TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court recently delivered a significant judgment, overturning the Gujarat government’s decision to grant remission to 11 men convicted in the Bilkis Bano gangrape and murder case.

EXPLANATION:

• The bench, comprising Justices BV Nagarathna and Ujjal Bhuyan, provided a detailed 251-page judgment on various crucial aspects of the case.

Bilkis Bano Case

• In the aftermath of the Godhra riots in Gujarat in 2002, Bikinis Bano and her family were attacked by a group of people.
• Bilkis was brutally gangraped and seven of her family members were murdered.
• Her case was taken up by the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and Supreme Court, which ordered an investigation by the CBI.
• Due to persistent death threats, the trial was moved out of Gujarat to Mumbai where charges were filed against these people.
• In January 2008, a special CBI court in Mumbai sentenced the 11 accused to life imprisonment.

Release of these convicts

• In 2022, one of the convicts named Radheshyam Shah, after completing 15 years and four months of his life term, moved to the SC for early release.
• In May 2022, the SC passed this case to the Gujarat government.
• It asked the Gujarat government to consider Shah’s application for premature release, as per the state’s 1992 remission policy.
• On August 15, 2022, the Gujarat government released all 11 convicts in the gangrape case under its remission policy.
• However, this decision sparked a major public backlash, and prompted petitions from opposition MPs.

Review petition by Bilkis Bano

• Bilkis Bano in 2022 filed an appeal in the Supreme Court to review the decision of the Gujarat government ordering release of the 11 gangrape convicts.
• The current judgement came in response to the review petition filed by the Bano.

Maintainability of Bilkis Bano’s Petition:

• The Supreme Court upheld the right of Bilkis Bano to file a petition under Article 32 of the Constitution to enforce her Fundamental Rights, emphasizing Article 21 (right to life and liberty) and Article 14 (right to equality).
• It emphasized the constitutional remedy aligning with the principles enshrined in the Preamble of the Constitution, including justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
• Additionally, the Court noted the previous filing of a Writ Petition by another party under Article 32, making it appropriate for Bilkis Bano to approach the Supreme Court rather than the High Court.

Maintainability of PILs Filed by Third Parties:

• The Court avoided ruling on the maintainability of PILs filed by third parties in the case, stating that Bilkis Bano’s petition suffices for consideration.
• The Court deemed the issue as academic since one of the victims had already filed a petition under Article 32, rendering a ruling on other PILs unnecessary in this instance.

Regarding Grant of Remission:

• The Supreme Court clarified that remission does not absolve the guilt or conviction but alters the execution of the sentence.
• It emphasized that the power of remission cannot be exercised arbitrarily and requires proper application of mind.

Power of Gujarat Government to Grant Remission:

• The Court determined that the State of Maharashtra, where the offenders were sentenced by the Special Court in Mumbai, held jurisdiction to consider remission applications.
• It established that the place of occurrence or imprisonment is not relevant for remission and underscored the specific government’s jurisdiction based on where the offenders were sentenced.
• Highlighting that the State of Gujarat lacked jurisdiction to grant remission, the Court asserted that orders issued without proper jurisdiction are null and void in the eyes of the law.

Suppression of Facts by Convicts and Gujarat Government:

• The Court criticized the convicts and the Gujarat government for suppressing crucial facts and misleading statements in the pursuit of remission.
• It highlighted instances where convicts concealed negative recommendations and attempted to exploit earlier policies, showing a disregard for the law.
• The Supreme Court denounced the Gujarat government for usurping power and failing to rectify the situation by filing a review petition.
• It accused the government of being complicit with the convicts’ objectives and stressed the breach of the rule of law.

Denial of Personal Liberty:

• Emphasizing the significance of personal liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution, the Court expressed that while liberty is a fundamental right, it must be protected within the confines of the law.
• It asserted the duty of the judiciary to enforce the rule of law without bias and highlighted the importance of correcting arbitrary orders promptly.

Conclusion:

• The Supreme Court’s verdict in the Bilkis Bano case is a testament to the significance of upholding the rule of law, ensuring proper jurisdiction in legal matters, and protecting personal liberty within the legal framework.
• It serves as a reminder of the judiciary’s duty to maintain the sanctity of justice and rule of law, even in emotionally charged cases, to uphold the constitutional values and principles of justice, equality, and fairness.

SOURCE: https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/bilkis-bano-verdict-read-what-the-detailed-251-page-supreme-court-judgment-says-2485941-2024-01-08

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Tree plantations have become a key focus for Indian state forest departments, driven by national policies, international commitments, and government schemes like the Green India Mission. The emphasis on forest cover influences fund allocation, and several states have increased their forest cover through initiatives like Haritha Haram and compensatory afforestation.

EXPLANATION:

Challenges in Dry Forest Biome:

• The majority of India, specifically the tropical dry forest biome, has sparse tree cover (10-40%).
• This region faces challenges due to low rainfall, drought-proneness, and serves as vital grazing land for rural communities and habitats for endangered fauna.

Reassessment of Forest Cover Targets:

• The 33% forest cover target set in the National Forest Policy 1952 lacks scientific basis.
• Similarly, India’s commitment to achieve 26 million hectares by 2030 (under the 2011 Bonn Challenge) lacks a clear foundation.
• Growing evidence suggests negative impacts of excessive tree planting, including biodiversity loss, reduced grazing land, and potential water scarcity.
• Current satellite image requirements necessitate dense tree planting for accurate forest detection.
• Fast-growing species like teak, eucalyptus, and bamboo are preferred due to their rapid growth, enabling detection in satellite images.
• Scientific studies show negative consequences of extensive tree plantations, including loss of biodiversity-rich ecosystems, livelihood impacts on pastoral communities, and reduced water availability in river basins.
• It potentially affects the water security of rural populations in dry forest regions.

Policy Recommendations:

• Finance Commission’s Role:
  • Acknowledgment by the 15th Finance Commission of the variance in forest canopy density across India is a step forward.
  • However, incentivizing the preservation of grasslands and open scrub ecosystems, often labeled as ‘wasteland’, is essential.

• Diverse Approaches:
  • Promoting diverse restoration approaches beyond tree planting is crucial.
  • Restoring degraded land to its original state of grasslands or native scrub vegetation is more beneficial than monoculture plantations.

• Revising Forest Policy:
  • Reassessment of forest cover targets under the National Forest Policy is necessary.
  • Emphasizing the conservation of grasslands and open ecosystems in their natural state should be prioritized.

• Holistic Monitoring:
• • Relying solely on satellite imagery for restoration programs overlooks the holistic health of ecosystems.
  • A policy shift away from top-down approaches could deter ill-advised tree planting schemes and prevent wasteful expenditure.

Conclusion:

• Revisiting India’s forest cover targets is imperative to foster a more nuanced approach to reforestation.
• The emphasis should be on preserving diverse ecosystems, including grasslands and open scrublands, promoting sustainable restoration methods, and adopting comprehensive monitoring strategies that go beyond satellite-based assessments.
• It outlines the necessity for a reevaluation of India’s forest cover targets, advocating for a more balanced and ecologically sensitive approach to reforestation strategies to ensure long-term environmental sustainability and biodiversity conservation.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/forests/why-india-needs-to-revise-its-forest-cover-targets-93771

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Peregrine lander, developed by a private US company, and launched via the Vulcan rocket, represents a significant milestone in space exploration.

EXPLANATION:

• It is part of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative, aligning with the Artemis program aiming for a return to the Moon.

Objective and Payloads:

• The mission aims to achieve the first landing of a private spacecraft on the Moon, with the Peregrine lander carrying five payloads from NASA.
• These instruments are intended for diverse exploratory tasks, including detecting water and deploying a Laser Retroreflector Array for precise measurements.
• The involvement of private space companies, Astrobotic Technology and United Launch Alliance, signifies NASA’s collaboration with the private sector in its ambitious lunar exploration programs.
• It emphasized the involvement of private entities in space missions.

Technical Issues and Challenges:

• Post-launch, the spacecraft encountered technical problems that could potentially impact its mission.
• The obstacle related to achieving a stable orientation could affect solar power battery charging, potentially jeopardizing the entire mission.
• Efforts are underway to rectify the issue.

Historical Context – US Moon Landing:

• The last US spacecraft to land on the Moon was Apollo 17 in 1972.
• This mission, part of the Apollo series, marked the last human presence on the lunar surface.
• Since then, NASA’s lunar exploration focused on orbiters studying the Moon’s surface from a distance.

Artemis Program and Future Missions:

• The Artemis program signifies the US’s renewed interest in the Moon, aiming for extended stays and eventual human landings.
• The series of planned missions, including crewed ones, intend to establish a permanent base for comprehensive exploration and scientific study of the Moon.

Collaboration with Private Sector:

• NASA’s CLPS initiative involves collaboration with private companies to transport payloads to the Moon.
• With contracts awarded to multiple firms, this partnership aims to foster a commercial space market, stimulating innovation in lunar exploration technology and science.

