TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023, aims to replace the Indian Penal Code (IPC) with comprehensive revisions and transformative changes in criminal laws, departing significantly from the existing framework.

EXPLANATION:

• This legislation introduces new offences, abolishes outdated provisions, and modifies existing laws to adapt to contemporary societal and legal dynamics.

New Offences Introduced

• Promise to Marry
  • Clause 69 criminalizes deceitful promises of marriage leading to consensual sexual activity, addressing concerns related to “love jihad” narratives.
  • It broadens the ambit of sexual offences by penalizing individuals engaging in sexual intercourse with false promises.
• Mob Lynching
  • The BNS codifies offences linked to mob lynching and hate-crime murders, prescribing severe punishments, including life imprisonment to death, for murder committed by mobs based on factors like race, caste, or personal belief.
• Organized Crime
  • For the first time, organized crime comes under ordinary criminal law.
  • It includes provisions for cases involving death, imposing penalties ranging from life imprisonment to death, and a mandatory minimum sentence of five years for non-fatal incidents.
• Terrorism
  • The BNS incorporates language from stringent anti-terrorism laws, bringing terrorism under the purview of ordinary criminal law, broadening the definition of terror activities and terror financing.
• Attempted Suicide in Protests
  • A provision criminalizing suicide attempts with the intent to restrain public servants from discharging duties aims to prevent self-immolations or hunger strikes during protests.

Deletions and Modifications

• Repealing Section 377
  • The BNS repeals Section 377, decriminalizing homosexuality.
  • However, concerns exist about its omission, as it was also used to tackle non-consensual sexual acts, while current rape laws remain gendered.
• Adultery
  • Adultery, previously deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, is omitted under the BNS.
• Thugs and Gender Neutrality
  • The provision labelling habitual associates as “thugs” is eliminated due to its colonial connotations.
  • Gender neutrality is introduced in various laws concerning children and crimes against women.

Other Notable Changes

• Fake News and Sedition
  • The BNS introduces provisions to criminalize publishing false information and revises sedition laws, broadening the definition and incorporating financial aid to subversive activities.
• Mandatory Minimum Sentences and Fines
  • The legislation introduces mandatory minimum sentences in several cases, limiting judicial discretion.
  • Offences related to public property damage now carry graded fines corresponding to the extent of damage.

Conclusion

• The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023, signifies a monumental shift in India’s legal landscape, aiming to modernize criminal laws, address societal concerns, and adapt to contemporary challenges.
• While it introduces progressive changes, the legislation also raises questions about its nuanced implementation, judicial discretion, and potential impacts on civil liberties and justice delivery.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/indian-penal-code-to-nyaya-sanhita-whats-new-what-is-out-what-changes-9078213/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Lok Sabha recently passed the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Bill, 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• This legislation aims to regulate the appointment process and define various aspects related to the chief election commissioner (CEC) and other election commissioners’ roles and responsibilities.

Key Provisions of the Bill

• Appointment Mechanism:
  • The bill establishes a structured mechanism for appointing the CEC and other election commissioners.
  • The president of India appoints these officials based on the recommendation of a selection committee.
• Composition of the Selection Committee:
  • The selection committee comprises three members: the Prime Minister, a Union Cabinet Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition.
• Revisions and Amendments:
  • The legislation aims to address the gaps left by the Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991.
  • It covers areas such as qualifications, search committee, term of office, salary, resignation, removal, leave, and pension of the CEC and other commissioners.
• Changes in the Appointment Process:
  • The amendment introduces alterations in the appointment process, such as replacing the cabinet secretary with the law minister to head the search committee.

Controversy and Opposition Stance

• Opposition’s Objections:
  • Members of the opposition raised concerns during the bill’s discussion, primarily regarding the revised appointment process.
  • They opposed the composition of the selection committee, citing the possibility of it leading to the appointment of a ‘Yes Man’ as CEC.
• Suspension of Members:
  • Notably, 97 opposition members remained suspended for “misconduct” during the debate on the bill.
  • This further intensified the political debate surrounding the bill.
• Concerns about Democracy:
  • Opposition members criticized the amendment, labeling it as detrimental to democracy.
  • They highlighted that two out of the three selection committee members—the Prime Minister and a cabinet minister—could influence the CEC’s appointment, potentially undermining the neutrality and independence of the position.

Government’s Perspective and Defense

• Legal Background:
  • The government’s stance is anchored in a Supreme Court judgment, emphasizing that the appointment of the CEC and ECs should be conducted by a committee, as advised by the President.
• Filling Legal Void:
  • Union Law Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal defended the bill by stating that it aims to address the inadequacies present in prior legislations and comply with the Supreme Court’s directives.
• Amendment Rationale:
  • The amendment to change the head of the search committee from the cabinet secretary to the law minister is purportedly to streamline and enhance the efficiency of the appointment process.

Conclusion

• The passage of the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners Bill, 2023, amid debates and opposition outcry, reflects the ongoing tug-of-war between the ruling government and opposition factions regarding the appointment mechanism of crucial constitutional positions.
• The concerns raised by the opposition about the potential impact of the amended bill on democracy and the independence of the CEC’s office will likely continue to be a subject of contention and scrutiny in the political landscape.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, KINDLY REFER TO THE DNA ARTICLE OF 13^TH DECEMBER 2023.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lok-sabha-passes-bill-on-appointment-of-chief-election-commissioner-election-commissioners-parliament-winter-session-11703148084130.html

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Watsonx.ai, an AI tool jointly built by IBM and NASA, might make it possible for us to anticipate hurricanes, droughts, and other catastrophic weather occurrences with greater accuracy.

EXPLANATION:

• At the intersection of NASA’s extensive data and IBM’s AI technology lies Watsonx.ai, an innovative tool designed to revolutionize weather forecasting and aid in climate change mitigation.
• This AI system harnesses vast datasets to monitor Earth from space, offering insights into environmental changes and facilitating predictive analysis.

Evolution of Weather Forecasting with AI

• Advancements in Weather Prediction:
  • Over recent decades, weather forecasting has significantly improved, evident in the accuracy of today’s forecasts compared to those from years past.
  • The integration of advanced technologies, such as high-computing power and enhanced atmospheric and oceanic monitoring, has contributed to these improvements.
• Challenges in Data Interpretation:
  • Despite advancements, challenges persist in handling massive climate datasets, hindering their effective analysis and utilization.
  • By 2024, scientists are expected to have access to colossal amounts of climate data (around 250,000 terabytes), necessitating more efficient methods for interpretation.
• Role of AI in Weather Forecasting:
  • AI, particularly deep-learning models like AI emulators, aids in generating forecasts based on historical weather patterns.
  • These AI systems infer patterns and insights from data, enabling faster and more precise forecasting, significantly reducing computation times.

Watsonx.ai’s Functionality

• Training and Development:
  • ai, akin to other AI models like Microsoft’s Bing or OpenAI’s ChatGPT, is built on a foundational model trained on diverse, uncategorized data.
  • NASA provides vast satellite image datasets, and IBM’s model interprets these visual sequences by reconstructing images and learning how they interconnect.
• Enhanced Capabilities:
  • The model’s beta tests demonstrated a 15% improvement in mapping flood and burn scars over the continental United States while using less labeled data compared to traditional techniques.
  • ai simplifies usage, allowing users to select a location and date for analyzing changes like floodwaters and reforestation efforts.

Impact of Watsonx.ai and AI in Climate Change Mitigation

• Addressing Climate Challenges:
  • ai’s streamlined approach minimizes data cleaning and labeling, expediting geographical analysis by three to four times.
  • The information gleaned can aid in disaster response, infrastructure development, and environmental conservation, potentially mitigating the impact of climate-related disasters.
• Implications for the Future:
  • AI integration in weather forecasting holds the promise of more accurate predictions regarding catastrophic weather events like hurricanes and droughts, offering insights into environmental changes’ implications.
• Wider Applications:
  • Beyond climate monitoring, AI has diverse applications. It can aid disaster response teams, optimize supply chain logistics, and even assist in personal decision-making regarding travel or housing choices.

