicates a focus on ensuring that AI technologies are developed and deployed in a manner that considers long-term implications and societal well-being.

Commitment to democratic values and human rights

• The GPAI aims to be an inclusive movement, involving countries from the Global South and ensuring that the benefits of AI are accessible worldwide, aligning with the goal of global collaboration.
• The participating countries acknowledge and commit to addressing various challenges associated with AI, including concerns about misinformation, lack of transparency, fairness, protection of intellectual property and personal data, and potential threats to human rights and democratic values.

Innovation in Agriculture

• The declaration specifically recognizes India’s contribution to making agriculture a thematic priority for
• This reflects a recognition of the potential of AI innovation in supporting sustainable agriculture.

International Cooperation

• The summit emphasizes the importance of international cooperation to find the best possible solutions for the deployment and governance of AI.
• There is an expressed desire for GPAI to be more inclusive, encouraging the participation of developing countries as well as inclusion of lower and middle-income countries.

MEANING OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE GOVERNANCE

Set of policies, regulations, ethical frameworks, and practices that guide the development, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies.

Ethical and Responsible AI Development

• AI governance frameworks aim to establish ethical guidelines for the development of AI technologies.

Risk Mitigation

• Mitigating risks associated with AI technologies like risks related to data privacy, security, unintended consequences, and potential negative impacts on individuals and society.

Transparency and Accountability

• Transparent AI models are easier to understand, audit, and interpret.
• An accountable AI governance framework addresses issues of liability in cases where AI systems cause harm or make incorrect decisions.

Inclusive Decision-Making

• It involves involving diverse stakeholders, including experts, policymakers, industry representatives, and members of the public, to ensure a broad range of perspectives and avoid concentration of power.

GLOBAL AI FRAMEWORK CHALLENGES

Dynamic Nature of AI Technology

• AI is a rapidly evolving field, and staying updated with the technological advancements is a constant challenge for regulators and policymakers.
• Ensuring that regulations remain relevant and adaptable to new developments is essential.

Skills Gap and low public awareness

• There is a shortage of professionals with the necessary expertise in AI governance, policy-making, and ethical considerations.
• Building public awareness and engagement regarding AI technologies, their implications, and the potential risks is critical.

GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (GPAI)

About the Initiative

• It is an international initiative established to guide the responsible development and use of artificial intelligence (AI).
• It aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice on AI by supporting cutting-edge research and applied activities on AI-related priorities.
• GPAI secretariat is hosted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It has 28 countries, including India, and the European Union as members.

History

• The partnership was first proposed by Canada and France at the 2018 G7 summit, and officially launched in June 2020.
• India is a founding member of GPAI, but the group does not include India.

CONCLUSION

• Members of GPAI agreed on the ‘New Delhi Declaration,’ showing a global commitment to using Artificial Intelligence (AI) responsibly, in line with democratic values and human rights.
• The summit highlighted the importance of an inclusive approach, welcoming participation from developing nations and ensuring that the benefits of AI are accessible to people worldwide.
• The declaration aims to address concerns related to AI, such as misinformation, transparency, and the protection of intellectual property and personal data.

SOURCE:https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ai-summit-adopts-new-delhi-declaration-on-inclusiveness-collaboration/article67635398.ece

TAG: GS 3 INDIAN ECONOMY

CONTEXT: The government has reconstituted the ministerial group of the GST Council that was tasked with recommending the simplification of the complex tax structure and a rejig of its multiple rates.

EXPLANATION

• Since the beginning of the introduction of the GST tax regime, there has been a call to rationalize the tax structure.
• The group of ministers (GoM) on GST rate rationalisation, headed by former Karnataka CM Basavaraj Bommai, had been in suspended mode since its formation in 2021.
• The convenor’s role for the seven-member GoM has been assigned to Uttar Pradesh Finance Minister Suresh Kumar Khanna.

CURRENT GST STRUCTURE

• The current GST structure has a total of four tax slabs, including 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%.
• There are different forms of taxes levied under GST:

Central GST (CGST)

This tax is imposed on the movement of goods and services within the state but is appropriated by the central govt.

State GST (SGST)

It is the tax levied by the state government and appropriated in the state where the transaction occurs or where the goods are sold and consumed.

ntegrated GST (IGST)

This tax is imposed on all the goods and services between two or more states or union territories.

Union Territory GST (UTGST)

Imposed on supply of goods and services within the Indian Union Territories.

NEED FOR RATIONALISATION

• Ease-of-doing-business is needed as the current structure is quite complicated. For example, there are some items whose tax rates depend on their packaging, like specified food products, or selling prices.
• To reduce the number of litigations arising from classification disputes.
• GST is an indirect tax, which means that it is regressive in nature. Lower tax rates on some of the basic items would ease the pressure on common man.
• The frequent changes in rates for different goods and services in the past have created uncertainty for businesses.
• The 15th Finance Commission had observed that the GST’s revenue neutrality was compromised due to multiple tax rate reductions.

IMPLICATIONS

• Improved compliance: As too many tax rates lead to tremendous compliance-related problems.
• Improved tax collection: Higher tax rates doesn’t always imply higher revenue collection, going by the Laffer curve theory. This is proven by the fact that with reduction in tax rates on some items in the past, tax collection has only increased.

CONCLUSION

• Rate rationalization in the GST regime remains an ongoing challenge.
• There is a need for careful consideration to strike a balance between revenue generation and easing the compliance burden.

Source:https://www.thehindu.com/business/centre-rejigs-gom-to-simplify-gst-rates/article67635249.ece

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT

CONTEXT: In the recently concluded COP28 Summit, the global leaders took a small step towards moving away from fossil fuels. The adopted Dubai Consensus resolution calls for “just” and  “orderly” acceleration towards renewables.

EXPLANATION

• It is for the first time that a consensus has been reached to move away from fossil fuels, a major bone of contention for almost 40 years.
• Many countries, represented by small-island nations, wanted the agreement to be on ‘complete phase-out’. However, in the final document, it was diluted.

WHAT TRANSPIRED?

• The attitude of middle-income developing countries, who were very uncertain about the much hyped phased out of fossil fuels, was the main reason behind the ‘softening the text’.
• The host UAE, one of the biggest oil producers, has faced criticism for close ties with fossil fuel interests from the start, especially after oil executive al-Jaber was appointed to preside over the negotiations.
• This raised the conflict-of-interest issues.

HOW THE TRANSITION WILL BE ACHIEVED?

• The renewable energy pledge aims to triple the world’s green energy capacity to 11,000 GW by 2030. This agreement has been signed by 118 countries.
• Countries are also rooting for carbon capture and storage, a technology that oil producers want to use to continue drilling.
• Another important factor is the requirement for countries to submit stronger carbon cutting plans by 2025.
• If China and India, among the top polluters, put a rapid transition to green energy at the heart of these new commitments, that could make a massive difference to the global effort.

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE WORLD

• According to the IPCC, creating a path to net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 is the best shot at keeping global temperatures from rising beyond 1.5 degrees C by the end of the century.
• This implies cutting emissions to 43% of 2019 levels by 2030 and 60% by 2035.

CHALLENGES TO PLEDGES

• Lack of greater short-term emissions cuts is the key weakness being cited by experts.
• Developed countries, even though they have made tall promises, have fallen short of fulfilling them.
• For example, a 2009 commitment to mobilise $100 billion a year between 2020 and 2025 has only been partially realized.
• Most of the funding provided by the developed countries to developing countries for transition have been in the form of loans and not grants.

INDIA-SPECIFIC CHALLENGES

• Developed nations, in over a century of fossil fuel usage, have already used the available carbon space. This leaves very little space for countries like India, whose per capita use of energy is way behind developed countries’.
• The poor financial condition of power distribution companies (discoms) remains the most important challenge for further scaling up renewables in India.
• India has been heavily dependent on importing solar panels.
• There are issues of rising costs, labor constraints, and supply chain bottlenecks, which are impeding renewable energy projects.

CONCLUSION:

• The consensus on ridding the world of fossil fuels is remarkable, given that it is for the first time that the conference yielded some concrete and realistic commitments.
• Given the limited carbon space, industrialised western nations must cede space by taking on more stringent reductions than they have committed to so far.
• A global net zero by 2050 should not imply a net zero for all countries at that time. Developed countries, with access to funds and advanced technologies, should take the lead.