Implications and Statements:

• NASA officials highlighted the significance of this mission for both science and the commercial space industry.
• The successful completion of high-risk missions like these contributes to new scientific insights and supports the growing space economy, showcasing American technological strength and innovation.

Conclusion:

• The launch of the Peregrine lander represents a pivotal step in space exploration, merging public-private partnerships in lunar missions.
• Despite initial technical setbacks, this mission, if successful, will contribute significantly to scientific understanding and lay the groundwork for future endeavors in human space exploration.
• This comprehensive analysis highlights the mission’s significance, challenges faced, historical context, future implications, and the collaborative nature of space exploration between NASA and the private sector.
• It underscores the broader impact of the US’s return to lunar exploration.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/private-us-spacecraft-land-moon-9100677/

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The diplomatic relations between India and the Maldives have historically been cordial, marked by collaboration in various spheres. However, recent developments, including Maldives President Mohamed Muizzu’s visit to China, have led to strains in these ties.

EXPLANATION:

• President of Maldives’ official visit to China, upon invitation by President of China, highlights a significant shift in Maldives’ diplomatic priorities.
• This visit occurs in the backdrop of a diplomatic row between Maldives and India, triggered by comments made by a Maldivian minister against Indian Prime Minister during his visit to Lakshadweep.
• Indian celebrities joined calls for boycotting the Maldives, leading to reported cancellations of trips by Indian tourists.
• The hashtag #BoycottMaldives gained traction on social media platforms, indicating public sentiments regarding the diplomatic dispute.
• The strained relations between the two countries have been compounded by the Maldivian government’s decision to terminate a hydrography agreement signed with India and its call for the withdrawal of Indian troops from the archipelago.

Maldives-China Relations:

• Maldives president’s visit to China signifies an apparent deepening of ties between the Maldives and China.
• The timing of this visit, amidst strained relations with India, underscores a potential strategic realignment in the Maldives’ foreign policy.
• This move could signal a shift away from India’s influence towards closer engagement with China.

INDIA-MALDIVES RELATIONS

• Historical Context of Relations:
  • India and the Maldives share deep-rooted ties spanning ethnic, linguistic, cultural, religious, and commercial aspects.
  • Since Maldives’ independence in 1965, India played a significant role by being among the first countries to establish diplomatic relations.
  • The mission escalation from CDA level in 1972 to a resident High Commissioner in 1980 underlines the strengthening bilateral rapport.

• Political Interactions:
  • Bilateral relations have been bolstered through consistent high-level engagements.
  • Notably, several Indian Prime Ministers visited the Maldives, while President Mohamed Nasheed’s early foreign visit was to India in 2008.
  • Support extended by Maldives to India in various international forums like the UN, Commonwealth, NAM, and SAARC depicts their alignment on global issues.

• Bilateral Assistance and Projects:
  • India’s developmental support to Maldives includes significant projects like the establishment of the Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital (IGMH) in Male, reflecting a crucial part of India’s aid.
  • Technical education initiatives such as the Maldives Institute of Technical Education (now Faculty of Engineering Technology) and tsunami relief efforts underline India’s commitment to aiding Maldives’ growth and recovery.

• Tsunami and Humanitarian Assistance:
  • Following the devastating tsunami in 2004, India emerged as a primary supporter, providing immediate relief through aid, medical facilities, and rehabilitation support.
  • Additionally, India extended budget support in response to Maldives’ financial challenges post-tsunami and other natural calamities.

• Financial Assistance and Credit Facilities:
  • India has provided substantial financial assistance to Maldives, including standby credit facilities, subscription to treasury bills, and a line of credit for the housing sector.
  • These aids aimed to bolster Maldives’ economic stability and infrastructural development, contributing to various sectors like housing, finance, and technical education.

• Bilateral Trade and Investment:
  • While bilateral trade potential exists, the current trade figures, although in India’s favor, show room for growth.
  • Imports from the Maldives primarily comprise scrap metals, whereas India exports diverse goods like agricultural produce, textiles, medicines, and engineering products.
  • Indian investments in Maldives span diverse sectors, including hospitality, infrastructure, energy, and education.

• Cultural Exchanges and Collaboration:
  • Efforts to enhance cultural ties are evident through collaborative projects like the restoration of historical mosques, cultural exchange programs, music festivals, and theatrical performances.
  • The inauguration of the Indian Cultural Center in Male further signifies a commitment to fostering cultural affinity.

• Indian Community in Maldives:
  • The Indian expatriate community constitutes a significant segment in Maldives, contributing to various sectors such as healthcare, education, construction, and other professions.
  • Their contributions are vital to the socio-economic fabric of the Maldives.

• Conclusion:
• • The evolving dynamics between India and the Maldives portray a shifting geopolitical landscape in the Indian Ocean.
  • Maldives President’s visit to China, the strained relations with India, and the altering foreign policy stance of the Maldives underscore the complex interplay of strategic interests, regional dynamics, and evolving alliances in the region.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/news/world/earthquake-of-6-0-magnitude-strikes-off-central-japan-no-tsunami-warning-issued-11704792648427.html

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The question of how life began has invited numerous hypotheses. One that has prevailed since ancient Greece is panspermia.

EXPLANATION:

Panspermia theory:

• Panspermia is a fringe theory that proposes the existence of life throughout the universe, distributed by space dust, meteoroids, asteroids, comets, and planetoids, as well as by spacecraft carrying unintended contamination by microorganisms.
• The theory suggests that life did not originate on Earth but was brought here by cosmic processes.
• Panspermia has been a topic of philosophical debate for millennia, but it remained speculative until recent decades.

Some key aspects of panspermia include:

• The panspermia theory suggests that life exists throughout the universe and can be distributed by space dust, meteoroids, asteroids, comets, and planetoids.
• However, the implications of panspermia for the origin of life are significant:
  • Alternative origin of life:
    • Panspermia proposes that life on Earth may have originated elsewhere in the universe, and its evolution on Earth is due to the delivery of life by cosmic processes
    • This challenges the widely accepted notion that life originated on Earth through natural processes.
  • Interplanetary and interstellar life transfer:
    • The theory implies that life could be transferred between planets, moons, and satellites, as well as between stars and galaxies.
    • This suggests that life might be more common in the universe than previously thought, as it would not be limited to Earth or a specific solar system.
  • Potential for life on other planets:
    • Panspermia raises the possibility that life could exist on other planets, such as Mars, Venus, or even extrasolar planets.
    • This encourages the search for life beyond Earth and provides a rationale for exploring other celestial bodies in the universe.
  • Common origin of life:
    • If panspermia is true, all life found throughout the solar system would have a common origin, as life would be distributed by cosmic processes rather than evolving independently on each planet.

Arguments against panspermia:

• Critics argue that panspermia does not answer the question of the origin of life and cannot be tested experimentally.
• Mainstream scientists generally do not support this theory due to its lack of validation and the enormous distance between stars, making interstellar panspermia an unlikely occurrence.
• However, the concept of panspermia continues to be explored, with some researchers working on mathematical treatments of how life might migrate naturally.

SOURCE: https://epaper.thehindu.com/reader

TAG: GS 1: ART AND CULTURE  

THE CONTEXT: Recently, seven products from Odisha, ranging from the Similipal Kai chutney made with red weaver ants to the embroidered Kapdaganda shawl, have bagged the coveted Geographical Indication (GI) tag in recognition of their exclusivity to the state.

EXPLANATION:

• Geographical Indications (GI) tags serve as markers of authenticity and distinctiveness for products, certifying their origin from a specific geographical location.
• In India, the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, awards GIs.
• These tags offer assurance of quality, prevent product duplication, and safeguard the interests of local growers and artisans.

Seven Distinctive Products from Odisha with GI Tags

• Kapdaganda Shawl:
  • Woven and embroidered by the women of the Dongria Kondh tribe, the shawl reflects the rich tribal heritage of the Dongria Kondhs.
    • Dongria Kondh tribe is a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) in the Niyamgiri hills in Odisha’s Rayagada and Kalahandi districts.
  • It is embroidered on an off-white coarse cloth with red, yellow and green coloured threads, with each colour holding significance.
  • Green symbolises the mountains and hills, and yellow stands for peace and happiness. Red stands as the symbol of blood.
  • The motifs in the shawls are mostly lines and triangles, believed to be a reflection of the importance of mountains for the community.
  • The shawl is worn by both men and women and the Dongrias gift it to their family members as a token of love and affection.

• Lanjia Saura Painting:
  • The painting, one of the oldest tribal art forms, is also known as Idital.
  • The artworks are famous for their beauty, aesthetics, ritualistic association and iconography.
  • The art form belongs to the Lanjia Saura community, a PVTG largely residing in the Rayagada district.
  • These paintings are in the form of exterior murals painted on the mud walls of homes.
  • White paintings figure over a crimson-maroon background.
  • It is believed that the Lanjia Sauras paint their walls with Idital artworks to show gratitude to their deities and forefathers, and also for the well-being of their community.
  • Reflecting the love and affection of the primitive tribes for nature, they feature subjects like tribal humans, trees, animals, birds, the Sun and the Moon.