AI’s Role in Climate Change Mitigation

• AI’s Broad Impact:
  • AI technologies are already instrumental in various sectors’ climate change strategies, with both private and public sector leaders recognizing AI’s potential in combating climate change.
  • Industries like transportation and agriculture benefit from AI-driven solutions, such as energy-efficient route mapping and optimized irrigation, leading to reduced emissions and resource wastage.
• Emission Reduction Efforts:
  • AI’s potential extends to emissions assessment, mitigation, and removal.
  • It can contribute significantly to cutting greenhouse gas emissions and reducing organizations’ carbon footprints.

Conclusion

• ai and similar AI-driven initiatives represent a pivotal step in leveraging technology to understand, predict, and mitigate the impact of climate change.
• The integration of AI into weather forecasting and various industries holds immense potential to address environmental challenges and foster a sustainable future.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/ai-tool-weather-forecasts-tackle-climate-change-9077964/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Iceland is one of the most volcanically active regions on the planet. It witnesses an eruption every four to five years. However, since 2021, the frequency has spiked to almost one eruption per year.

EXPLANATION:

Recent Eruptions in Iceland

• The Fagradalsfjall volcano in southwest Iceland erupted in 2021 and subsequently in December 2023.
• This volcano, dormant for over 6,000 years, became active in 2021.
• Intense seismic activities preceding eruptions allowed authorities to anticipate the events and take precautionary measures like evacuations, minimizing potential risks to local communities.

Understanding Volcanoes

• Volcanoes are natural geologic features characterized by openings or vents through which magma, ash, gases, and rocks are expelled onto the Earth’s surface.
• These formations occur both on land and underwater.
• The molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface is referred to as magma and becomes lava when it erupts onto the surface.

Volcanic Formation Mechanisms

• According to scientific understanding, the ascent of magma to the surface occurs through various mechanisms:
  • Divergent Boundaries:
    • At these plate boundaries, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, tectonic plates move apart from each other.
    • The gap formed allows magma to rise and create new crust. Underwater volcanoes often form along these boundaries.
  • Convergent Boundaries:
    • When plates move towards each other, one may be forced beneath the other in a process called subduction.
    • The melting of the subducted plate creates magma, leading to volcanic activity.
  • Hotspots:
    • These are areas within the Earth’s mantle where magma upwelling occurs due to high temperatures.
    • As the magma rises, it can create volcanoes on the Earth’s surface.

Types of Volcanoes

• Volcanoes vary in shape, size, and eruption style based on factors like magma viscosity, gas content, and composition.
• The two main types are:

1. Stratovolcanoes:

• These volcanoes have steep sides and a cone-shaped appearance due to their explosive eruptions that produce layers of ash, lava, and volcanic rocks like pumice.
• Examples include Mount St. Helens in the United States and Mount Fuji in Japan.

2. Shield Volcanoes:

• They are characterized by a broad, gently sloping profile formed by the flowing of low-viscosity lava during non-explosive eruptions.
• Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea in Hawaii are prominent shield volcanoes.

Iceland’s Volcanic Activity

• Geological Location and Tectonic Activity:
  • Iceland is situated on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates drift apart.
  • This movement results in rift zones, where the Earth’s crust fractures, allowing magma to rise and cause eruptions.
  • The constant separation of these tectonic plates leads to the creation of volcanic rift zones, enhancing volcanic activity.

Presence of Hotspots:

• Additionally, Iceland is positioned over a hotspot, a region beneath the Earth’s surface with exceptionally high temperatures that facilitate magma formation and upward movement.
• This hotspot contributes to the heightened volcanic activity on the island.

Conclusion

• Iceland’s geologic positioning on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, coupled with the presence of a hotspot, creates ideal conditions for frequent volcanic activity.
• Understanding the mechanisms behind volcanic eruptions aids in predicting and preparing for such natural events, crucial for safeguarding lives and minimizing potential damages to infrastructure and the environment.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/iceland-volcano-eruption-types-9077779/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Lok Sabha passed Central Goods and Services Tax (Second Amendment) (CGST) Bill, 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• The Central Goods and Services Tax (Second Amendment) Bill, 2023 was introduced in Lok Sabha on December 13, 2023.
• It amends the Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) Act, 2017.
• The Act provides for the levy and collection of CGST on the intra-state supply of goods and services.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE BILL:

• Change in qualification for members of Appellate Tribunal:
  • The Act allows the central government to set up an Appellate Tribunal on the recommendation of the GST Council.
  • The Tribunal comprises the President, a judicial member, and two technical members.
  • Persons eligible to be appointed as the judicial member are:

(i) a judge of the High Court, or

(ii) a district judge or additional district judge having served for at least 10 years.

• The Bill allows advocates with at least 10 years of experience to be appointed as the judicial member.
• They must have substantial experience in matters relating to indirect taxation.
• The minimum age to be appointed as a member or president of the Tribunal will be 50 years.

• Age limit:
  • The Bill increases the age limit:

(i) for the president of the Tribunal from 67 to 70 years, and

(ii) for members from 65 to 67 years.

SOURCE: https://www.barandbench.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-cgst-amendment-bill-indirect-tax-lawyers-10-years-experience-gstat-members

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the World Bank has initiated a significant step towards enhancing Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) by forming a task force.

EXPLANATION:

• This task force, proposed by an independent group of experts during India’s G20 presidency, aims to scrutinize and act upon recommendations geared towards fortifying MDBs.
• The group president of the World Bank confirmed this development during discussions held recently.

Leadership Role and Reform Roadmap

• During the interaction with Finance and Corporate Affairs Minister, The minister urged the World Bank, being a prominent MDB, to lead the implementation of the reform agenda for MDBs.
• The primary objectives of these reforms revolve around amplifying the global presence, efficacy, and assertiveness of these lending institutions.

Global Challenges and Focus Areas

• It was highlighted that the World Bank had identified eight distinct global challenges demanding immediate attention.
• However, the Finance Ministry’s statement did not provide detailed insights into these challenges.
• Despite the lack of elaboration, Finance Minister assured the World Bank of India’s full support in addressing these challenges, indicating India’s commitment to global development endeavours.

India’s Priorities in World Bank’s Reporting

• It was emphasized that the Country Climate and Development Report by the World Bank should intricately consider India’s specific priorities and circumstances.
• This directive underscores India’s stance on aligning global initiatives, especially those by prestigious institutions like the World Bank, with the nation’s developmental goals and environmental concerns.

MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS (MDBS):

• A multilateral development bank (MDB) is an international financial institution chartered by two or more countries for the purpose of encouraging economic development in poorer nations.
• Multilateral development banks consist of member nations from developed and developing countries.
• MDBs provide loans and grants to member nations to fund projects that support social and economic development, such as the building of new roads or providing clean water to communities.
• Multilateral development banks (MDBs) originated in the aftermath of World War II to rebuild war-ravaged nations and stabilize the global financial system.
• Today, MDBs fund infrastructure, energy, education, and environmental sustainability in developing countries.
• While commercial banks seek to make profits on loans and other financial services, the goal of MDBs is to issue grants and low-cost loans to improve the economic conditions of impoverished or developing nations.
• MDBs now operate throughout the world and control trillions of dollars in assets.

Conclusion

• The formation of a task force by the World Bank to explore and implement reforms in MDBs demonstrates a proactive approach to bolstering global lending institutions.
• The acknowledgment of significant global challenges and India’s insistence on aligning World Bank reports with its priorities showcase the evolving landscape of international collaborations, where nations seek tailored solutions while supporting broader global agendas.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/world-bank-sets-up-task-force-to-act-on-mdb-reform-plan/article67659110.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The recent volcanic eruption that commenced near Grindavik in Iceland has raised concerns, but the Icelandic government has assured that it does not pose an immediate threat to life.

EXPLANATION:

• This eruption, which initiated on December 18th local time, is situated between Sýlingarfell and Hagafell, north of Grindavik—a town located on the Reykjanes Peninsula in the southwest of Iceland.

Eruption Details and Population Impact

• Location and Proximity:
  • The eruption site lies in close proximity to the Icelandic capital, Reykjavik, which houses a significant portion of the country’s population.
• Evacuation and Precautions:
  • The 3,800 residents of Grindavik had previously been evacuated on November 10 due to escalating seismic activity.
• President emphasized the need to safeguard lives and infrastructure in his communication, highlighting the closure of the affected area and the nation’s preparedness to face the natural forces.