Source: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/at-dubai-cop28-nations-reach-consensus-to-transition-from-fossil-fuels/article67633151.ece

TAG: GS 3: ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The draft decisions taken at COP28 at Dubai have referred to the abatement and removal of carbon emissions using carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon-dioxide removal (CDR) technologies.

EXPLANATION:

• Considering the meaning of the word ‘abatement’ has become an important bone of contention, understanding the meaning and limitations of CCS is important – as also those of
• At COP28, the term “unabated fossil fuels” has come to mean the combustion of these fuels without using CCS technologies to capture their emissions. Draft decision texts point to a need to “phase out” such unabated fossil fuels. On the other hand, removal has been referenced in the context of the need to scale zero- and low-emission technologies and support forest restoration as a means to promote emission removal.

WHAT ARE CCS AND CDR?

• CCS refers to technologies that can capture carbon dioxide (CO₂) at a source of emissions before it is released into the atmosphere.
• These sources include the fossil fuel industry (where coal, oil and gas are combusted to generate power) and industrial processes like steel and cement production.
• CDR takes the forms of both natural means like afforestation or reforestation and technologies like direct air capture, where machines mimic trees by absorbing CO₂ from their surroundings and storing it underground.
• There are also more complex CDR technologies like enhanced rock weathering, where rocks are broken down chemically and the resulting rock particles can remove CO₂ from the atmosphere. Other technologies like bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) capture and store CO₂ from burning biomass, like wood.

HOW WELL DO CCS AND CDR NEED TO WORK?

• While their technical details are clear, scientists have questions about the scale at which CCS and CDR are expected to succeed.
• The Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), prepared by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), deals with climate mitigation. It relies a lot on the use of CDR for its projections related to the world achieving the goal of limiting the world’s average surface temperature increase to 1.5 degrees C with no or limited overshoot.
• The emission scenarios that the IPCC has assessed have more than a 50% chance of limiting warming to 1.5 degrees C assume the world can sequester 5 billion tonnes of CO₂ by 2040. This is more than India emits currently every year. There is no pathway to 1.5 degrees celsius in AR6 that doesn’t use CDR.
• If CO₂ emissions continue at current levels, we will have a 50% chance of exceeding 1.5 degrees C compared to pre-industrial levels in seven years .
• To achieve the decrease in CO₂ emissions by direct mitigation would be nearly impossible at this point and would require a lot of

HOW WELL DOES CDR WORK?

• CDR methods like afforestation, reforestation, BECCS, and direct air capture are constrained by their need for land.
• Land is often considered to be ‘viable’ for planting trees and deploying other large-scale CDR As a result, such CDR projects can adversely affect land rights of indigenous communities and biodiversity and compete with other forms of land-use, like agriculture that is crucial for ensuring food security.

WHAT ARE OTHER PITFALLS OF CCS AND CDR?

• By removing CO₂ from their environment, there are concerns that CCS and CDR create more ‘room’ to emit the greenhouse gas. In some cases, CCS has also been used to inject captured CO₂ is into oil fields to extract more oil.
• In future emissions scenarios that the IPCC has assessed, the world’s use of coal, oil, and gas in 2050 needs to decline by about 95%, 60%, and 45% respectively from their use in 2019 to keep the planet from warming by less than 1.5 degrees C. But without CCS, the expected reductions are 100%, 60%, and 70% for coal, oil, and gas by 2050.
• In a recent paper, an international group of researchers wrote that higher use of CCS and CDR make way for emissions pathways with a higher contribution from gas.

CONCLUSION:

There is need to identify viable and scalable CDR methods and need to figure out financial mechanism for CDR at a large scale in the future.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/carbon-capture-sequestration-science-limitations-ipcc-explained/article67627040.ece

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: India recently voted in favour of a United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) resolution that called on Israel for an immediate ceasefire and the protection of civilians in accordance with international law and the release of all hostages.

EXPLANATION:

• The United Nations General Assembly voted overwhelmingly for ceasefire and for the release of hostages and for the observance of international law.
• India was among 153 countries that made up a massive 4/5th majority in the Assembly who voted in favour of the resolution. Only 10 countries, including the U.S. and Israel, voted against the resolution, and 23 countries, mainly from Europe abstained.

ISRAEL AND PALESTINE REMARKS:

• Despite being “unsatisfied” with the UNGA resolution, Israel said it appreciated India’s support and votes in favour of two proposed amendments of both U.S. and Austria that were not adopted by the UNGA.
• The Palestinian Ambassador thanked India for support and said that all countries must say “enough is enough”.

INDIA’S STAND:

• Earlier India has not supported the resolution as the resolution did not include any specific reference to the October 7 terror attacks in Israel by
• In the explanation of vote (EoV), India did not clarify the reason for India’s shift but said that India “welcomes” the fact that the international community had been able to find a “common ground” to address the situation in West Asia.
• ‘Two-state solution’: India mentioned the October 7 “terrorist attack” without naming Hamas, the “humanitarian crisis and large-scale loss of civilian lives”. There is a need to observe the international humanitarian law “in all circumstances”, and the effort to find a lasting “two-state solution” to the question of Palestine.

THE UNGA RESOLUTION

• The UNGA resolution “Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations”, was introduced by Egypt and co-sponsored by 21 countries.
• It was followed by the U.S.’s decision to veto a similar resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire in the N. Security Council.
• The U.S. decision was unusual as it came despite an explicit invocation of “Article 99” by U.N. Secretary General that the situation in Gaza “threatens the maintenance of international peace and security,”. Article 99 has not been invoked by UNSG since 1989 and the war in Lebanon.
• “The gravity and complexity of what the international community faces is underlined by the Secretary General invoking Article 99 of the Charter of the United Nations.

IMPLICATION OF THE RESOLUTION:

• While the UNGA does not have the power to enforce its resolutions as the UNSC does, it carries the sentiment of the global community against the Israeli bombardment of Gaza that has rendered more than a million people homeless.

RESOLUTION BY USA AND AUSTRIA:

• At the UNGA the U.S. also proposed an amendment that would insert a specific mention of “heinous terrorist attacks by Hamas that took place in Israel starting 7 October 2023 and the taking of hostages”.
• Austria proposed an amendment to name Hamas and other groups that are holding Israeli hostages.
• India voted in favour of them, but both amendments were dropped as they did not receive the votes required.

CONCLUSION:

Both Palestinian and Israeli civilian populations must be protected in accordance with international humanitarian law. The challenge in this extraordinarily difficult time is to strike the right balance.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/india-and-152-other-members-vote-overwhelmingly-at-un-general-assembly-to-demand-a-humanitarian-ceasefire-in-gaza/article67632382.ece

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The central government introduced a Bill seeking to amend the service conditions of Election Commission of India (ECI) members.

EXPLANATION:

• The Bill was introduced in Parliament on August 10,2023 but was not taken up for discussion in the Monsoon Session.
• It has now been listed for consideration and passing on December 12, along with key amendments that would ‘restore’ the status of the members of the ECI.

Constitutional Background and Supreme Court’s Ruling

• Earlier, the Supreme Court mandated the appointment of CEC and ECs by a committee comprising the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha, and the CJI.
• This ruling sought to rectify the absence of a specific legislative process for their appointment in the Constitution, thereby giving the central government significant authority in appointing these officials.

Criticism and Concerns Raised

• The proposed Bill received criticism from various quarters, particularly for replacing the CJI in the selection committee with a Cabinet Minister.
• This raised concerns over the government having undue influence in choosing candidates for these crucial positions.
• Former and current officials of the ECI raised objections not merely due to the alteration in perks but primarily because of the perceived downgrading of the ECI’s status from that of a Supreme Court judge to a government official.
• The status change, if implemented, was seen as potentially affecting the ECI’s authority to summon senior officials and Ministers, significantly impacting its ability to function independently.

Amendments and Reversal of Status Change

• Amidst the criticisms, Law Minister proposed amendments to restore the equivalence of the CEC and ECs to that of a Supreme Court judge.
• The amendments aimed to retain the existing salary, dearness allowance, and leave encashment rules for these positions, aligning them with the status quo.