• Koraput Kala Jeera Rice:
  • Renowned as the ‘Prince of Rice,’ this black rice variety from Koraput region offers aroma, taste, texture, and nutritional benefits.
  • Preserved for around 1,000 years by tribal farmers.
  • Its consumption aids in increasing haemoglobin levels and improving metabolism.

• Similipal Kai Chutney:
  • A traditional delicacy made with red weaver ants found in Mayurbhanj forests, known for its medicinal and nutritional value.
  • Rich in nutrients like protein, calcium, vitamin B-12, and iron.
  • It is prepared by manually grinding the ants and is believed to enhance immunity.

• Nayagarh Kanteimundi Brinjal:
  • Nayagarh Kanteimundi Brinjal is known for its prickly thorns on the stems and the whole plant.
  • The green and round fruits contain more seeds as compared to other genotypes.
  • It is famous for its unique taste and relatively short quick cooking time.
  • The plants are resistant to major insects and can be grown with minimal pesticide.
  • It is being widely cultivated in Nayagarh district of the state.
  • The growers are getting a yield of up to 200 quintals per hectare and selling at around Rs 60 per kg.
  • Historical records also suggest that the locals got the brinjal from the hilly areas. They collected seeds from it and started raising seedlings nearly 100 years ago.

• Odisha Khajuri Guda:
  • Organic jaggery extracted from date palm trees in Gajapati district.
  • Dark brown in color with a distinctive taste,
  • It is shaped in a trapezoidal form called ‘Patali Gur,’ serving as a natural sweetener.

• Dhenkanal Magji:
• A cheese-based sweet made from buffalo milk with unique characteristics in appearance, taste, and nutritional value.
• Originating in Dhenkanal district, this sweet is prepared by draining moisture from cheese, frying, and forming balls.

Geographical Indications (GI) tags:

• GI tag is the abbreviation of Geographical Indications tags in India. It came into force with effect from 15th September 2003.
• A geographical indication (GI) is a sign used on products with a specific geographical origin and possesses qualities or a reputation due to that origin.
• This tag is valid for 10 years and can be renewed.
• Geographical Indications protection is granted through the TRIPS Agreement.
• The Geographical Indication Registry issues this tag under the Department of Industry Promotion and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
• Geographical indications are typically used for agricultural products, foodstuffs, wine and spirit drinks, handicrafts, and industrial products.
• The Gucchi mushroom, one of the most expensive mushrooms in the world, from the state of Jammu and Kashmir was recently given the GI tag in India.

Significance of GI Tags for Odisha Products

• These GI-tagged products showcase Odisha’s rich cultural heritage, traditional craftsmanship, and unique agricultural produce.
• The recognition not only assures authenticity and quality but also aids in preserving traditional knowledge, protecting local communities’ interests, and promoting these exceptional products on a national and global scale.
• The GI tags signify the exclusivity and significance of these goods, ensuring recognition and protection against unauthorized duplication or misuse, thus benefiting local artisans, growers, and consumers.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/odisha-gi-tag-products-significance-9098672/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Goods and Services Tax (GST) revenue data for the first nine months of 2023-24 highlights varying consumption growth trajectories across different states in India.

EXPLANATION:

• The analysis indicates disparities in consumption patterns, with specific states showing weaker growth in consumption, notably Gujarat, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh among others.

Concerns over Consumer Spending Trends and GST Revenue Analysis

• The National Statistical Office’s estimation of private final consumption expenditure (PFCE) projecting a growth of only 4.4% for the year raised concerns.
• This forecast accentuates worries about weakening consumer spending trends.
• It marked the slowest growth since 2002-03, excluding the pandemic-affected year of 2020-21.
• PFCE growth had previously surged to 6% in April-June 2023 but slid to 3.1% in July-September 2023 from below 3% in the latter half of 2022-23.
• While GST revenues remained robust between April and December 2023, averaging ₹1.66 lakh crore a month and growing at 11.7%, State GST collections exhibited sharper growth at 15.2%.
• Given that GST is a consumption-based tax, these figures serve as indicators of consumption trends within the economy.

Regional Disparities in State-wise GST Revenues

• An analysis of State-wise GST revenue inflows revealed disparities among the 20 largest states, responsible for almost 97% of State GST collections.
• Notably, Gujarat and West Bengal were the only large states with less than double-digit growth, while ten others saw growth rates lower than the national average of 15.2%.
• In contrast, eight states, including Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana, experienced robust growth in State GST revenues, ranging from 17% to 18.8%.

Implications on National Consumption

• The variation in GST contributions from different states underscores the uneven nature of consumption across geographical regions, potentially explaining the subdued overall consumption growth in the country.
• Improvements in consumption levels in underperforming states could significantly contribute to bolstering GDP growth and enhancing GST collections.

Factors Influencing Consumption Patterns

• Factors such as tepid rural demand in states like Odisha, Rajasthan, and Chhattisgarh, stemming from weaker farm sector outcomes, could be contributing to slower GST revenue growth.
• Additionally, the lack of substantial wage growth, especially negatively impacting lower-income households while rising for upper-income segments, remains a critical factor influencing consumption trends.

Broad-based Consumption Recovery

• To sustain Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) growth, a broad-based recovery in consumption demand is necessary.
• The current consumption demand primarily favours goods and services consumed by households in the upper-income bracket.
• It calls for a more inclusive recovery that caters to households in the lower-income segment.

Varied Growth Among Smaller States and Union Territories

• Analysis of GST revenue data among smaller states and union territories showcased higher-than-average growth rates.
• Notably, Jammu and Kashmir witnessed a 29.8% surge, while northeastern states, including Manipur, demonstrated robust growth.
• Mizoram (49.6%), Nagaland (35.8%), and Arunachal Pradesh (33.9%) also recorded significant growth in State GST revenues, highlighting disparities in consumption growth across diverse regions in the country.

MINISTRY OF STATISTICS AND PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION AND NSO:

• The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation came into existence as an independent Ministry on 15th October 1999.
• It was the result of the merger of the Department of Statistics and the Department of Programme Implementation.
• The Ministry has two wings, one relating to Statistics and the other relating to Programme Implementation.
• The Statistics Wing re-designated as National Statistics Office (NSO) consists of the Central Statistics Office (CSO) and National Sample Survey Office (NSSO).
• CSO is an attached Office and NSSO is subordinate Office under the control of Ministry of S&PI.
• The Programme Implementation Wing has three Divisions, namely,

(i) Twenty Point Programme.

(ii) Infrastructure and Project Monitoring and

(iii) Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme.

Conclusion

• The analysis of State-wise GST revenues presents a nuanced view of consumption growth disparities across Indian states.
• Understanding these consumption patterns, influenced by factors like regional economics, wage trends, and rural demand, is crucial for devising policies aimed at achieving more inclusive and sustained consumption-led economic growth.
• Addressing disparities and fostering a more broad-based consumption recovery could be instrumental in achieving higher GDP growth and enhancing overall economic stability.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/gst-revenues-reveal-a-dissonance-in-consumption-growth-across-states/article67716829.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Wastewater surveillance has emerged as a valuable tool for monitoring the presence of pathogens in communities before they are detectable via conventional laboratory methods.

EXPLANATION:

• This approach has been effectively employed for decades in tracking water-borne diseases such as polio, utilizing sewage samples to detect viruses.
• The method’s cost-effectiveness and ability to pre-emptively identify pathogen presence make it a promising avenue for disease surveillance.

Successes in Pandemic Monitoring and Global Context

• During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater surveillance played a pivotal role in identifying the emergence and spread of variants like the XBB.1.16 Omicron variant in Bengaluru, as conducted by the Tata Institute for Genetics and Society (TIGS).
• This approach also aids in assessing the extent of virus spread and monitoring viral load, providing valuable insights for public health responses.
• Researchers in developed nations have advocated expanding wastewater surveillance beyond COVID-19 to track diseases like dengue, malaria, Zika, and typhoid.
• However, the application of this surveillance approach requires considerations beyond mere feasibility, taking into account geographical context, pathogen biology, and the local sewage infrastructure.

Challenges in Implementing Wastewater Surveillance for Vector-Borne Diseases in India

• In India, diseases like malaria and dengue are endemic, persisting throughout the year, unlike in developed countries where these infections are sporadic and seasonal.
• Additionally, a complex aspect in the Indian context is the presence of multiple reservoir hosts, including non-human primates, for these vector-borne diseases.
• Detection of malaria and dengue pathogens through wastewater surveillance faces substantial challenges.
• The low viral shedding in the case of dengue makes it challenging to detect viral RNA in wastewater at levels comparable to SARS-CoV-2 RNA.
• Moreover, the presence of diverse animal hosts for these diseases in tropical countries like India complicates the exclusive identification of human-originated pathogens in wastewater samples.