Geological Significance of Iceland: ‘Land of Fire and Ice’

• Mid Atlantic Ridge:
  • Iceland’s unique geological position atop the Mid Atlantic Ridge, the meeting point of the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates, fosters its distinct landscape.
• Natural Features:
  • The country’s terrain showcases an amalgamation of geysers, glaciers, mountains, volcanoes, and lava fields, earning it the moniker ‘Land of Fire and Ice.’
• Volcanic Activity:
  • Iceland is home to 33 active volcanoes, reflecting a significant concentration of volcanic activity, notably the highest in Europe.

Historical Context and Recent Eruption Trends

• Reykjanes Peninsula:
  • The region hadn’t witnessed volcanic eruptions for nearly 800 years before experiencing four eruptions within a span of fewer than three years, hinting at a potential new phase of volcanic activity.
• Eyjafjallajokull Eruption:
  • The last globally significant eruption in Iceland occurred in 2010, when Eyjafjallajokull’s eruption disrupted air traffic across Europe and North America for six days due to an extensive ash cloud.

Expert Opinions and Potential Impact on Air Travel

• Experts noted that while the possibility of air travel disruptions due to the current eruption is unlikely, it remains a potential concern.
• The impact on air travel might occur but isn’t guaranteed at this point.

Conclusion

• The ongoing eruption near Grindavik, Iceland, raises awareness of the country’s unique geological features and its susceptibility to volcanic activity.
• While the current eruption doesn’t pose an immediate threat to life, the historical context of Icelandic eruptions, along with expert insights, underscores the need for vigilance and preparedness for potential impacts, including on air travel.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE REFER TO THE 14^TH NOVEMBER 2023 DNA.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/land-of-fire-and-ice-will-the-grindavik-eruption-in-iceland-be-another-eyjafjallajokull–93471

TAG: GS 1: ART AND CULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The Sahitya Akademi Awards for the year 2023 have been announced, recognizing exceptional literary works across various Indian languages.

EXPLANATION:

• These awards, bestowed by the Sahitya Akademi—an autonomous body under the Union Culture Ministry—aim to honour authors and their contributions to literature.

Awardees and Recognized Works

• Literary Diversity
  • Tamil:
    • Rajasekaran (Devibharathi) received the award for his novel “Neervazhi Padooum.”
  • Telugu:
    • Patanjali Sastry was honored for his Telugu short story collection “Rameshwaram Kaakulu Marikonni Kathalu.”
  • Malayalam:
    • V. Ramakrishnan was recognized for his literary study “Malayala Novelinte Deshakalangal.”

Categories of Recognition

• Poetry:
  • Acknowledged authors include Vijay Verma in Dogri, Vinod Joshi in Gujarati, Manshoor Banihali in Kashmiri, Ashutosh Parida in Odia, and Arun Ranjan Mishra in Sanskrit.
• Novels:
  • Noteworthy works like Neelum Saran Gour’s “Requim in Raga Janaki” (English) and Swapnamay Chakrabarti’s “Jaler Upar Pani” (Bengali) were recognized.
• Essays:
  • Lakshmisha Tolpadi’s collection “Mahabharatha Anusandhanada Bharathayatre” in Kannada stood out.

Selection Process and Criteria

• The awards, recommended by distinguished jury members across 24 languages, were approved by the Sahitya Akademi’s Executive Board.
• These accolades pertain to books first published between January 2017 and December 31, 2021.

Recognition and Ceremony Details

• Each recipient will be presented with an award consisting of an engraved copper-plaque, a shawl, and a cash prize of ₹1,00,000.
• The award presentation ceremony is scheduled for March 12, 2024, where the awardees will be honoured for their literary contributions.

Significance of Sahitya Akademi:

• The Sahitya Akademi, established in 1954, stands as an independent institution committed to the advancement and promotion of literature in Indian languages.
• These awards not only acknowledge literary excellence but also encourage and celebrate diverse voices and languages across the country.
• The Sahitya Akademi supports work in the 24 languages, 22 of which are included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India, alongside English and Rajasthani.
• The General Council of the Sahitya Akademi operates for a term of five years.
• It consists of the president and vice president along with other members.
• The President is generally chosen from among the members who is generally a distinguished personality of the literary field.

Conclusion

• The Sahitya Akademi Awards for 2023 serve as a testament to the literary brilliance and diversity prevalent across various Indian languages.
• By recognizing outstanding contributions across genres, these awards continue to uphold the significance of literature and its profound impact on society.
• These awards signify and honour the rich cultural heritage of India’s diverse linguistic landscape.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/books/sahitya-akademi-awards-for-2023-announced/article67658599.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The 28th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) took place in Dubai, gathering nations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

EXPLANATION:

• With a primary focus on tackling the climate crisis, the summit covered diverse aspects including mitigation, adaptation, financing, and the roles of developed and developing nations in climate action.

Achievements and Firsts

• Loss and Damage Fund Operationalisation
  • An important milestone emerged from the establishment of the ‘Loss and Damage’ (L&D) fund, as agreed upon during COP27.
  • COP28 witnessed the operationalization of this fund, albeit with limited pledged support—$790 million—far below the required annual corpus of $100 billion to $400 billion.
  • However, concerns arose regarding fund management and accessibility, prompting scepticism about the fund’s efficiency in promptly responding to emergencies.
  • There were also reservations about the World Bank’s oversight and the fund’s autonomy.
• Ambitious Emissions Reduction Targets
  • The summit concluded the inaugural Global Stocktake (GST), aimed at assessing progress towards the goals of the Paris Agreement.
  • Commitments were made to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030, but fossil fuel use was still permitted in certain sectors like plastics, transport, and agriculture, which contradicts the essence of climate justice.
  • Furthermore, reliance on unproven technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon removal raised concerns about the effectiveness and risks associated with such methods.
• Green Finance Mechanisms and Partnerships
  • Efforts were made to address financial shortfalls, with an emphasis on the responsibility of developed nations to provide grant-based finance.
  • Innovations in global green-finance mechanisms, including a $3.5 billion boost for the Green Climate Fund and the introduction of investment initiatives like ALTÉRRA, aimed to mobilize substantial funding.
  • However, these efforts fell short of meeting the estimated annual funding requirement for adaptation.

India’s Stance and Health Declaration

• India refrained from signing the U.A.E. declaration on climate and health due to potential conflicts with emissions reduction in the healthcare sector.
• Similarly, India did not sign the Global Methane Pledge as it shifted focus from carbon dioxide to methane, a gas with a shorter lifetime that primarily arises from agricultural practices integral to the livelihoods of small farmers.

Hits and Misses

• The COP28 outcomes featured several positive aspects, including acknowledgments of nature-based solutions, transition away from fossil fuels, and commitments to sustainable food systems.
• However, persistent challenges between developed and developing nations, such as fossil-fuel subsidies, financial resource allocation, and differing viewpoints on market mechanisms, remained unresolved.

SOME GLOBAL CLIMATE FINANCING FUNDS:

• Green Climate Fund (GCF):
  • It was established to limit or reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in developing countries and to help vulnerable societies adapt to the unavoidable impacts of climate change.
• Adaptation Fund (AF):
  • It was established under the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 and has committed US$ 532 million to climate adaptation and resilience activities.
• Global Environment Fund (GEF):
  • It has served as an operating entity of the financial mechanism since the Convention came into force in 1994.
  • It is a private equity fund focused on seeking long term financial returns by investments in clean energy under climate change.

Conclusion

• While COP28 showcased significant strides in renewable energy targets and financial mechanisms, unresolved issues like fund management, reliance on risky technologies, and disagreements on critical matters indicate a mixed outcome.
• Addressing the disparities between nations and ensuring equitable climate action remains a substantial challenge despite the noteworthy accomplishments at the summit.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/cop28-outcomes-decisions-explained/article67656914.ece

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Tamil Nadu’s Higher Education Minister encountered a significant setback as the Madras High Court convicted him and his wife in a case involving multiple instances of disproportionate assets.