Current Status and Future Appointments

• No appointments have been made through the revised mechanism outlined by the Supreme Court order since no vacancies have emerged in the ECI post the March ruling.
• The upcoming vacancy expected in February 2024, upon the retirement of EC Anup Chandra Pandey, will likely be the first opportunity to apply the mechanism laid down by the court.

Conclusion

• The proposed Bill faced significant opposition due to concerns over the selection process and potential downgrading of the ECI’s status.
• The government’s decision to revert the proposed changes through amendments underscores the importance of maintaining the ECI’s independence and authority, aligning its status with that of a Supreme Court judge.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/eci-members-status-sc-judges-bill-explained-9065014/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Saiga antelope, which faced a perilous decline since the breakup of the Soviet Union, has demonstrated a remarkable recovery, prompting the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to alter its status from Critically Endangered to Near Threatened.

EXPLANATION:

• Despite disease outbreaks and challenges, conservation efforts have contributed significantly to its survival.

Saiga Population and Decline

• In 2003, merely 6% of the Saiga population remained, marking a drastic decline from an estimated one million in the early 1990s.
• The antelope species, existing since the last Ice Age, were originally spread across the Eurasian Steppe but now inhabit fragmented populations within Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the Russian Federation, and Uzbekistan.

Conservation Impact and Efforts

• The positive change in the Saiga’s global Red List status is attributed to effective national and international conservation initiatives, particularly in Kazakhstan.
• Kazakhstan witnessed a substantial recovery in Saiga populations, increasing from a critical low of 48,000 in 2005 to over 1.9 million, largely due to anti-poaching measures, law enforcement, and the establishment of protected areas.

Government and Civil Society Collaboration

• The Government of Kazakhstan has taken commendable leadership in species recovery, investing in impactful actions and forming collaborations with civil society.
• This inclusive network involves government bodies, conservationists, academics, and international experts.
• International organizations like the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) have played significant roles in facilitating coordinated conservation efforts across Saiga habitats.

Ongoing Challenges and Future Prospects

• While there has been a notable increase in Saiga populations in Kazakhstan and Mongolia, the species still faces challenges.
• Challenges include ongoing poaching, illegal trade, disease outbreaks, climate change impacts, human interference, and infrastructure development, all of which threaten the Saiga’s full recovery.

Continued Conservation Efforts

• Efforts to sustain recovery include maintaining population monitoring, protecting key habitats, collaborating with local communities for awareness and conservation actions and addressing persistent threats to Saiga populations.
• While progress has been significant, the Saiga’s full recovery will only be achieved by restoring its ecological role across its entire range and addressing the persisting threats to its existence.

Conclusion

• The Saiga antelope’s resurgence from the brink of extinction is a testament to the success of coordinated conservation efforts, particularly in Kazakhstan, and international collaboration.
• However, sustained efforts are crucial to ensuring the Saiga’s continued recovery and securing its place in the vast Eurasian Steppe ecosystem.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/miracle-on-the-steppe-the-saiga-has-beaten-extinction-for-now-finds-new-iucn-red-list-93335

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Lok Sabha approved two bills on December 12 to extend the constitutional provisions granting 33% reservation for women in Parliament and State legislatures to the Union Territories of Puducherry and Jammu and Kashmir.

EXPLANATION:

• The bills aim to implement the Constitution (106th Amendment) Act in these regions to ensure gender representation in legislative bodies.

Debate Context and Dominance of Article 370 Verdict

• Despite the focus on the women’s reservation bills, the parliamentary discussion was largely influenced by the recent Supreme Court verdict regarding the abrogation of Article 370.
• The debate’s trajectory was steered towards this verdict, drawing attention away from the core topic of the bills.

Content of the Bills

• Minister of State for Home presented the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Second Amendment) Bill and the Government of Union Territories (Amendment) Bill in the Lok Sabha.
• The Bills aimed to modify the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, and the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963, respectively, to facilitate women’s reservations in the legislative assemblies of Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry.

Parliamentary Debates and Perspectives

• The importance of women’s representation has been emphasized.
• However, linking the debate timing to the recent Supreme Court verdict on Article 370, echoing the disappointment of parties from Jammu and Kashmir.
• The absence of MLAs in Jammu and Kashmir for the past six years has been highlighted, questioning the governance structure in the Union Territory.
• Historical obligations and promises during Jammu and Kashmir’s accession to India has been referenced, expressing concerns over the unresolved issues post the Article 370 abrogation.

Implementation and Future Steps

• The implementation of the women’s reservation law faces delays as it awaits the next census (anticipated in late 2024) and subsequent delimitation exercises in 2026 to determine the specific constituencies reserved for women.
• The women’s quota in the Lok Sabha and Assemblies will be in effect for 15 years, with provisions for Parliament to extend the benefit period subsequently.

Conclusion

• Despite the bills’ passage aimed at enhancing gender representation in legislatures, the parliamentary debate was diverted towards the broader context of governance and unresolved issues following the abrogation of Article 370.
• The bills are a step forward for gender inclusion in the political landscape of Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry, although broader governance concerns dominated the discussion.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ls-clears-bills-for-womens-quota-in-jk-puducherry-assemblies/article67631129.ece

TAG: GS 2: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Researchers at Berhampur University, Odisha, made a significant discovery of a new species of marine amphipod, belonging to the genus Demaorchestia, in Chilika Lake on the east coast of India.

EXPLANATION:

• The species was named Demaorchestia alanensis after Professor Alan Myers of University College Cork, Ireland, a notable expert in marine amphipod studies.
• The discovery was led by an assistant professor at Berhampur University, along with two other researchers.
• The new species discovery adds to the global species count of the genus Demaorchestia, making it a total of six known species in this group.

Collection and Description

• Researchers collected at least eight specimens of the species from Barkul beach in Ganjam district, Odisha, along the Chilika Lake shore in January 2022, using handpicking techniques.
• The identification of the new species was confirmed after extensive surveys and laboratory tests at Berhampur University.
• A research scholar highlighted the distinctiveness of this species from the other five globally known species of Demaorchestia.

Deposition and Characteristics

• The specimens were deposited in the Zoological Survey of India’s Estuarine Biology Regional Centre, Gopalpur-on-Sea, Odisha, for further detailed examination and research.
• The newly discovered species appears white in colour and measures less than 15 millimeters in length, possessing 13 pairs of legs.
• Notably, three pairs of legs are utilized for swimming, eight for terrestrial movement, and the remaining two pairs for capturing prey and feeding.

Unique Features and Taxonomy

• The distinguishing feature of this species includes two to three strong, hair-like structures (setae) on the anterior margin of the propodus of the gnathopod.
• It belongs to the subfamily Platorchestiinae, commonly found along the Indian coast, according to Shesdev Patro.

Ecological Importance and Future Research

• Amphipods play a significant role in marine ecosystems, contributing to the food chain and serving as indicators for assessing climate change impacts and coastal ecosystem health.
• Further research aims to deepen understanding regarding the specific ecological roles of amphipods in coastal and marine environments.

Talitridae Family and Previous Discoveries

• Talitridae, the family to which this species belongs, is considered one of the oldest groups of amphipods and has existed since the Jurassic age.
• The family is divided into four subfamilies, with Platorchestiinae being one of them and represented along the Indian coastline.
• Earlier discoveries include two other marine amphipods: Quadrivisio Chilikensis from seaweeds near Nalaban, and Talorchestia buensis from the West Bengal coastal area.
• The discoveries contribute to enriching scientific knowledge about marine biodiversity in India and hold significance for conservation and ecological studies of coastal ecosystems.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/new-marine-amphipod-species-found-in-chillika-lake-odisha-93338

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Recently the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations released the “Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2023: Statistics and Trends” report.

EXPLANATION:

• The report highlighted concerning statistics related to the affordability of healthy diets, malnutrition, and stunted growth in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

Affordability of Healthy Diet

• In 2021, 74.1% of Indians were unable to afford a healthy diet, showing a slight improvement from 2020’s 76.2%.
• Pakistan and Bangladesh faced similar challenges, with 82.2% and 66.1% of their populations respectively encountering difficulties in accessing healthy food.
• Rising food costs, when not matched by increased income, exacerbate the challenge of affordability, leading to more people unable to access nutritious meals.