The Need for Complementary Approaches

• While wastewater surveillance offers insights, it cannot independently provide a comprehensive understanding of vector-borne diseases due to the involvement of multiple reservoir hosts.
• The study suggests the integration of mosquito surveillance alongside wastewater analysis for a more holistic approach to combating vector-borne illnesses.

Selection of Priority Pathogens for Surveillance

• When considering pathogens for wastewater surveillance, stability in wastewater and consistent shedding in faecal material or urine are essential criteria.
• However, in the case of diseases like malaria and dengue, exclusivity in human origin poses a significant challenge.

Insights from Bangladesh’s Wastewater Surveillance Program

• Bangladesh initiated a proof-of-concept wastewater surveillance program targeting vaccine-preventable pathogens like Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, and rotavirus alongside SARS-CoV-2.
• It emphasized the importance of considering sanitation systems and host-parasite geography when selecting priority pathogens for surveillance.

Conclusion: Challenges and Considerations

• Wastewater surveillance presents an opportunity for disease tracking, yet its application for endemic vector-borne diseases in India demands a cautious approach.
• The complexities arising from multiple hosts and continuous transmission throughout the year necessitate a comprehensive understanding of the limitations and challenges in effectively utilizing this surveillance method for diseases like malaria and dengue.
• Integrating multiple surveillance approaches and accounting for geographical and biological nuances remain crucial in leveraging the potential of wastewater surveillance for disease monitoring in India.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/should-india-study-wastewater-to-track-malaria-dengue/article67709942.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Researchers at the RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research in Japan have developed a solid electrolyte for transporting hydride ions (H−) at room temperature.

EXPLANATION:

• They have unveiled a groundbreaking discovery in the field of hydrogen-based energy solutions.
• Their research introduces a novel material, a modified lanthanum hydride compound integrated with strontium and oxygen.
• This innovation allows for the efficient conduction of hydride ions at room temperature, marking a significant advancement in hydrogen-based energy technology.

Overcoming Previous Limitations

• The key breakthrough addresses previous limitations in hydrogen fuel cells, notably eliminating the need for continuous hydration and dependence on water.
• Traditionally, hydrogen fuel cells required constant hydration to ensure efficient hydrogen movement, complicating design and escalating costs.
• The new material’s capability to conduct hydride ions at room temperature bypasses this limitation, simplifying the design and reducing the operational complexity of hydrogen fuel cells.

Impact on Safety, Efficiency, and Energy Density

• The development holds substantial promise for enhancing the safety, efficiency, and energy density of hydrogen-based energy solutions.
• By enabling high-rate conduction of hydride ions, this breakthrough propels hydrogen-based solid-state batteries and fuel cells closer to practical application.
• These improvements are crucial for advancing towards a viable hydrogen-based energy economy.

Scientific Breakdown of the Discovery

• The study, published in Advanced Energy Materials, focuses on the creation of a solid electrolyte facilitating the transport of hydride ions (H−) at room temperature.
• Researchers experimented extensively with lanthanum hydrides due to their unique properties:
  • easy release,
  • capture of hydrogen,
  • high hydride ion conduction,
  • low operational temperatures (below 100°C), and
  • a specific crystal structure.
• The challenge lay in fluctuating hydrogen atom attachments to lanthanum at room temperature, termed hydrogen non-stoichiometry, hindering efficient conduction.
• By substituting a portion of lanthanum with strontium and incorporating a small amount of oxygen in the compound (La1-xSrxH3-x-2yOy), the scientists achieved a breakthrough.
• This modification enabled efficient hydride ion conduction at a high rate.

Experimental Validation and Performance

• The team fabricated crystalline samples of the modified material through ball-milling and annealing processes.
• Testing at room temperature revealed its exceptional ability to conduct hydride ions.
• Further testing in a solid-state fuel cell, combining the new material with titanium, displayed promising results.
• Optimal quantities of strontium and oxygen (0.2 strontium) led to 100% conversion of titanium to titanium hydride (TiH2), minimizing hydride ion wastage.

Future Prospects and Challenges

• Scientists expressed the milestone achieved in providing material design guidelines for hydride ion-conducting solid electrolytes.
• The team aims to further improve performance and develop electrode materials capable of reversible hydrogen absorption and release.
• Achieving this would enable rechargeable “storage batteries” and efficient hydrogen storage and release, critical for practical hydrogen-based energy use.
• While not explicitly mentioned in the study, current hydrogen-based fuel cell designs are susceptible to freezing temperatures, posing a significant challenge for widespread use.
• The team’s work could potentially address this issue, making fuel cells more resilient in sub-zero conditions.

Conclusion

• The recent breakthrough in developing a solid electrolyte for transporting hydride ions at room temperature represents a pivotal advancement in hydrogen-based energy technology.
• It not only enhances efficiency but also simplifies design and reduces costs, laying a strong foundation for the realization of a practical hydrogen-based energy economy.
• Further research and development aim to optimize performance, address storage challenges, and enhance safety, bringing hydrogen-based energy solutions closer to widespread adoption.

SOURCE: https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/New-Discovery-Overcomes-Major-Hurdle-in-Hydrogen-Energy-Economy.html

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Principal Scientific Advisor announced plans to present the ‘deep tech’ policy to the Union Cabinet for approval in the upcoming weeks during a public event.

EXPLANATION:

• This policy, initially unveiled as a draft in July 2023 for public feedback, has undergone refinements based on industry input, now awaiting final approval.

‘Deep Tech’:

• The term ‘deep tech’ remains somewhat nebulous within tech and startup domains, lacking a precise definition.
• However, these startups are typically characterized by the development of intellectual property grounded in new scientific breakthroughs.
• Contrary to easily replicable ideas, deep tech ventures promise substantial impacts yet to be realized.

State of ‘Deep Tech’ Startups in India

• India’s draft policy references Startup India’s database, indicating 10,298 recognized startups under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, distributed across various sub-sectors within the ‘deep tech’ space as of May 2023.
• However, a Prof. expressed concern about the low representation of ‘deep tech’ startups in India, constituting only about 10% of the total startup landscape.
• This calls for increased support and nurturing efforts.

Initiatives by DSIR, CSIR, and NRDC

• The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), affiliated with the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), aims to bridge the gap between scientific and technological advancements in CSIR labs and industry.
• DSIR will focus on technology transfer to medium and small-scale industries, while CSIR will target a broader spectrum of industries.
• Additionally, the National Research and Development Corporation (NRDC), also a CSIR entity, will concentrate on supporting startups in alignment with India’s science and technology ecosystem.

Challenges and Funding Needs

• Funding remains a significant obstacle for ‘deep tech’ startups.
• Compared to fintech or retail software startups, these ventures require substantially larger amounts of capital.
• The funding disparity and the considerable financial requirements for ‘deep tech’ initiatives have been highlighted, emphasizing the need for enhanced funding mechanisms and support.

Conclusion

• The ‘deep tech’ policy’s imminent submission to the Union Cabinet indicates the government’s commitment to fostering innovation and scientific breakthroughs in India’s startup ecosystem.
• However, the current underrepresentation of ‘deep tech’ startups and funding challenges highlight the necessity for comprehensive support mechanisms to nurture and promote these ventures for impactful technological advancements and economic growth.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/deeptech-policy-to-be-presented-for-approval-soon-science-advisor/article67710467.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Union Cabinet has granted approval for ‘Prithvi Vigyan’ (PRITHVI), an extensive initiative aimed at facilitating research and utilizing funds allocated to five sub-schemes within the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) over a five-year period.

EXPLANATION:

• This initiative reflects a comprehensive approach to earth sciences research, pooling together a total allocation of Rs 4,797 crore for various sub-schemes.

Sub-Schemes Under ‘PRITHVI’

• The PRITHVI initiative encompasses five sub-schemes, namely:
  • Atmosphere and Climate Research-Modelling Observing Systems and Services
  • Ocean Services, Modelling Application, Resources, and Technology
  • Polar Science and Cryosphere Research
  • Seismology and Geosciences
  • Research, Education, Training, and Outreach
• These sub-schemes cover a spectrum of earth science domains, aiming to streamline research efforts and utilize funds more flexibly across disciplines.

Objectives of the ‘PRITHVI’ Scheme

• The overarching goal of the PRITHVI initiative is to consolidate earth system sciences into a cohesive unit, transcending individual domains like atmosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, and ocean science.
• This consolidation allows for interdisciplinary projects and the combined utilization of allocated funds, fostering ease of research collaboration and resource allocation across different verticals.

Focus Areas and Integrated Efforts

• The PRITHVI scheme aims to integrate multi-disciplinary earth science research efforts across MoES institutes.
• These consolidated research and development endeavors seek to address significant challenges in weather, climate, oceans, cryosphere, seismology, and the exploration of living and non-living resources for sustainable utilization.