EXPLANATION:

• This verdict puts the Minister at risk of immediate disqualification from the State’s Legislative Assembly unless his conviction is stayed or overturned.
• He is going to appeal to the Supreme Court soon.

Judicial Review and Verdict Rationale

• Justice G. Jayachandran, overturning an earlier 2016 trial court’s acquittal order, deemed it “palpably wrong, manifestly erroneous, and demonstrably unsustainable.”
• The Directorate of Vigilance and Anti-Corruption’s (DVAC) appeal, lodged in February 2017, challenged the initial verdict, which favoured the Minister and his wife.
• The judge highlighted that the prosecution sufficiently substantiated that the couple possessed assets amounting to ₹1.72 crore, disproportionate to their known income sources from April 2006 to May 2010, a period coinciding with tenure as Minister for Higher Education and Mines.
• Consequently, Minister faced charges of criminal misconduct under the Prevention of Corruption Act, while his wife was found guilty of abetment.

Critique of Trial Court’s Decision

• The judge criticized the trial court’s acceptance of the income tax returns filed by Minister’s wife post-registration of the disproportionate assets case.
• He labelled this decision as patently erroneous, emphasizing that considering the couple as separate entities and accepting self-serving tax declarations led to miscarriage of justice.
• The judge contended that treating the spouse of a public servant as a separate entity should be contextually evaluated.
• Even if the spouse operates separate income tax accounts or businesses, evidence suggested a scenario where she functioned as a mere conduit for the public servant’s illicitly acquired assets.

Further Legal Proceedings and Potential Disqualification

• The court scheduled a hearing on Thursday, December 21, for Minister and his wife to present their case before sentencing.
• As per the Representation of the People Act, a legislator convicted under the PCA faces disqualification for six years from the date of conviction, with imprisonment extending the disqualification period.
• The Minister’s potential disqualification hinges on the Supreme Court’s response to his appeal and the stay or annulment of his conviction.

Conclusion: Ongoing Legal Battle and Political Ramifications

• The conviction and the looming threat of disqualification have profound implications for Tamil Nadu’s political landscape.
• The pending legal proceedings, including the Supreme Court appeal and the revision against a previous acquittal, contribute to the ongoing uncertainty surrounding Ponmudy’s political future and the potential repercussions for the state’s governance.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-high-court-convicts-tn-minister-ponmudy-his-wife-in-a-disproportionate-assets-case/article67653085.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: The Finance Ministry has revealed that states in India may avail themselves of approximately ₹2.04 lakh crore as supplementary borrowing limits this fiscal year, surpassing their regular net borrowing limits.

EXPLANATION:

• This additional borrowing capacity has been granted to support specific financial obligations and incentivize reform-driven initiatives.

BREAKDOWN OF ADDITIONAL BORROWING ALLOWANCES

• Pension Liability Relief
  • Pension Contributions to National Pension System (NPS):
    • 22 states have been authorized to raise nearly ₹61,000 crore in additional borrowings beyond their standard net borrowing ceilings (capped at 3% of Gross State Domestic Product – GSDP as of October 27).
    • This extra borrowing privilege is extended to states that have fulfilled their pension liabilities by contributing to the National Pension System, which manages government employee retirement savings.
  • Power Sector Reforms
    • Performance-Based Incentives:
      • Another provision enables states to raise over ₹1.43 lakh crore this fiscal year, in line with the Ministry of Power’s recommendations.
      • This borrowing capacity is linked to the Fifteenth Finance Commission’s suggestion to grant states an extra borrowing space equivalent to 0.5% of their GSDP.
      • This incentive aims to reward states that implement reforms in the power sector, fostering improvements in operational and economic efficiency.

OVERVIEW OF NET BORROWING CEILINGS

• Standard Net Borrowing Ceiling:
  • The regular net borrowing limit for states stands at ₹8,59,988 crore for the current fiscal year.
  • This limit is in accordance with the recommendations set forth by the Fifteenth Finance Commission.
• Approved Borrowings:
  • Consequently, approvals have been granted for states to raise funds through various channels:
    • Open Market Borrowings (OMB):
      • States have been allowed to raise ₹6.99 lakh crore via open market borrowings.
    • Negotiated Loans:
      • Additionally, approvals for negotiated loans amount to ₹69,371 crore.

IMPLICATIONS AND FINANCIAL FLEXIBILITY

• The increased borrowing allowances offer states crucial financial flexibility, empowering them to address specific financial commitments, particularly pertaining to pension liabilities managed through contributions to the National Pension System.
• Moreover, the borrowing incentives tied to power sector reforms underline the government’s emphasis on encouraging states to implement measures that enhance the efficiency and performance of this critical sector.
• By surpassing the standard net borrowing limits, states can access additional financial resources, albeit tied to specific criteria and reform-oriented initiatives, enabling them to bolster fiscal capabilities and potentially enhance infrastructure development and service delivery within their regions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/states-can-borrow-an-extra-2-lakh-crore-this-year/article67655189.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: A recent study published in Scientific Reports introduces the electron Born self-energy (eBse) model as an innovative extension challenging conventional cosmological perceptions.

EXPLANATION:

• It is proposed by Dr. Bruce Law from Kansas State University.
• This model presents a unique mechanism attributing cosmic inflation to a constant potential energy density, offering an alternative explanation for dark energy.

Understanding Dark Energy and Its Enigma

• Dark energy, accounting for approximately 68% of the universe’s total energy content, remains an enigmatic force fuelling the universe’s accelerated expansion.
• Unlike dark matter, dark energy displays uniform distribution and is often associated with the cosmological constant (Λ), initially posited by Einstein to explain cosmic expansion.

Conventional Models and the ΛCDM Paradigm

• Traditional cosmological models, notably ΛCDM, link dark energy to the intrinsic energy of space’s vacuum, contributing to the observed accelerated expansion.
• However, the eBse model introduces a departure from this concept by proposing that the energy associated with the electric field surrounding a finite-sized electron contributes significantly to dark energy.

Mechanisms of Cosmic Inflation and Transition Models

• Law highlights two distinct cosmological theories: cosmic inflation and the ΛCDM model.
• Cosmic inflation hypothesizes a rapid, exponential expansion of the universe in its early stages.
• This phase addresses foundational issues of the Big Bang theory, explaining large-scale uniformity and isotropy.
• The eBse model delineates a critical glass transition temperature (TG = 1.06 × 10^17K) when the universe moves out of equilibrium.
• Beyond this threshold, exponential acceleration ensues, driven by a constant potential energy density.

The eBse Model: Core Principles and Unique Perspectives

• The eBse model’s foundation lies in viewing intergalactic space akin to a single hydrogen atom, with ionization accounting for an electron’s electric field.
• Law’s premise stems from contemplating the physics of finite-sized electrons and positrons, expanding the model’s scope to dense scenarios for consistency with astrophysical observations.
• In this model, temperature (T) acts as the inflation while potential energy density ψ(T) represents a plateau potential.
• Temperature fluctuations influence system behaviour, maintaining relative stability within certain ranges.
• This model introduces a seamless transition between cosmic inflation and the later ΛCDM model, forging a connection between early and later evolutionary stages of the universe.

Validation and Future Prospects

• Law underscores consistency between his model and Planck collaboration 2013 findings on cosmic inflation, validated through detailed analyses of temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB).
• Future endeavours aim to validate the eBse model through comparisons with astrophysical measurements, particularly focusing on CMB temperature fluctuations.
• However, the model’s current limitations in addressing photonic transport and quantum fluctuations necessitate further exploration and refinement.

Conclusion: The Evolutionary Trajectory of the eBse Model

• The eBse model represents a paradigm shift, challenging established cosmological norms by providing a distinct mechanism for cosmic inflation and dark energy.
• Its potential to bridge gaps between early universe dynamics and later-stage evolution underscores its significance in reshaping cosmological paradigms, urging continual refinement and exploration for a comprehensive understanding of the universe’s expansion history.