Impact of COVID-19 and “5Fs” Crisis

• The report highlighted the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the “5Fs” crisis (Food, Feed, Fuel, Fertilisers, and Finance) in the region.
• The region still suffers from the aftermath of these crises, with Asia-Pacific accounting for half of the world’s severe food insecurity, affecting more women than men.

Nutrition and Health

• The region continues to struggle with undernourishment, with 370.7 million undernourished individuals, representing half of the global total.
• Stunting, wasting, overweight issues among children under 5 years, and anaemia among women of reproductive age remain significant concerns.

Undernourishment and Food Insecurity

• 6% of India’s population faces undernourishment, impacting health, nutrition, as well as economic and social well-being.
• Southern Asia registers higher prevalence rates for severe food insecurity compared to other subregions, with Southern Asia also showing higher percentages for moderate or severe food insecurity since 2015.

Childhood Malnutrition

• 7% of Indian children under five suffer from stunted growth, largely attributed to factors such as poor maternal health, inadequate infant feeding practices, and persistent infections.
• India records the highest rate of wasting among children under five in the region at 18.7%, surpassing the WHO’s global nutrition target of less than 5%.

Maternal Health and Anaemia

• Anaemia affects 53% of women aged 15 to 49 in India, posing health risks for both women and their offspring during pregnancy and childbirth.

Other Health Concerns

• Obesity among adults stands at 1.6%, and the prevalence of low birthweight in India is notable at 27.4%.

Breastfeeding and Nutrition Improvements

• India has shown improvement in exclusive breastfeeding rates among infants (0–5 months) at 63.7%, higher than the global prevalence of 47.7%.
• However, India faces challenges with high rates of low birthweight in the region, alongside Bangladesh and Nepal.

Conclusion

• The FAO report underlines critical challenges in achieving nutritional goals, emphasizing the need for comprehensive strategies to address affordability, food security, and malnutrition issues in India and the broader region.
• The statistics highlight the urgency for targeted interventions and policies to improve access to healthy diets and mitigate the detrimental effects of malnutrition on public health and well-being.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/741-of-indians-unable-to-afford-a-healthy-diet-fao-report/article67631605.ece

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The SR Bommai v Union of India case revolved around the interpretation of Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, which details the circumstances under which the President can impose President’s rule in a state.

EXPLANATION:

• In this case, a nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court deliberated on the legality and circumstances of imposing the President’s rule in a state.

Relevance of SR Bommai Case in Article 370 Ruling

• Judicial Review of President’s Proclamation:
  • SR Bommai set a significant precedent by allowing judicial review of the President’s proclamation imposing President’s rule.
  • The Supreme Court ruled that the proclamation could be subjected to judicial scrutiny based on grounds such as illegality, malafide, extraneous considerations, abuse of power, or fraud.
• Parliamentary Approval Requirement:
  • The case highlighted the necessity for parliamentary approval before the President exercises the power to impose President’s rule.
  • If Parliament doesn’t approve the proclamation within two months, the dismissed government automatically gets revived.
• Centre-State Relationship Clarification:
  • The ruling emphasized that while the Centre possesses considerable power concerning states, it cannot undermine or infringe upon the states’ reserved powers.
  • The judgment delineated a clear boundary, preventing the Centre from encroaching on the states’ powers.

Impact on Subsequent Presidential Proclamations

• Following the SR Bommai judgment, the imposition of President’s rule notably decreased.
• The ruling’s impact is evident in the reduction of President’s rule instances from an average of 2.5 times a year between 1950 and 1994 to just over once a year from 1995 to 2021.

Application in the Jammu and Kashmir Challenge

• In the context of the challenge to the abrogation of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir, the Supreme Court referred to the SR Bommai ruling extensively.
• The question arose regarding whether the President could approve the revocation of J&K’s special status during the period of President’s rule.
• The Court relied on SR Bommai to validate the actions of the President, asserting that these actions were constitutionally valid.
• It cited differing standards set in SR Bommai by Justices PB Sawant and Jeevan Reddy.
• Justice Sawant focused on determining if the exercise of power was mala fide or palpably irrational, whereas Justice Reddy underscored the need to consider advisability and necessity while evaluating the President’s actions.

Conclusion

• The SR Bommai case’s significance lies in establishing the parameters for judicial review of President’s rule and delineating the boundaries between the Centre and states.
• This landmark judgment served as a cornerstone for validating the actions of the President during President’s rule, as evidenced in the recent Supreme Court ruling on the abrogation of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/key-aspects-of-article-370-verdict-unpacked-9064079/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court’s recent ruling on December 11 emphasized that the declaration of State emergency under Article 356 and subsequent actions by the President must exhibit a “reasonable nexus.”

EXPLANATION:

• This implies that the actions taken by the President during the period of State emergency are subject to judicial scrutiny, and they should align with the objective of the emergency declaration.

Context of the Jammu and Kashmir Crisis

• The crisis in Jammu and Kashmir arose when Chief Minister Mehbooba Mufti resigned on June 19, 2018, following the withdrawal of support by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
• The Governor then issued a Proclamation under Section 92 of the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution, assuming the powers and functions of the State government in case of a constitutional breakdown.
• Subsequently, the State Legislative Assembly was dissolved on November 21, 2018, leading to the invocation of Article 356 by the President, which extended the President’s rule until July 3, 2019.

Key Legislative Actions and Constitutional Changes

• On August 5, 2019, the President issued the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, applying all provisions of the Indian Constitution to Jammu and Kashmir.
• Additionally, a new provision, Article 367(4), was introduced in the Indian Constitution to replace the requirement for a recommendation from the Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly with that of the Legislative Assembly.
• This facilitated the abrogation of Article 370 without the former Assembly’s recommendation.

Open Question on the Proclamation of Article 356

• The Supreme Court left open the question of whether the objective behind the proclamation of Article 356 in December 2018 had a “reasonable nexus” with the subsequent actions of the President and Parliament in August 2019.
• The revocation of Article 356 in Jammu and Kashmir occurred only in October 2019.

Judicial Scrutiny of President’s Actions

• Chief Justice highlighted that the actions undertaken by the President during a State emergency are subject to judicial review.
• The Court can examine whether the actions of Parliament align reasonably with the objective sought to be achieved by the Proclamation of President’s rule under Article 356.

Burden of Proof and Shifting Onus

• The onus lies initially on the challenger to prima facie establish that the President’s actions during the emergency were a “mala fide or extraneous exercise of power.”
• If a prima facie case is established, the burden shifts to the Centre to justify that the exercise of power during the emergency had a reasonable nexus with the emergency’s objective.

Conclusion

• The recent Supreme Court ruling underscores the requirement of a reasonable nexus between the declaration of a State emergency under Article 356 and subsequent actions of the President and Parliament.
• It highlights the scope for judicial scrutiny of the President’s actions during an emergency and the shifting burden of proof in challenging the exercise of power during such times.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/declaration-of-state-emergency-under-article-356-and-subsequent-actions-of-president-should-have-reasonable-nexus-sc/article67628022.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court unanimously affirmed the President’s authority to abrogate Article 370 in August 2019, leading to the reorganization of Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories, thereby nullifying its special privileges.

EXPLANATION:

• Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud led the five-judge Bench that validated the President’s power to unilaterally issue a notification to nullify Article 370 if “special circumstances warrant a special solution.”
• The court emphasized that it could not contest the President’s decision regarding the cessation of the special circumstances that initially led to the establishment of Article 370.

Historical Integration of Jammu and Kashmir

• The court acknowledged the 70-year-long collaborative effort between the Centre and Jammu and Kashmir for the integration process.
• The aim was to align the rights and obligations outlined in the Indian Constitution with those of the people of Jammu and Kashmir, making them applicable in the entirety.

Redundancy of Jammu and Kashmir Constitution

• The Supreme Court declared the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution “redundant” and “inoperative,” emphasizing that the Indian Constitution stands as a comprehensive code for constitutional governance.

Restoration of Statehood and Elections

• The Centre assured the restoration of Statehood to the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir at the earliest.
• The Election Commission of India was directed to conduct Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections by September 30, 2024.

Validity of Reorganization and President’s Rule

• The court did not find it necessary to examine the legality of reorganizing Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories.
• It upheld the creation of the Union Territory of Ladakh from the state.
• The timing of the abrogation following the dissolution of the Jammu and Kashmir State Legislative Assembly and the subsequent imposition of President’s rule did not deter the court’s decision.
• Even if the court had ruled against the Proclamation issued under Article 356, it stated that no material relief could be provided as President’s Rule was revoked on October 31, 2019.