Specific Objectives of ‘PRITHVI’

The objectives of the PRITHVI initiative include:

• Augmentation and maintenance of long-term observations of earth’s vital signs and changes in the atmosphere, ocean, geosphere, cryosphere, and solid earth.
• Development of modeling systems for predicting weather, ocean behavior, and climate-related hazards.
• Exploration of polar regions and high seas for discovery of new phenomena and resources.
• Technology development for sustainable harnessing of oceanic resources for societal applications.
• Translation of insights from earth systems science into services for societal, environmental, and economic benefit.

Collaborative Efforts and Research Institutes

• The PRITHVI scheme fosters interdependency among its various components, encouraging an integrated approach through collaborative efforts among MoES institutes.
• The Ministry comprises ten research institutes specializing in meteorology, oceanography, seismology, and earth sciences, among others.

Support and Research Infrastructure

• To facilitate research under the PRITHVI initiative, the Ministry possesses a fleet of oceanographic and coastal research vessels.
• These vessels provide essential research support for various facets of earth sciences, enhancing the initiative’s ability to undertake comprehensive studies across different domains.

Conclusion

• The ‘PRITHVI Vigyan’ initiative underscores a holistic approach to earth sciences research, consolidating resources and efforts to tackle significant challenges in understanding the earth system’s dynamics, climate change, natural hazards, and sustainable resource utilization.
• Through an integrated multi-disciplinary approach, the initiative aims to drive advancements in earth sciences and translate research findings into practical applications for societal and environmental benefit.

SOURCE: https://theprint.in/india/cabinet-nod-for-prithvi-initiative-for-ease-of-research-in-earth-sciences/1912169/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the China’s first comprehensive solar probe, the Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory (ASO-S), has successfully recorded a massive solar flare that erupted from the sun.

EXPLANATION:

• This comprehensive solar probe, also known as Kuafu-1, has achieved a breakthrough by capturing a potent X-class solar flare, accompanied by coronal mass ejections.
• This event marks the most powerful flare recorded in Solar Cycle 25, which commenced in 2019.

ASO-S Capabilities and Payloads

• ASO-S, launched by China in October 2022, represents the country’s pioneering venture into solar observation.
• Equipped with three payloads, it tracked and recorded the recent X-class solar flare, providing crucial data to solar physicists.
• These payloads have the capability to monitor solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and the sun’s magnetic field concurrently, contributing significantly to solar research.

Significance of the Recorded Solar Flare

• The solar flare recorded by ASO-S is of utmost importance due to its classification as an X-class flare, denoting the highest category of solar eruptions based on intensity.
• Solar physicists and researchers are particularly interested in the information about accelerated high-energy electrons provided by ASO-S, which is pivotal in understanding solar dynamics and space weather.

Future Scientific Research and Insights

• The data transmitted by Kuafu-1 will pave the way for further scientific investigation into the solar flare.
• Solar physicists anticipate conducting in-depth analyses based on this valuable data.
• Moreover, the availability of multi-band data from both domestic and international observation equipment will complement the insights garnered from ASO-S, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of this solar event.

Contribution to Solar Cycle 25 Studies

• As the sun is expected to approach the peak of Solar Cycle 25 in early 2024, ASO-S is poised to record and study more solar bursts and activities.
• This is particularly significant for researchers aiming to comprehend the sun’s behavior during this active phase of the solar cycle.

The solar cycles and latest sunspot number prediction.

Conclusion and Global Implications

• China’s ASO-S represents a pioneering achievement in solar observation, becoming the world’s first near-Earth satellite telescope capable of simultaneously monitoring various solar phenomena.
• The successful recording of the potent X-class solar flare, along with the probe’s multifaceted capabilities.
• It promises substantial contributions to solar physics, space weather forecasting, and global scientific advancements.
• It helps in understanding solar dynamics and their implications for space-based activities and technologies.

SOURCE: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2024-01-04/China-s-Kuafu-1-probe-records-massive-solar-flare-1q5jOw2HfNu/p.html

TAG: GS 1: ART AND CULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The recent floods in the Mulugu district of Telangana has led to a fresh discovery of paleolithic quartzite tools.

EXPLANATION:

• In the aftermath of the floods that ravaged Mulugu district in Telangana, a significant discovery of Paleolithic quartzite tools has been made.
• Sriramoju Haragopal, leading a team of amateur historians, reported the discovery of these tools in the dried-up bed of a stream that emerged after the floodwaters receded.
• This unexpected exposure of the tools unveiled vital archaeological artifacts.
• The hand axes were specifically unearthed in the stream between Gurrevula and Bhupatipuram villages in Mulugu district.
• A researcher, discovered a stone axe measuring 15.5cm in length, 11cm in width, and 5.5cm in thickness, further solidifying the historical significance of the findings.

Historical Context and Significance

• Paleontologist sheds light on the historical period to which the stone axe belongs, identifying it as part of the Lower Paleolithic period, dating back approximately 30 lakh (3 million) years ago.
• This period corresponds to the Early Stone Age, also known as the Old Stone Age, and spans around 33 lakh (3.3 million) years BC, persisting for about 10,000 years.
• The identification of these tools is based on various characteristics, including chipping style, material, and size.
• The heavy quartzite material and the large size of these tools align with the typical implements used by Paleolithic hunter-gatherers.
• Such hand axes, globally discovered, were primarily utilized for activities such as cutting wood and hunting animals for sustenance.

Comparative Analysis with Previous Discoveries

• This discovery in Telangana augments the understanding of human settlements in the region and central India, significantly pushing back the timeline.
• Reference is made to the Paleolithic site at Attirampakkam near Madras (Chennai), where bifacial hand axes made of stone by early humans were found in 1863.
• These tools, estimated to be about 15 lakh (1.5 million) years old, are attributed to the Madras Hand-Axe Industry or Madrasian Culture.

Implications and Contributions to Archaeology

• The discovery in Mulugu district holds immense significance in expanding the historical narrative of human habitation in Telangana and central India.
• Understanding the tools used by early humans provides insights into their lifestyles, including hunting practices and tool-making technologies.
• Moreover, the comparative analysis with similar discoveries worldwide offers valuable connections in the study of human evolution and cultural development during the Paleolithic era.
• This finding adds to the growing body of evidence shedding light on ancient human settlements.
• It enriches our understanding of prehistoric communities and their interactions with the environment, tools, and resources available during that epoch.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/the-recent-floods-in-mulugu-district-telangana-dried-up-a-stream-which-exposed-old-stone-age-tools-this-pushes-back-the-understanding-of-human-habitations-in-the-state-and-central-india/article67709084.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: January 5 is observed as National Birds Day in some parts of the world. It is aimed at raising awareness for the conservation of avian species that have been adversely affected by habitat destruction, reducing food choices and climate change.

EXPLANATION:

• It serves to raise awareness about the conservation of avian species impacted by habitat loss, reduced food sources, and climate change.
• India, a country rich in biodiversity, faces challenges in preserving its bird populations, especially in urban areas.
• The Minister for Environment, Forest, and Climate Change emphasized the importance of preserving wetlands to protect bird populations.
• These areas serve as vital habitats for various bird species, particularly those migrating to India during winter.
• Despite declining numbers, Indian cities host diverse bird species.
• Amateur ornithologist Gargi Mishra’s columns in Gobar Times during 2021-22 beautifully document the vivid colors, behaviors, and significance of several Indian urban birds, shedding light on their conservation needs.

Understanding Indian City Birds through ornithologist’s Insights

• The Angry Bird: Jungle Babbler
  • It describes the Jungle Babbler’s argumentative nature, their essential role in pest control, and their remarkable adaptation to urban environments.
  • The name ‘saath bhai’ or ‘Seven Sisters’ in various regional languages captures their social dynamics.
  • However, the bird faces challenges from brood parasitism.

• The Versatile Creature: Oriental Magpie-Robin
  • The Oriental Magpie-Robin’s mimicry, expressive behavior, and preference for human settlements are highlighted.
  • It notes their striking appearance, vocal abilities, and their dual nature of gentleness and fierceness, especially during territorial defense.
• Aimed to Amaze: Common Hoopoe
  • The Common Hoopoe’s distinctive appearance, migratory habits, foraging behavior, and unique nest-defense mechanisms are detailed.
  • Their elegant appearance and their critical role in controlling agricultural pests has been portrayed.

• Rolling with Every Punch: Indian Roller
  • The Indian Roller’s cultural significance as a harbinger of happiness and its aerobatic displays are emphasized.
  • Their susceptibility to anthropogenic threats like traffic collisions and electrocution despite being beneficial for pest control in agriculture has been highlighted.