SOURCE: https://phys.org/news/2023-12-ebse-perspective-dark-energy-inflation.html

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A groundbreaking study published in Nature challenges previous estimations regarding the ocean’s capacity to sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

EXPLANATION:

• It was led by an international team of researchers and asserts that the ocean can store approximately 20% more carbon than previously estimated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Role of Plankton in Carbon Sequestration

• The study delves into the pivotal role of plankton, microscopic organisms, in facilitating the transfer of carbon from the ocean’s surface to its depths.
• Plankton, through the process of photosynthesis, consume carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and transform it into organic matter as they grow.
• Upon their demise, some plankton convert into particles termed “marine snow,” which gradually descends to the ocean floor.
• These particles not only store carbon but also serve as essential nutrients for a spectrum of deep-sea organisms, from bacteria to larger deep-sea fish.

Insights from Oceanographic Data

• The research team, comprising seven scientists, meticulously examined data compiled from oceanographic expeditions spanning back to the 1970s.
• Utilizing this extensive dataset, they constructed a digital map delineating the movement of organic matter across the world’s oceans.
• This comprehensive analysis led to a re-evaluation of the ocean’s carbon storage capacity.

Revised Estimate of Carbon Storage in the Ocean

• The study’s revised estimate suggests that the ocean has the potential to store 15 gigatons of carbon annually.
• This noteworthy increase from the IPCC’s previous estimation of 11 gigatons annually highlights a substantial advancement in comprehending global-scale carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and the ocean.

Implications and Significance

• This re-evaluation of the ocean’s capacity to sequester carbon represents a significant stride in understanding the intricate dynamics of carbon movement between the atmosphere and the ocean.
• Despite this enhanced absorption of carbon dioxide by the ocean, it’s crucial to note that this process occurs over an extensive period, spanning tens of thousands of years.
• Consequently, it is insufficient to counterbalance the rapid increase in CO2 emissions stemming from industrial activities since the 18th century.

Ocean Ecosystem’s Role in Climate Regulation

• However, the study underscores the pivotal role of the ocean ecosystem as a substantial contributor to the long-term regulation of global climate dynamics.
• It emphasizes that while the ocean’s absorption process might not suffice to offset current emissions, acknowledging its significance underscores the need for sustained efforts to protect and understand this ecosystem’s vital role in mitigating climate change.
• The ocean, acting as a major player in the global climate system, warrants continued scientific attention and conservation efforts.

SOURCE: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-03662-7

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: The recent deluge in south Tamil Nadu, particularly in areas like Thoothukudi and Tirunelveli, has been attributed to an active Northeast monsoon (NEM) intensified by the El Nino phenomenon.

EXPLANATION:

• El Nino, characterized by warmer-than-normal temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean, is a phase of the El Nino Southern Oscillation Phenomenon (ENSO).
• This phase tends to augment rainfall extremes, specifically during the Northeast monsoon period.

Impact of El Nino on Rainfall Extremes

• Studies indicate that extreme rainfall occurrences during the Northeast monsoon in regions of southern Tamil Nadu are notably more frequent than during the Southwest monsoon season.
• The recent heavy rainfall is a reflection of this pattern, with five districts experiencing significant downpours, surpassing normal rainfall levels by staggering percentages.
• Tirunelveli received 363.6 mm of rainfall, an astonishing 5,094% higher than the usual amount.
• Thoothukudi encountered 343.6 mm of rain, exceeding the normal by 7,059%.
• Other affected districts include Tenkasi, Virudhunagar, and Kanyakumari, each experiencing substantial rainfall exceeding the expected averages.

Meteorological Factors Contributing to Extreme Rainfall

• Experts emphasize the contribution of the El Nino phenomenon in intensifying the Northeast monsoon, thereby creating conducive conditions for extreme rainfall events.
• Factors contributing to the deluge include:
  • Cyclonic Circulations:
    • These atmospheric whirls in upper layers induce low-pressure areas, leading to rainfall.
    • The presence of cyclonic circulations, particularly near Kanyakumari, facilitated strong upper-level divergence.
    • This resulted in significant low-level convergence of moisture-laden winds towards south Tamil Nadu.
  • Upper-Level Divergence and Low-Level Convergence:
    • The spreading out of air in the upper atmosphere causes air below to rise, leading to low-level convergence.
    • This process brings moisture-laden winds, fostering extreme rainfall events.
  • Influence of Cyclonic Systems:
    • After the impact of Cyclone Michaung, a diffuse cyclonic system near the south Tamil Nadu coast further intensified northeast winds, creating wind and wave convergence over the region, especially around the gap between Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu (Palk Bay & Gulf of Mannar).

Previous Observations and Weather Patterns

• Historically, research suggests that extreme rainfall during the Northeast monsoon (December-February) is more prevalent in the southern regions of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka compared to the Southwest monsoon (June-September).
• Studies analyzing 30 different weather patterns have identified specific climate variability, with certain patterns significantly associated with extreme rainfall occurrences in autumn and winter around Sri Lanka and south Tamil Nadu.

EL-NINO:

• El Niño is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific, as opposed to La Niña, which is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific.
• El Niño is an oscillation of the ocean-atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific having important consequences for weather around the globe.
• Among these consequences are increased rainfall across the southern tier of the US and in Peru, which has caused destructive flooding, and drought in the West Pacific, sometimes associated with devastating brush fires in Australia.
• Observations of conditions in the tropical Pacific are considered essential for the prediction of short term (a few months to 1 year) climate variations.

Implications and Conclusion

• The current deluge over Thoothukudi and Tirunelveli aligns with one of these identified patterns.
• The active pattern during the NEM season strengthens the monsoon, potentially enhancing rainfall over coastal Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka.
• In essence, the convergence of various meteorological factors, including El Nino’s influence on the Northeast monsoon, cyclonic circulations, upper-level divergence, and low-level convergence, has contributed to the recent extreme rainfall events in south Tamil Nadu.
• Understanding these complex interactions is crucial for predicting and mitigating the impacts of such extreme weather occurrences in the future.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/el-nino-fuelled-northeast-monsoon-caused-the-deluge-in-south-tamil-nadu-experts-93469

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) announced a significant achievement in India’s defence capabilities, revealing the successful demonstration of the Akash missile system’s capability to engage four aerial targets simultaneously.

EXPLANATION:

• This feat was accomplished at a range of 25 kilometers, marking a global first in the realm of missile technology.

Unprecedented Capability

• India’s successful demonstration positions it as the first country globally to achieve such a capability, utilizing a single firing unit to engage multiple aerial targets.
• The DRDO highlighted this achievement as a milestone, showcasing India’s advancement in missile technology and command guidance systems.

Test Conduct and Military Exercise

• The Indian Air Force (IAF), in collaboration with the DRDO, conducted the test, which took place during the ‘Astrashakti’ military exercise on December 12.
• The exercise was specifically organized by the Indian Air Force to showcase and validate various military capabilities.

Akash Missile System: Key Features

• The Akash missile system, designed for short-range surface-to-air defense, boasts a range of up to 25 kilometers.
• Its primary function involves safeguarding vulnerable areas and critical points from potential air attacks, making it a crucial component of India’s defense arsenal.

Export of Indian Defence Platforms

• India’s increasing prowess in defense technology is evident in its export of key platforms to friendly foreign nations.
• Alongside the Akash missile system, other notable defense platforms exported by India include the Dornier-228 aircraft, 155 mm Advanced Towed Artillery Guns (ATAGs), Brahmos missiles, mine-protected vehicles, armored vehicles, ammunition, thermal imagers, avionics components, and small arms.

Significance of the Akash Missile System

• The successful demonstration of the Akash missile system’s enhanced capability underlines India’s commitment to advancing indigenous defense technologies.
• The system’s capacity to engage multiple aerial targets simultaneously significantly bolsters India’s defense preparedness and strengthens its position as a key player in the global defense arena.

Implications for India’s Defense Strategy

• The Akash missile system’s successful test not only showcases technological advancements but also signifies India’s strategic focus on fortifying its defense mechanisms.
• With increased capabilities in missile technology and air defense systems, India aims to bolster its defense infrastructure and enhance its ability to counter potential threats effectively.

AKASH MISSILE SYSTEM:

• The Akash (sky) is a mid-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) system built by India’s state-owned Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
• The missile was developed under the integrated guided-missile development programme (IGMDP).
• The programme also involved the development of the Nag, Agni and Trishul missiles, as well as the Prithvi ballistic missile.
• Two versions of the missile have been built for the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Indian Army (IA).
• The first batch of the Akash missiles was inducted by the IA in May 2015. The first Akash missile was delivered to the IAF in March 2012. The missile was formally inducted into the IAF in July 2015.