Understanding Article 370’s Temporariness

• The court clarified that Article 370 was a “temporary provision” established during a time of internal conflict and war to facilitate Jammu and Kashmir’s accession to the Union.
• It underscored that only the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir’s power to recommend abrogation ceased to exist with its dissolution in 1957.
• However, the President’s authority under Article 370(3) remained intact.
• Chief Justice highlighted that the State of Jammu and Kashmir did not possess “internal sovereignty” distinct from other states in the country.
• The special privileges and separate Constitution were considered aspects of asymmetric federalism rather than sovereignty.

Conclusion

• The Supreme Court’s verdict validates the abrogation of Article 370, emphasizing its temporary nature and underscoring the constitutional integration of Jammu and Kashmir into the Union.
• The ruling provides clarity on the President’s power, the historical context, and the state’s constitutional status while reiterating the primacy of the Indian Constitution in governing the entire nation.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-upholds-abrogation-of-article-370-says-move-was-part-of-70-year-old-exercise-to-integrate-jk-to-the-union/article67626914.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Researchers at IIT Jodhpur have developed a groundbreaking method that combines algae-assisted microbial fuel cells to capture carbon dioxide, treat wastewater, and generate power simultaneously.

EXPLANATION:

• This technology represents a promising alternative to traditional carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) methods, offering multiple benefits in environmental remediation and energy production.

ALGAE-ASSISTED CARBON CAPTURE PROCESS

• Absorption of CO2 from Flue Gas
  • The process initiates by cooling the flue gas from thermal power stations and industrial plants using a heat exchanger.
  • The cooled flue gas is then directed to a sieve-plate absorption column, where sodium carbonate supplemented wastewater absorbs CO2, producing flue-gas-derived bicarbonates (FGDBs).
• Utilization in Algae-Assisted Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC)
  • FGDBs are utilized in plastic bag photobioreactors (PBRs) combined with algae-assisted microbial fuel cells.
  • This novel integration facilitates biochemical CO2 sequestration while simultaneously generating power and promoting algae biomass growth.

ADVANTAGES OVER CONVENTIONAL METHODS

• Efficiency of CO2 Fixation
  • Compared to the conventional method of bubbling flue gases into algal ponds, the indirect biochemical route adopted by IIT Jodhpur proves more efficient.
  • It converts CO2 into carbonates, enhancing the solubility of inorganic carbon in water, thereby fostering increased carbon retention in the water.
• Closed Systems and Wastewater Usage
  • The use of closed systems like PBRs is highlighted as preferable to open ponds, as they prevent decomposition of bicarbonates into CO2 and maintain pH levels.
  • Additionally, the technology utilizes wastewater, utilizing a thermo-tolerant algal strain (Chlorella vulgaris) capable of thriving in such conditions.

POWER GENERATION AND SCALING CHALLENGES

• Algae in Microbial Fuel Cells
  • The integration of algae into microbial fuel cells generates electricity.
  • This bio-electrochemical process harnesses the metabolic activity of microorganisms breaking down organic matter in wastewater, releasing electrons that produce electric current.
• Scalability and Limitations
  • While theoretically, all available flue gas can be used to grow algae, scalability presents challenges.
  • A tonne per day of CO2 capture demands a substantial algae culture area, limiting the practical scale of operation.
  • Moreover, only a small fraction of algae is used for power generation, leaving the majority available for bioenergy purposes.

FUTURE PROSPECTS AND DEVELOPMENT

• Further Refinement and Research
  • Technology requires refinement and further research.
  • Developmental avenues include enhancing microbial consortia or genetically engineered strains, comprehensive mass balance studies, determination of feed flow rates, and retention times for efficient CO2 capture.
• Device Optimization
  • Enhancements to the device itself could involve integrating specialized gas diffusing devices (spargers) for a stable gas supply, ensuring sustained algal growth.

CONCLUSION

• IIT Jodhpur’s innovative algae-assisted microbial fuel cell technology showcases a promising approach to address multiple environmental challenges simultaneously.
• While requiring further development and refinement, its potential to capture CO2, treat wastewater, and generate power represents a significant step towards sustainable and efficient energy solutions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/business-tech/carbon-capture-by-algae-assisted-microbial-fuel-cell-shows-promise/article67624539.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The renewable energy pledge, signed by 118 countries during the COP28 climate summit, aims to triple the world’s green energy capacity to 11,000 GW by 2030.

EXPLANATION:

• This initiative is crucial in reducing reliance on fossil fuels for energy generation.
• The objective is to limit the global average temperature increase, striving to stay below the 2-degree Celsius temperature rise since pre-industrial times, in alignment with the 2015 Paris Agreement goals.

Goals and Implications

• The pledge requires countries to double the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements from about 2% to over 4% each year until 2030.
• This ambitious target signifies a collective effort by world governments to mitigate the rise in emissions and shift away from fossil fuel dependency.
• The intention is to contribute to curbing the temperature rise and ideally achieve the more ambitious 1.5-degree Celsius goal set in the Paris Agreement.

Unbinding Nature of the Pledge

• It’s essential to note that while this pledge is a significant indicator of global leaders’ intentions to tackle emissions, it is not legally binding and is not officially part of the COP28 calendar.
• However, it signals a strong commitment to combatting global emissions.

ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN CLIMATE MITIGATION

• Renewable Energy’s Growing Dominance
  • The International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasts that between 2022 and 2027, renewables will constitute over 90% of global electricity capacity expansion.
  • Countries like China, the EU, the US, and India are key drivers behind this acceleration, implementing policies, regulatory reforms, and market changes to address the energy crisis.
• Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels
  • Solar, wind, hydropower, and biofuels are recognized as the primary future energy sources, even in developing nations.
  • The ambitious aim to triple renewable energy by 2050 is expected to significantly diminish reliance on fossil fuels for energy generation.
• Global Efforts and India’s Role
  • Various countries are actively increasing their renewable energy capacity.
  • India, for instance, is the world’s third-largest renewable energy producer and aims to fulfill 50% of its electricity demands from renewables by 2030, with a net-zero emissions target by 2070.
  • However, challenges such as rising costs, labor constraints, and supply chain issues are impeding renewable energy projects globally.

GLOBAL ENERGY TRANSITION CHALLENGES

• Expanding Renewables Beyond Electricity
  • While the electricity sector is experiencing substantial growth in renewables, accounting for only a fifth of global energy consumption, integrating renewable sources into transportation and heating remains a critical challenge in the overall energy transition.
• Hurdles in Renewable Deployment
  • Despite the enthusiasm for renewable energy, deployment faces obstacles like rising costs, labor shortages, and supply chain disruptions.
  • These challenges have resulted in delays and cancellations of projects, causing substantial financial losses for leading developers worldwide.

GEOPOLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND STANDPOINTS

• Initiatives and Opposition
  • The pledge spearheaded by the EU, US, and UAE received support from several countries but faced opposition from major coal-dependent nations like India and China.
  • These countries expressed concerns about the initiative’s stance on phasing down coal and halting investments in new coal-fired power plants.
• India’s Position
  • India, while initially staying away from the initiative due to its implications on coal, had previously supported a G20 commitment to triple global renewable energy capacity by 2030.
  • This reflects the complexity of balancing energy transition goals with existing economic dependencies on coal.

CONCLUSION

• The renewable energy pledge at COP28 represents a significant commitment by numerous countries to accelerate the global shift towards renewable energy sources.
• Despite challenges and diverging perspectives, this initiative highlights the urgent need for collaborative efforts to mitigate climate change by transitioning away from fossil fuels.
• However, the practical implementation and overcoming of geopolitical differences pose significant challenges on the road to achieving these ambitious targets.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/cop28-tripling-renewable-energy-target-9062282/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

• THE CONTEXT: The Chardham Mahamarg Vikas Pariyojana, focusing on infrastructure development for the Kailas-Mansarovar yatra, recently came under scrutiny due to revelations of bypassing necessary environmental impact assessments (EIA).

EXPLANATION:

• Union Minister of Road Transport and Highways, acknowledged that the environmental impact assessment norms were bypassed for civil works comprising the improvement of existing national highways in the Tanakpur to Pithoragarh section, totalling 825 kilometers.