• When Beauty Lies in the Eyes of the Beholder: Indian White-Eye
  • The Indian White-Eye’s distinctive eye ring and its role as a pollinator are highlighted.
  • It narrates their sociable nature, nesting behaviors, and the challenges they face due to habitat degradation and increased predation.
• Hold No Bars: Brown-Headed Barbet
  • The Brown-Headed Barbet’s loud calls, unique appearance, foraging habits, and vulnerability to habitat degradation and pet trade, contributing to their population decline has been described.
• House of Sparrows
  • The significance of house sparrows in human habitats, their adaptations, decline due to changing environments, and human-induced threats are illuminated.
  • The need for conservation efforts to protect these familiar yet declining species has been emphasized.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/national-birds-day-the-various-moods-colours-of-indian-city-birds-through-the-eyes-of-an-amateur-ornithologist-93751

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: As the 2024 Parliamentary elections draw closer, the Election Commission of India (ECI) has introduced revised rules pertaining to the allocation of common symbols for both Registered and Unregistered Political Parties (RUPPs).

EXPLANATION:

• These new regulations come with certain stipulations aimed at streamlining the process of symbol allocation.

Eligibility Criteria for Common Symbol Allotment

• The ECI’s announcement highlighted specific criteria for RUPPs to qualify for the concession of common symbol allotment.
• Parties falling under this category need to fulfill several conditions, including the submission of contribution reports, audited annual accounts for the last three financial years, and election expenditure statements for their two most recent contested elections.
• Fulfilling these requirements renders such parties eligible for the common symbol allotment.

Application Process and Compliance

• The Commission emphasized that RUPPs seeking common symbols are required to submit applications using the prescribed proforma provided by the Election Symbols (Reservation & Allotment) Order, 1968.
• These guidelines serve as the foundational framework governing the allocation of symbols, ensuring adherence to standardized procedures.

Definition of Registered and Unregistered Political Parties (RUPPs)

• RUPPs encompass several categories, such as newly registered parties, political groups that haven’t attained a specific vote percentage or national/state party recognition through general elections, or those that haven’t participated in elections since their registration.
• Such parties fall under the umbrella of RUPPs and are subject to the revised rules for symbol allocation.

Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968:

• This order deals with various aspects of symbol allotment to political parties for elections.
• Under Paragraph 15 of the Order, EC can decide disputes among rival groups or sections of a recognised political party staking claim to its name and symbol.
• The EC is the only authority to decide issues on a dispute or a merger under the order. The Supreme Court (SC) upheld its validity in Sadiq Ali and another vs. ECI in 1971.
• It applies to disputes in recognised national and state parties.
• For splits in registered but unrecognised parties, the EC usually advises the warring factions to resolve their differences internally or to approach the court.
• In almost all disputes decided by the EC so far, a clear majority of party delegates/office bearers, MPs and MLAs have supported one of the factions.
• Before 1968, the EC issued notifications and executive orders under the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961.
• The splinter group of the party – other than the group that got the party symbol – had to register itself as a separate party.

Election Commission of India

• The Election Commission of India (ECI) is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering Union and State election processes in India.
• It was established in accordance with the Constitution on 25th January 1950 (celebrated as national voters’ day). The secretariat of the commission is in New Delhi.
• The body administers elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and State Legislative Assemblies in India, and the offices of the President and Vice President in the country.
• It is not concerned with the elections to panchayats and municipalities in the states. For this, the Constitution of India provides for a separate State Election Commission.

Constitutional Provisions:

• Part XV (Article 324-329) of the Indian Constitution: It deals with elections and establishes a commission for these matters.
• Article 324: Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission.
• Article 325: No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll-on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.
• Article 326: Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be based on adult suffrage.
• Article 327: Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.
• Article 328: Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature.
• Article 329: Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

Conclusion: Facilitating Fair and Transparent Elections

• The Election Commission’s revision of rules for party symbol allocation aims to introduce a more structured and transparent process, ensuring that political parties meet specific criteria to qualify for common symbol allotment.
• By setting stringent eligibility parameters and enforcing standardized application procedures, the ECI seeks to promote fairness and equity in the allocation of symbols.
• It will contribute to the smooth conduct of elections in accordance with established norms and regulations.

SOURCE: https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/jan/05/revised-rules-for-allocation-of-party-symbols-2648068.html

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Maharashtra Cabinet recently announced several critical decisions encompassing varied sectors, from pension scheme modifications to infrastructure development and welfare initiatives, reflecting a proactive approach towards governance and employee welfare.

EXPLANATION:

Reinstating Old Pension Scheme (OPS)

• The Cabinet approved a proposal allowing state government employees who joined service post-November 2005 an option to avail the Old Pension Scheme (OPS).
• This decision aims to benefit around 26,000 employees who were selected before November 2005 but received joining letters later.
• It offers them an opportunity to choose between OPS and the New Pension Scheme within a stipulated timeframe.

Infrastructure Development and Toll Charges

• Approval was granted for toll charges of Rs 250 for cars using the Mumbai Trans Harbour Link (MTHL), the nation’s longest sea bridge, which will significantly reduce travel time between Sewri in Mumbai and Nhava Sheva in Raigad district.

Welfare Measures for Employees and Milk Producers

• The cabinet sanctioned a monthly allowance of Rs 5,000 for clerks-typists in Mantralaya, acknowledging their challenges with accommodation and commuting issues.
• Additionally, the government extended a Rs 5 per litre subsidy to milk producers in the state, ensuring a total subsidy payment of approximately Rs 230 crore to support the milk industry.

Wine Industry Stimulus and Economic Incentives

• The state committed to implement a wine industry stimulus scheme for five years, aiming to foster growth in this sector.
• Additionally, industries that have paid value-added tax will receive their rebates in time, encouraging investments in raisin production and grape cultivation, thereby supporting agricultural and industrial development.

Old Pension Scheme (OPS):

• The Old Pension Scheme (OPS) is a retirement scheme approved by the government.
• Government employees receive a monthly pension under the OPS.
• It provides a guaranteed pension for government employees who have completed at least ten years of service based on their last drawn basic salary and the years of service.
• Under the OPS, the government pays the entire pension amount to government employees after retirement.
• Thus, no amount is deducted from employees’ salaries when they are in service.
• After retirement, government employees receive the pension amount and the benefit of the revision of Dearness Allowance (DA) twice a year.
• Since they receive pensions based on their last drawn salary plus DA, their pensions increase when the DA increases twice a year. However, OPS applies only to government employees.

Difference between Old Pension Scheme and National Pension Scheme:

SOURCE: https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/story/india/maharashtra/maharashtra-cabinet-gives-nod-for-ops-to-state-employees-who-joined-service-after-nov-2005-2835995

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Scientists have uncovered a groundbreaking class of antibiotic, Zosurabalpin, demonstrating promising efficacy against highly drug-resistant strains of Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (Crab) in mice.

EXPLANATION:

• This breakthrough has sparked hope for combating drug-resistant bacteria, addressing a critical global health concern.

Threat of Drug-Resistant Bacteria

• Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (Crab) is deemed a priority 1 critical pathogen by the World Health Organization.
• It has posed a substantial threat, particularly in hospital environments, affecting individuals on ventilators.
• Its robust resistance to multiple antibiotics significantly complicates treatment, making it a formidable challenge in healthcare settings.

Challenges in Antibiotic Development

• The development of new treatments against Crab has been a formidable challenge due to the bacterium’s adeptness in preventing antibiotics from penetrating its outer cell layer.
• Consequently, the discovery of Zosurabalpin and its efficacy against this resilient bacterium is deemed a significant breakthrough.

Mechanism of Action and Efficacy

• Zosurabalpin, developed by Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, functions by obstructing the transport of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the bacterium’s outer membrane, thereby disrupting its vital defense mechanism and ultimately leading to the bacterium’s demise.
• Notably, it exhibited remarkable success in reducing bacterial levels in mice models with Crab-induced pneumonia and preventing mortality in Crab-related sepsis cases.

Potential Impact and Future Prospects

• Zosurabalpin stands as a unique antibiotic due to its chemical composition and mode of action, presenting a promising avenue for addressing antimicrobial-resistant infections.
• While acknowledging that Zosurabalpin alone cannot entirely mitigate the public health threat posed by antimicrobial-resistant infections, its discovery lays the groundwork for potential future developments targeting similar transport systems in other bacteria.

Alternative Approaches: Bacteriophages and Recommendations

• Parallel to antibiotic research, the potential of bacteriophages—bacteria-killing viruses—as an alternative to antibiotics for resistant infections has gained attention.
• However, the development of phage therapies faces challenges, particularly in meeting clinical trial standards and manufacturing requirements.
• The UK’s science, innovation, and technology committee proposed the establishment of a facility at the Rosalind Franklin laboratory to facilitate phage therapy development.