Conclusion

• India’s achievement in demonstrating the Akash missile system’s capability to engage multiple aerial targets simultaneously marks a significant milestone in its defense capabilities.
• The successful test not only highlights technological prowess but also underscores India’s commitment to advancing indigenous defense systems and contributing to global defense solutions.

SOURCE: https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/india-s-akash-missile-engages-four-targets-at-once-at-25km-a-global-first-123121700656_1.html

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: In 2023, only 18 audits of the Union government were tabled in Parliament by the CAG, marking a substantial decrease from previous years.

EXPLANATION:

• Between 2019 and 2023, the average number of reports presented annually stood at 22, contrasting sharply with an average of 40 reports per year from 2014 to 2018.
• The pinnacle was in 2015, with 53 reports, but since then, the number has been consistently lower, with four of the last six years witnessing 20 or fewer reports being tabled.
• The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is responsible for conducting audits of the Union government’s financial transactions and presenting reports to Parliament for scrutiny and accountability.
• However, recent trends indicate a notable decline in the number of CAG audits tabled in Parliament, raising concerns about transparency and accountability in governance.

Factors Contributing to the Decline

• The reduction in the number of reports coincides with multiple factors, notably the downsizing of staff strength within the CAG and budgetary constraints faced by the Indian Audit and Accounts Department.
• In 2023-24, the allocation to this department represented a mere 0.13% of the Union Budget, signifying a severe reduction in financial support for conducting audits and maintaining operational capabilities.

Budget Cuts and Staffing Challenges

• Budgetary constraints have posed significant challenges for the CAG, impacting its ability to carry out comprehensive audits effectively.
• The decline in staff strength and financial resources has likely hindered the capacity of the CAG to conduct thorough examinations of government expenditure, leading to a decrease in the number of audits produced and tabled for parliamentary scrutiny.

Implications for Transparency and Accountability

• The diminishing number of CAG audits tabled in Parliament raises concerns regarding transparency and accountability in governance.
• These reports serve as critical tools for assessing the government’s financial management, identifying inefficiencies or irregularities, and ensuring accountability to taxpayers and citizens.

Urgency for Addressing the Issue

• The decline in the presentation of audit reports emphasizes the urgency for addressing the resource constraints faced by the CAG.
• Adequate funding and adequate staffing are essential to enable the CAG to fulfill its mandate effectively, ensuring robust oversight of government spending and operations.

Need for Reinforcement of Oversight Mechanisms

• Efforts should be directed toward reinforcing oversight mechanisms, enhancing the capacity of the CAG to conduct rigorous audits, and facilitating the presentation of comprehensive reports to Parliament.
• This reinforcement is vital for upholding transparency, promoting accountability, and fostering good governance practices within the government.

Comptroller and Auditor-General of India (CAG):

• CAG is an independent authority under the Constitution of India.
• He is the head of the Indian audit & account department and chief Guardian of Public purse.
• It is the institution through which the accountability of the government and other public authorities (all those who spend public funds) to Parliament and State Legislatures and through them to the people is ensured.

Conclusion

• The reduction in CAG audits tabled in Parliament, attributed to budgetary limitations and staffing challenges, underscores the importance of reinforcing the CAG’s capabilities.
• Strengthening oversight mechanisms and providing adequate resources to the CAG are essential steps toward ensuring effective scrutiny of government finances and operations, thereby upholding transparency and accountability in governance.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/2023-12-19/th_chennai/articleGIBC5O39O-5232531.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Noma, also known as cancrum oris or gangrenous stomatitis, has been officially recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a neglected tropical disease (NTD).

EXPLANATION:

• This severe gangrenous disease affects the mouth and face, exhibiting an alarming mortality rate of approximately 90%. (Gangrenous: Decaying of a part of body because the blood has stopped flowing there.)
• It is closely associated with extreme poverty, malnutrition, and poor sanitation and oral hygiene, further exacerbating its impact on vulnerable communities.

Characteristics and Impact

• Primarily affecting children between the ages of 2-6 years, Noma displays a severe lack of awareness, with unreliable estimates of cases due to its occurrence in marginalized populations.
• It is named after the Greek word “nomē,” signifying “to devour,” as it progressively consumes facial tissues and bones if left untreated.

Causes and Risk Factors

• The disease is linked to various risk factors, including poor oral hygiene, malnutrition, weakened immune systems, infections, and extreme poverty.
• Although not contagious, Noma preys on individuals with compromised immune defenses.
• It typically initiates with gum inflammation, likely caused by bacteria present in the mouth.

Geographical Prevalence and Historical Context

• Noma predominantly affects children in developing nations, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where it is primarily observed among impoverished children aged 3-10 years.
• Historical studies indicate that the disease may result from oral contamination by specific bacteria and microbial combinations.

Medical Implications and Challenges

• Early detection is crucial due to Noma’s high mortality rate.
• Basic hygiene, antibiotics, and nutritional support can significantly slow its spread.
• The disease often originates as an ulcer on the mucous membrane, following illnesses like measles.

Consequences and Survivorship

• Survivors of Noma face profound consequences, including severe facial disfigurement, jaw muscle spasms, oral incontinence, and speech impairments.
• Effective treatments such as sulphonamides, penicillin, and surgical interventions remain inaccessible to many due to economic disparities.

Historical Perspective and Eradication Efforts

• Noma was prevalent in earlier centuries but diminished in the Western world with improved nutrition and disease prevention measures.
• Its occurrence in concentration camps during World War II highlights its historical impact.

WHO’s Recognition and Future Prospects

• The inclusion of Noma in WHO’s list of neglected tropical diseases signifies a crucial step toward addressing this overlooked health challenge.
• Médecins Sans Frontières / Doctors Without Borders emphasizes the need for increased attention and resources to combat Noma.
• The WHO aims to raise global awareness, stimulate research, secure funding, and implement comprehensive strategies to control the disease.

Conclusion and Future Endeavours

• Recognition of Noma as an NTD seeks to leverage global attention and multidisciplinary approaches to combat the disease.
• Efforts targeting underserved populations are critical, contributing not only to disease control but also to achieving universal health coverage.
• The WHO’s acknowledgment emphasizes the urgency of addressing Noma and underscores the need for collaborative, multifaceted interventions to mitigate its devastating impact on vulnerable communities.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/what-is-noma-the-latest-addition-to-who-s-list-of-neglected-tropical-diseases-93439

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Raman Research Institute (RRI) is set to embark on its first winter Indian expedition to the Arctic region, specifically focusing on examining the radio frequency environment in the Svalbard region.

EXPLANATION:

• This landmark initiative aims to provide insights into the suitability of this Arctic location for conducting precise astronomy measurements, particularly in the field of radio astronomy.

Purpose and Objectives

• The primary goal of this scientific endeavour is to characterize the radio frequency environment in the Svalbard region.
• Researchers from RRI will assess the potential of this uniquely positioned area for carrying out precision astronomy measurements.
• The survey’s findings are anticipated to aid astronomers in evaluating the site’s suitability for deploying low-frequency radio telescopes, enabling them to conduct precise astronomical observations.

RRI’s Contribution and Research Focus

• RRI’s team from the Electronics Engineering Group, will spearhead the examination of the radio frequency environment in Svalbard.
• This survey, a first of its kind at this site, holds promise in potentially paving the way for the establishment of low-frequency radio telescopes in the region.
• The expedition, supported by the Ministry of Earth Sciences and coordinated by the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Goa, is scheduled to take place from December 19, 2023, to January 15, 2024.

Significance of the Survey

• RRI’s focus extends beyond conventional astronomical observations.
• It aims to study the faint cosmological signals emitted from hydrogen during the Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionization.
• These critical phases in the universe’s early evolution lack substantial observations due to their faintness and interference from various radio frequency sources, including urban infrastructures like cell phone towers and FM/television stations.