• Project Division:
  • The project was fragmented into 53 parts, each less than 100 kilometers, effectively avoiding the requirement for environmental impact assessments, a strategy disclosed by Gadkari.

Lack of EIA and Supreme Court Directives

• Requirement for EIA:
  • The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) guidelines state that projects involving highway expansion beyond 100 kilometers or extensive land acquisition demand prior environmental clearances.
  • However, due to the subdivision of the project, the need for EIA was circumvented.
• Supreme Court Intervention:
  • The Supreme Court, on the application by the Union Ministry of Defence, allowed the widening of three strategically significant National Highways under the Chardham Pariyojana.
  • The court mandated a 10-meter-wide pavement for these highways.

Committees and Oversight for Environmental Assessment

• Constitution of High-Powered Committee (HPC):
  • MoEFCC established an HPC with representatives from various institutes to analyze the cumulative and individual impact of the Chardham Projects on the Himalayan valleys.
  • The committee aims to issue directives for conducting EIA or Rapid EIA as needed.
• Oversight Committee by Supreme Court:
  • An “Oversight Committee” was set up by the Supreme Court to ensure the implementation of recommendations from the HPC’s report.
  • This committee oversees the compliance of its suggestions in the remaining segments of the Chardham Pariyojana.

Chardham Mahamarg Vikas Pariyojana (Char Dham Highway Development Project):

• Prime Minister laid the foundation stone of the ambitious Chardham Mahamarg Vikas Pariyojna on 27th December 2016 at Parade Ground in Dehradun.
• The project aims at improving the connectivity to the Char Dham pilgrimage centres in the Himalayas, making journey to these centres safer, faster and more convenient.
• The Chardham project includes developing 900 km of national highways in Uttarakhand at a total cost of Rs. 12000 crores.
• Work for 17 projects worth Rs 3000 crores have already been sanctioned and tendered.
• The entire length of the highways will be two-laned with paved shoulder and with a minimum width of 10 metres.
• There will be tunnels, bypasses, bridges, subways and viaducts to prevent traffic bottlenecks.
• A team of experts have been engaged to identify zones prone to landslides, and environment friendly techniques are being incorporated in the design to make these zones safer.
• Wayside amenities and public facilities will be constructed all along the Chardham route, including parking spaces and helipad for emergency evacuation.

Conclusion: Environmental Compliance and Continuing Scrutiny

• The revelation of bypassing EIA norms in the Chardham Mahamarg Vikas Pariyojayana has raised concerns regarding environmental compliance in crucial infrastructure projects.
• The intervention of the Supreme Court and the formation of committees signify ongoing efforts to rectify this issue and ensure environmental sustainability in the project’s execution.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/government-admits-to-have-bypassed-environment-impact-assessments-for-chardham-project-93268

TAG: GS 2: SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: The PM Vishwakarma Scheme, launched by the Centre on September 17, has received over 21 lakh applications in two and a half months, data from the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) show.

EXPLANATION:

• The PM Vishwakarma Scheme, initiated by the Centre, aims to support artisans and craftspeople by providing skill-upgradation training.
• Launched on September 17, the scheme garnered a significant response, receiving over 21 lakh applications within a span of two and a half months.

Application Statistics and Regional Participation

• Regional Distribution:
  • Karnataka led with 6.28 lakh applications, followed by West Bengal (4.04 lakh), Assam (1.83 lakh), Uttar Pradesh (1.53 lakh), and Andhra Pradesh (1.21 lakh).
  • Conversely, 15 states including Haryana, Kerala, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and northeastern states have fewer than 10,000 applications each.
• Top Trades:
  • Tailors accounted for 43% (9.13 lakh) of the applications, followed by masons (4.72 lakh), carpenters (1.86 lakh), and contributions from basket-makers, barbers, and armourers.

FEATURES OF THE SCHEME:

• The scheme will be fully funded by the central government.
• Under the scheme, beneficiaries will also be provided Rs 15,000 each as toolkit incentives through e-vouchers or e-RUPI.
• It will be a purpose-specific voucher issued by banks on behalf of the central government. This means the voucher can be utilized only for the purpose of purchase of toolkits.
• The minimum age of the beneficiary should be 18 years on the date of registration.
• The name of the scheme is kept in honour of the divine builder and craftsman lord Vishwakarma. The PM Vishwakarma scheme is a central sector scheme.
• The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) will handle the scheme.
• It would be open to traditional artists and crafters from 2023-24 to 2027-28.

Objectives and Framework of the Scheme

• Skill Development:
  • The scheme provides formal training to modernize traditional skills amid evolving economic landscapes.
  • It encompasses 18 trades and crafts, offering financial assistance and avenues for market linkage.
• Vetting Process:
  • Applications are undergoing vetting at village, district, and state levels to ensure scrutiny and credibility.
• Training and Stipends:
  • Successful candidates will undergo basic training for 5-7 days and advanced training for 15 days, receiving a stipend of ₹500 per day.
  • Training includes exposure to modern tools, technologies, design elements, and digital and financial skills.

Implementation and Future Targets

• Training Programs:
  • The Ministry conducted a five-day training program for 41 master trainers across ten states.
  • These trainers will educate candidates in various trades.
• Master Trainer’s Perspective:
  • Master trainers are focusing on masonry and are upgrading local skills by incorporating modern techniques like ‘cross line laser level’ for levelling and aligning floors, ensuring knowledge transfer during training sessions.
• Incentives and Financial Support:
  • Upon completion of training, artisans will receive a tool kit incentive of ₹15,000 for purchasing modern tools and collateral-free loans at a lower interest rate (around 8%) up to ₹1 lakh, with an additional ₹2 lakh for establishing their businesses.

Importance of Digital and Financial Skills

• Enhancing Financial Literacy:
  • The scheme aims to improve digital and financial skills among traditional artisans to ensure proper income tracking, aligning with the country’s economic growth goals.
• The Vishwakarma Scheme stands as a comprehensive effort to empower artisans and craftspeople by bridging the gap between traditional skills and modern demands while facilitating their economic progress.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2115-lakh-applications-received-under-pm-vishwakarma-scheme-says-skill-ministry/article67624765.ece

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: Seventy-five years ago, the UN General Assembly approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at a meeting in Paris – laying one of the foundation stones of the international order that emerged following the horrors of World War II.

EXPLANATION:

• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948, stands as a pivotal document in the realm of international human rights.
• Consisting of a concise preamble and 30 articles, the UDHR articulates fundamental rights and freedoms.

Foundational Principles and Key Rights

• The UDHR underscores the inherent dignity and equality of all individuals (Article 1).
• It asserts the entitlement of everyone to the rights and freedoms enumerated without discrimination based on various factors (Article 2).
• It safeguards crucial liberties such as the right to life, liberty, and security of person (Article 3), prohibits slavery and torture (Articles 4 and 5), and ensures equality before the law and fair trials (Articles 7-11).
• Additionally, the UDHR guarantees the rights to seek asylum, freedom of religion, opinion, expression, assembly, and education, emphasizing the universal nature of these rights.

Historical Context and Drafting Process

• Amid the aftermath of World War II and the Holocaust, global leaders sought to prevent future atrocities by establishing a roadmap for securing individual rights universally.
• The drafting committee, led by Eleanor Roosevelt, comprised members from various countries and finalized the UDHR after contributions from over 50 UN member countries.

Legal Status and Global Influence

• While not a legally binding treaty by itself, the UDHR’s principles have significantly influenced many nations’ laws and served as the bedrock of international human rights law.
• Its impact is evident in over 70 human rights treaties at both global and regional levels, guiding legal frameworks worldwide.

Contemporary Challenges and Relevance

• As the UDHR commemorates its 75th anniversary, the world faces numerous human rights challenges amidst conflicts, crises, and violations across different regions.
• Criticisms of the document include misuse for political agendas and selective observance by various governments.

Continuing Significance and Reflection

• Despite criticisms and challenges, the UDHR remains a foundational document, inspiring movements against discrimination, apartheid, and oppression globally.
• It stands as a testament to the possibility of a unified global vision for human rights and serves as a reminder of the imperatives of equality and dignity for all individuals.
• N. Human Rights Chief emphasizes the relevance of the UDHR and underscores the importance of honouring its successes and learning from its failures, asserting that human rights are intrinsic to every human being.