Conclusion: Path to Combatting Antibiotic Resistance

• The discovery of Zosurabalpin represents a significant stride in combating antibiotic-resistant infections, offering hope in the face of evolving bacterial resistance.
• While challenges persist in translating research from animal models to clinical success, this breakthrough marks a promising beginning in the fight against drug-resistant bacteria.
• Parallel approaches like phage therapies could complement antibiotic strategies in addressing the pressing global health threat posed by antimicrobial resistance.

SOURCE: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/jan/03/scientists-new-class-antibiotic-kill-drug-resistant-bacteria

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A plea has been made by a consortium of experts to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to reclassify the status of the Northeast African Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii), residing in the Horn of Africa, to ‘endangered’ from its current status of ‘vulnerable’.

EXPLANATION:

• The prime concern revolves around the drastic decline in the genetic diversity of this cheetah subspecies due to the illegal trafficking of its cubs to Arab nations, primarily Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.

Trafficking Impacting Genetic Diversity

• The illegal trade in cubs across the Red Sea has resulted in a severe reduction in the already limited genetic diversity of the soemmeringii subspecies.
• With a scant population, this trafficking further endangers the cheetah’s genetic integrity, compelling the experts to appeal for an immediate change in its IUCN classification.
• The researchers have also called upon global cheetah specialists to delve deeper into the subspecies’ condition to potentially label it as ‘critically endangered’.

Genetic Assessment and Trafficking Origin

• Genetic analysis conducted on 55 confiscated cheetahs from illegal traffickers between 2016 and 2019 revealed that all individuals were genetically identified as 100% soemmeringii.
• These trafficked cheetahs were seized from Somaliland, a region recognized by Ethiopia and situated on Somalia’s Red Sea coast, directly facing Yemen.
• The last count estimated the soemmeringii population to be between 260 and 590 mature individuals.
• As most trafficked cubs seldom survive, the continuous illegal trade exacerbates the population decline.
• This ongoing offtake, coupled with human-wildlife conflicts and habitat loss, accelerates the depletion of genetic diversity within the subspecies.

Reclassification Criteria and implications

• The situation aligns with criterion C2a(i) of the IUCN Red List, indicating a substantial population decline, urging the immediate reclassification of the subspecies as ‘endangered’.
• Moreover, the circumstances may warrant consideration for criteria A2 or A3, reflecting a ‘critically endangered’ status, as proposed by the researchers.
• Reclassifying the Northeast African Cheetah will potentially stimulate stakeholder support, facilitate access to restricted funding reserved for endangered species, and enhance both national and international protective measures against illegal trade.
• The experts emphasize the critical need for swift action to safeguard Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii from imminent extinction risks exacerbated by the illicit trafficking trade.
• The study advocating for the reclassification of the imperiled Northeast African cheetah subspecies, threatened by illegal trade and genetic erosion, has been published in the Conservation Science and Practice journal.

Conclusion: Immediate Action Required

• The urgency to reclassify the Northeast African Cheetah from ‘vulnerable’ to ‘endangered’ is paramount to ensure its survival.
• The plight faced by soemmeringii due to illegal trafficking necessitates swift and decisive measures to protect the subspecies from further decline and imminent extinction.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/africa/upgrade-horn-of-africa-cheetah-status-to-endangered-experts-appeal-to-iucn-93711

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: The Central American Volcanoes are ideal for Studying Earth’s Evolution. The volcanic arc is extending from Mexico to Costa Rica expels a variety of magma types that make for a geological paradise.

EXPLANATION:

Introduction: The Dynamic Nature of Earth’s Evolution

• The Earth’s upper layers have undergone a transformative dance over millions of years, giving rise to mountains, continents, volcanoes, and ocean trenches.
• This intricate process is primarily driven by the movement and interaction of tectonic plates, massive sections of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle that shift and collide.
• When plates converge, one often descends beneath another in a process called subduction, resulting in the formation of volcanic arcs—lines of volcanoes that mark plate boundaries.

The Central American Volcanic Arc: An Overview

• The Central American volcanic arc stretches approximately 680 miles from northern Guatemala to central Costa Rica.
• It’s a consequence of the Cocos plate’s subduction under the Caribbean plate, creating a myriad of volcanoes, both active and dormant, such as Fuego, Tajumulco, Santa Ana, Masaya, Momotombo, Arenal, and Poás.

Historical Formation and Evolution

• The genesis of this arc can be traced back around 150 million years when volcanic islands began to emerge due to the subduction of tectonic plates.
• Over millennia, the arc has evolved and shifted, producing different versions shaped by the changing dynamics of plate interactions.
• The ages of most volcanoes in the region range from 500,000 to 250,000 years, but some, like Nicaragua’s Cerro Negro, are significantly younger, dating back to 1867.

Uniqueness of the Central American Arc

• Central America stands out as a geological anomaly due to its extraordinary diversity in magma types.
• The region exhibits extreme geochemical variations from Nicaragua to Costa Rica, unparalleled elsewhere on Earth.
• This uniqueness stems from a combination of factors, including the angle of subduction, composition of subducted material, and volume of the volcano.

Factors Contributing to Uniqueness

• Variations in subduction angle and volcanic size play significant roles in the distinct geochemical signatures observed across Central American volcanoes.
• The region’s combination of both denser oceanic and lighter continental crust further amplifies its uniqueness.
• Notably, the transition from oceanic to continental crust in Costa Rica around 15 million years ago signifies a dynamic geological process.

Key Geological Significance

• Central America’s geological significance lies in its potential to provide insights into various Earth processes.
• It offers a natural laboratory for studying continental formation, subduction processes, crustal composition changes, high-intensity volcanic eruptions, and material circulation within the Earth’s interior.

Future Prospects and Ongoing Research

• The future of geological research in Central America focuses on predicting volcanic eruptions, studying high-magnitude mafic eruptions, and further exploring the unique geological features of the region.
• Initiatives like the study of the Poás volcano using new technologies and the investigation into Plinian eruptions of mafic composition showcase the ongoing efforts in the field.

Conclusion: Central America as a Geological Haven

• Central America stands as a natural laboratory providing a plethora of opportunities to unravel the mysteries of Earth’s evolution.
• As a geological paradise, it continues to captivate researchers, offering boundless prospects for understanding Earth’s intricate processes.

SOURCE: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/why-central-american-volcanoes-offer-a-natural-laboratory-for-studying-earths-evolution-180983511/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: In a remarkable turn of events, the sighting of a tiger in West Bengal’s Buxa National Park, after a prolonged absence of 23 years, has sparked optimism among conservationists.

EXPLANATION:

• Recent camera trap footage captured the tiger crossing a dry riverbed, marking its return.
• Conservation experts attribute this comeback to various factors, including the augmentation of the tiger’s prey base, expansion of the grassland, and stringent measures to minimize human interference in the park’s core areas.
• Buxa Tiger Reserve: Spanning 760 square kilometers in North Bengal’s Alipurduar district, Buxa Tiger Reserve is crucial for wildlife conservation, boasting corridor connectivity with Bhutan’s forests to the north, as well as linkages with Kochugaon forests, Manas Tiger Reserve in Assam, and Jaldapara National Park.

Conservation Initiatives and Habitat Improvement

• Forest officials and conservationists have undertaken commendable efforts to enhance the habitat within Buxa.
• Measures include reducing human interference, augmenting the grassland, and bolstering the prey base.
• The introduction of spotted deer, with 200 newly introduced in the past year and a total of 900 in recent years, has substantially contributed to enriching the prey population.
• Additionally, efforts to increase grassland cover by 70 hectares annually and the creation of watering holes have further facilitated a conducive environment for the tigers’ return.

Human Interference Control and Relocation

• Efforts to curb infiltration and trespassing have contributed significantly to creating an environment conducive to wildlife, particularly tigers.
• Plans are underway to relocate villages from the core area of the reserve, which aims to minimize human presence further and create a more favorable environment for the big cats.

Collaborative Conservation Projects

• The “Tiger Augmentation and Monitoring Project,” a collaborative initiative by the state forest department, Wildlife Institute of India, and the National Tiger Conservation Authority.
• It was introduced in 2018 and has played a pivotal role in reviving tiger populations in Buxa.
• This project focused on various measures to bolster tiger populations and monitor their movements in the region.

Regional Impact and Future Prospects

• Experts suggest that the increase in tiger populations in neighboring Assam’s Manas Tiger Reserve and Bhutan’s forests has contributed to tigers venturing into Buxa.
• Connectivity between Bhutan and Buxa serves as a conduit for tigers seeking new habitats.
• With decreased human disturbances due to controlled poaching activities and human interactions, the region is becoming more conducive for tigers to thrive.
• There are also plans to introduce nine tigers from external sources, fostering hopes of further bolstering the tiger population in the region.

Conclusion: Positive Outlook for Conservation

• The resurgence of tiger sightings in Buxa National Park marks a promising milestone in wildlife conservation efforts.
• It underscores the success of habitat restoration initiatives, increased prey availability, and strict measures to limit human disturbances.
• This development not only holds significance for Buxa but also contributes to the broader landscape of tiger conservation efforts in the region, fostering hope for the resurgence of tiger populations in areas where they were once scarce.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/tiger-zinda-hai-buxa-reserve-bengal-count-9093718/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Scientists have accomplished a significant breakthrough by merging brain-like tissue with electronics, establishing an ‘organoid neural network.’