SARAS Experiment and Objectives

• The RRI team has been engaged in the development of the Shaped Antenna measurement of the background Radio Spectrum (SARAS) series of experiments for nearly a decade.
• SARAS seeks to detect the faint cosmological 21-cm signal from the Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionization, shedding light on the universe’s early stages.

Importance of Radio-Quiet Locations

• The success of SARAS experiments in India, conducted in radio-quiet locations like Ladakh and western Karnataka, underscores the significance of such environments for precision cosmological studies.
• However, the expansion of urbanization has limited these locations, necessitating the exploration of new, radio-quiet regions like Svalbard for deploying sensitive radio telescopes.

Technical Approach

• The expedition will utilize sensitive electronic instruments to analyse radio signals in the frequency range of 5 – 500 megahertz (MHz) at accessible sites near Himadri, India’s research station in the Arctic.
• The outcomes will provide critical insights into the radio quietness of the Arctic location, determining its suitability for the deployment of the SARAS radio telescope.
• It is anticipated that this survey will furnish essential information regarding the radio quietness of the Svalbard location, pivotal for deploying sensitive radio telescopes and conducting precise astronomical observations.

Conclusion

• RRI’s participation in the first winter Indian expedition to the Arctic signifies a crucial step in the pursuit of understanding the universe’s early stages.
• Through characterizing the radio frequency environment in the Arctic region, RRI aims to contribute significantly to the advancement of precision astronomy and cosmological studies, potentially unlocking new avenues for groundbreaking discoveries in the field.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/rri-raman-research-institute-bengaluru-to-participate-in-first-winter-indian-expedition-to-arctic-region/article67650029.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: mRNA which has the capability to act as a versatile and customizable tool in protein production has revolutionized medicine.

EXPLANATION:

• From vaccines to potential therapies for various diseases, its adaptability, ease of customization, and potential for personalized treatments present a promising frontier in healthcare.
• It marks a paradigm shift toward more effective, tailored, and potentially low-risk treatments for a myriad of conditions.

Understanding mRNA and Its Role in Cells

• DNA and Protein Production:
  • DNA acts like a comprehensive cookbook containing various recipes (genes) to produce proteins, crucial for normal cellular functions.
  • When cells need to produce a protein, they don’t directly utilize the DNA; instead, they create a messenger RNA (mRNA), serving as a copy of the recipe.
  • This mRNA carries the instructions (coded in a language made of four nucleotide building blocks – A, U, C, G) necessary for protein synthesis.
  • Cells dedicate a significant amount of energy to maintain and utilize these proteins, recognizing, employing, and subsequently degrading mRNA once its function is fulfilled.
• Mutations and Disease:
  • Mutations in DNA can distort or eliminate specific mRNA recipes, resulting in errors in critical proteins, thereby causing diseases or disorders.

The Potential of mRNA as Medicine

• Customization:
  • Scientists can easily craft mRNA recipes for various proteins, either by creating entirely new recipes or modifying existing ones to produce slight protein variations, catering to individual patient needs.
• Scalability:
  • The process of producing mRNA in laboratories is scalable.
  • Once scientists understand the basic recipe creation, they can generate numerous variations efficiently.
• Adaptability and Adjustability:
  • mRNA drugs offer flexibility in dosing as they’re not permanent within cells, allowing for easy alterations in dosage according to the patient’s requirements.

mRNA Vaccines: Revolutionizing Disease Prevention

• COVID-19 Vaccines and Beyond:
  • The mRNA vaccines for COVID-19, such as those by Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech, marked a groundbreaking milestone.
  • These vaccines instruct cells to produce a spike protein from the virus, prompting the immune system to recognize and create antibodies against it.
  • The adaptability of mRNA allowed for swift adjustments in vaccine recipes to combat new viral variants.
• Expanding Vaccine Applications:
  • Ongoing clinical trials explore mRNA-based vaccines for various illnesses like seasonal flu, herpes, respiratory syncytial virus, norovirus, Lyme disease, Zika, and shingles.

mRNA Therapies in Disease Treatment

• Targeting Cancer:
  • mRNA treatments for cancer function akin to vaccines, training the immune system to identify and attack cancer cells.
  • These treatments involve mRNA recipes designed based on mutations commonly found in certain tumours.
  • Personalized medicine approaches involve tailoring mRNA treatments by sequencing a patient’s tumour genes, aiming for specificity and effectiveness.

The Future Potential of mRNA-Based Medicine

• Diverse Therapeutic Applications:
  • Scientists are investigating mRNA’s potential in treating a wide array of diseases beyond infectious illnesses and cancer.
  • These include heart disease, neurodegenerative conditions, bone loss, and others.
  • The ability to deliver corrected mRNA recipes to cells offers promise in correcting protein-related issues causing various diseases.
• Promising Applications:
  • Early-stage studies hint at potential mRNA treatments for conditions like propionic acidaemia and diabetic wound healing, showing the capacity for mRNA to serve as a foundation for personalized, effective, and low side-effect therapies.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/mrna-vaccines-cancer-personalised-medicine/article67650001.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the UT administration has been directed to set up a panel to look into issues faced by SCs, who have been clubbed with OBCs till now.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: ABSENCE OF SC RECOGNITION

• Omission in Census and Constitutional Order
  • The Andaman and Nicobar (A&N) Islands have never officially acknowledged any Scheduled Caste (SC) community.
  • The absence of SCs was highlighted as a critical issue by the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (NCSCST) in 1999.
  • Despite efforts, no SC population was recorded in both the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, confirmed by government reports in 2015.
• Refugees and Wrong Categorization
  • The identified SC-like populace in the A&N Islands were refugees from Bangladesh resettled by the Indian government’s Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation Department till 1980.
  • This demography was classified under the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) rather than SCs, a misclassification noted in various reports.

PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE INTERVENTION

• Committee’s Directive and Observations
  • The Parliamentary Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has emphasized the existence of SCs in the A&N Islands.
  • It recommended a specialized panel formation to address SC-specific issues, including representation and welfare schemes.
• Lack of Census and Identification Challenges
  • The committee’s recommendation was based on first-hand information gathered during an August visit to the islands.
  • However, recognizing SCs poses challenges, as there is limited information regarding their communities, socio-economic status, and classification necessities for Parliament’s recognition.

RESERVATION AND CATEGORIZATION DILEMMA

• OBC Commission’s Classification and Reservation
  • Earlier, the A&N Islands’ OBC Commission categorized the Bangladeshi refugees, possibly SCs, under the “Post-1942 settlers” within OBCs, acknowledged due to Indra Sawhney’s judgment.
  • The OBC reservation strategy accounted for the potential inclusion of these individuals as SCs, redirecting the SC reservation percentage into the OBC reservation pool.
• Uncertain Roadmap and Census Data
  • The absence of SC recognition in both the 2001 and 2011 Censuses complicates the establishment of their identity and need for social classification.
  • Notably, the 2011 Socio-Economic Census data remains undisclosed, and the 2021 Census is pending.

FUTURE CHALLENGES AND ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIONS

• Challenges in Identification and Representation
  • The absence of census data poses challenges for the administration to identify, classify, and address the socio-economic concerns of the supposed SCs, a situation that warrants Parliament’s recognition and Presidential notification.
• Policy Impact and Administrative Responses
  • The parliamentary committee’s directive urges the Union Territory administration to address the representation and welfare of the unidentified SC populace, potentially impacting government schemes and affirmative action policies.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/scs-were-never-counted-in-andaman-and-nicobar-now-a-parliamentary-committee-sits-up-and-takes-notice/article67647732.ece

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Terms of trade (ToT) for Indian agriculture — movement in prices of farm commodities relative to that of non-farm goods and services — have recorded significant improvement in the last decade and a half, going by data derived from national income statistics.

UNDERSTANDING TERMS OF TRADE IN AGRICULTURE

• Defining Terms of Trade (ToT)
  • Terms of Trade in agriculture represent the ratio of prices received for farm commodities against prices paid for non-agricultural goods and services.
  • This ratio provides insights into the comparative pricing power of agricultural produce in relation to other sectors.
• Methodology for Calculating ToT
  • Calculation of ToT involves utilizing implicit price deflators derived from Gross Value Added (GVA) data in different sectors of the economy.
  • By analyzing changes in GVA at current and constant prices, the ToT ratio for the farm sector vis-à-vis non-agriculture sectors is determined.

MOVEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL TERMS OF TRADE OVER TIME

• Historical Trends
  • The ToT for Indian agriculture witnessed a decline from 90.2 in 1973-74 to 72.2 by 1985-96.
  • However, it notably improved in recent years, reaching 130.2 in 2020-21 before slightly easing to 126.6 in 2022-23.
• Contributing Factors
  • The improvement in ToT is credited to the global agri-commodity price boom from 2004 to 2014 and policy interventions, particularly Minimum Support Price (MSP) hikes, by past governments.

IMPACT ON FARMERS AND AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS

• Effects on Farmers
  • Despite the overall improvement in ToT for the agricultural sector, farmers have experienced stagnant or declining conditions.
  • While the ToT ratio rose notably until 2010-11, it has stagnated around 97-99 levels, reflecting challenges in cost and pricing dynamics.
• Impact on Agricultural Labourers
  • In contrast, agricultural labourers have witnessed a more significant improvement in their ToT ratio.
  • It surged from 64.2 in 2004-05 to 134.4 in 2016-17 but declined to 119.5 in 2021-22.
  • This increase indicates better conditions for labourers selling their services relative to their consumption expenses.

POLITICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS

• Impact on Socioeconomic Dynamics
  • The improved ToT for agricultural labourers, often from marginalized communities, led to increased real wages, offering alternatives beyond agriculture due to rising employment opportunities in construction and urban services.
• Strain on Farmers
  • Conversely, farmers faced challenges due to rising input costs, including hired labour, agro-chemicals, machinery, without corresponding increases in crop prices.
  • This squeeze in profitability has led to demands for governmental support and reservations from dominant agrarian communities.

THE PRESENT SCENARIO AND CHALLENGES AHEAD

• Stagnation and Decline in Recent Years
  • Recent years have seen stagnation or decline in ToT for both farmers and agricultural labourers, with minimal real wage growth for labourers and limited improvements for farmers.
• Impact on Rural Economy
  • This stagnation may pose challenges for rural economies, potentially impacting livelihoods and economic growth, especially considering the reliance on agriculture in many regions.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/how-terms-of-trade-have-moved-for-agriculture-9072151/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: As per the re-analysis of data from the Cassini mission, molecules including methanol, ethane, and oxygen are present in gaseous plumes emitted from Saturn’s moon Enceladus.

CASSINI MISSION AND ENCELADUS’S PLUMES

• Discovery of Plumes
  • In 2005, the Cassini spacecraft made a groundbreaking discovery of massive plumes emanating from Saturn’s moon Enceladus’s southern hemisphere.
  • These plumes, originating from beneath the icy surface through fissures, provided crucial insights into the moon’s subsurface ocean.
• Initial Findings by Cassini’s INMS
  • Data collected by Cassini’s Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) during flybys in 2011 and 2012 initially identified water, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and molecular hydrogen in the plume samples, hinting at the moon’s intriguing chemical composition.

RE-ANALYSIS OF DATA AND NEW MOLECULE IDENTIFICATION

• Re-examination and Statistical Analysis
  • Researchers from the California Institute of Technology re-evaluated the INMS data using a statistical analysis technique.
  • This re-analysis, comparing data to a vast library of mass spectra, unveiled the presence of previously undetected molecules in the plumes.
• Newly Identified Molecules
  • The re-evaluation confirmed the presence of known molecules like methanol, ethane, and oxygen, alongside the initial findings.
  • Additionally, the study identified new hydrocarbons—hydrogen cyanide (HCN), acetylene (C2H2), propylene (C3H6), and more ethane (C2H6). Notably, nitrogen in the form of HCN was definitively identified, resolving past uncertainties due to signal interference.

IMPLICATIONS FOR HABITABILITY AND POTENTIAL FOR LIFE

• Habitability of Enceladus
  • The diverse array of organic compounds found beneath Enceladus’s surface hints at a chemically varied environment that might support habitability.
  • This composition, coupled with plausible mineral catalysts and redox gradients from surface radiolysis, suggests the potential for supporting microbial communities or fostering complex organic synthesis.
• Considerations for Life Support
  • The authors caution that the potential for life on Enceladus relies heavily on understanding the concentration of these compounds within the moon’s subsurface ocean.
  • The extent to which these molecules are diluted or concentrated is crucial in determining their capacity to support life.

FUTURE IMPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

• Possible Future Studies
  • The identification of these organic molecules opens avenues for further research and exploration.
  • Future missions or investigations aimed at understanding the distribution, concentration, and dynamics of these compounds within Enceladus’s subsurface ocean could provide crucial insights into the moon’s potential habitability.
• Challenges and Unknowns
  • However, uncertainties persist regarding the distribution and dilution of these compounds, posing challenges in comprehending their actual role in supporting life or complex organic synthesis on Enceladus.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/additional-organic-molecules-found-in-enceladuss-plume/article67642216.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Despite reaching an all-time high in production this year, global coal demand is expected to decline by 2026 as per a report by the International Energy Agency (IEA).

CURRENT STATE OF GLOBAL COAL DEMAND

• Production vs. Projected Decline in Demand
  • Despite reaching an all-time high in production, the International Energy Agency (IEA) projects a decline in global coal demand by 2026.
  • The report attributes this anticipated reduction to a shift towards renewable energy sources and a saturation of demand from China, while highlighting India’s pivotal role in sustaining coal demand until 2026.
• Regional Disparities in Demand
  • The forecasted decline in coal demand conceals regional differences.
  • While the European Union and the United States are expected to witness a significant drop in demand by 20% each, India and China are projected to experience an increase in demand by 8% and 5%, respectively.
  • It is primarily due to electricity needs and reduced hydropower generation.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DECLINE IN COAL DEMAND

• Renewable Energy Expansion
  • The anticipated decrease in coal demand is underpinned by the burgeoning capacity of renewable energy sources.
  • The report emphasizes the substantial deployment of low-cost solar photovoltaic systems and the projected increase in nuclear energy generation, especially in China, India, and the European Union.
• Climate and Weather Conditions
  • The IEA report correlates the decline in coal demand with climate factors.
  • It anticipates the transition from El Nino to La Nina, potentially leading to improved rainfall in Asia during 2024-2026, thereby augmenting hydropower generation and reducing the reliance on coal.

COAL’S ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

• CO2 Emissions and Climate Targets
  • Coal remains a dominant energy source but is also the largest contributor to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
  • The report highlights the necessity of reducing ‘unabated’ coal use to meet international climate targets, emphasizing the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s agreement to decrease coal emissions by nearly 95% between 2020-2050 to limit global temperature rise.
• Shift in Climate Policy
  • The IEA underscores the significance of global climate policy in steering away from unabated coal usage.
  • Efforts to limit temperature increases to 1.5°C by the end of the century mandate a substantial reduction in coal emissions, signalling a pivotal moment for renewable energy expansion.

GLOBAL COAL PRODUCTION TRENDS

• Production Records and Major Producers
  • China, India, and Indonesia, the world’s three largest coal producers, are expected to set production records in 2023, collectively contributing over 70% of global coal production.
  • Despite rising production levels, the report highlights the divergence between production surges and the projected decline in demand.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

• It is an autonomous inter-governmental organisation within the OECD framework.
• It works with governments and industry to shape a secure and sustainable energy future for all.
• It was founded in 1974 to ensure the security of oil supplies.
• It was created in response to the 1973-1974 oil crisis when an oil embargo by major producers pushed prices to historic levels and exposed the vulnerability of industrialised countries to dependency on oil imports.
• It consists of 31 member countries and eleven association countries.
• A candidate country to the IEA must be a member country of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
• India joined this organization in 2017 as an Associate member.

CONCLUSION: THE TRANSITION AWAY FROM COAL

• The IEA report points to a transformative period marked by a structural decline in coal demand, driven by sustained expansion in renewable energy technologies.
• It emphasizes the pivotal role of Asia’s renewable energy expansion in determining the pace of coal’s phase-out.
• However, meeting international climate targets necessitates accelerated efforts towards reducing coal emissions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/global-coal-demand-expected-to-decline-by-2026-iea-report/article67647691.ece