Conclusion

• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a product of the post-WWII global order, holds immense significance in guiding and shaping human rights law and advocacy worldwide.
• Despite challenges and criticisms, its enduring legacy underscores the vital importance of respecting and safeguarding the fundamental rights and dignity of every individual.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/universal-declaration-of-human-rights-marking-75th-anniversary-9061964/

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The European Union (EU) recently reached a landmark provisional agreement on comprehensive laws to regulate the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI).

EXPLANATION:

• This groundbreaking legislation positions the EU as the first continent to establish clear regulations governing AI technologies.
• The proposed AI Act is anticipated to undergo a vote in the European Parliament and is slated for implementation by 2025.

Significance of EU’s Framework in the Global AI Landscape

• Amidst the ongoing pursuits of the US, UK, and China to establish their AI regulatory frameworks, the EU’s legislation assumes considerable significance.
• It encompasses several safeguards regulating AI use, including guidelines for law enforcement adoption and provisions empowering consumers to file complaints regarding potential violations.

Key Components of the EU AI Legislation

• Safeguards and Restrictions:
  • The legislation features stringent restrictions on facial recognition technology and the use of AI for manipulating human behaviour.
  • Moreover, governments can only deploy real-time biometric surveillance in public areas during severe threats like terrorist activities.
• Risk-Based Classification:
  • AI applications are categorized broadly into four risk classes.
  • High-risk applications like AI in self-driving cars are allowed but subject to certification and open disclosure of underlying techniques.
  • Medium-risk applications, such as AI chatbots, require detailed documentation and transparency for user interactions.
• Empowerment for EU’s Tech Leadership:
  • European Commissioner views the legislation as a platform for EU startups and researchers to lead the global AI race.
  • It emphasizes trust-building through technology that prioritizes people’s safety and rights.

EU vs. US Approaches to AI Regulation

• EU’s Regulatory Leadership:
  • Over the past decade, the EU has been at the forefront of tech regulation with laws like GDPR, DSA, and DMA, focusing on privacy, curbing tech dominance, and protecting users.
  • The AI legislation further solidifies its stance on safeguarding individual rights.
• US Initiatives:
  • While the US has not passed significant tech-related legislations, recent moves like the White House Executive Order on AI and the proposed AI Bill of Rights showcase efforts to provide a regulatory framework.
  • However, these actions come after a prolonged absence of major tech regulations.

Global Impact and Diverse Approaches to AI Policy

• Diverse Responses to Generative AI:
  • Policymakers globally are scrutinizing generative AI tools, addressing concerns related to privacy, bias, and intellectual property rights.
  • The responses vary across regions, with the EU taking a stringent stance based on the nature of AI use cases, while the UK adopts a more innovation-friendly approach.
  • The US and China also offer their distinct regulations on AI.
• India’s Approach:
  • India aims to develop its sovereign AI infrastructure, emphasizing Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) models.
  • This approach focuses on leveraging technology for governance solutions, targeting sectors like healthcare, agriculture, and language translation to drive economic development.

Conclusion: Global Perspectives on AI Regulation

• The EU’s groundbreaking AI legislation sets a precedent in regulating AI technologies, emphasizing safeguards, risk-based classification, and consumer empowerment.
• Amidst varying approaches worldwide, from stringent regulations to innovation-friendly policies, the global AI landscape is witnessing a pivotal moment as nations navigate the complex challenges and opportunities presented by AI advancements.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/eu-worlds-first-law-regulating-ai-9062105/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY, GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution directed all mills and distilleries not to use sugarcane juice/syrup for making any ethanol “with immediate effect”.

EXPLANATION:

• This directive is a setback for companies that had invested in facilities to produce ethanol directly from cane juice/syrup, affecting their operations.
• The Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP) aimed to reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels by blending ethanol extracted from agricultural resources into petrol.
• This initiative has seen notable success, with ethanol blending in petrol rising significantly from 1.6% in 2013-14 to 11.8% in 2022-23.

Feedstock Diversification and Differential Pricing

• The increase in ethanol production was fuelled by diversification in feedstocks.
• Previously reliant on sugarcane-based feedstocks, the program expanded to include B-heavy molasses, concentrated sugarcane juice, surplus rice from FCI stocks, damaged food grains, and maize.
• Differential pricing policies, introduced by the government, incentivized ethanol production from alternative feedstocks by offering higher prices for ethanol produced from sources other than C-heavy molasses.

Impact on Supply and Blending Targets

• The directive has implications for the supply of ethanol to Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs), affecting their ability to meet blending targets.
• OMCs received offers for ethanol supply for 2023-24, with a significant portion (135 crore litres) coming from ethanol produced from sugarcane juice/syrup.
• The restriction could lead to stranded capacities and impact the achievement of blending targets, set at 15%.

Shift in Feedstock and Pricing Policy

• Industry experts anticipate a shift in ethanol production from a reliance on sugarcane-based feedstocks to greater utilization of grains due to the government’s supportive pricing policies.
• These policies have encouraged diversification and reduced dependence on a single feedstock or crop for ethanol production.

Concerns Over Sugar Supply

• The directive limiting sugarcane juice/syrup for ethanol production is tied to concerns over sugar supply.
• The sugar year ended with low stocks, and uncertainties over production for the current year further compound the situation.
• Anticipated declines in sugar production in key states like Maharashtra and Karnataka due to inadequate rainfall and low reservoir levels add to the apprehension.

Government Prioritization: Food Over Fuel

• The recent directives, coupled with the ban on sugar exports, signal the government’s prioritization of domestic food supply over ethanol production.
• This stance underscores a preference for ensuring adequate food availability for consumers over prioritizing fuel production.

ETHANOL BLENDING PROGRAMME:

• Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme was launched in January, 2003 with a target of blending 5% ethanol with petrol by 2010.
• The target was subsequently revised to 10% by 2022 and 20% by 2030.
• The programme sought to promote the use of alternative and environment friendly fuels and to reduce import dependency for energy requirements.

Conclusion

• The recent restrictions on using sugarcane juice/syrup for ethanol production have significant ramifications for the ethanol blending program in India.
• They not only impact the supply of ethanol but also highlight the government’s prioritization of food security over fuel production, reflecting concerns over sugar stocks and production uncertainties in the agricultural sector.
• The industry may see a shift towards alternative feedstocks and pricing strategies to navigate these challenges in achieving ethanol blending targets set by the government.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/food-versus-fuel-whats-happening-with-centres-ethanol-blending-scheme-9062757/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per an annual report published on the sidelines of the ongoing COP28 at Dubai recently, India has been effectively ranked fourth in climate performance 2024.

EXPLANATION:

• India secured the seventh rank in the Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) for 2022, exhibiting an improvement from its eighth position last year.
• Despite this, India effectively stands fourth as no country occupies the top three ranks in the ‘very high’ performance category.
• The report was released during COP28 in Dubai, highlighting India’s score of 70.25% in climate performance, a notable increase from its 67.35% score the previous year.

Top Performing Countries and India’s Position

• Denmark retained the top position in the index with a score of 75.59%, followed by Estonia and the Philippines in the second and third positions, respectively. India closely followed, securing the fourth position in the rankings. However, it is imperative to note that most developed countries witnessed a decline in their performance compared to the previous year.

Global Trends and Concerns Highlighted in the Report

• Global Emissions and Targets:
  • The report emphasizes the urgency for countries to peak their emissions by 2025 and halve their emissions by 2030 in comparison to 2020 levels to maintain the 1.5°C goal set in the Paris Agreement.
  • Despite this urgency, global greenhouse gas emissions increased in 2022, and atmospheric CO2 levels are now 50% higher than pre-industrial levels.
• Lack of Improvement in Global Performance:
  • An analysis showed that out of 64 assessed countries, 37 countries regressed in their performance from the previous year, and the positions of five countries remained unchanged.
  • This stagnation in progress toward reducing emissions is a significant concern outlined in the report.