EXPLANATION:

• This innovation represents an extension of neuromorphic computing, where computers are modelled after the human brain, by directly integrating brain tissue into computing systems.
• The collaborative effort involved researchers from Indiana University, the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Centre, and the University of Florida.
• The study, published in December, has wide-ranging implications for multiple scientific and engineering disciplines.

Challenges in Current AI and Neuromorphic Computing

• Conventional artificial neural networks, which are silicon chip-based, encounter issues due to the separation of memory and data processing units.
• This separation results in increased time and energy demands as data needs to be continually transferred between these units.
• Scientists have been striving to enhance neuromorphic chips, but these solutions only partially emulate brain functions and necessitate improvements in processing capability and energy efficiency.

Biological Neural Networks and Biocomputing

• The study delves into biocomputing, leveraging biological components for computational tasks.
• While prior research has exhibited promising strides, such as training brain cells to play video games, this recent study surpasses previous achievements.
• It integrates brain organoids, three-dimensional brain cell aggregates derived from human pluripotent stem cells, into a functional ‘organoid neural network.’

The Reservoir Computer: Brainoware

• This ‘organoid neural network’ constitutes a reservoir computer, comprising input, reservoir, and output layers.
• The brain organoid, connected to microelectrodes, acts as the reservoir.
• It receives electrical stimulation as input signals, processes these through its network of live brain cells, and interfaces with the output layer, enabling the readout and interpretation of neural activity through computer hardware.

Computational Abilities and Comparative Analysis

• Brainoware demonstrated proficiency in predicting complex mathematical functions like the Henon map and distinguishing voiced Japanese vowels.
• While slightly less accurate than artificial neural networks with short-term memory, it showcased comparable accuracy with significantly reduced training requirements.
• For instance, Brainoware achieved similar accuracy to artificial neural networks with only a fraction of their training epochs.

Scientific Implications and Ethical Considerations

• The study provides foundational insights into learning mechanisms, neural development, and cognitive implications related to neurodegenerative diseases.
• However, it also raises ethical considerations regarding the consciousness and dignity of organoids.
• Further refinements are required in optimizing input encoding methods, maintaining organoid uniformity, and addressing complex computing tasks.
• Ethical debates continue regarding the ethical treatment of organoids and their potential consciousness.

Conclusion: Future Prospects

• Despite existing limitations and ethical quandaries, this research marks a pioneering step in harnessing brain organoids for adaptive reservoir computing.
• The study’s innovative proof-of-concept lays the groundwork for further exploration and advancements in organoid intelligence, promising potential breakthroughs in computational neuroscience and AI.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/brain-organoid-computer-brainoware-neuromorphic-explained/article67692933.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per the report of the International Energy Agency (IEA), Despite an upcoming crunch in available biogenic CO2 for e-methanol, extra costs for ammonia-fuelled vessels may swing the balance in the short term.

EXPLANATION:

• Green ammonia and methanol, derived from renewable hydrogen, are envisioned as potential fuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the shipping sector.
• Despite the perceived advantages of ammonia, such as lower production costs compared to methanol, there are several cost-related and logistical challenges influencing the preference for methanol in the short term.

Cost Disparities between Methanol and Ammonia

• The International Energy Agency (IEA) reports that methanol has been predominantly used in maritime operations due to existing orders and infrastructure.
• It can be significantly more expensive than ammonia—estimated to be 25-100% costlier.
• The primary cost difference arises from the need for captured CO2 to ensure carbon-neutrality in methanol production.

CO2 Sourcing Challenges and Cost Implications

• The sourcing of captured CO2 from biogenic sources or direct air capture directly impacts the cost of green methanol.
• High-concentration biogenic sources like fermentation offer a more cost-effective supply compared to low-concentration sources like flue gases from biomass-fired power plants.
• Capturing CO2 from industrial sources can add 25-40% to the cost of methanol production compared to renewable ammonia.

Availability and Limitations of Biogenic CO2

• While there’s an existing supply of biogenic CO2 from sources like bioethanol plants, the projected demand for CO2 from shipping and other sectors exceeds the available biogenic sources.
• This mismatch raises concerns about meeting the necessary CO2 supply for methanol production, potentially limiting the scale of e-methanol plants.

Challenges in Handling and Safety

• Safety considerations also impact the choice between methanol and ammonia.
• Handling ammonia requires additional safety measures due to its toxicity at lower concentrations, leading to increased costs for infrastructure and safety protocols aboard ships.
• Methanol, while covered in safety guidelines, presents fewer challenges in this aspect.

Total Cost of Ownership and Retrofitting Challenges

• The total cost of ownership for ships using either fuel, assuming low-cost biogenic CO2 sources, indicates a 75% increase compared to vessels using traditional fossil-based fuels.
• Retrofitting ships to accommodate these new fuels involves substantial costs, and retrofitting feasibility depends on a vessel’s age and the specific fuel chosen.

Investment Needs and Market Share

• Converting a significant portion of the shipping fleet to ammonia or methanol-powered vessels demands substantial investment.
• Retrofitting costs and operational considerations dictate that only relatively newer vessels are suitable, posing a challenge to fleet conversion efforts.

Conclusion

• Despite the higher production costs of green methanol compared to ammonia, factors like safety considerations, CO2 sourcing challenges, and retrofitting costs are influencing shipping companies to favour methanol in the short term.
• The scale-up of e-fuel production, sourcing of CO2, safety considerations, and significant investments required for fleet conversion pose substantial challenges that necessitate careful planning and policy support for the maritime sector’s decarbonization efforts.

SOURCE: https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/transport/why-shipping-is-opting-for-green-hydrogen-based-methanol-over-ammonia-despite-much-higher-costs/2-1-1577939  

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY

THE CONTEXT: The pro-talks faction of United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) signed a tripartite peace deal with the Indian government and the Assam government in December 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• This memorandum of settlement entails various provisions, including renouncing violence, disarming, disbanding armed activities, vacating occupied camps, and participating in democratic processes.
• The agreement emphasizes Assam’s development with an investment of ₹1.5 lakh crore.
• It also addresses political demands, boundary disputes, and the representation of indigenous communities in the Assam Assembly.

Formation of ULFA and Its Objectives

• The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) emerged as a consequence of the Assam Agitation that started in 1979, culminating in the Assam Accord of August 1985.
• The fear of indigenous communities in Assam being displaced by “illegal immigrants” from Bangladesh sparked this movement.
• While social organizations and students protested, a faction of radicals including Arabinda Rajkhowa, Anup Chetia, and Paresh Baruah formed the ULFA on April 7, 1979.
• The group aimed to establish a sovereign Assam and engaged in an armed struggle, undergoing training in countries like Myanmar, China, and Pakistan.

The Journey of Conflict and Insurgency

• ULFA’s militant activities included abductions and executions, prompting a government response with Operation Bajrang in 1990, leading to the group’s ban. Assam was declared a disturbed area under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act.
• Counter-insurgency operations led to the arrest of many ULFA members in the early 1990s.
• Some ULFA members surrendered in 1992, forming the Surrendered ULFA (SULFA), but allegations surfaced of their involvement in “secret killings.”
• Meanwhile, ULFA hardliners collaborated with external terror groups and sought refuge in Bangladesh and Bhutan, facing military action in 2003 and 2009, respectively.

Ups and Downs in Peace Initiatives

• The ULFA vacillated between peace initiatives and renewed violence. It formed a People’s Consultative Group in 2005, signaling a willingness for peace, but later reverted to insurgent activities.
• In 2009, the Rajkhowa-led faction signed a ceasefire with the Indian government, while the anti-talks faction, led by Paresh Baruah, remained opposed to negotiations, resulting in a split within ULFA.
• The anti-talks group renamed itself ULFA (Independent) in 2013.

Challenges Ahead

• Despite the signing of the accord, challenges remain due to the presence of the anti-talks faction led by Paresh Baruah, operating from hideouts in Myanmar’s Sagaing Division.
• Baruah insists on discussing Assam’s sovereignty, which the government rejects, emphasizing Assam’s commitment to India.
• The government aims to convince Baruah for negotiations while acknowledging that peace remains incomplete without his group’s participation.

Conclusion

• The peace pact with the ULFA’s pro-talks faction marks a significant step towards resolving Assam’s prolonged insurgency.
• However, challenges persist with the presence of the anti-talks faction led by Paresh Baruah.
• The success of the agreement hinges on the government’s commitment to implementation and its ability to engage with the remaining insurgent faction to achieve lasting peace in Assam.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/understanding-the-peace-pact-with-ulfa-explained/article67703481.ece/amp/