Parameters Considered in Assessing Climate Performance

• The CCPI evaluates countries based on four key categories, each contributing to a percentage of the overall ranking:
  • Greenhouse Gas Emissions (40%):
    • India ranked ninth in this category, attributed to its lower per capita energy use.
  • Renewable Energy (20%):
    • India ranked 37th, signalling a slight decline in performance from the preceding year, despite remaining within the ‘high’ performance category.
  • Energy Use (20%):
    • India ranked tenth due to its low per capita benchmark, contributing to a favorable assessment in this category.
  • Climate Policy (20%):
    • India also ranked tenth in Climate Policy, indicating moderate progress in policy initiatives for climate change mitigation.

India’s Energy Landscape and Coal Dependence

• Renewable Energy Progress:
  • While India shows a positive trend in renewable energy, the report highlights this progress as slow, leading to its 37th rank in the category.
• Challenges with Coal Usage:
  • India’s heavy reliance on coal to meet its escalating energy demands remains a significant concern.
  • The report underscores that despite efforts to meet its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) through promoting renewable energy, the reliance on coal and fossil fuels leads to substantial greenhouse gas emissions and severe air pollution, particularly in urban areas.

Comparative Analysis with BASIC Group (Brazil, South Africa, India, and China) and Developed Nations

• Performance of BASIC Countries:
  • Apart from India, other BASIC countries like China, Brazil, and South Africa showcase varying performances.
  • China retained its position from the previous year, while Brazil improved significantly by 15 positions.
  • South Africa experienced a slight decline in rank.
• Challenges for Developed Nations:
  • Developed countries like Italy, United Kingdom, France, Japan, and the United States witnessed a decline in their rankings, reflecting challenges in meeting climate goals and reducing emissions.

Conclusion and Concerns for Future Climate Action

• The CCPI report highlights India’s commendable performance in certain parameters but emphasizes the need for accelerated progress in renewable energy, reduced reliance on coal, and more robust climate policy measures.
• Globally, the report underlines the stagnation in climate performance and the urgency for countries, especially developed nations, to ramp up efforts to mitigate climate change and achieve emission reduction targets.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/cop28-india-had-fourth-best-ranking-in-climate-performance-among-countries-during-2022-says-report-93276

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Recently, a private member’s Bill has been introduced in the Rajya Sabha aiming to amend the Constitution concerning the Governor’s role.

EXPLANATION:

• The primary goal of the Bill is to provide State Assemblies with the authority to recall Governors and enhance accountability and legitimacy within the Governor’s office.

Proposed Amendments and Electoral Process

• Election Process:
  • The Bill suggests altering the method of Governor selection by proposing that Governors be elected by an electoral college comprising members from Legislative Assemblies, Gram Panchayats, Municipalities, and Corporations via proportional representation and secret ballot.
• Fixed Term and Removal Process:
  • It proposes a fixed five-year term for Governors from the date of assuming office and outlines a process for Governors to resign by writing to the Speaker of State Assemblies.
  • Additionally, it suggests a removal process through a resolution passed by a two-thirds majority of the State Legislative Assembly.

Debate Highlights and Opinions

• Support from Opposition:
  • Members of the Opposition generally supported the Bill, citing the regular conflicts between Governors and State governments.
  • They advocated for Parliament’s intervention to safeguard the federal rights of States and criticized instances of Governors delaying assent to Bills, violating constitutional provisions.
• Concerns and Opposition Stance:
  • Some members expressed reservations about the Bill.
  • Some argued that the Governor’s office carries official responsibility, not accountability.
  • it was highlighted that the importance of the Governor is in maintaining the federal structure of the Constitution.
  • The Governor’s role as a bridge between the Centre and the States has been emphasized.

Criticism of Governor’s Role and Central Influence

• Issues Raised:
  • Members highlighted concerns about Governors allegedly functioning as political agents of the ruling party at the Centre, influencing decisions, and causing conflicts with elected State governments.
• Accusations of Central Influence:
  • Some MPs criticized the Governor’s office as a mechanism of colonialism, suggesting that Governors are guided by directives from central authorities, undermining their impartiality.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO THE GOVERNOR

• Article 153 says that there shall be a Governor for each State. One person can be appointed as Governor for two or more States.
• A Governor is appointed by the President and is a nominee of the Central Government.
• It is stated that the Governor has a dual role.
• He is the constitutional head of the state, bound by the advice of his Council of Ministers (CoM).
• He functions as a vital link between the Union Government and the State Government.
• Articles 157 and 158 specify eligibility requirements for the post of governor. A governor must:
• Be a citizen of India.
• Be at least 35 years of age.
• Not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature.
• Not hold any office of profit.
• Governor has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, etc. (Article 161).
• There is a CoM with the CM at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except some conditions for discretion. (Article 163).
• The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other Ministers (Article 164).
• Governor assents, withholds assent, or reserves the bill for the consideration of the President passed by the Legislative Assembly (Article 200).
• Governors may promulgate the Ordinances under certain circumstances (Article 213).
• Governor’s role:
• The Governor holds a constitutional position and is expected to perform specific functions, including granting assent to bills passed by the state legislature and ensuring the proper functioning of state administration.
• The Governor’s actions are perceived as a hindrance to these responsibilities.

Conclusion and Divergent Views

• The debate over the private member’s Bill underscores the divergence in opinions regarding the role, selection, accountability, and influence of Governors in Indian states.
• While some advocate for enhanced accountability through State Assembly oversight, others emphasize the Governor’s role in maintaining the federal structure and bridging the gap between the Centre and States.
• The discussions in the Rajya Sabha reveal a spectrum of views on the proposed amendments and the contentious nature of Governor-State government relations within India’s federal structure.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/agri-business/food-ministry-revises-wheat-stock-limits-to-rein-in-prices-hoarding/article67618881.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The recent revision of wheat stock limits by the Centre comes in response to unchanged soaring prices of wheat and wheat flour across various parts of the country.

EXPLANATION:

• The move aims to regulate stockpiling activities, curb hoarding, and ensure adequate food security.

Revised Stock Limits for Different Entities

• Traders and Wholesalers:
  • The revised stock limit for traders and wholesalers has been reduced from 2000 metric tonnes (MT) to 1000 MT, thereby aiming to restrict excessive accumulation.
• Retailers:
  • Each retail outlet is now permitted to stock five MT, reduced from the previous limit of 10 MT.
  • Whereas big chain retailers can store 5 MT per outlet and 1000 MT collectively at their depots, as opposed to the earlier limits of 10 MT and 2000 MT, respectively.
• Processors:
  • The new limit for processors is 70% of their monthly installed capacity multiplied by the remaining months of 2023-24.
  • This replaces the earlier limit, which was 75% of the annual installed capacity or the quantity equivalent to the monthly installed capacity multiplied by the remaining months of 2023-24, whichever was lesser till the current date.

Government’s Rationale and Regulatory Measures

• Food Security and Preventing Hoarding:
  • The Centre emphasizes that these revisions aim to manage overall food security and prevent hoarding and speculative practices within the wheat market.
• Legislation and Enforcement:
  • The decisions fall under the Removal of Licensing Requirements, Stock Limits, and Movement Restrictions on Specified Foodstuffs (Amendment) Order, 2023.
  • Entities involved in wheat stocking are directed to register on the government’s wheat stock limit portal and update their stock positions weekly.
  • Failure to comply or violations may face punitive action under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955, with a 30-day window to conform to the prescribed limits.

Monitoring and Market Interventions

• Enforcement and Monitoring:
  • The government assures close monitoring by officials at both central and state levels to ensure compliance with these stock limits and to prevent any artificial scarcity of wheat in the country.
• Increased Supplies in Open Market:
  • Immediate steps include an increase in supplies in the open market from 3 lakh MT to 4 lakh MT, aimed at enhancing wheat availability.
• Targeted Sales:
  • Identifying areas with higher prices, central cooperative organizations such as NAFED, NCCF, and Kendriya Bhandar are engaged in targeted sales to address the immediate market demands and stabilize prices in those regions.

Conclusion

• The government’s decision to revise wheat stock limits intends to strike a balance between ensuring adequate availability of wheat in the market while discouraging hoarding practices that contribute to price escalation.
• By implementing stringent regulations, monitoring mechanisms, and increasing open market supplies, the Centre aims to stabilize prices and maintain sufficient wheat stocks to safeguard food security in the country.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/agri-business/food-ministry-revises-wheat-stock-limits-to-rein-in-prices-hoarding/article67618881.ece